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Violent Extremism and National Cohesion in the Horn of Africa: a Case Study of Kenya, Nairobi County

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Violent Extremism and National Cohesion in the Horn of Africa: a Case Study of Kenya, Nairobi County UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES INSTITUE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND NATIONAL COHESION IN THE HORN OF AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA, NAIROBI COUNTY. 2010-2016 EMMANUEL PHILLIP KAINGU R52/82241/2015 RESEARCH PROJECT PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT MANAGEMENT 2017 DECLARATION I, the undersigned, declare that this thesis paper is my original work and has not been presented for the award of any degree at this University or any other academic institution. Signature.................................... Date............................................ EMMANUEL PHILLIP KAINGU R52/82241/2015 This research project paper has been presented for examination with my approval as the student’s University Supervisor. Signature............................................... Date...................................................... DR. MUMO NZAU LECTURER, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to convey special thanks to all the people who offered me support in this project. Special Thanks to my supervisor Dr. Mumo Nzau, Lecturer at the University of Nairobi, for his invaluable guidance, motivation and belief throughout the research period. To my classmates and colleagues at the Directorate of National Cohesion and Values, thank you for your endless moral support and encouragement. Final Thanks to the Almighty God for life, Strength and Blessings. ii DEDICATION This research project is dedicated to my loving family for their support patience and belief they had in me throughout the study period. It is dedicated to all conflict management experts and scholars who seek inspiration to change people’s lives for the better. Thank you and God bless us all. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS US United States CVE Counter Violent Extremism NCIC National Cohesion and Integration Commission ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ISIL Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant NCTC National Counter Terrorism Center KECOSCE Kenya Community Support Center KEMWA Kenya Muslim Women Alliance FGD Focus group discussion NACOSTI National Commission for Science and Technology OCS Officer in Charge of Station VEOs Violent Extremist Organizations AMISON African Union Mission to Somalia TFG Transition Federal Government MRC Mombasa Republican Council iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ................................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................. ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xi ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... xii OPERATIONALIZATION OF CONCEPTS .................................................................. xiii CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ....................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background to the Study ...................................................................................... 1 1.3 Statement of the Research Problem ..................................................................... 3 1.4 Research Objectives ............................................................................................. 4 1.4.1 Main Objective.............................................................................................. 4 1.4.2 Specific Objectives ....................................................................................... 4 1.5 Justification of the Study ...................................................................................... 5 1.6 Literature Review ................................................................................................. 6 v 1.6.1 Violent Extremism and National Cohesion .................................................. 7 1.6.2 Violent extremism and National Cohesion in Africa .................................. 12 1.6.3 Violent Extremism and National Cohesion in Kenya ................................. 14 1.6.4 Gaps ............................................................................................................ 19 1.7 Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................... 20 1.7.1 The Social Process Theory .......................................................................... 21 1.8 Hypotheses of the Study ..................................................................................... 22 1.9 Research Methodology ....................................................................................... 23 1.9.1 Research Design.......................................................................................... 24 1.9.2 Study Area .................................................................................................. 24 1.9.3 Study population ......................................................................................... 24 1.9.4 Sampling ..................................................................................................... 25 1.9.5 Sampling Procedures .................................................................................. 28 1.9.6 Data Collection ........................................................................................... 28 1.9.7 Data Analysis and Presentation .................................................................. 30 1.9.8 Assumptions of the Study ........................................................................... 30 1.9.9 Limitations of the Study.............................................................................. 31 vi 1.9.10 Ethical Considerations ................................................................................ 32 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................. 35 VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND NATIONAL COHESION IN AFRICA ....................... 36 2.1 Violent Extremism in Africa .............................................................................. 36 2.1.1 Violent Extremism and National Cohesion at the Lake Chad Basin (The Boko Haram) ............................................................................................................. 41 2.1.2 The Red Dragons, Tigers and Ambazonia Defence Forces (ADF) of Cameroon .................................................................................................................. 46 2.1.3 Violent Extremism in Mali and the Sahel ................................................... 48 2.1.4 Al-Shabaab in the Greater Horn of East Africa .......................................... 51 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 54 VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND NATIONAL COHESION IN KENYA ........................ 54 3.1 The Mungiki Movement..................................................................................... 54 3.1.1 Impact of the Mungiki on National Cohesion in Kenya ............................. 57 3.2 The Mombasa Republican Council (MRC) ....................................................... 59 3.2.1 Impact of the Mombasa Republican Council on Social Cohesion ............. 62 3.3 The Al -Shabab and their Activities in Kenya ................................................... 63 3.3.1 Impact of Al-Shabaabon Social Cohesion in Kenya ................................... 65 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................. 67 vii VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND NATIONAL COHESION IN KENYA: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................... 67 4.1 General Information on Respondents ................................................................. 67 4.1.1 Gender of Respondents ............................................................................... 68 4.1.2 Age of Respondents .................................................................................... 68 4.1.3 Education Level of Respondents ................................................................ 69 4.1.4 Establishing links between the discourses of violent extremism and national cohesion .................................................................................................................... 70 4.1.5 Assessing Threats of Violent Extremism on National Cohesion in Kenya 76 4.1.6 Opportunities presented by violent extremism in the management of national cohesion in Kenya ..................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................
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