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Análisis Morfológico Y Biomecánico En Garras De Mamíferos Actuales Y En Falanges Ungueales De Perezosos Cuaternarios

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Análisis Morfológico Y Biomecánico En Garras De Mamíferos Actuales Y En Falanges Ungueales De Perezosos Cuaternarios PEDECIBA BIOLOGÍA SUB-ÁREA: ZOOLOGÍA UNIVERSIDAD DE LA REPÚBLICA, FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Análisis morfológico y biomecánico en garras de mamíferos actuales y en falanges ungueales de perezosos cuaternarios Santiago Javier Patiño García Tesis de Maestría Orientador: Dr. Richard Fariña Co-orientador: Dr. Jorge Pérez Zerpa Tribunal: Dr. Daniel Perea, Dr. Gabriel Fábrica & MSc. Ing. Bruno Bazzano Montevideo, 2017 Índice Introducción ............................................................................................................................................ - 4 - Objetivos. – ................................................................................................................................................ - 9 - Hipótesis. – ............................................................................................................................................. - 10 - Materiales y Métodos ................................................................................................................. - 10 - Curvatura interna. – ....................................................................................................................... - 14 - Curvatura externa. – ...................................................................................................................... - 15 - Ventaja mecánica. – ........................................................................................................................ - 19 - Indicador de capacidad atlética. – ...................................................................................... - 21 - Teoría de elasticidad. – ................................................................................................................ - 22 - 1. Estado de elasticidad unidimensional. – ........................................................................ - 24 - 2. Estado de elasticidad tridimensional. – .......................................................................... - 26 - 3. Principio de trabajo virtual. –.............................................................................................. - 29 - 4. Tensión de Von Mises. – ........................................................................................................... - 30 - Método de elementos finitos. – ............................................................................................... - 30 - 1. Procedimiento del MEF. – ....................................................................................................... - 32 - Resultados ............................................................................................................................................... - 35 - Curvaturas. – ........................................................................................................................................ - 35 - 1. Análisis estadísticos en los organismos fósiles. –....................................................... - 36 - 2. Análisis estadísticos organismos actuales. – ............................................................... - 39 - 3. Relación curvatura / masa. – ............................................................................................... - 44 - Ventaja mecánica. – ........................................................................................................................ - 47 - Indicador de capacidad atlética. – ...................................................................................... - 49 - Elementos finitos. – ......................................................................................................................... - 50 - 1. Tensiones de Von Mises. – ...................................................................................................... - 50 - 2. Fuerza máxima en tracción y compresión. – ................................................................ - 57 - Discusión .................................................................................................................................................. - 58 - Curvaturas. – ........................................................................................................................................ - 58 - - 2 - 1. Análisis estadísticos. – ............................................................................................................. - 58 - 2. Método multivariado. – ........................................................................................................... - 60 - 3. Relación curvatura / masa. – ............................................................................................... - 62 - Ventaja mecánica. – ........................................................................................................................ - 63 - Indicador de capacidad atlética. – ...................................................................................... - 63 - Elementos finitos. – ......................................................................................................................... - 64 - 1. Tensiones de Von Mises. – ...................................................................................................... - 64 - 2. Fuerza máxima tracción y compresión. – ...................................................................... - 67 - Conclusiones ......................................................................................................................................... - 68 - Bibliografía ............................................................................................................................................ - 71 - Apéndice .................................................................................................................................................... - 95 - Tabla 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... - 95 - Tabla 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... - 96 - Tabla 10................................................................................................................................................. - 101 - Tabla 11................................................................................................................................................. - 102 - Tabla 14................................................................................................................................................. - 104 - Figura 25 .............................................................................................................................................. - 106 - Figura 26 .............................................................................................................................................. - 108 - Figura 27 .............................................................................................................................................. - 112 - Figura 28 .............................................................................................................................................. - 115 - - 3 - Introducción El estudio morfológico de las garras en tetrápodos es de gran importancia para deducir sus estilos de vida, su ecología y las actividades que realizan, como locomoción, métodos de caza y otros comportamientos (Feduccia 1993; Pike y Maitland 2004; Birn-Jeffery et al. 2012). Existe una amplia bibliografía de estos estudios en aves mesozoicas y en dinosaurios terópodos próximos al origen de las aves, siendo Archaeopteryx el más representativo y estudiado dentro del grupo (Yalden 1985; Feduccia 1993; Dececchi y Larsson 2011) y en mamíferos, tanto actuales como extintos (Van Valkenburgh 1985; Macleod y Rose 1993; Vizcaíno y Milne 2002). El estudio de las garras y las falanges ungueales, huesos más distales de los que conforman los dedos en los tetrápodos, es importante ya que sus variaciones se asocian a diferencias en el tipo de comportamiento locomotor (Lessertisseur y Saban 1967; Dubost 1968; Gambaryan 1974; Hildebrand 1974; Nevo 1979; Ostrom 1985; Yalden 1985; Macleod y Rose 1993). Esto es debido a que dichas estructuras son las primeras en tomar contacto con el sustrato y consecuentemente van a estar adaptadas según el tipo de sustrato y la forma de su interacción (Macleod y Rose 1993). Para analizar desde el punto de vista morfológico las garras de organismos extintos, es importante tener una base de datos con organismos actuales para poder hacer mejores comparaciones. La importancia reside en que no podemos observar cómo interactúan los organismos extintos entre ellos, con su hábitat o con otros individuos. Sin embargo, es posible hacerlo con organismos actuales y asociar su modo de vida al observar cómo las utilizan. De esta forma, podemos relacionar los resultados obtenidos en individuos fósiles con los de en organismos actuales y, por consiguiente, asignar el resultado del estudio morfológico de la garra de un fósil a un modo de vida observado en un individuo actual. Es importante señalar que los organismos actuales elegidos deben tener cierto grado de parentesco con los fósiles para que los resultados finales sean lo más congruentes posibles. Además, debemos tener en cuenta las diferencias de tamaño, si las hay, u otro tipo de variables que puedan afectar la relación de actividades entre individuos actuales y fósiles.
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