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G. C:Nede::O: Po1o· Mit14:1'} Comprendre A11ahn·;· REVIEW, G. C:nede::o: Po1o· Mit14:1'} Comprendre A11ahn·;·, H(lnoi, Impdmerie d'.E:~:tremr•-Orient, tMfJ. To Understand Angkm· Better consists of 8 lectures given during 1·eoent years by Professo~· Coedes, Director of the Ecole Fraul}u.iae cl.'Ib:trllme-Orient, short e:Ktro.cts of which hr.we beau published in the Oa.hiers of that Institution. '!'he idea of publishing these leetmes com. plate in book fotm is a.n excellent one, and should be instrnmenta.l in I opening the eyes of the genera.l rel.\di.ng public to the meritorious work ·. of the French Sohool of the Far Eo.st:, and give them u. clearer insight ._ ; of what Angkor really is, a.nd what its temples sha.ud for. By Anglwt :1 is, of course, meant the group of monuments witliin u.nd without the old oa.pital of Angkor Thoro, includinG its centnl s~nctuary Ba.yon, the mystery of mysteriea, with Angkor Wat, Phra Kho.n, Pnom Bakbeng, Nak P'an, Tn. Phrom, B!t.ntai Kdei ana still others, not "fo;-getting lovely Bantai Brei u.nd the two huge w,_,.t,er reservoirs, the t:oa.stern a.nd western Baray. His Excallenoy Vioe-Admir:ol Jean Decoux, the Governor-General in his preffl.oe to this book, rightly styles Professor Ooedes a M!lster of a.ll knowledge pertaining to ancient Cambodia and pru.ises bis, to us so well !mown, .talented and elegant exposiliion of the facts laid before us. We would fain call the Professor a Master Mind even becu.nse of his at onoe lucid and aobe1· tlenett·a.ting mind wbioh ha.s opened up to others so muoh of this fl.\scina.tiug world of ancient Hi11dn thought here made manifest in stone and, formerly, in l.Jronze. Professor Coedes, t\S the accomplished epigra.phist, Su.nskritist a.n<1 a.rchaeologi:;;t that he is, possesses jueb the qua.lifications, ve-ry brilliant ones u.t that, neces~o..ry for underta.king such a. task. Those, who have read this book, will agree that he has o:l.rried it out very well indeed. 9G. ERJR SEinENl~A DJ~N [vor,, XXXV As a. conqiderable part of the information, given here in hook form, ha.s a,lrea.dy been treated in our a.ppraciatione o{ the Oahiers <le l'Ecole Feanga.ise d'Elxtreme Orient (U) :.1.nd in our review of l\I. lVIa.rcha.l's book Mnsee Louis Finot, la collection Khmf;re (2) we shall only here mention certa.in points not found in the said extra.cts. The last sentences of Professor Coedes' own rweface to his hook read as follows: "In a. word I ha.ve trie!l to get the stones to speak (3). Theoe stones that never in the thoughts of the builders (of the temples) were b':tt lifeless ma.tter without a soul the imperishable cha.rm of which is made of tha.t spiritnality with which they are a.ll endowed." That saying chara,cterizes the book In the Jirat ch:1pter on the historical a.nc1 religious frame of Cambo­ dia.,. the laud of the Ka.mbuia.s, the author says Lhat the Khmer monuments are found fcom Wieugcha.n in the north to the Gulf of Thai­ laud in the south, and from Saigon in the east to the 1.\fenam va.lley in the west. Why not sa.y the. 1\Ieklong valley where Mu'a.ng Sing represents a. typical Khmer temple construction from the XII or XI II , century 0, E.? The essentia.l pa.rt of these monuments ·:::.re, however, limited to the east, with the Kora.t platea.u in the north a.nd i;he lowbnds of present Cambodia in the south, so chara.cteristica.lly ca.lled hy the"' 'l'h:.ti Khamen tam, the low-lying Khmer country, in· contra.st to the high-lying, to the north of tbe Dongrek oha.in. ·There ha.s a.lwaya ruled a. certa.in antago­ nism between these two parts of ancient Camboc1io. sopa.ru.ted by this forbidding mountainous ha.rrier which still to-day ia not ~,llSY to cross. Both the northern a.nd southern region formed, of course, parts of the vast Hinduized empire of Funau, from the. first to the middle of the sixth century C. E. The name of Funlln is a. Ohinese corruption of the Khmer word Phnom, a mounta.in. The kings, or emperors, of. Funan ca.lled themselves kings of the mou.ntain which refers to the so.cred central world mountain of Meru, and as such they "Claimed to be universlll monarchs, The Kambuja.s were the inhabitants of (at le:J.st) the southern and eastern parts of the Karat plate!tu, the a.uthor says from ( 1) Vide JTRS. XXXIII, Pt. 1, 1941,24-28 and XXXIV, 1, 1943, pp, 34-38, ( 2.) Vide JTRS. XXXIII, Pt. 1, 1941, 78-91. ~-3} ~book by !'l'Ofessor Coedes bearing the title .J 'ai essr;yd de j'aire pade1· lcs Ple7Tes ts now bemg published in Hanot, · l'T. 1] REVIEW 97 Khon in the south to Thi Khek in the north with their cttpita.l iu Cammon. ( 4) Between the Ka.mbui:;.s ttnd the Jl'una.nites of Lower Ca.mbodi:.r. there was no ethnic difference, though there m:JJY ha.ve bee11, as still is the case with the present Khmers living no1·tb u.nd south of the Dongrek chu.in, a difference o£ dialect. The I\ambuja.s seceded from Funa.n by the middle of the sixth oeu tury C. E., a.nd .decla.red themselves independent, a.fterw ::uds annexing Lower Cambodia in the VII century C. E. and thtts unkiug an end of. the Funan empi1·e. However, alrea.dy in the VIII century the I\hmer rea.lm again beca.me sepa.ra.\ed iuto two states; in Tchen-h of the dry land or Upper Cambodia. and Tehan-la of the wa.ter of Lower Ca.mbodi:t, so called by the Chinese (5}. It w:\s during that period that J:J.ya beea.me the overlord of~ parb of Southem Cambodia. Jayav:.uman II, the first great king of Cambodia., unified the kingdom :tnd introduced the rosal cult of the Godldng, the ldng's " Subtle I" residing in the lin(!a placed in a sanctuary. Then followed grea.t kings such as Ytl.~ovarman, who built tbe oldest Angkor Thom under the na.me of Ya9odhtuaptna; Suryavttrman II, apotheosed under the name of Paramavishuuloka, bniltler of the wonder· ~ ful Anglmr Wat, n.nd finally Jayavarmo.n VII, mighty conqueror and builder of the pr~ent Angkor Thorn with Bayou, Pbra Kha.n, N ak Par1, Ta Pbrom, Banta.i Kdei, B:tnta.i Chmar and a. host of other temples, perhu.ps the greatest of a.ll the Khmer kings, who was also in part at lea.st responsiblefor the decline of his country, are well known to the readers of this journal. Their reigns dated from 802 to 1202 C. E., am\ Anglwr Thorn still lasted for two and a h11.lf ce.ntmies longer until itr Wasfinally deserted owing to the deva.sba.ting wars with the Ayuthy11 Th:1i. It is interesting to lel\m that the famous S:~.nskrit inscription o.t V o-can, IJrovince of Nhu.·trang, Ann am, is not, as hitherto believed, a. Obam king's inscription but a. Fun11uite king's in the 3rd century C. E. The ta.sk of dating correctly the va.rious periode and schools of E.hmet art and architecture bas not been an easy onB. Distinguished ( 4) See however our remark about this in JTRS. XXXIII, 1, 1941, p, 78 bottom. ( 5 j Oambodia was divided fer a third time iuto two states during the XII century when a foreigner, Jayavarman VI, ms,de himself king of the territories of the Khorat plateau. 98 t<miK SE:IDgN))'A DEN aa.vant·S u.nd archa.eologiste ( su<lh n,s IJOuis Finot, G. Coedas, II. Ma.l'Ciha.l and Ph. Stem) have roa.ae mistakes of sever:;,l imnd.rede of years in tr:ying to fix the correct dates. The age of Bn.yon :J.ncl the oH;y wa.lls of Angkor 'r'hom was tbns for a. long time made 300 yea.rs too old. Elapeoia.lly the intrioate but fatmino.ting B11.you b~i'fled tl1e specuhtions of the n,rcha.eolo­ gists for a long time. However, finally dne' r,o the studies of M. Par­ mentier and espeoio.lly to the ingenuity of J:lrofe:osor Ooec1es the riddle was solved, a.nd oorreot dates tHrived. a.t. It htl.s now been proved that the 12 ldlometres·long atone wallll of Angkor Tbom with its five gate towers cllp in the likeness of IJokesva,ra.'s fa.ue, at the same time being the portx·a.it of the great king ,hya.vu.rrnn.n VIJ, ~s well n.s B:.t yon, that Bodhisa.ttvt1 sanctuary par e~(:cellence, with its towers showing to the four ca.rdina.l points the 160 faces of this benign .Buddhist Messiah, LoMsva,ra, whieh in this ca.se also repr:eaen1; port1·a.its of King J n.yavarman, u.re uot older tha.n a. bout 7 50 years, three quartan• oi a.
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