Evoluzione a Lungo Termine Dell'idrochimica Di Laghi Alpini D'alta

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Evoluzione a Lungo Termine Dell'idrochimica Di Laghi Alpini D'alta UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DELL’INSUBRIA DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZA E ALTA TECNOLOGIA Corso di Laurea Triennale in Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Natura EVOLUZIONE A LUNGO TERMINE DELL’IDROCHIMICA DI LAGHI ALPINI D’ALTA QUOTA IN RELAZIONE A FATTORI METEO-CLIMATICI Relatore: Prof.ssa Roberta Bettinetti Correlatore: Dott.ssa Michela Rogora Laureando: Antonio Pistocchi Matr. 720905 Anno Accademico 2015/2016 _____________________________________________________________ Indice Riassunto ................................................................................................................................................. 3 1 – Introduzione ...................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 - I laghi alpini d’alta quota ............................................................................................................. 6 1.2 - Acidificazione ed effetti sulle acque superficiali ......................................................................... 8 1.3 - I cambiamenti climatici e gli effetti sugli ecosistemi acquatici ................................................. 10 1.3.1 - Il meccanismo dell’effetto serra ........................................................................................ 10 1.3.2 - Le emissioni di energia della Terra e l’effetto serra ........................................................... 11 1.4 - I gas serra .................................................................................................................................. 12 1.4.1 - Biossido di carbonio ........................................................................................................... 12 1.4.2 - Il vapore acqueo ................................................................................................................. 12 1.4.3 - Altri gas serra ..................................................................................................................... 13 1.5 - Il cambiamento climatico in ambiente alpino ........................................................................... 14 1.6 - Gli effetti del riscaldamento sull’idrochimica delle acque in quota ......................................... 14 2 - Area di studio ................................................................................................................................... 16 2.1 - Val d’Ossola ............................................................................................................................... 16 2.1.1 - Inquadramento geografico ................................................................................................ 16 2.1.2 - Inquadramento geologico .................................................................................................. 17 2.1.3 - Copertura vegetale............................................................................................................. 17 2.2 - Val Bognanco ............................................................................................................................. 18 2.2.1 - Inquadramento geografico ................................................................................................ 18 2.2.2 - Inquadramento geologico .................................................................................................. 18 2.2.3 - Copertura vegetale............................................................................................................. 18 2.2.4 - Laghi Paione Superiore ed Inferiore ................................................................................... 19 2.3 - Val Formazza ............................................................................................................................. 21 2.3.1 - Inquadramento geografico ................................................................................................ 21 2.3.2 - Inquadramento geologico .................................................................................................. 21 2.3.3 - Copertura vegetale............................................................................................................. 21 2.3.4 - Laghi Boden Superiore ed Inferiore ................................................................................... 22 3 – Campionamenti e Metodi ............................................................................................................... 24 3.1 - Metodi analitici ......................................................................................................................... 25 3.1.1 - pH ....................................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.2 - Ossigeno disciolto .............................................................................................................. 26 3.1.3 - Conducibilità ...................................................................................................................... 26 3.1.4 - Alcalinità totale .................................................................................................................. 27 3.1.5 - Composti del fosforo e dell’azoto e silice .......................................................................... 27 1 3.1.6 - Azoto e fosforo totale ........................................................................................................ 27 3.1.7 - Fosforo reattivo .................................................................................................................. 28 3.1.8 - Azoto ammoniacale............................................................................................................ 28 3.1.9 - Silice reattiva ...................................................................................................................... 28 3.1.10 - Principali Anioni e Cationi ................................................................................................ 28 3.1.11 - Carbonio organico totale ................................................................................................. 29 3.2 - Controlli di qualità ..................................................................................................................... 29 3.2.1 - Controlli di qualità interni .................................................................................................. 30 3.2.2 - Controlli di qualità esterni .................................................................................................. 31 3.3 - Dati meteorologici e deposizioni atmosferiche ........................................................................ 32 3.4 - Archiviazione ed elaborazione dati ........................................................................................... 34 4 - Risultati e discussione ...................................................................................................................... 35 4.1 - Idrochimica dei Laghi Paione e Boden nel 2016 ....................................................................... 35 4.2 – Il clima nell’area di studio......................................................................................................... 39 4.3 - Evoluzione a lungo termine della chimica dei laghi .................................................................. 46 4.3.1 - Laghi Paione ....................................................................................................................... 46 4.3.2 - Laghi Boden ........................................................................................................................ 53 4.3.3 – Il ruolo di altri fattori nelle variazioni chimiche dei laghi .................................................. 58 Conclusioni ............................................................................................................................................ 60 Bibliografia ............................................................................................................................................ 62 Ringraziamenti ...................................................................................................................................... 68 2 Riassunto I laghi alpini rappresentano degli ottimi laboratori di ricerca per lo studio degli ecosistemi montani, particolarmente adatti per lo sviluppo di ricerche ecologiche di base e per il monitoraggio degli effetti delle pressioni antropiche diffuse e dei cambiamenti globali sulla qualità delle acque e sulla biodiversità. Per via delle loro caratteristiche, i laghi d’alta quota sono considerati tra gli ecosistemi acquatici più sensibili alle variazioni climatiche e costituiscono siti ideali per lo studio dei loro effetti sulle caratteristiche chimiche delle acque e sulle comunità biotiche. Il lavoro di tesi, svolto presso il CNR Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi di Verbania Pallanza (ISE), è stato dedicato all’analisi di dati chimici e chimico-fisici (pH, conducibilità, alcalinità, principali anioni e cationi, composti del fosforo e dell’azoto, silicati) di quattro laghi alpini d’alta quota, i Laghi Paione Inferiore e Superiore, situati in Val Bognanco, e i Laghi Boden Inferiore e Superiore, in Val Formazza, entrambe valli tributarie della Val d’Ossola (Piemonte, Alpi Centrali). Questi laghi sono oggetto di studio continuativo da parte del CNR ISE dalla fine degli anni ’70. In particolare, dagli anni ’80, sono stati studiati nel contesto di alcuni progetti UE, in cui
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