Cyclopes Didactylus (Silky Anteater)
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Xenarthrans: 'Aliens'
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk XENARTHRANS: ‘ALIENS’ ON EARTH Author : JONATHAN CRACKNELL Categories : Vets Date : August 4, 2008 JONATHAN CRACKNELL finds that hanging around with sloths and their fellow Xenarthrans offers up exciting challenges XENARTHRANS: the name sounds like a race from a low-budget science fiction film. This is actually a super-order of mammals that get their name from their “alien” joint, which is exhibited in the vertebral joints. The Xenarthrans include 31 living species: six species of sloth, four anteaters and 21 species of armadillos – all of which originated in South America. Historically, these animals were classified within the order Edentata (meaning “without teeth”), which included pangolins and aardvarks. It was realised that this was a polyphyletic group, containing unrelated families. Therefore, the Xenarthra order was created. The Xenarthrans are a well-represented order in captivity, with banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) becoming one of the new “exotic” exotics to be presented to clinicians. In zoological collections, giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), southern tamanduas (Tamandua tetradactyla), and sloths (typically the southern two-toed sloth – Choloepus didactylus – although others are present) are among the more common species housed in captivity. Every species has its own needs and oddities. With this brief review of each species, the author will look at basic anatomy and physiology, along with a quick review of some of the more commonly reported complaints for this group of animals. 1 / 14 Giant anteater The giant anteater’s most obvious feature is its long tongue and bushy tail. They are approximately 1.5 to two metres long and weigh in the region of 18kg to 45kg. -
Tentative Syllabus
EEB 451 Biology of Mammals - Winter 2016 Instructor - Professor Priscilla Tucker 3036 Museums Building [email protected] GSI – Lisa Walsh 3091 Museums Building [email protected] Tentative Lecture Syllabus 4151 USB Tuesday/Thursday 1:00-2:30 Jan. 7 Introduction to course 12 Introduction to mammals, origins, phylogeny - Chapters 1 and 2 in Vaughan et al. 2015 14 Introduction to mammals, origins, characteristics - Chapter 3 19 physiology, body size (activity: body size and the cost of being small) - Chapter 21 21 Monotremata and Metatheria – Chapters 5 and 6 26 Metatheria cont., marsupial reproduction – Chapters 6 and 20 28 Soricomorpha, Erinaceomorpha - Chapter 14 Feb. 2 Guest Lecturer 4 Afrotheria- Afrosoricida, Macroscelidea, Tubulidentata, Paenungulata - Chapters 8 and 9 9 Xenarthra - Pilosa, Cingulata - Chapter 10 11 Chiroptera - Chapter 15 16 Chiroptera; echolocation and other sensory systems - Chapter 22 18 Mammalian Reproduction – Chapter 28 23 Cetartiodactyla, Perissodactyla - Chapters 17 and 18 25 Cetartiodactyla continued - Chapter 20 Midterm Break Mar. 8 Carnivora I - Chapter 16 10 Carnivora II - Chapter 16 15 Carnivora III, Pholidota – Chapters 16 and 10, page 150 17 Dermoptera, Scandentia, Primates I - Chapters 11 and 12 22 Primates II - Chapter 12 24 Rodentia I- Chapter 13 29 Rodentia II - Chapter 13 31 Rodentia III and Lagomorpha - Chapter 13 Apr. 5 Conservation Concerns/Zoonoses- Chapter 26 and 28 7 Guest Lecture – Prof. Geoff Gerstner 12 Term Project Presentations 14 Term Project Presentations Grades: Lab quizzes (10) 300 mid-term exam 100 final exam 100 term project 100 total 600 Course Goals You will have the opportunity to see and learn about a large number of groups of mammals, including around 100 families, and you will also be learning to recognize around 65 species of mammals that are found in Michigan. -
A Note on the Climbing Abilities of Giant Anteaters, Myrmecophaga Tridactyla (Xenarthra, Myrmecophagidae)
BOL MUS BIOL MELLO LEITÃO (N SÉR) 15:41-46 JUNHO DE 2003 41 A note on the climbing abilities of giant anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Xenarthra, Myrmecophagidae) Robert J Young1*, Carlyle M Coelho2 and Dalía R Wieloch2 ABSTRACT: In this note we provide seven observations of climbing behaviour by giant anteaters Five observations were recorded in the field: three of giant anteaters climbing on top of 15 to 20 metre high termite mounds, and two observations of giant anteaters in trees In these cases the animals were apparently trying to obtain food The other two observations are from captivity, one involves a juvenile animal that several times over a three month period climbed in a tree to the height of around 20 metres The final observation, involves an adult female that after being separated from her mother climbed on two occasions over a wall with a fence on top (total height 2 metres) to be reunited with her mother It therefore seems that, despite the fact only one other record of climbing behaviour by giant anteaters exists in the scientific literature that giant anteaters have the ability to climb It also may be the case that young adults are highly motivated to stay with their mothers Key words: giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, climbing behaviour, wild, zoos RESUMO: Nota sobre as habilidades trepadoras do tamanduá-bandeira, Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Xenarthra, Myrmecophagidae) Nesta nota apresentamos sete registros de comportamento de subir expressado por tamanduá-bandeira Temos cinco exemplos da natureza: três de tamanduás- -
(Dasypus) in North America Based on Ancient Mitochondrial DNA
bs_bs_banner A revised evolutionary history of armadillos (Dasypus) in North America based on ancient mitochondrial DNA BETH SHAPIRO, RUSSELL W. GRAHAM AND BRANDON LETTS Shapiro, B. Graham, R. W. & Letts, B.: A revised evolutionary history of armadillos (Dasypus) in North America based on ancient mitochondrial DNA. Boreas. 10.1111/bor.12094. ISSN 0300-9483. The large, beautiful armadillo, Dasypus bellus, first appeared in North America about 2.5 million years ago, and was extinct across its southeastern US range by 11 thousand years ago (ka). Within the last 150 years, the much smaller nine-banded armadillo, D. novemcinctus, has expanded rapidly out of Mexico and colonized much of the former range of the beautiful armadillo. The high degree of morphological similarity between these two species has led to speculation that they might be a single, highly adaptable species with phenotypical responses and geographical range fluctuations resulting from environmental changes. If this is correct, then the biology and tolerance limits for D. novemcinctus could be directly applied to the Pleistocene species, D. bellus. To investigate this, we isolated ancient mitochondrial DNA from late Pleistocene-age specimens of Dasypus from Missouri and Florida. We identified two genetically distinct mitochondrial lineages, which most likely correspond to D. bellus (Missouri) and D. novemcinctus (Florida). Surprisingly, both lineages were isolated from large specimens that were identified previously as D. bellus. Our results suggest that D. novemcinctus, which is currently classified as an invasive species, was already present in central Florida around 10 ka, significantly earlier than previously believed. Beth Shapiro ([email protected]), Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; Russell W. -
Scientists Astonished to Find Six New Species of Silky Anteater Hiding in Pl
Scientists astonished to find six new species of silky anteater hiding in pl... https://www.haaretz.com/science-and-health/MAGAZINE-scientists-find... Israel News All Germany - Israel Lebanon war Iran Gaza plan State of the Union Poland - Holocaust Log in One of the seven silky anteater species drowsing in a tree, which is where it spends its life when not actually dining on ants Credit: Pedro Da Costa Silva, Karina Molina and Alexandre Martins By Ruth Schuster | Dec 15, 2017 Share Tweet 0 Zen Subscribe ● ● ● 1 de 5 31/01/2018 18:09 Scientists astonished to find six new species of silky anteater hiding in pl... https://www.haaretz.com/science-and-health/MAGAZINE-scientists-find... Israel News All Germany - Israel Lebanon war Iran Gaza plan State of the Union Poland - Holocaust Log in Scientists had thought that the silky anteater was a single species. Now having actually looked at the tiny animals, who spend most of their lives asleep in trees in remote parts of Central and South America, they realize there are seven species. At least. Following a decade of expeditions and analysis, a Brazilian team reports on the validation of three previously suspected silky anteater species and the addition of three more in the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Altogether with the originally known one, that makes seven silky anteaters. There could be dozens of species of silky anteaters – who knows. Not a lot of zoologists live in rain forest treetops and these things are strictly nocturnal, and small. Not that the animals, also called pygmy anteaters, are easy to see in broad sunlight. -
Edentatathe Newsletter of the IUCN Edentate Specialist Group • December 2003 • Number 5
ISSN 1413-4411 EdentataThe Newsletter of the IUCN Edentate Specialist Group • December 2003 • Number 5 Editors: Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca and Anthony B. Rylands Assistant Editors: John M. Aguiar and Jennifer Pervola ESG Chair: Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca Edentata e Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Edentate Specialist Group Center for Applied Biodiversity Science Conservation International 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA ISSN 1413-4411 Editors Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Anthony B. Rylands, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Assistant Editors John M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Jennifer Pervola, formerly with the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Edentate Specialist Group Chairman Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca Design Ted Goodridge, Conservation International, Global Communications, Washington, DC Layout Kim Meek, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, DC Front Cover Photo: Southern Tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla). Photo ©Haroldo Castro, Conservation International Editorial Assistance Mariella Superina, University of New Orleans, Department of Biological Sciences, New Orleans, LA Please direct all submissions and other editorial correspondence to John M. Aguiar, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA, Tel. (202) 912-1000, Fax: (202) 912-0772, e-mail: <[email protected]>. is issue of Edentata was kindly sponsored by the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 1919 M St. NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA. Humboldt, Universität zu Berlin (ZMB). São ARTICLES analisadas evidências históricas sobre a origem do material utilizado na descrição original da espécie, com a proposta da restrição de sua localidade tipo. -
IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group
IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group 2019 Report Mariella Superina Chair Mission statement Plan Mariella Superina (1) The mission of the IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Planning: plan for protection of Brazilian Three- Armadillo Specialist Group is to promote the banded Armadillo and Pygmy Three-toed Sloth. Red List Authority Coordinator long-term conservation of the extant species of Act Agustín M. Abba (2) xenarthrans (anteaters, sloths and armadillos) Conservation actions: effective protection of and their habitats. Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo and Pygmy Location/Affiliation Three-toed Sloth. (1) IMBECU - CCT CONICET Mendoza, Mendoza, Projected impact for the 2017-2020 Network quadrennium Argentina Capacity building: (1) teach five training courses; (2) CEPAVE, La Plata, Argentina By the end of 2020, we envision the Anteater, (2) train Argentinean mammalogists in Red List Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group (ASASG) assessments. Number of members will have achieved increased protection for Proposal development and funding: secure 26 our priority species, the Critically Endangered funding to replenish the Xenarthra Conserva- Pygmy Three-toed Sloth (Bradypus pygmaeus) tion Fund. Social networks and the Vulnerable Brazilian Three-banded Synergy: enter into partnership with zoological Armadillo (Tolypeutes tricinctus). We aim to Facebook: institutions. IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo reach this goal by increasing scientific knowl- Communicate Specialist Group edge, raising awareness, developing and imple- Communication: (1) publish four issues of the Website: www.xenarthrans.org menting comprehensive action plans and securing protection of their habitat. Capacity ASASG Newsletter; (2) increase awareness building through training courses will allow us to through campaigns at zoos and other institu- increase the number of researchers dedicated tions; (3) increase awareness for Xenarthra. -
Palaeoproteomics Resolves Sloth Relationships
ARTICLES https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships Samantha Presslee1,2,3,24, Graham J. Slater4,24, François Pujos5, Analía M. Forasiepi5, Roman Fischer 6, Kelly Molloy7, Meaghan Mackie3,8, Jesper V. Olsen 8, Alejandro Kramarz9, Matías Taglioretti10, Fernando Scaglia10, Maximiliano Lezcano11, José Luis Lanata 11, John Southon12, Robert Feranec13, Jonathan Bloch14, Adam Hajduk15, Fabiana M. Martin16, Rodolfo Salas Gismondi 17, Marcelo Reguero18, Christian de Muizon19, Alex Greenwood20,21, Brian T. Chait 7, Kirsty Penkman22, Matthew Collins3,23 and Ross D. E. MacPhee2* The living tree sloths Choloepus and Bradypus are the only remaining members of Folivora, a major xenarthran radiation that occupied a wide range of habitats in many parts of the western hemisphere during the Cenozoic, including both continents and the West Indies. Ancient DNA evidence has played only a minor role in folivoran systematics, as most sloths lived in places not conducive to genomic preservation. Here we utilize collagen sequence information, both separately and in combination with published mitochondrial DNA evidence, to assess the relationships of tree sloths and their extinct relatives. Results from phylo- genetic analysis of these datasets differ substantially from morphology-based concepts: Choloepus groups with Mylodontidae, not Megalonychidae; Bradypus and Megalonyx pair together as megatherioids, while monophyletic Antillean sloths may be sister to all other folivorans. Divergence estimates are consistent with fossil evidence for mid-Cenozoic presence of sloths in the West Indies and an early Miocene radiation in South America. he sloths (Xenarthra, Folivora), nowadays a taxonomically consensus8–10,16,17 in morphology-based phylogenetic treatments is narrow (six species in two genera) component of the fauna of to place the three-toed sloth as sister to all other folivorans (Fig. -
Informes Individuales IUCN 2018.Indd
IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group 2018 Report Mariella Superina Chair Mission statement Three-banded Armadillo and the Pygmy Mariella Superina (1) The mission of the IUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Three-toed Sloth. Armadillo Specialist Group is to promote the Act Red List Authority Coordinator long-term conservation of the extant species of Conservation actions: effective protection for Agustín M. Abba (2) xenarthrans (anteaters, sloths and armadillos) the Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo and the and their habitats. Pygmy Three-toed Sloth. Location/Affiliation Network Projected impact for the 2017-2020 (1) IMBECU - CCT CONICET Mendoza, Mendoza, Capacity building: (1) five training courses quadrennium Argentina taught; (2) train Argentinean mammalogists in (2) CEPAVE, La Plata, Argentina By the end of 2020, we envision the Anteater, Sloth Red List assessments. and Armadillo Specialist Group (ASASG) will have Proposal development and funding: secure Number of members achieved increased protection for our priority funding to replenish the Xenarthra Conserva- 25 species, the Critically Endangered Pygmy Three- tion Fund. toed Sloth (Bradypus pygmaeus) and the Vulner- Synergy: enter into partnership with zoological able Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo (Tolypeutes Social networks institutions. tricinctus). We aim to reach this goal by increasing Facebook: Communicate IUCN/SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Special- scientific knowledge, raising awareness, devel- Communication: (1) four issues of the ASASG ist Group oping and implementing comprehensive action Newsletter published; (2) increase awareness. Website: plans and securing protection of their habitat. www.xenarthrans.org Capacity building through training courses will allow us to increase the number of researchers Activities and results 2018 dedicated to conservation-relevant research on Assess armadillos, sloths and anteaters. -
List of 28 Orders, 129 Families, 598 Genera and 1121 Species in Mammal Images Library 31 December 2013
What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library LIST OF 28 ORDERS, 129 FAMILIES, 598 GENERA AND 1121 SPECIES IN MAMMAL IMAGES LIBRARY 31 DECEMBER 2013 AFROSORICIDA (5 genera, 5 species) – golden moles and tenrecs CHRYSOCHLORIDAE - golden moles Chrysospalax villosus - Rough-haired Golden Mole TENRECIDAE - tenrecs 1. Echinops telfairi - Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec 2. Hemicentetes semispinosus – Lowland Streaked Tenrec 3. Microgale dobsoni - Dobson’s Shrew Tenrec 4. Tenrec ecaudatus – Tailless Tenrec ARTIODACTYLA (83 genera, 142 species) – paraxonic (mostly even-toed) ungulates ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BOVIDAE (46 genera) - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Addax nasomaculatus - Addax 2. Aepyceros melampus - Impala 3. Alcelaphus buselaphus - Hartebeest 4. Alcelaphus caama – Red Hartebeest 5. Ammotragus lervia - Barbary Sheep 6. Antidorcas marsupialis - Springbok 7. Antilope cervicapra – Blackbuck 8. Beatragus hunter – Hunter’s Hartebeest 9. Bison bison - American Bison 10. Bison bonasus - European Bison 11. Bos frontalis - Gaur 12. Bos javanicus - Banteng 13. Bos taurus -Auroch 14. Boselaphus tragocamelus - Nilgai 15. Bubalus bubalis - Water Buffalo 16. Bubalus depressicornis - Anoa 17. Bubalus quarlesi - Mountain Anoa 18. Budorcas taxicolor - Takin 19. Capra caucasica - Tur 20. Capra falconeri - Markhor 21. Capra hircus - Goat 22. Capra nubiana – Nubian Ibex 23. Capra pyrenaica – Spanish Ibex 24. Capricornis crispus – Japanese Serow 25. Cephalophus jentinki - Jentink's Duiker 26. Cephalophus natalensis – Red Duiker 1 What the American Society of Mammalogists has in the images library 27. Cephalophus niger – Black Duiker 28. Cephalophus rufilatus – Red-flanked Duiker 29. Cephalophus silvicultor - Yellow-backed Duiker 30. Cephalophus zebra - Zebra Duiker 31. Connochaetes gnou - Black Wildebeest 32. Connochaetes taurinus - Blue Wildebeest 33. Damaliscus korrigum – Topi 34. -
Memoir on the Megatherium, Or Giant Ground-Sloth of America
':-., .i>m;'-. •.,!:::;:•. " ••'"•' -v- Mi .;..;...: EffiWnfis K '•'•;. "".ll . Bill tdflKHfci .V ..:'•',; mmM (<W ' '&5?'}f!'LjijnF» ' * f . c«*Rl«(l — ® MEMOIR ON THE MEGATHERIUM, OR GIANT GROUND-SLOTH OF AMERICA (Megatherium umericanum, Cuvier). by RICHARD OWEN, F.R.S., D.C.L., SUPERINTENDENT OF THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENTS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM ; . FULLERIAN PBOFB8SOB OF PHYSIOLOGY IN THE ROTAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN ; FOREIGN ASSOCIATE OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE, ETC. WILLIAMS AND NORGATE, 14. HENEIETTA STEEET, COVENT GAEDEN, LONDON; AND 20, SOUTH FEEDEEICK STEEET, EDINBUEGH. 1861. TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, This Work, which owes its origin to the Society's favourable reception of the Authors commwiications on the Megatherium, and allied fossils, in the years 1851 and 1855, and the drawings for its illustration chiefly to the liberal application thereto of part of the 'Government Grant,' is, by permission of the President and Council, most gratefully and respectfully dedicated, by THE AUTHOR. CONTENTS. Pafte 3 § 1. Historical Introduction 12 § 2. Of the Spinal Column § 3. Comparison of the Spinal Column 25 § 4. Of the Skull 28 § 5. Of the Teeth 36 § 6. Comparison of the Skull and Dentition 41 § 7. Of the Bones of the Anterior Extremity 45 § 8. Of the Bones of the Posterior Extremity 62 § 9. Comparison of the Bones of the Hind-foot 74 §10. Physiological Summary 77 §11. Geological Summary ^2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SKELETON OF THE MEGATHERIUM. ^ 1. Historical Introduction. JjEFORE commencing the description of the skeleton of the Megatherium, now in London, Plate I., which is the most complete that has yet reached Europe, a brief statement may be premised of the chief steps which have led to the restoration of the species (Megatherium Americanum, Cuvier and Blumenbach) to which it belongs. -
The Xenarthra Families Myrmecophagidae and Dasypodidae
Smith P - Xenarthra - FAUNA Paraguay Handbook of the Mammals of Paraguay Family Account 2a THE XENARTHRA FAMILIES MYRMECOPHAGIDAE AND DASYPODIDAE A BASIC INTRODUCTION TO PARAGUAYAN XENARTHRA Formerly known as the Edentata, this fascinating group is endemic to the New World and the living species are the survivors of what was once a much greater radiation that evolved in South America. The Xenarthra are composed of three major lineages (Cingulata: Dasypodidae), anteaters (Vermilingua: Myrmecophagidae and Cyclopedidae) and sloths (Pilosa: Bradypodidae and Megalonychidae), each with a distinct and unique way of life - the sloths arboreal, the anteaters terrestrial and the armadillos to some degree fossorial. Though externally highly divergent, the Xenarthra are united by a number of internal characteristics: simple molariform teeth (sometimes absent), additional articulations on the vertebrae and unique aspects of the reproductive tract and circulatory systems. Additionally most species show specialised feeding styles, often based around the consumption of ants or termites. Despite their singular appearance and peculiar life styles, they have been surprisingly largely ignored by researchers until recently, and even the most basic details of the ecology of many species remain unknown. That said few people who take the time to learn about this charismatic group can resist their charms and certain bizarre aspects of their biology make them well worth the effort to study. Though just two of the five Xenarthran families are found in Paraguay, the Dasypodidae (Armadillos) are particularly well represented. With 12 species occurring in the country only Argentina, with 15 species, hosts a greater armadillo diversity than Paraguay (Smith et al 2012).