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White Paper on Education Reform [Hvítbók Um Umbætur Í Menntun]

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White Paper on Education Reform [Hvítbók Um Umbætur Í Menntun] White Paper on education reform White paper on education reform Summary Our vision is for young people in Iceland to enjoy the same opportunities to live and work in an ever-changing world as their counterparts in the countries to which we wish to compare ourselves. To make this possible, Icelandic students must be given access to education within an education system meeting the highest international standards. 2 Summary The main strengths of the Icelandic education sys- Two principal goals have been defined for educa- tem, compared to the general situation in the com- tion reform in Iceland until 2018: parison countries, are relatively small achievement gaps between schools, the fact that students > 90 per cent of compulsory school pupils to generally feel happy at school, and a school system meet minimum reading standards—up from that is both flexible and not overly centralised. 79 per cent currently. On the other hand, the education system now One of the measures proposed in order to reach battles against declining literacy rates among this goal is to increase the time allocated to Ice- pupils leaving compulsory school and slow student landic in the reference timetable of the National progress in upper secondary school. Thus, reading Curriculum Guide for compulsory schools. Further- comprehension and mathematical and scientific more, standards should be developed for the levels literacy among Icelandic students have deteriorat- of reading proficiency to be attained by pupils at ed in the past decade and their performance now each stage of compulsory schooling, and reading scores below the average of the OECD countries. literacy should be measured regularly from the Only 44 per cent of students enrolled in Icelan- preschool level to the final classes of compulsory dic upper secondary schools graduate on time, a school. much lower percentage than in the comparison countries. Furthermore, relatively few students > 60 per cent of upper secondary students enrol in vocational programmes, and those who to graduate on time—up from 44 per cent do, together with students enrolled in preparatory currently. programmes, are less likely to graduate on time. This goal is to be reached by rethinking the dura- Many nations have accumulated knowledge and tion of programmes and shortening studies leading experience in the field of education reform. The to final examinations, tackling drop-out, and strategy that has been found to work best is to set restructuring vocational education. A standard du- few but ambitious goals on which a wide consen- ration of three years is proposed for programmes sus can be reached and which can be the focus of leading to the matriculation examination, and long-term efforts. At the same time, it is important ways to shorten vocational programmes are to be to promote change in schools, enhance teachers’ investigated. A screening of risk factors influenc- professional awareness, increase the gathering ing early school leaving is to be conducted among and dissemination of information and, last but not all upper secondary school students. Vocational least, to analyse and evaluate the results achieved education is to be reviewed with a view to simpli- and draw appropriate conclusions. fying basic programmes and developing a tertiary vocational education level. This White Paper is intended as a starting point for further discussion and consultation with all those with an interest in education. Within that frame- work, working groups will subsequently be set up to develop and implement short- and long-term action plans. 3 White paper on education reform Contents Introduction .....................................................................5 Education and competence in the new century ................................6 The position of the Icelandic education system in an international context ...8 Reading proficiency on leaving compulsory school ............................ 14 Duration of upper secondary school studies ...................................18 International experience of carrying out reforms ............................ 23 Reform in Iceland ............................................................. 29 General measures to support reform.......................................... 38 Conclusion .................................................................... 44 References .................................................................... 46 4 Introduction Introduction We live in a period of rapid technological development, globalisation and nat- ural and societal change. Regardless of where we think the world is heading, most people agree that a good education is the best thing to bring on that journey. A solid education makes it easier for young people to find their way in a complex and ever-changing world, besides being the foundation of a strong economy and of the citizens’ wellbeing. How can the Icelandic education system provide It should be made clear that the main priorities and the country’s youth with the education required actions discussed below in no way exclude reform for life and work in a modern society? in other fields of education. Above all, they are a description of certain priority projects on which The legislation applying to the three school levels— wide consensus is likely to be reached. The meas- preschool, compulsory school and upper second- ures to be developed in continuation of this will ary school—and the recently updated National no doubt be put to broad use in schools and have Curriculum Guides contain, amongst other things, widespread and positive effects. guidance with regard to critical thinking, creativ- ity, communication, and active participation in a The main purpose of this White Paper is to create a democratic society. These factors are sometimes basis for discussion and action on education reform referred to as 21st-century skills. The White Paper in Iceland. The intention is to call out to all those focuses on identifying where efforts to strengthen with a stake in education to contribute to further the Icelandic education system need to be direct- work in this field. In that regard, the long-term ed and which strategies are most likely to provide perspective is important given the complexity of students with the education mandated by law education systems and the fact that the results of and by the National Curriculum Guides. Work on reform often take a long time to become evident, the White Paper has been based on international although short-term benefits may certainly also studies of education reform, and attempts have materialise in a limited number of fields. been made to draw lessons from the experience of those nations that perform strongest in interna- The people of Iceland have shown that they are tional comparisons. capable of coordinating their efforts to achieve successful change in schools. Without a doubt, one The White Paper discusses the current state of the of the best examples of this is the considerable Icelandic education system and proposes priorities accomplishment of the past 20 years in reducing and actions on the basis of that analysis. The main tobacco and drug use among children of compulso- weight is placed on the key goals of improving ry school age. This was made possible through the reading performance and the progress of upper concerted and well-founded action of the govern- secondary students. The paper lists the wheres ment, municipal councils, school administrators, and hows of reform directed toward this objective, teachers, parents, pupils, sport and youth associa- based primarily on comparable international data, tions, various actors in the field of prevention, and compiled with regular intervals, although it is fore- experts. The experience among other nations is seen that the further development of such actions that this type of approach can be used to improve will draw upon the large number of Icelandic stud- education with good results. ies relating to the national education scene. 5 White paper on education reform Education and competence in the new century A substantial policy effort in the field of education came to a close in 2008 with the adoption by parliament of new legislation on the three school lev- els—preschool, compulsory and upper secondary—and the Act on the educa- tion and recruitment of teachers and school administrators. In the years that followed, new acts on continuing education and on school counsellors were also adopted. Subsequently, work has been ongoing to implement these Acts, and a range of Regulations have been issued, together with updated National Curriculum Guides. One of the main elements of the 2008 education [1903], p. 33). Over a century later, a better answer is policy, as well as of the National Curriculum Guides difficult to find. issued on the basis thereof, was an emphasis on student competence and on giving schools the The main objectives pursued in formal education freedom to cultivate the diverse talents of young in Iceland are outlined in the legislation in force on people. Municipal councils and schools were given preschools, compulsory schools and upper second- increased powers to shape course offerings and ary schools, as well as in the National Curriculum teaching practices. At the same time, the duration Guides. of the teacher training programmes was increased. Thus, according to the Act on Preschools, the role of Although much has been achieved with the adop- the school is to promote the all-round development tion of new legislation and the publication of the
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