Report 2007 (United Nations Publication, Operations
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INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD 2007 Report EMBARGO Observe release date: Not to be published or broadcast before Wednesday, 5 March 2008, at 0001 hours (GMT) CAUTION UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2007 UNITED NATIONS New York, 2008 E/INCB/2007/1 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.08.XI.1 ISBN 978-92-1-148224-9 ISSN 0257-3717 Foreword Chapter I of the 2007 report of the International Narcotics Control Board contains a discussion on the principle of proportionality and drug-related offences. The principle has ancient origins, such as the Code of Hammurabi, with its rules of retributive justice (“an eye for an eye”, “a tooth for a tooth” and “a bone for a bone”) to curb excessive punishment by victims or the State. The human sense of how best to address wrongdoing in a proportionate manner has evolved considerably since the time of Hammurabi. However, there are still differences between countries and regions concerning how best to respond to offences and offenders. The United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 addresses in a general manner responses to drug- related crime. Those responses serve as a guide, as any response adopted by a party is subject to its constitutional principles and its domestic law. The 1988 Convention provides that sanctions take into account whether an offence is of a grave or minor nature. There is a wide variety of sanctions, ranging from imprisonment or other forms of deprivation of liberty to measures such as the education, rehabilitation or social reintegration of drug-abusing offenders. The 1988 Convention recognizes that, to be effective, a State’s response to an offence committed by a drug abuser must address both the offence and the underlying cause, namely drug abuse. More scrupulous application of the provisions of the 1988 Convention by Governments will ensure that serious offences are not committed with impunity and that those who commit them are not treated more leniently than is reasonably justifiable and do not escape justice entirely. The Board is of the opinion that the nature and severity of penalties and sanctions for enforcement are useful in assessing whether the principle of proportionality is met. Full compliance with the principle of proportionality implies mutual respect for national sovereignty, for the various constitutional and other fundamental principles of domestic law – practice, judgements and procedures – and for the rich diversity of peoples, cultures, customs and values served by those different legal systems. A close look at the world’s drug problem reveals two developments of particular concern. First, criminal organizations are taking advantage of loopholes in the control systems in Africa for chemicals used in illicit drug manufacture and are in the process of establishing in that region trafficking hubs for chemicals. Numerous suspicious shipments of precursor chemicals to Africa have been identified. Also of concern is the establishment of routes for smuggling cocaine between countries in South America and Africa. Countries affected by those developments should introduce appropriate measures to prevent their territory from being targeted for such criminal activity. It has now been almost 10 years since the General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Guiding Principles of Drug Demand Reduction. The time has come to reflect on investments made by Governments in reducing the demand for illicit drugs. Although many Governments have made considerable efforts, more needs to be done. Governments should recognize that reducing illicit drug demand and reducing illicit drug supply are complementary and mutually reinforcing. iii To suggest that the legalization of drugs would “solve” the world drug problem is to ignore historical facts. The first international controls over narcotic drugs, introduced in 1912, helped to reduce the scourge of opium addiction in some Asian countries. Some 60 years later, accession to the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 contributed to a significant decline in the abuse of psychotropic substances, which had created serious health problems in the 1950s and 1960s. Given those and other experiences, any suggestion to legalize the use of illicit drugs seems rather simplistic and misplaced. There are no “quick fix” solutions to the drug problem. Governments should continue to take action to address drug abuse and illicit drug trafficking in a comprehensive, sustained and concerted manner. That is where the solution to the world drug problem lies. To do nothing is not an option. Philip O. Emafo President of the International Narcotics Control Board iv Contents Paragraphs Page Foreword ................................................................................. iii Explanatory notes........................................................................... vii Chapter I. The principle of proportionality and drug-related offences ................... 1-61 1 A. The principle of proportionality..................................... 7-10 2 B. Proportionality and the international drug control conventions ........... 11-18 3 C. Proportionate prosecution, sentencing and alternatives.................. 19-36 5 D. Equality before the law............................................ 37-49 9 E. Teamwork involving the justice and health-care systems ................ 50-57 11 F. Recommendations................................................ 58-61 13 II. Operation of the international drug control system ......................... 62-290 15 A. Narcotic drugs .................................................. 62-99 15 B. Psychotropic substances ........................................... 100-132 20 C. Precursors ...................................................... 133-151 26 D. Promoting universal application of the international drug control treaties .. 152-193 29 E. Measures to ensure the implementation of the international drug control treaties ......................................................... 194-207 34 F. Special topics ................................................... 208-290 36 III. Analysis of the world situation ......................................... 291-727 50 A. Africa .......................................................... 291-331 50 B. Americas ....................................................... 332-490 56 Central America and the Caribbean.................................. 332-366 56 North America................................................... 367-413 60 South America................................................... 414-490 66 C. Asia ........................................................... 491-639 76 East and South-East Asia .......................................... 491-540 76 South Asia ...................................................... 541-577 83 West Asia ....................................................... 578-639 86 D. Europe ......................................................... 640-700 95 E. Oceania ........................................................ 701-727 103 v IV. Recommendations to Governments, the United Nations and other relevant international and regional organizations .................................. 728-739 107 A. Recommendations to Governments .................................. 731-737 107 B. Recommendations to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and to the World Health Organization ..................................... 738 114 C. Recommendations to other relevant international organizations .......... 739 114 Annexes I. Regional groupings used in the report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2007 116 II. Current membership of the International Narcotics Control Board ...................... 119 vi Explanatory notes The following abbreviations have been used in this report: ACCORD ASEAN and China Cooperative Operations in Response to Dangerous Drugs ADD attention deficit disorder AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ARCOS Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (United States of America) ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEANAPOL ASEAN Chiefs of Police ATS amphetamine-type stimulant BKA Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany) BZP N-benzylpiperazine CARDIN Central Asian Regional Drug Information Network mCCP 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine CICAD Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CNCN National Council against Drug Trafficking (Honduras) CNTF Counter-Narcotics Trust Fund (Afghanistan) CONSEP National Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances Control Board (Ecuador) CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization DARE Drug Abuse Resistance Education DEA Drug Enforcement Administration (United States of America) DEVIDA National Commission for Development and Life without Drugs (Peru) Europol European Police Office FUNDASALVA Anti-Drugs Foundation of El Salvador GAFISUD Financial Action Task Force of South America against Money Laundering GBL gamma-butyrolactone GHB gamma-hydroxybutyric acid HIV human immunodeficiency virus Interpol International Criminal Police Organization LSD lysergic acid diethylamide MDA methylenedioxyamphetamine MDBP 1-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)piperazine MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine vii 3,4-MDP-2-P 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone MeOPP 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine MINUSTAH United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NPP N-phenethyl-4-piperidone OAS Organization