CTX Vol 5 No 1

February 2015 EDITORIAL STAFF From the Editor MICHAEL FREEMAN Executive Editor TheCombating Terrorism Exchange begins its fifth volume with this issue. Con- ANNA SIMONS Executive Editor tributors, from military personnel to academicians to policy makers, continue ELIZABETH SKINNER Managing Editor to send us thoughtful, thought-provoking essays that tackle the ever-changing RYAN STUART Design & Layout world of terrorism from a variety of angles, as the present issue demonstrates. EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD Afghanistan still features prominently as a locus of jihad and a subject for VICTOR ASAL analysis, but, sadly, Iraq is back in the headlines. There were many who warned University at Albany SUNY that the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 would likely unleash a sectarian firestorm ALEJANDRA BOLANOS in that country, but few could foresee that, 12 years after theUS overthrow of National Defense University Saddam Hussein, internecine violence would engulf the entire region. While this LAWRENCE CLINE issue does not include any articles on the Islamic State (aka ISIS or ISIL) per se, the radical army’s impact on other jihadist organizations and mainstream Islamic Naval Postgraduate School communities around the world is an undercurrent that runs through all of the STEPHEN DI RIENZO articles. National Intelligence University SAJJAN GOHEL The use of social media such as Twitter and YouTube to spread radical messages is Asia Pacific Foundation a hot topic these days, and one that CTX has covered extensively, as for instance, in our special issue, “Social Media in Jihad and Counterterrorism” (Vol. 2, No. 4). SEBASTIAN GORKA Nonetheless, Captain Edval Zoto tackles the subject from a novel angle, by using National Defense University the Albanian language as a unique marker to track the spread of jihadist videos JAKUB GRYGIEL via YouTube. He finds that even in Albania, which is generally pro-Western, School of Advanced Int’l. Studies Muslim youth are captivated by well-produced, visually exciting videos spread by THOMAS MARKS ISIS supporters. “The participation of Albanians in the Syrian jihad,” Zoto sug- National Defense University gests, “may be correlated with successful jihadist information operations online.” As the recent attacks on Charlie Hebdo in Paris and several towns in northern THOMAS MOCKAITIS Nigeria make painfully clear yet again, the dilemma of ideological seduction is DePaul University one the world must resolve. ALFRED OEHLERS Asia-Pacific Center for Security Surinder Kumar Sharma offers a brief, chilling description of the Pakistan-based Studies jihadist organization Hizb-ut-Tahrir (HuT), which, he warns, may prove more PAUL SHEMELLA dangerous to the world in the long run than ISIS. While ISIS runs amok in Syria and Iraq, demanding media attention through acts of barbarous cruelty, HuT is Naval Postgraduate School quietly building a global infrastructure of radicalized youth and deep-pocketed KENNETH POOLE Arab support in preparation for the global Khilafat. Joint Special Operations University NADIA SCHADLOW In the next article, Dr. Guy Duczynski, Dr. Samuel Huddleston, and Colonel Smith Richardson Foundation Jaroslaw Jablonski describe an interactive analytical method for use on “wicked, messy problems,” such as creating sustainable Afghan security forces. This JENNIFER MORRISON TAW process, which aggregates and distills stakeholder knowledge rather than simply Claremont McKenna College applying outside “expertise,” helps stakeholders identify realistic steps to move DAVID UCKO from a dysfunctional system to one that is reliable and sustainable. National Defense University 1 CTX | Vol. 5, No. 1 The final feature article takes us to Nigeria, where author Muhammad Feyyaz seeks to explain the extraordinary levels of violence unleashed on that country’s population by the radical anti-Western Islamist group Boko Haram (BH). Like similar groups, BH latched on to the economic and political grievances of a marginalized population, in this case the Muslims of Nigeria’s northern states. But, Feyyaz argues, BH’s escalating violence is in direct response to brutal government crack- downs and extrajudicial killings by unregulated security forces. The solution, he concludes, must come from both sides of the conflict. This issue’sCTAP interview is with veteran Time magazine photojournalist Robert Nickelsberg. Dr. Leo Blanken spoke with Nickelsberg about his 30-year career covering many of the most important social and political events in Central and South Asia. Some striking samples of the photographer’s work illustrate the interview. Movie critic Dr. Kalev Sepp is back, with a look at films about prisoners of war who try to escape. FromThe Bridge on the River Kwai, a famous World War II film about the morality of collaboration versus survival, to director Werner Herzog’s controversial depiction of the story of POWs in the jungles of Laos in 1966 (Rescue Dawn), to the elaborate and enter- taining deceptions of Argo, audiences never tire of watching captives pit their wit and will against terrifying odds in the attempt to regain their freedom. Finally, our colleagues at the Joint Special Operations University have two new publications on offer. You can read the synopses and find links to these articles and the fullJSOU archive in the Publications Announcements. Thanks for your interest in CTX. Please send any questions and comments you may have about this or any issue of CTX to [email protected]. If you have an article, a work of art or photography, a story, or any other original composition relevant to counterterrorism that you’d like to see published in our journal, please forward it to [email protected]. CTX is a quarterly, peer-reviewed journal. All submissions will be evaluated by area experts and, if accepted, professionally edited prior to publication. We especially encourage members of the military from every part of the world to send us your thoughts, ideas, and essays. ELIZABETH SKINNER Managing Editor, CTX [email protected] 2 Inside This Issue Letter from the Editor ELIZABETH SKINNER 5 Hizb-ut-Tahrir: The New Islamic State SURINDER KUMAR SHARMA, INSTITUTE FOR DEFENCE STUDIES AND ANALYSES Factors for the Success of Jihadist Information Operations 8 in Social Media CPT EDVAL ZOTO, ALBANIAN ARMED FORCES 24 Sustainability of the Afghan Security Forces: A Wicked Problem GUY DUCZYNSKI, AUSTRALIAN SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND SAMUEL H. HUDDLESTON, US ARMY AND COL JAROSLAW JABLONSKI, POLISH SPECIAL FORCES 39 Understanding the Intensity of Boko Haram’s Terrorism MUHAMMAD FEYYAZ, UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY CTAP INTERVIEW 53 Robert Nickelsberg, Time Magazine WITH LEO BLANKEN, US NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL THE MOVING IMAGE 63 SERE on the Silver Screen KALEV I. SEPP, US NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL 67 PUBLICATIONS AND BOOK ANNOUNCEMENTS CTX | Vol. 5, No. 1 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS Dr. Guy Duczynski is a former member of Booz Allen Hamilton’s broadcasts that include Time, the New York Times, Newsweek, the Wall strategic security planning team in Canberra, Australia. He holds a Street Journal, the Financial Times, the Guardian, Paris Match, Stern, PhD in operational design and campaign planning, along with master’s CNN, and NBC. Nickelsberg has taught photojournalism and conflict degrees in business administration and education. A skilled facilitator coverage at the California Institute for Integral Studies in San Francisco. in general morphological analysis, his past work includes an analysis His photographs have been exhibited at the Philadelphia Museum of of nanotechnology within Australia; an investigation of economic Art, the International Center of Photography in New York, and the New development for the indigenous people of Western Australia; a study of America Foundation in Washington, DC. His recent book, Afghani- North Korea for planners at the Joint Information Operations Warfare stan: A Distant War (New York: Prestel, 2013), received the Olivier Center in San Antonio, Texas; and an analysis of security in Oruzgan Rebbot Award in 2013 for the best reporting from abroad in books and Province, Afghanistan, for Australia’s Special Operations Command. His magazines. Nickelsberg is a graduate of the University of Vermont. research interests include operational design, information operations, Dr. Kalev I. Sepp and planning for complex environments. is a senior lecturer in the Defense Analysis depart- ment at NPS. He served as deputy assistant secretary of defense for Muhammad Feyyaz is country coordinator for Pakistan’s Terrorism Re- Special Operations and Counterterrorism, and was an expert member search Initiative (TRI) and teaches at the University of Management and of the Baker-Hamilton Bipartisan Commission on Iraq. He co-authored Technology in Lahore, Pakistan. He holds a Master of Philosophy degree Weapon of Choice: US Army Special Operations in Afghanistan (Dept. of in peace and conflict studies from the National Defence University and Defense Center of Military History, 2006), and in 2009, Foreign Policy a master’s degree in war studies from Quaid-i-Azam University, both in magazine named him one of “The Ten Most Influential Counterinsur- Islamabad, Pakistan. He also earned diplomas in infantry tactics from the gency Thinkers” in the United States. He earned a master’s degree in US Army Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia, and conflict manage- military art and science from the US Army Command and General Staff ment from the Modern Institute of Informatics and Management, College, and a PhD in history

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