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THE NITRATE KING PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS a History of the British Presence in Chile: from Bloody Mary to Charles Darwin and the Decline of British Influence

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THE NITRATE KING PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS a History of the British Presence in Chile: from Bloody Mary to Charles Darwin and the Decline of British Influence THE NITRATE KING PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS A History of the British Presence in Chile: From Bloody Mary to Charles Darwin and the Decline of British Influence. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. STUDIES OF THE AMERICAS edited by Maxine Molyneux Institute for the Study of the Americas University of London School of Advanced Study Titles in this series are multidisciplinary studies of aspects of the societies of the hemi- sphere, particularly in the areas of politics, economics, history, anthropology, sociology, and the environment. The series covers a comparative perspective across the Americas, including Canada and the Caribbean as well as the United States and Latin America. Titles in this series published by Palgrave Macmillan: Cuba’s Military 1990–2005: Revolutionary Soldiers during Counter-Revolutionary Times By Hal Klepak The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America Edited by Rachel Sieder, Line Schjolden, and Alan Angell Latin America: A New Interpretation By Laurence Whitehead Appropriation as Practice: Art and Identity in Argentina By Arnd Schneider America and Enlightenment Constitutionalism Edited by Gary L. McDowell and Johnathan O’Neill Vargas and Brazil: New Perspectives Edited by Jens R. Hentschke When Was Latin America Modern? Edited by Nicola Miller and Stephen Hart Debating Cuban Exceptionalism Edited by Bert Hoffman and Laurence Whitehead Caribbean Land and Development Revisited Edited by Jean Besson and Janet Momsen Cultures of the Lusophone Black Atlantic Edited by Nancy Priscilla Naro, Roger Sansi-Roca, and David H. Treece Democratization, Development, and Legality: Chile, 1831–1973 By Julio Faundez The Hispanic World and American Intellectual Life, 1820–1880 By Iván Jaksic´ The Role of Mexico’s Plural in Latin American Literary and Political Culture: From Tlatelolco to the “Philanthropic Ogre” By John King Faith and Impiety in Revolutionary Mexico Edited by Matthew Butler Reinventing Modernity in Latin America: Intellectuals Imagine the Future, 1900–1930 By Nicola Miller The Republican Party and Immigration Politics: From Proposition 187 to George W. Bush By Andrew Wroe The Political Economy of Hemispheric Integration: Responding to Globalization in the Americas Edited by Diego Sánchez-Ancochea and Kenneth C. Shadlen Ronald Reagan and the 1980s: Perceptions, Policies, Legacies Edited by Cheryl Hudson and Gareth Davies Wellbeing and Development in Peru: Local and Universal Views Confronted Edited by James Copestake The Federal Nation: Perspectives on American Federalism Edited by Iwan W. Morgan and Philip J. Davies Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 1940–1967 By Steven High Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America? Societies and Politics at the Crossroads Edited by John Burdick, Philip Oxhorn, and Kenneth M. Roberts Visual Synergies in Fiction and Documentary Film from Latin America Edited by Miriam Haddu and Joanna Page Cuban Medical Internationalism: Origins, Evolution, and Goals By John M. Kirk and H. Michael Erisman Governance after Neoliberalism in Latin America Edited by Jean Grugel and Pía Riggirozzi Modern Poetics and Hemispheric American Cultural Studies By Justin Read Youth Violence in Latin America: Gangs and Juvenile Justice in Perspective Edited by Gareth A. Jones and Dennis Rodgers The Origins of Mercosur By Gian Luca Gardini Belize’s Independence & Decolonization in Latin America: Guatemala, Britain, and the UN By Assad Shoman Post-Colonial Trinidad: An Ethnographic Journal By Colin Clarke and Gillian Clarke The Nitrate King: A Biography of “Colonel” John Thomas North By William Edmundson The Nitrate King A Biography of “Colonel” John Thomas North William Edmundson THE NITRATE KING Copyright © William Edmundson, 2011. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011 978-0-230-11280-3 All rights reserved. First published in 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-29475-6 ISBN 978-0-230-11879-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230118799 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Edmundson, William (Eddie) The nitrate king : a biography of “Colonel” John Thomas North / by William Edmundson. p. cm.— (Studies of the Americas) 1. North, John Thomas, 1842–1896. 2. Businessmen—Great Britain— Biography. 3. Businessmen—Chile—Biography. 4. Businessmen—Peru— Biography. 5. Chile saltpeter industry—Chile—History—19th century. 6. Chile saltpeter industry—Peru—History—19th century. 7. Chile— Economic conditions—19th century. 8. Peru—Economic conditions— 19th century. 9. War of the Pacific, 1879–1884. 10. Chile— History—Revolution, 1891. I. Title. HD9585.S142N674 2010 338.7Ј6155364—dc22 2010037864 [B] A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: April 2011 To my late father, Tom Edmundson, who was the first to show me by example the importance of carrying out historical research, and to Jim Grindle, my secondary school teacher of English who influ- enced my life in so many ways, and encouraged me in my writing. Cover art and Image 0.1 “The Nitrate King.” Cromolithograph from Vanity Fair, by “Spy” (Lesley Ward), November 2, 1889. Contents List of Illustrations xi Preface: John Thomas North, a reappraisal xiii Juan Ricardo Couyoumdjian Acknowledgments xix Timeline xxi Map of Northern and Central Chile xxix Prologue: He Would Be Called Quiet xxxi Introduction 1 The Crafty Colonel (Anecdote) 6 Chapter 1 We Had Adventures of All Sorts 7 I Want To Hear the Man Swear (Anecdote) 13 Chapter 2 I Was Better Acquainted Than Any Other Foreigner 15 Free- Handed Hospitality (Anecdote) 22 Chapter 3 Don Juan Tomás North 25 Who’s Chairman of This Meeting? (Anecdote) 35 Chapter 4 The Nitrate King 37 Music Hall Song (Anecdote) 55 Chapter 5 The Grand Promotion Army 59 Wild Rumours (Anecdote) 73 x CONTENTS Chapter 6 Colonel North 75 Myth Making (Anecdote) 95 Chapter 7 The Sensation of the Hour 97 A Little Nonsense (Anecdote) 104 Chapter 8 A Visit to the Nitrate Kingdom 107 Millionaires at Play (Anecdote) 127 Chapter 9 A Millionaire Stripped Bare 129 Epilogue: I Have Enjoyed Myself Thoroughly 141 Appendix: Family tree of John Thomas North 143 Notes 149 Selected Bibliography 175 Index 183 Illustrations Map 0.1 Map of Northern and Central Chile xxix Images 0.1 “The Nitrate King.” Cromolithograph from Vanity Fair, by “Spy” (Lesley Ward), November 2, 1889. viii I.1 “Colonel John T. North, The Nitrate King.” Lithograph from Harper’s Weekly, February 6, 1892. Author not given 2 3.1 Page from atlas: “Provincia de Tarapacá,” from Atlas de Chile, by Juan Türke. Ediciones Eduardo Cadot, Santiago, 1895 26 4.1 “Nitrate Works in Chile,” Melton Prior. The Illustrated London News, November 16, 1889, p. 623 38 4.2 “Fichas” (tokens) used in mining settlements in Chile (author’s collection) 39 6.1 “Avery Hill, Eltham,” early twentieth-century postcard 76 6.2 “Reopening of Kirkstall Abbey, Leeds: The Bishop of Ripon delivering the Address.” Holland Tringham, The Illustrated London News, September 21, 1895, p. 1 90 8.1 “Shipping nitrate at Pisagua, Chile,” Melton Prior. The Illustrated London News, January 24, 1891, p. 1 108 8.2 Hotel Métropole, London. Vintage Victorian print 109 All illustrations are from the author’s personal collection. The map of northern and central Chile was prepared by the author and designed digitally by Daniel Edmundson. Preface John Thomas North, a reappraisal In 1973, British prime minister Edward Heath denounced the activi- ties of Roland “Tiny” Rowland, a mining entrepreneur, as the “unac- ceptable face of capitalism.” In not quite the same words, this rebuke has long been levied at John Thomas North, another mining entre- preneur, nitrate in his case, both by his contemporaries and by later- day historians. At the same time as Rowland was gathering public opprobrium in the United Kingdom, Dr. Harold Blakemore, whose classic work on President José Manuel Balmaceda of Chile and John Thomas North was published the following year,1 shed light on the career of the latter, and his involvement, or rather noninvolvement, in the Chilean Revolution of 1891, which led to the downfall and suicide of the former. Given the central thesis of his monograph, Dr. Blakemore was mainly interested in the Chilean dimension of North’s activities rather than in the man himself and his entrepreneurial endeavors elsewhere. It is here that William Edmundson makes his most significant contri- butions. There is new information on his early life and his activities on the West Coast prior to becoming “the nitrate king.” He reex- amines the rationale behind the decision of the Chilean authorities to return the nitrate properties to the owners of the corresponding deeds issued by the Peruvian government, in lieu of payment for their expropriation, and to instead impose a heavy tax on exports. More importantly, he provides some insights into his relations with the firm of the brothers William and John Lockett, who were instrumental in launching the Liverpool Nitrate Company, the first of a series of similar enterprises. Edmundson also goes into some detail on North’s later ventures, including coal mines in Wales, rubber in Africa, gold mining in Australia, and others. Although the available data on these is in many cases sketchy, the penchant of North to get involved in litigation sug- gests that his business methods continued to generate controversy. xiv PREFACE As for the man himself, we get a fuller picture of his outgoing per- sonality, and his outbursts of generosity that were probably genuine, but were consciously put to good use in self-promotion.
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