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Pathologies Des Écosystèmes Thème Etude De La Microdistribution Des REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITE ABOU BEKR BELKAID – TLEMCEN Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vieet des Sciences de la Terre et l'Univers Département d’Ecologie et Environnement Laboratoire: «Valorisation des actions de l'homme pour la protection de l'environnement et application en santé publique» Mémoire Présenté par MIDOUN Ryad En vue de l'obtention du Diplôme De Master Filière : Ecologie et Environnement Spécialité : Pathologies des écosystèmes Thème Etude de la microdistribution des Coléoptères aquatiques dans La station de Ghar boumaâza Soutenu le : 28/06/2017 devant le jury: Mme BENMANSOUR Bouchra MAA Présidente Université de Tlemcen Mme BOUKLI HACENE Samira MCA Promotrice Université de Tlemcen Mr BETTIOUI Réda MAA Examinateur Université de Tlemcen Année universitaire 2016 – 2017. Merci ALLAH le tous puissant et miséricordieux de m’avoir donnée la foi et de m’avoir permis d’en arriver là Remercîment Mes grands remercîments ma profonde gratitude et ma totale reconnaissance vont exclusivement à MADAME BOUKLI HACENE Samira maître de conférence « A » au département d’écologie et de l’environnement , faculté des science de la nature et la vie , des science de la terre et de l’univers de l’université de Tlemcen ; pour m’avoir formidablement encadré orienté, aidé ,conseillé et dirigé ce travail, pour ses encouragements et son soutien actif tout long de ce travail . A MR. BETTIOUI Réda maître assistant « A » pour son aide pour les analyses statistiques à d’avoir accepté d’examiner ce modeste travail. Je lui présente tous mes remercîments et j’en suis profondément reconnaissant. Plus particulièrement mes remercîment s’adressent à Mme BENMANSOUR Bouchra maître assistant « A » pour l’intérêt qu’elle apporté à ma recherche en acceptant de présider le présent jury . Mes remercîment vont aussi à Mme AMMOURI Rahma pou son soutien technique lors de mon passage laboratoire de « Valorisation des actions de l’homme pour la protection de l’environnement et application en santé publique » Un grand merci à tous mes amis pour les agréables moments passés ensemble. Enfin mes pensées gracieuses à mes chers Parents. Dédicace Je Dédie ce mémoire à mes chers parents adorés qui m’ont toujours encouragé à poursuivre mes études supérieures en écologie. C’est grâce à leur amour, leur présence et leur patience à tout instant que j’ai pu concrétiser ce modeste travail. Je les remercie du fond du cœur. A toutes les familles : Midoun, Ghoumari, Zerhouni et Ghaffour … etc. A mon frère et mes sœurs : Nabil , Soumia, Wahiba A ma cher belle Sœur : Meriem A mes neveux et nièces adorés : Assrar, Ranim , et Ibtihele. A mes chers amis et amies qui me sont chers qu’ils trouvent ici l’expression de mes sentiments les plus dévoués et mes vœux les plus sincères : Sofiane Malti Walid Djabouri, Abdelhak, youcef, Faycel. Redouane, Nadhir khouloud, Zaki, Youcef, Amine, Diden, Mouhamed, Amina, Marwa, Nihel Sarah ... <3 Je Vous aime Tous <3 Liste des Figures Figure1 : Quelque insecte Adephaga (lINNE, 1761) (CEPECKA, 1990)………………….5 Figure 2: Halipluslineolatus (Mannerheim1844 )……………………………………………..6 Figure 3 : Dytiscuslatissimus (lINNE, 1758)………………………………………………...7 Figure 4 : Aciliussulcatus(lINNE,1758)(CEPECKA, 1990) ………………………………..7 Figure 5 : Quelques insectes polyphaga ……………………………………………………8 Figure 6 :Dryopsalgiricus (BILLBERG,1820)……………………………………………….8 Figure 7 : Morphologie d’un Coléoptère (RICHOUX, 1982)………………………………9 Figure 8 : Tête de cicindèle champêtre (EVANS, 2010)……………………………………10 Figure 9: Patte d’insecte……………………………………………………………………..11 Figure 10 : Différentes formes d’ailes (BIGNON,2008)…………………………………….11 Figure 11 : Abdomen d’un Coléoptère (PACHECO–FLORES, 2006)……………………12 Figure 12 : Reproduction chez les Dytiques…………………………………………….…13 Figure 13 : Cycle de développement d’un Coléoptère. (RICHARD, 1993)…………………13 Figure 14: Le bassin versant de la Tafna dans l’ensemble Oranie Chott Chergui (A.N.A.T., 2010,)…………………………………………………………………………………………14 Figure 15 : Réseau hydrographique de la Tafna (A.N.A.T, 2010)…………………………16 Figure 16 : Evolution des précipitations moyennes mensuelles à Beni Behdel durant 2013…………………………………………………………………………………………21 Figure 17 : Evolution des températures moyennes mensuelles à Beni Behdel (2013)………22 Figure 18: Diagramme de BAGNOULS et GAUSSEN de la station Beni Badel de l’année 2013…………………………………………………………………………………………23 Figure 19 : climagramme pluviothermique D’EMBERGER modifier par (STEWART 1968)………………………………………………………………………………………..24 Figure 20: photos de la station de Ghar Boumaaza (originale)……………………………26 Figure 21 : profil de la Station d’étude (Ghar Boumaza )………………………………...27 Figure 22 : Microhabitat MH1 (original) ………………………………………………28 Figure 23 : MicrohabitaT MH2 (originale)…………………………………………………28 Figure 24 : Microhabitat MH3 (originale)……………………………………………….…29 Figure 25 : filet troubleaux…………………………………………………………………29 Figure 26: filet surber ………………………………………………………………………30 Figure 27 : Tamis (prélèvement)…………………………………………………………….30 Figure 28 : représentation graphique des principaux sous ordre des Coléoptères…………37 Figure 29 : Importance relative des familles ……………………………………………….38 Figure 30 : Abondance relative des taxons de coléoptères capturés…………………………39 Liste des Figures Figure 31 : graphe de répartition spatiale taxonomique par microhabitat……………………41 Figure 32 : Répartition spatiale du nombre d’individus…………………………………….41 Figure 33 : Répartition spatiale de Shannon H’……………………………………………..42 Figure 34 : Répartition spatiale de Simpson D …………………………………….………..43 Figure 35 : Répartition spatiale de l’équitabilité J’ …………………………………………43 Figure 36 : CAH de la matrice de répartition des abondances des 23 taxons dans les trois microhabitas………………………………………………………………………….………44 Figure 37 : CAH de la matrice de répartition des abondances des 23 espèces dans les trois microhabitats………………………………………………………………………………….46 Figure 38 : Représentations graphiques juxtaposées des points lignes et colonnes sur le plan factoriel F1xF2 appliqué à la matrice des abondances des Coléoptères par microhabitat……46 Figure 39 : Variation temporelle des Coléoptères dans la station de GharBoumaaza……….48 Figure 40: Variation temporelle Coléoptères en fonction du nombre d’individus dans la station de GharBoumaaza…………………………………………………………………….49 Figue 41 : Variation temporelle de la diversité H’dans la station de Ghar Boumaaza………49 Figure 42 : Variation temporelle de l’indice de Simpson dans la station de GharBoumaaza........................................................................................................................50 Figure 43 : Variation temporelle d’equitabilité J’ par sortie………………………………....51 Liste des tableaux Tableau 01 : précipitation moyennes mensuelles de la région de (Beni behdel) pour l’année 2013…………………………………………………………………………………………20 Tableau 02 : Température moyennes mensuelles et annuelles de la période 2013……….. 21 Tableau 3 : principales caractéristiques physiques de la station d’étude ……………...…...26 Tableau 4 : Mesure du paramètre physico-chimique……………………………………..…31 Tableau 5 : Liste des espèces de Coléoptères récoltées ……………………………………36 Tableau 6 : descripteurs de diversité estimé pour le peuplement de la station …………….40 Tableau 7 : descripteurs de diversité estimé pour le peuplement de la station par microhabitat………………………………………………………………………….……….40 Tableau 8 : descripteurs de diversité estimé pour le peuplement de la station par sortie……48 Sommaire Remerciements Dédicace Liste des Figures Liste des tableaux Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………1 Chapitre I : Généralités sur les Coléoptères 1-Biologie des Coléoptères aquatiques …………………………………………………….4 ➢ Position systématique…………………………………………………………….….4 1-1– Classification des Coléoptères aquatiques……………………………………………4 1-1-1- Les adephage ……………………………………………………………………….5 1-1-2- Les polyphage………………………………………………………………………….7 1-2- Morphologie des Coléoptères…………………………………………………………9 1-3- La respiration des Coléoptères aquatiques …………………………………………..12 1-4- La reproduction et le développement des Coléoptères aquatiques ………………12 1-4-1- la reproduction………………………………………………………………………13 1-4-2-le développement…………………………………………………………………….13 2- Air d’étude……………………………………………………………………………….14 2-1- Situation Géographique du bassin versant de la Tafna…………………………..14 2-3- Réseau hydrologique…………………………………………………………………16 2-4- La détérioration des zones humides……………………………………………………17 2-5-Sols et végétation ……………………………………………………………………..18 2-6- Etude Bioclimatique …………………………………………………………………18 2-6-1- Aperçu sur le climat de l'Afrique du Nord………………………………………..18 2-6-2- Aperçu sur le climat de l’Algérie …………………………………………………19 2-7-Pluviométrie et écoulements ………………………………………………………….19 2-7-1- les précipitations ………………………………………………………………….19 2-7-2 La Température ………………………………………………………..…………..21 2-7-3 Etude bioclimatique……………………………………………………………….22 Sommaire 2-7-3-1- Les synthèses climatiques ………………………………………………………22 2-8- Quotient pluviothermique et étages bioclimatique D’EMBERGER……………….23 Chapitre II : Matériels et méthodes 1. Présentation de la station d’étude « Ghar boumaaza »……………………………….25 1.1. Choix de la station d’étude…………………………………………………………..25 1-2- description de la station d’étude …………………………………………………….25 1-3- localisation géographique de la station d’étude……………………………………..26 2-Méthode de prélèvement des Coléoptères ……………………………………………..28 2-1- La description des Microhabitats…………………………………………………….29 2-1-Matériel utilisé pour la sortie sur terrain ……………………………………………29
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