DOCSLIB.ORG

Democracy Under Stress

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Democracy Under Stress Democracy, defi ned as liberal pluralism, is under stress worldwide. Pluralistic democratic institutions: a free press, civil society and the rule Petra Guasti and Zdenka Mansfeldová (eds.) of law all seem to be under attack. Democracies are being hollowed out from within while preserving the fundamental facade of elections. e strength of this book is in providing a range of perspectives on the study of democracy under stress. e authors, renown scholars of Democracy Under Stress democratic theory and democracy in the Central and Eastern Europe, highlight the potential of diff erent approaches – from comparative Changing Perspectives on Democracy, meta-assessment using indices and survey data, to case studies focused Governance and Their Measurement on understanding context and causal processes – for a better grasp of the loci of the stress. Democracy Under Stress Democracy Together, we off er the reader the opportunity to assess diff erent con- ceptual frameworks and approaches, to refl ect on their strengths and weaknesses, to advance the study of democracy in the future. is vol- ume is also an invitation for scholars to redirect their attention to the Central and Eastern Europe, which off ers an opportunity to deepen our understanding of democracy. We see the democracy in Central and Eastern Europe under stress but avoid general labels such as the crisis of democracy and deconsolida- tion. Instead, we argue that to understand the contemporary situation in the CEE region, we need to move beyond the assessment of insti- tutional frameworks and to include citizens in our understanding and measurement of democracy. Petra Guasti and Zdenka Mansfeldová (eds.) Petra ISBN 978-80-7330-307-5 90000 > ISBN 978-80-7330-307-5 90000 > 7880739 303075 7880739 303075 logo Strategie_V1.indd 2 16.12.2015 9:30:43 DEMOCRACY UNDER STRESS Petra Guasti and Zdenka Mansfeldová (eds.) Petra Guasti and Zdenka Mansfeldová (eds.) Democracy Under Stress Changing Perspectives on Democracy, Governance and Their Measurement Prague 2018 Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences The monograph has been completed with funding from the Strategy AV21 of the Czech Academy of Sciences, research programme No. 15 – Global Conflicts and Local Interactions: Cultural and Social Challenges. © Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 2018 ISBN 978-80-7330-307-5 Contents 1. Democracy under Stress: Changing Perspectives on Democracy, Governance and Their Measurement (Petra Guasti) 9 PART I. – Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe: Liberal Democracy and its Enemies 29 2. The Quality of Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe 31 (Martin Brusis) 3. Globalization versus Liberal Democracy? Distorting Effects in Central Europe (Pavol Baboš) 54 4. Democracy in Crisis? The Czech Republic in Post-Accession and Economic Turmoil (Petra Guasti and Zdenka Mansfeldová) 71 5. Backsliding into Authoritarian Clientelism: The Case of Poland (Radoslaw Markowski) 95 PART II. – Revisiting Measures of Democratic Quality 119 6. Missing Ingredients in the Study of CEE Democracies (Branislav Dolný and Darina Malová) 121 7. Good Democracies Need “Good” Citizens: Citizen Dispositions and the Study of Democratic Quality (Quinton Mayne and Brigitte Geissel) 141 PART III. – In Place of Conslusions: So What’s Next? 161 8. Do Elections Guarantee Democratic Legitimacy? (Sascha Kneip and Wolfgang Merkel) 163 List of abbreviations 177 About the authors 178 Index 181 1. Democracy under Stress: Changing Perspectives on Democracy, Governance and Their Measurement Petra Guasti 1 Democracy, defined as liberal pluralism, resting on both democratic institu- tions and citizens sharing democratic values, is under stress worldwide2. Plu- ralistic democratic institutions: a free press, civil society and the rule of law all seem to be under attack. The culprits, however, are not antidemocratic forces seeking regime change employing coups and electoral fraud. Instead, as Bermeo highlights (2016), the changes are incremental – elected leaders seeking to aggrandize executive powers undercut democratic institutions (judicial autonomy, media freedom, elections). Therefore, democracies are not endangered by reversals, but by hollowing out – erosion and decay – while preserving the fundamental facade of electoral democracies. The case of Central and Eastern Europe exemplifies this trend. Over the last two years, democracy deteriorated in 11 of the 17 countries (BTI 2018, Freedom House 2017). The democratic decline is marked by a steep decline in the stability of democratic institutions (politicization), as well as in polit- ical participation and the rule of law (BTI 2018). Political leaders like Viktor Orbán in Hungary and Jaroslaw Kaczynski in Poland attack the defenders of the liberal order (opposition, media, civil society organisations) as traitors and enemies of the nation and celebrate the success of ‘illiberal democracy” as the return of the power to the people (Bustikova and Guasti 2017). The CEE democracies are not undergoing a regime change, but the qual- ity of their democracy is deteriorating. However, the existing diagnoses of the intra-regime change are ambiguous. For some, liberal democracy became the victim of its success (Luce 2017), was killed when gatekeepers 1 The author would like to thank Prof. Dr. Lenka Bustikova, Prof. Dr. Darina Malová and Dr. Zdenka Mansfeldová for very helpful comments on an earlier version of this chapter, and Simona Patkova for excellent assistance. 2 The majority of authors in this volume work explicitly or implicitly within the model of repre- sentative democracy. However, as the contribution by Pavol Baboš in this volume, and growing body of contemporary literature (cf. Gagnon 2018, Geissel and Michels 2018, Mayne and Geis- sel 2018) show, an additional issue for contemporary democracy is the mismatch between the existent model of liberal representative democracy and citizens perceptions, norms and values. 9 fell asleep behind the wheel (Levitsky and Ziblatt 2018) or became inert – forgot how to adapt (Runciman 2018). A growing body of literature focuses on the decline in the quality of democracy under the titles of backsliding (Bermeo 2016), illiberal drift (Rupnik 2016, Csillag and Szelényi 2015, Bru- sis 2016), deconsolidation (Foa and Mounk 2016) and swerving (Bustikova and Guasti 2017, Guasti 2018). The explanation of the causes of the deterioration of democratic quality requires clarification of the following three elements. First, the concept/ model of democracy that is under stress (representative, participative, deliberative, liberal); second, the measurement of quality of democracy (democratic indices, attitudinal surveys); and third, the identification of (potential) causes (internal political struggle, top-down strategic manipu- lation of the public by elites to advance in political competition, economic crises or external shocks). Conceptual clarification is the key to determine whether democracy is in crisis. As Ercan and Gagnon (2014) underscore, democracy is a contest- ed concept (cf. Gallie 1955, Gagnon 2014, 2018, Collier and Levitsky 1997), and what is a crisis for some (scholars of liberal and representative democ- racy), can be an opportunity for democratization for others (scholars of radical and deliberative democracy). Most of the contemporary crisis lit- erature operates with the traditional notion of liberal (representative) de- mocracy (Luce 2017, Levitsky and Ziblatt 2018, Runciman 2018). Authors within other traditions see contemporary developments as a profound change and a shift to alternative sites, actors, and mechanisms of demo- cratic rule (Saward 2010, Dryzek 2009, Della Porta 2013). The question re- mains, whether it is possible to democratize democracy (by strengthening/ introducing participative and deliberative institutions) while democracy is under stress and democratic institutions are under attack by illiberal forces. Measurement of democratic quality depends on conceptualization, which in turn determines operationalization, measurement, and analysis. This can range from various democratic indices (Freedom House, Polity, Bertelsmann Transformation Index, Sustainable Governance Indicators, for more detail, see Dolný and Malová in this volume), advanced measures (Va- rieties of Democracy) to domestic and international surveys (World Value Survey, European Value Survey, International Social Survey program, for more detail, see Mayne and Geissel in this volume), to single case studies. Regardless of the concept of democracy, what studies on democratic decline assess is the decline of democratic quality over time (Diamond and Morli- no 2005, Ringen 2009, Roberts 2009). Bermeo identifies six causes of democratic backsliding, which can be roughly subsumed under the category of internal political struggle: coup 10 d’état, executive coup, election fraud, promissory coups, electoral manip- ulation, executive aggrandizement (2016). An alternative internal cause of democratic decline is an economic crisis (Habermas 1973, Merkel 2014). The literature on economic crisis as the cause of the decline in the quality of democracy sees an economic crisis as triggering a governance crisis (the inability of governments to cope with the crisis) leading to a crisis of democracy (loss of trust and support by citizens). External shocks might include globalization (in its current neoliberal capitalist form), deepen- ing regional integration and immigration – constituting a threat to (the notion) of national sovereignty
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Poland (Mainly) Chooses Stability and Continuity: the October 2011 Polish Parliamentary Election
    Poland (mainly) chooses stability and continuity: The October 2011 Polish parliamentary election Aleks Szczerbiak [email protected] University of Sussex SEI Working Paper No. 129 1 The Sussex European Institute publishes Working Papers (ISSN 1350-4649) to make research results, accounts of work-in-progress and background information available to those concerned with contemporary European issues. The Institute does not express opinions of its own; the views expressed in this publication are the responsibility of the author. The Sussex European Institute, founded in Autumn 1992, is a research and graduate teaching centre of the University of Sussex, specialising in studies of contemporary Europe, particularly in the social sciences and contemporary history. The SEI has a developing research programme which defines Europe broadly and seeks to draw on the contributions of a range of disciplines to the understanding of contemporary Europe. The SEI draws on the expertise of many faculty members from the University, as well as on those of its own staff and visiting fellows. In addition, the SEI provides one-year MA courses in Contemporary European Studies and European Politics and opportunities for MPhil and DPhil research degrees. http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sei/ First published in March 2012 by the Sussex European Institute University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RG Tel: 01273 678578 Fax: 01273 678571 E-mail: [email protected] © Sussex European Institute Ordering Details The price of this Working Paper is £5.00 plus postage and packing. Orders should be sent to the Sussex European Institute, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RG.
    [Show full text]
  • CRITICAL THEORY and AUTHORITARIAN POPULISM Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism
    CDSMS EDITED BY JEREMIAH MORELOCK CRITICAL THEORY AND AUTHORITARIAN POPULISM Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism edited by Jeremiah Morelock Critical, Digital and Social Media Studies Series Editor: Christian Fuchs The peer-reviewed book series edited by Christian Fuchs publishes books that critically study the role of the internet and digital and social media in society. Titles analyse how power structures, digital capitalism, ideology and social struggles shape and are shaped by digital and social media. They use and develop critical theory discussing the political relevance and implications of studied topics. The series is a theoretical forum for in- ternet and social media research for books using methods and theories that challenge digital positivism; it also seeks to explore digital media ethics grounded in critical social theories and philosophy. Editorial Board Thomas Allmer, Mark Andrejevic, Miriyam Aouragh, Charles Brown, Eran Fisher, Peter Goodwin, Jonathan Hardy, Kylie Jarrett, Anastasia Kavada, Maria Michalis, Stefania Milan, Vincent Mosco, Jack Qiu, Jernej Amon Prodnik, Marisol Sandoval, Se- bastian Sevignani, Pieter Verdegem Published Critical Theory of Communication: New Readings of Lukács, Adorno, Marcuse, Honneth and Habermas in the Age of the Internet Christian Fuchs https://doi.org/10.16997/book1 Knowledge in the Age of Digital Capitalism: An Introduction to Cognitive Materialism Mariano Zukerfeld https://doi.org/10.16997/book3 Politicizing Digital Space: Theory, the Internet, and Renewing Democracy Trevor Garrison Smith https://doi.org/10.16997/book5 Capital, State, Empire: The New American Way of Digital Warfare Scott Timcke https://doi.org/10.16997/book6 The Spectacle 2.0: Reading Debord in the Context of Digital Capitalism Edited by Marco Briziarelli and Emiliana Armano https://doi.org/10.16997/book11 The Big Data Agenda: Data Ethics and Critical Data Studies Annika Richterich https://doi.org/10.16997/book14 Social Capital Online: Alienation and Accumulation Kane X.
    [Show full text]
  • Central and Eastern Europe Development Outlook After the Coronavirus Pandemic
    CHINA-CEE INSTITUTE CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE DEVELOPMENT OUTLOOK AFTER THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC Editor in Chief: Dr. Chen Xin Published by: China-CEE Institute Nonprofit Ltd. Telephone: +36-1-5858-690 E-mail: [email protected] Webpage: www.china-cee.eu Address: 1052, Budapest, Petőfi Sándor utca 11. Chief Editor: Dr. Chen Xin ISSN: 978-615-6124-29-6 Cover design: PONT co.lab Copyright: China-CEE Institute Nonprofit Ltd. The reproduction of the study or parts of the study are prohibited. The findings of the study may only be cited if the source is acknowledged. Central and Eastern Europe Development Outlook after the Coronavirus Pandemic Chief Editor: Dr. Chen Xin CHINA-CEE INSTITUTE Budapest, October 2020 Content Preface ............................................................................................................ 5 Part I POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OUTLOOK ..................................... 7 Albanian politics in post-pandemic era: reshuffling influence and preparing for the next elections .............................................................................................. 8 BiH political outlook after the COVID-19 pandemic ...................................... 13 Bulgarian Political Development Outlook in Post-Pandemic Era ..................... 18 Forecast of Croatian Political Events after the COVID-19 .............................. 25 Czech Political Outlook for the Post-Crisis Period .......................................... 30 Estonian political outlook after the pandemic: Are we there yet? ...................
    [Show full text]
  • Initiative of President Andrzej Duda Regarding the Change of the Constitution
    Teka of Political Science and International Relations – OL PAN/UMCS, 2018, 13/1 DOI: 10.17951/teka.2018.13.1.25-34 INITIATIVE OF PRESIDENT ANDRZEJ DUDA REGARDING THE CHANGE OF THE CONSTITUTION Bożena Dziemidok-Olszewska Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin Faculty of Political Science, Department of Political Systems e-mail: [email protected] Marta Michalczuk-Wlizło Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin Faculty of Political Science, Department of Political Systems e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The objective of the article is to present and evaluate the initiative of President Andrzej Duda regarding the amendment of the Constitution, with which he appeared on 3 May 2017. The activities and presentations of the President in this regard during the previous year and related problems were all demonstrated. The controversies regarding the presidential initiative were di- vided into legal and political. Legal one is the regulation of the institution of referendum in the Constitution of 1997, the political ones result from the opinion and concepts of parties and citizens about the constitution and referendum in its case. Keywords: change of constitution, president, referendum, political science INTRODUCTION During the last year, from 3 May 2017 to 3 May 2018, we witnessed the, still incomplete, process of President Andrzej Duda’s activities regarding the referendum on the amendment to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The aim of the article is to present and assess the President’s activities in this area, and also to demonstrate the reactions to the President’s initiative. The research question is the justification, meaningfulness and effectiveness of the presidential initiative; the research hypothesis is the claim that the President’s actions are odd and irrational (pointless).
    [Show full text]
  • Emergent Democratic Citizenship : a Study of Changing Value Pa T Terns in Polish Society
    NATO Research Fellowships Programme Emergent democratic citizenship : a study of changing value pa t terns in Polish society. Final Report Wroclaw 1997 Contents Introduction.............................................................................................................. 3-5 Chapter I . OUTLINE OF A THEORY OF CITIZENSHIP a\ The review of basic conceptions of citizenship........................................................... 6-15 · citizenship as a result of a legal status of citizens · citizenship as a set of institutional-normative arrangements · citizenship as a certain mental and cultural structure of individuals and groups b\ methodological foundations of the analysis of citizenship........................................ 15-17 Chapter II . RECEPTION OF THE IDEA OF ‘DEMOCRATIC CITIZENSHIP’ IN POLAND DURING THE 1980s AND 1990s. DIRECTIONS OF POLITICAL DISCOURSE a\ Self-devaluating ideas - a brief characteristic of real-socialist order........................... 18-26 · The distorted ideal of citizenship · The basic mechanisms of real-socialist societal order b\ The symbolic representation of social resistance in 1980s........................................... 26-31 Chapter III . POLISH SOCIETY AFTER THE BREAKTHROUGH a\ Institutional and normative changes in Poland after 1989 (macro- and meso-level analysis of democratic citizenship).............................................................................................. 32-41 b\ Political discourse in Poland on dimensions of „democratic citizenship”................
    [Show full text]
  • Trilogue Salzburg 2018 Background Paper
    Page 60 | Trilogue Salzburg 2018 Background Paper The Erosion of Democracy in Developing and Transition Countries Hauke Hartmann Introduction Political transformation as measured by the BTI 2018 has, on average, reached a new low around the globe. In more and more countries, rulers are strategically undermining control mechanisms in order to secure power and maintain patronage systems and opportunities for self-enrichment. At the same time, protests are growing against social inequality, mismanagement and corruption. As normative transformation goals, democracy and the market economy have never been so contested – or so threatened by degradation from within. Clearly, if democratic systems do not offer a robust framework for ensuring rule of law and opportunities for political participation, and if market-based economies do not guarantee fair and reliable rules of competition and social inclusion, then not only will they lose their appeal, they will devolve into illiberal, patronage-driven structures. Against this background, populistic and authoritarian criticisms of democratic processes, institutions and ultimately norms will gain credibility. The following text starts out by introducing the most important investigative parameters used to assess the political status and quality of democracy in 129 developing and transformation countries (excluding Western nations that were already members of the OECD in 1989). On this basis, the erosion of democracy worldwide is analyzed and the question addressed in what sense this development represents a global “retreat of democracy.” The prevailing antidemocratic positions are then depicted and discussed. In conclusion, suggestions are made as to how the European Union, as one of the main democratic actors on the international stage, can counteract the erosion in the quality of democracy and promote a liberal order and democratization.
    [Show full text]
  • Nineteenth-Century French Challenges to the Liberal Image of Russia
    Ezequiel Adamovsky Russia as a Space of Hope: Nineteenth-century French Challenges to the Liberal Image of Russia Introduction Beginning with Montesquieu’s De l’esprit des lois, a particular perception of Russia emerged in France. To the traditional nega- tive image of Russia as a space of brutality and backwardness, Montesquieu now added a new insight into her ‘sociological’ otherness. In De l’esprit des lois Russia was characterized as a space marked by an absence. The missing element in Russian society was the independent intermediate corps that in other parts of Europe were the guardians of freedom. Thus, Russia’s back- wardness was explained by the lack of the very element that made Western Europe’s superiority. A similar conceptual frame was to become predominant in the French liberal tradition’s perception of Russia. After the disillusion in the progressive role of enlight- ened despotism — one must remember here Voltaire and the myth of Peter the Great and Catherine II — the French liberals went back to ‘sociological’ explanations of Russia’s backward- ness. However, for later liberals such as Diderot, Volney, Mably, Levesque or Louis-Philippe de Ségur the missing element was not so much the intermediate corps as the ‘third estate’.1 In the turn of liberalism from noble to bourgeois, the third estate — and later the ‘middle class’ — was thought to be the ‘yeast of freedom’ and the origin of progress and civilization. In the nineteenth century this liberal-bourgeois dichotomy of barbarian Russia (lacking a middle class) vs civilized Western Europe (the home of the middle class) became hegemonic in the mental map of French thought.2 European History Quarterly Copyright © 2003 SAGE Publications, London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Poland's 2019 Parliamentary Election
    — SPECIAL REPORT — 11/05/2019 POLAND’S 2019 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION Tomasz Grzegorz Grosse Warsaw Institute POLAND’S 2019 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTION Held on October 13, 2019, Poland’s general election is first and foremost a success of democracy, as exemplified by crowds rushing to polling stations and a massive rise in voter turnout. Those that claimed victory were the govern- ment groups that attracted a considerable electorate, winning in more constitu- encies across the country they ruled for the past four years. Opposition parties have earned a majority in the Senate, the upper house of the Polish parliament. A fierce political clash turned into deep chasms throughout the country, and Poland’s political stage reveals polarization between voters that lend support to the incumbent government and those that question the authorities by manifest- ing either left-liberal or far-right sentiments. Election results Poland’s parliamentary election in 2019 attrac- try’s 100-seat Senate, the upper house of the ted the attention of Polish voters both at home parliament, it is the Sejm where the incum- and abroad while drawing media interest all bents have earned a majority of five that has over the world. At stake were the next four a pivotal role in enacting legislation and years in power for Poland’s ruling coalition forming the country’s government2. United Right, led by the Law and Justice party (PiS)1. The ruling coalition won the election, The electoral success of the United Right taking 235 seats in Poland’s 460-seat Sejm, the consisted in mobilizing its supporters to a lower house of the parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • The Basic Concept for the Democracy Ranking of the Quality of Democracy
    The Basic Concept for the Democracy Ranking of the Quality of Democracy David F. J. Campbell September 29, 2008 David F. J. Campbell Research Fellow University of Klagenfurt Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies (IFF) Institute of Science Communication and Higher Education Research (WIHO) A-1070 Vienna, Austria [email protected] http://www.uni-klu.ac.at/wiho Recommended citation: Campbell, David F. J. (2008). The Basic Concept for the Democracy Ranking of the Quality of Democracy. Vienna: Democracy Ranking. © Copyright by David F. J. Campbell, 2008. All rights reserved. Table of Contents Abstract ...............................................................................................................3 1. What is democracy? Short review of conceptual definitions..........................4 2. The empirical spreading of democracy in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries: The need for distinguishing between different qualities of democracy ...........................................................................................................7 3. Initiatives for an empirical measurement of democracies in global context: Freedom House, Polity IV, Vanhanen’s Index of Democracy, and Democracy Index..................................................................................................................10 4. Minimum or maximum definitions of democracy? Short review of concepts of the quality of democracy ..............................................................................17 5. The basic concept for the
    [Show full text]
  • ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
    APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions.
    [Show full text]
  • Equality, Freedom, and Democracy OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/09/20, Spi OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/09/20, Spi
    OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/09/20, SPi Equality, Freedom, and Democracy OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/09/20, SPi OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/09/20, SPi Equality, Freedom, and Democracy Europe After the Great Recession By LEONARDO MORLINO with DANIELA PIANA MARIO QUARANTA FRANCESCO RANIOLO CECILIA EMMA SOTTILOTTA CLAUDIUS WAGEMANN 1 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 16/09/20, SPi 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Leonardo Morlino 2020. Some rights reserved. © Chapter 2 © Leonardo Morlino, Claudius Wagemann, and Francesco Raniolo 2020. Chapter 3 © Leonardo Morlino and Daniela Piana 2020. Chapter 4 © Leonardo Morlino, Mario Quaranta, and Francesco Raniolo 2020. Chapter 5 © Leonardo Morlino and Francesco Raniolo 2020. Chapter 6 © Leonardo Morlino and Daniela Piana 2020. Chapter 7 © Leonardo Morlino, Daniela Piana, and Cecilia Sottilotta 2020. The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2020 Impression: 1 Some rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, for commercial purposes, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. This is an open access publication, available online and distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial – No Derivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), a copy of which is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
    [Show full text]
  • From Transition to Defective Democracy: Mapping Asian Democratization
    From Transition to Defective Democracy: Mapping Asian Democratization AUREL CROISSANT This article undertakes a systematic inquiry of democratic development in Asia. It shows two main trends of democratization in south, south-east and north-east Asia. First, in most of the democracies the institutionalization of political rights exists side by side with stagnation or decline of the rule of law and civil liberties. Second, the quality of democracy in the different countries is growing further apart. While new democracies in north-east Asia are on the track to democratic consolidation, democracy in south Asia is on the edge or has already fallen victim to authoritarian renewal. In south-east Asia, democratic consolidation is stagnating. The article also provides for a systematic analysis of why and how defective democracies originate. It argues that not a single primary cause but a set of interconnected variables influences the track of democratic development. While ‘Asian values’, the type of colonial rule and ethnic heterogeneity give only weak support for democracy in Asia, socio-economic development, political institutions, stateness and political party systems are more important determinants. In the last section the article offers a sceptical outlook on the prospects for further liberal democratic development in Asia, arguing that for most young democracies in the region remaining a defective democracy is the most likely prospect in the near future. Key words: Pacific Asia; democratization; defective democracy; consolidation; ethnicity This inquiry undertakes a systematic review of democratic development in Asia. It draws on the concept of defective democracy developed by Wolfgang Merkel and others.1 The analysis will proceed as follows: first, it outlines an empirical map of democratic regimes in Asia.
    [Show full text]