A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS of CODA CLUSTERS in HIJAZI ARABIC: an OPTIMALITY-THEORETIC PERSPECTIVE Hassan Abdulrashed Bokhari
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Helmut Satzinger What Happened to the Voiced Consonants of Egyptian?
Helmut Satzinger What happened to the voiced consonants of Egyptian!? Coptic has five voiced consonants, viz. the sonorants, b [B], r [r], l [l], m [m], and n [n]. Otherwise, Coptic has no voiced consonants: neither stops, nor fricatives (W. H. WORRELL, Coptic Sounds. University of Michigan Studies Humanistic Series XXVI (Ann Arbor, 1934), 17-23 et passim). Delta Coptic (Bohairic): Stops and fricatives are found at four points of articulation: labial, alveolar, prepalatal, and velar. The stops are of two modes of articulation: 1) voiceless, aspirated, fortis; 2) voiceless, unaspirated, lenis. Labials: f [ph] p [b]8 w [!] Alveolars: u [th] t [d8] s [s] h Prepalatals: q [c ] è [Ô8] é [S] h Velars: x [k ] k [g8] ; [x] — — à [h] Valley Coptic (dialects1 K, F, V, M, N, L, S, P, I, A, etc.): Stops and fricatives are found at five points of articulation: labial, alveolar, prepalatal, palatal, and velar. The stops are of but one mode of articulation: voiceless, unaspirated, lenis. Labial: p [b]8 w [!] Alveolars: t [d8] s [s] Prepalatal è [Ô8] é [S] Palatal q [g8] P µ, I ! [ç] Velar k [g8] A $ [x] (double vowel) [/] à [h] The assumed voiced stops of Egyptian are emphatic, rather than voiced. Is the lack of voiced stops and fricatives a feature only of Coptic, or is it already found in older stages of the language? The transcription of Egyptian creates the impression that it possessed voiced plosives and affricates, viz. b, d, D, and g: 1 Cf. A. S. ATIYA (ed.), The Coptic Encyclopedia (New York 1991), vol. -
Phonological Variation and Change in Mesopotamiaː
Phonological variation and change in Mesopotamiaː A study of accent levelling in the Arabic dialect of Mosul. Abdulkareem Yaseen Ahmed Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Linguistics) School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences Newcastle University October 2018 Dedication To My Heart, soul & life Hussein, Yaseen & Yousif Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Dr Ghada Khattab and Dr Damien Hall for their continuous support of my PhD study and related research, for their patience, honesty and immense knowledge. Their guidance over the last few years helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I would like to thank the following people for their kind support and help throughout my study: Dr Jalal Al-Tamimi and Dr Danielle Turton for their very helpful comments and suggestions on various things of the study. I would also like to thank Daniel Ezra Johnson for his support in conducting the statistics in this study. My sincere thanks to my colleague Maha Jasim who helped in many things especially checking the segmentation of the data. Very special ‘Merci’ goes to Maelle Amand for her immense help. I would also to thank all the people of Mosul and others who helped in various capacities in this study, particularly Ahmed Salama, Khalid Ibrahim Alahmed and Ekhlas Muhsin and Dhiaa Kareem. An everlasting ‘Thank You’ goes to Rosalie Maggio, Janet Atwill and Annabelle Lukin. I would also like to acknowledge the support of HCED (Iraq) for sponsoring my studies, without which this work would not have been possible. -
Issues in the Syntax of Arabic
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-65017-5 - The Syntax of Arabic Joseph E. Aoun, Elabbas Benmamoun and Lina Choueiri Excerpt More information 1 Issues in the syntax of Arabic 1.1 The Arabic language(s) Arabic belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic (Hamito- Semitic) family of languages, which includes languages like Aramaic, Ethiopian, South Arabian, Syriac, and Hebrew. A number of the languages in this group are spoken in the Middle East, the Arabian Peninsula, and Africa. It has been docu- mented that Arabic spread with the Islamic conquests from the Arabian Peninsula and within a few decades, it spread over a wide territory across North Africa and the Middle East. Arabic is now spoken by more than 200 million speakers excluding bilingual speakers (Gordon 2005). Although there is a debate about the history of Arabic (including that of the Standard variety and the spoken dialects) Arabic displays some of the typical characteristics of Semitic languages: root-pattern morphology, broken plurals in nouns, emphatic and glottalized consonants, and a verbal system with prefix and suffix conjugation. 1.1.1 The development of Arabic Classical Arabic evolved from the standardization of the language of the Qur’an and poetry. This standardization became necessary at the time when Arabic became the language of an empire, with the Islamic expansion starting in the seventh century. In addition to Classical Arabic, there were regional spo- ken Arabic varieties. It is a matter of intense debate what the nature of the historical relation between Classical Arabic and the spoken dialects is (Owens 2007). -
Christians and Jews in Muslim Societies
Arabic and its Alternatives Christians and Jews in Muslim Societies Editorial Board Phillip Ackerman-Lieberman (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA) Bernard Heyberger (EHESS, Paris, France) VOLUME 5 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cjms Arabic and its Alternatives Religious Minorities and Their Languages in the Emerging Nation States of the Middle East (1920–1950) Edited by Heleen Murre-van den Berg Karène Sanchez Summerer Tijmen C. Baarda LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Assyrian School of Mosul, 1920s–1930s; courtesy Dr. Robin Beth Shamuel, Iraq. This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Murre-van den Berg, H. L. (Hendrika Lena), 1964– illustrator. | Sanchez-Summerer, Karene, editor. | Baarda, Tijmen C., editor. Title: Arabic and its alternatives : religious minorities and their languages in the emerging nation states of the Middle East (1920–1950) / edited by Heleen Murre-van den Berg, Karène Sanchez, Tijmen C. Baarda. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2020. | Series: Christians and Jews in Muslim societies, 2212–5523 ; vol. -
A Brief Description of Consonants in Modern Standard Arabic
Linguistics and Literature Studies 2(7): 185-189, 2014 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/lls.2014.020702 A Brief Description of Consonants in Modern Standard Arabic Iram Sabir*, Nora Alsaeed Al-Jouf University, Sakaka, KSA *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Copyright © 2014 Horizon Research Publishing All rights reserved. Abstract The present study deals with “A brief Modern Standard Arabic. This study starts from an description of consonants in Modern Standard Arabic”. This elucidation of the phonetic bases of sounds classification. At study tries to give some information about the production of this point shows the first limit of the study that is basically Arabic sounds, the classification and description of phonetic rather than phonological description of sounds. consonants in Standard Arabic, then the definition of the This attempt of classification is followed by lists of the word consonant. In the present study we also investigate the consonant sounds in Standard Arabic with a key word for place of articulation in Arabic consonants we describe each consonant. The criteria of description are place and sounds according to: bilabial, labio-dental, alveolar, palatal, manner of articulation and voicing. The attempt of velar, uvular, and glottal. Then the manner of articulation, description has been made to lead to the drawing of some the characteristics such as phonation, nasal, curved, and trill. fundamental conclusion at the end of the paper. The aim of this study is to investigate consonant in MSA taking into consideration that all 28 consonants of Arabic alphabets. As a language Arabic is one of the most 2. -
Arabic Language and Linguistics Certificate Revised: 05/2018
Arabic Language and Linguistics Certificate www.Linguistics.Pitt.edu Revised: 05/2018 Overview This certificate offers undergraduates a way to become highly proficient in the Arabic language and linguistic structure and to develop an understanding of important issues in Arabic life and culture. The certificate will conveniently accompany any undergraduate major in the Dietrich School and in other schools at the University of Pittsburgh. The program draws on the academic strengths and resources of the Department of Linguistics and on faculty from the School of Education. Enrollment in this program is limited to 20 students per academic year. Therefore, students must complete an evaluation process and be accepted into the program before declaring this certificate. For information, please contact the Amani Attia, the Arabic Coordinator, at [email protected]. Requirements Category 3: Culture of the Arabic-Speaking This certificate requires completion of 22-23 credits, World detailed as follows. Credit requirements do not include Choose one of the following courses. prerequisite courses. ARABIC 1615 Arabic Life and Thought ARABIC 1635 Introduction to Modern Arabic Literature Prerequisite courses Choose one dialect pair. Category 4: Electives ARABIC 0101 MSA Egyptian 1 Choose one of the following courses. Dialect courses ARABIC 0102 MSA Egyptian 2 must follow previous coursework. ARABIC 0105 MSA Egyptian 5 ARABIC 0121 MSA Levantine 1 ARABIC 0106 MSA Egyptian 6 ARABIC 0122 MSA Levantine 2 ARABIC 0125 MSA Levantine 5 ARABIC 0126 MSA Levantine 6 Category 1: Language instruction ARABIC 0211 Iraqi Arabic 1 Chose the same dialect pair as the prerequisite ARABIC 1615 Arabic Life and Thought language courses. -
Kiraz 2019 a Functional Approach to Garshunography
Intellectual History of the Islamicate World 7 (2019) 264–277 brill.com/ihiw A Functional Approach to Garshunography A Case Study of Syro-X and X-Syriac Writing Systems George A. Kiraz Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton and Beth Mardutho: The Syriac Institute, Piscataway [email protected] Abstract It is argued here that functionalism lies at the heart of garshunographic writing systems (where one language is written in a script that is sociolinguistically associated with another language). Giving historical accounts of such systems that began as early as the eighth century, it will be demonstrated that garshunographic systems grew organ- ically because of necessity and that they offered a certain degree of simplicity rather than complexity.While the paper discusses mostly Syriac-based systems, its arguments can probably be expanded to other garshunographic systems. Keywords Garshuni – garshunography – allography – writing systems It has long been suggested that cultural identity may have been the cause for the emergence of Garshuni systems. (In the strictest sense of the term, ‘Garshuni’ refers to Arabic texts written in the Syriac script but the term’s semantics were drastically extended to other systems, sometimes ones that have little to do with Syriac—for which see below.) This paper argues for an alterna- tive origin, one that is rooted in functional theory. At its most fundamental level, Garshuni—as a system—is nothing but a tool and as such it ought to be understood with respect to the function it performs. To achieve this, one must take into consideration the social contexts—plural, as there are many—under which each Garshuni system appeared. -
Phonological Processes
Phonological Processes Phonological processes are patterns of articulation that are developmentally appropriate in children learning to speak up until the ages listed below. PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION AGE ACQUIRED Initial Consonant Deletion Omitting first consonant (hat → at) Consonant Cluster Deletion Omitting both consonants of a consonant cluster (stop → op) 2 yrs. Reduplication Repeating syllables (water → wawa) Final Consonant Deletion Omitting a singleton consonant at the end of a word (nose → no) Unstressed Syllable Deletion Omitting a weak syllable (banana → nana) 3 yrs. Affrication Substituting an affricate for a nonaffricate (sheep → cheep) Stopping /f/ Substituting a stop for /f/ (fish → tish) Assimilation Changing a phoneme so it takes on a characteristic of another sound (bed → beb, yellow → lellow) 3 - 4 yrs. Velar Fronting Substituting a front sound for a back sound (cat → tat, gum → dum) Backing Substituting a back sound for a front sound (tap → cap) 4 - 5 yrs. Deaffrication Substituting an affricate with a continuant or stop (chip → sip) 4 yrs. Consonant Cluster Reduction (without /s/) Omitting one or more consonants in a sequence of consonants (grape → gape) Depalatalization of Final Singles Substituting a nonpalatal for a palatal sound at the end of a word (dish → dit) 4 - 6 yrs. Stopping of /s/ Substituting a stop sound for /s/ (sap → tap) 3 ½ - 5 yrs. Depalatalization of Initial Singles Substituting a nonpalatal for a palatal sound at the beginning of a word (shy → ty) Consonant Cluster Reduction (with /s/) Omitting one or more consonants in a sequence of consonants (step → tep) Alveolarization Substituting an alveolar for a nonalveolar sound (chew → too) 5 yrs. -
ARAB - Arabic (ARAB) 1
ARAB - Arabic (ARAB) 1 ARAB 301 Reading and Composition ARAB - ARABIC (ARAB) Credits 3. 3 Lecture Hours. Advanced Arabic grammar and readings of average difficulty and of ARAB 101 Beginning Arabic I different genres, including literary and journalistic texts and other Credits 4. 4 Lecture Hours. culturally-enriched materials in order to develop awareness of cultural (ARAB 1411) Beginning Arabic I. Introduction to Modern Standard Arabic products, perspectives, and practices found in the Arab world. in its written and spoken forms; emphasis on conversation, rudimentary Prerequisites: ARAB 202 or ARAB 204, or equivalent; junior or senior vocabulary, simple grammar, and reading. classification or approval of instructor. ARAB 102 Beginning Arabic II ARAB 302 Reading and Composition II Credits 4. 4 Lecture Hours. Credits 3. 3 Lecture Hours. (ARAB 1412) Beginning Arabic II. Introduction of more complex Readings of average difficulty and of different genres, including grammatical constructions; vocabulary building; emphasis on putting literary and journalistic texts and other culturally-enriched materials; acquired vocabulary and grammar to conversational use. development of writing skills with emphasis on grammatical Prerequisite: ARAB 101 or equivalent. constructions; expansion of vocabulary and oral expression. ARAB 104 Intensive Beginning Arabic Prerequisites: ARAB 301; junior or senior classification or approval of Credits 8. 8 Lecture Hours. instructor. Accelerated elementary language study, with oral, listening, reading and ARAB 321 Business Arabic writing practice. Equivalent to ARAB 101 and ARAB 102. Credits 3. 3 Lecture Hours. ARAB 201 Intermediate Arabic I Business and financial terminologies useful in the Arab World; cultural Credits 3. 3 Lecture Hours. etiquette for effective communication in Arabic business settings; (ARAB 2311) Intermediate Arabic I. -
Current Issues in Kurdish Linguistics Current Issues in Kurdish Linguistics 1 Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics
Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics 1 Songül Gündoğdu, Ergin Öpengin, Geofrey Haig, Erik Anonby (eds.) Current issues in Kurdish linguistics Current issues in Kurdish linguistics 1 Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics Bamberg Studies in Kurdish Linguistics Series Editor: Geofrey Haig Editorial board: Erik Anonby, Ergin Öpengin, Ludwig Paul Volume 1 2019 Current issues in Kurdish linguistics Songül Gündoğdu, Ergin Öpengin, Geofrey Haig, Erik Anonby (eds.) 2019 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deut schen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Informationen sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de/ abrufbar. Diese Veröff entlichung wurde im Rahmen des Elite-Maststudiengangs „Kul- turwissenschaften des Vorderen Orients“ durch das Elitenetzwerk Bayern ge- fördert, einer Initiative des Bayerischen Staatsministeriums für Wissenschaft und Kunst. Die Verantwortung für den Inhalt dieser Veröff entlichung liegt bei den Auto- rinnen und Autoren. Dieses Werk ist als freie Onlineversion über das Forschungsinformations- system (FIS; https://fi s.uni-bamberg.de) der Universität Bamberg erreichbar. Das Werk – ausgenommen Cover, Zitate und Abbildungen – steht unter der CC-Lizenz CC-BY. Lizenzvertrag: Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Herstellung und Druck: Digital Print Group, Nürnberg Umschlaggestaltung: University of Bamberg Press © University of Bamberg Press, Bamberg 2019 http://www.uni-bamberg.de/ubp/ ISSN: 2698-6612 ISBN: 978-3-86309-686-1 (Druckausgabe) eISBN: 978-3-86309-687-8 (Online-Ausgabe) URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:473-opus4-558751 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irbo-55875 Acknowledgements This volume contains a selection of contributions originally presented at the Third International Conference on Kurdish Linguistics (ICKL3), University of Ams- terdam, in August 2016. -
A Comparative Analysis of Consonants in Chinese and Arabic Phonetics
Journal of Literature and Art Studies, November 2019, Vol. 9, No. 11, 1188-1193 doi: 10.17265/2159-5836/2019.11.010 D DAVID PUBLISHING A Comparative Analysis of Consonants in Chinese and Arabic Phonetics FAYROUZ ABDELSAMIE ELSAYED MOHAMED School of International Chinese Studies (SICS) of East China Normal University (ECNU), Shanghai , China Arabic and Chinese are one of the most difficult languages to learn in the world. The mark of Arabic is Pinyin characters plus pinyin symbols. On the other hand, the mark of Chinese is ideographic square shaped characters; each pronunciation of a Chinese character is generally a syllable. There are great differences between Arabic and Chinese consonants, so this paper mainly discusses the similarities and differences between the two languages and their respective characteristics through the comparative analysis of Chinese and Arabic consonants. Keywords: Chinese, Arabic, pronunciation, consonant, comparison A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and Arabic Consonants In order to make a comparative analysis of Chinese and Arabic consonants, first of all, we need to have a quite comprehensive and clear understanding of the features of each consonant pronunciation of the two languages. All consonant phonemes in Chinese and Arabic are included in Table 2 below. The Chinese phonetic symbol is Pinyin, which uses the International Latin alphabets. It has both consonant and vowel letters, while Arabic is phonetic alphabets transcription and the phonetic symbol of consonants is Arabic letters itself. Chinese language has 22 consonant phonemes; among them [ŋ] can only be used as a tail vowel, [n] can be used as both initial and final, and the rest can only be used as initials. -
A Note on the Genitive Particle Ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic Free Genitives Mohammed Ali Qarabesh, University of Albayda Mohammed Q
A note on ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic … Qarabesh & Shormani A Note on the Genitive particle ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic Free Genitives Mohammed Ali Qarabesh, University of Albayda Mohammed Q. Shormani, University of Ibb الملخص: تتىاوه هذي اىىرقح ميمح "حق" فٍ اىيهجح اىُمىُح ورتثتها اىىحىَح فٍ تزمُة إضافح اىمينُح اىتحيُيُح، وتقذً ىها تحيُو وحىٌ وصفٍ، حُث َفتزض اىثاحثان أن هىاك وىػُه مه هذي اىنيمح فٍ اىيهجح اىُمىُح: ا( تيل اىتٍ ﻻ تظهز ػيُها ػﻻماخ اىتطاتق، مثو "اىسُاراخ حق ػيٍ"، حُث وزي أن ميمح "اىسُاراخ" ىها اىسماخ )جمغ، مؤوث، غائة( وىنه ميمح "حق" ﻻ تتطاتق مؼها فٍ أٌ مه هذي اىصفاخ، و ب( تيل اىتٍ تظهز ػيُها ػﻻماخ اىتطاتق مثو "اىسُاراخ حقاخ ػيٍ" حُث تتطاتق اىنيمتان "اىسُاراخ" و"حقاخ" فٍ مو اىسماخ. وؼَزض اىثاحثان أن اىىىع اﻷوه َ ستخذً فٍ مىاطق مثو صىؼاء، ػذن، إب... اىخ، واىثاوٍ فٍ شثىج وحضزمىخ ... اىخ. وَخيص اىثاحثان إىً أن هىاك دىُو ػميٍ ىُس فقظ ػيً وجىد اىىحى اىنيٍ فٍ "اىمينح اىيغىَح" تو أَضا ػيً "تَ ْى َس َطح" هذا اىىحى، ىُس فقظ تُه اىيغاخ تو وتُه ىهجاخ اىيغح اىىاحذج. الكلمات المفتاحية: اىيغاخ اىسامُح، اىؼزتُح اىُمىُح، اىؼثزَح، اى م ْينُح، "حق" Abstract This paper provides a descriptive syntactic analysis of ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic (YA). ħaqq is a Semitic Free Genitive (FG) particle, much like the English of. A FG minimally consists of a head N, genitive particle and genitive DP complement. It (in a FG) expresses or conveys the meaning of possessiveness, something like of in English. There are two types of ħaqq in Yemeni Arabic: one not exhibiting agreement with the head N, and another exhibiting it.