Common Law Con Caratteri Cinesi. Il Diritto Nella Regione Amministrativa Speciale Di Hong Kong Tra Flussi Linguistici Inglesi E Cinesi

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Common Law Con Caratteri Cinesi. Il Diritto Nella Regione Amministrativa Speciale Di Hong Kong Tra Flussi Linguistici Inglesi E Cinesi Corso di Dottorato in Studi Giuridici Comparati ed Europei XXVI ciclo Common law con caratteri cinesi. Il diritto nella Regione Amministrativa Speciale di Hong Kong tra flussi linguistici inglesi e cinesi Relatore Dottoranda Prof. Gian Antonio Benacchio Barbara Verri anno accademico 2013-2014 candidata: Barbara Verri Common law con caratteri cinesi. Il diritto nella Regione Amministrativa Speciale di Hong Kong tra flussi linguistici inglesi e cinesi Relatore Prof. Gian Antonio Benacchio Anno Accademico 2013-2014 Indirizzo specialistico in Diritto privato, privato comparato e commerciale XXVI ciclo Esame finale: 17/03/2015 Commissione esaminatrice: Prof. Maurizio Borghi, Università di Bournemouth Prof. Stefano Bastianon, Università di Bergamo Prof. Renzo Riccardo Cavalieri, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia Prof. Peter Behrens, Università di Amburgo Alla mia famiglia e agli amici più cari con immensa gratitudine per il loro continuo sostegno INDICE ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUZIONE ................................................................................... 3 CAPITOLO PRIMO UN PAESE, DUE SISTEMI: PROSPETTIVE DI ANALISI 1. La circolazione del modello di common law nel contesto della colonizzazione ........................................................................................... 7 1.1 Dalle prime colonie alla nascita dell’Impero britannico: il recepimento del modello inglese ...................................................... 7 1.2 Trapianto giuridico e lascito britannico: gli effetti della colonizzazione ................................................................................. 2. La fusione del sistema di common law con altri sistemi: il caso delle mixed jurisdictions .................................................................................... 20 3. Diritto e lingua. L’incidenza delle problematiche linguistiche negli ordinamenti plurilingue: l’apporto della comparazione ............................. 24 CAPITOLO SECONDO IL COMMON LAW DI HONG KONG SOTTO IL DOMINIO BRITANNICO 1. La nascita del common law a Hong Kong. Dall’Impero cinese all’Impero britannico: il periodo coloniale .................................................................. 29 1.1 La costituzione della Crown Colony ........................................... 29 1.2 La struttura istituzionale della colonia ....................................... 33 1.3 Le fonti del diritto della colonia e il recepimento del diritto 38 inglese ............................................................................................. 2. Il ritorno alla sovranità cinese e il periodo post-coloniale ...................... 44 2.1 Dalla fase delle negoziazioni alla Joint Declaration del 1984 .... 46 INDICE 2.2 Gli anni della transizione: dall’ultimo Governatore inglese al ritorno nella Repubblica Popolare Cinese ...................................... 50 CAPITOLO TERZO IL COMMON LAW NELLA REGIONE AMMINISTRATIVA SPECIALE 1. Il common law oggi: alla ricerca di un nuovo equilibrio istituzionale tra elementi di continuità e di innovazione .................................................... 53 1.1 Le istituzioni della RAS .............................................................. 56 1.2 Il sistema delle corti ................................................................... 62 2. Le fonti del diritto all’interno della nuova RAS .................................... 67 2.1 Aspetti costituzionali: la Basic Law ........................................... 68 2.2 Le fonti primarie e secondarie ................................................... 70 2.3 Common law e regole di equity .................................................. 73 2.4 Il ruolo del diritto consuetudinario cinese ................................. 75 3. I rapporti con lo Stato cinese: la “one country, two systems” policy in action ........................................................................................................ 77 3.1 Il ruolo e l’influenza della Cina continentale ............................ 77 3.2 Le relazioni Stato-Regione: tra autonomia e integrazione dei sistemi .............................................................................................. 82 CAPITOLO QUARTO IL BILINGUISMO GIURIDICO NELL’ORDINAMENTO DELLA RAS 1. Dal legal English all’affermazione del bilinguismo .............................. 87 1.1 Post-colonialismo e dilemma della lingua giuridica: l’esperienza delle colonie nel sud-est asiatico ...................................................... 87 1.2 Il ruolo della lingua cinese dalla nascita della colonia alla Official Languages Ordinance ........................................................ 91 1.3 Il bilinguismo giuridico come espressione di un diritto fondamentale ................................................................................... 96 1.4 Lingua “tecnica” e lingua “comune”: bilinguismo giuridico e sistema linguistico tripartito della RAS ............................................ 99 ii INDICE 2. Il bilinguismo giuridico nelle istituzioni della RAS ............................... 101 2.1 La lingua del legislatore ............................................................. 101 2.2 La lingua delle corti ................................................................... 104 2.2.1 La lingua nel processo ...................................................... 104 2.2.2 Il caso dei mixed-language trials ....................................... 109 2.2.3 “Can you imagine the reaction of an Italian tried in Rome by a judge who does not speak Italian?”: la scelta della lingua processuale nella giurisprudenza delle corti ............................. 111 2.2.4 La lingua delle sentenze ................................................... 114 2.3 La lingua degli operatori giuridici: avvocati e giudici .............. 115 3. Pluralità di versioni linguistiche del testo normativo e questioni interpretative ............................................................................................. 117 3.1 Autenticità dei testi e parità di status: la Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance ............................................................. 117 3.2 Pluralismo linguistico e divergenze linguistiche nella giurisprudenza delle corti della RAS ............................................... 122 CAPITOLO QUINTO BILINGUISMO GIURIDICO E PROCESSI DI TRADUZIONE. CASE STUDY SULLA STATUTE LAW DI HONG KONG 1. Tradurre il diritto: concetti introduttivi ................................................. 133 1.1 La nozione di traduzione giuridica ............................................ 133 1.2 Le problematiche rilevanti nel processo traduttivo: elementi testuali ed extra-testuali ................................................................... 136 1.3 I metodi principali adottati nella traduzione giuridica .............. 141 2. La traduzione dei testi giuridici dall’inglese al cinese: i rilievi critici del processo di trasposizione linguistica ......................................................... 144 2.1 Il problema linguistico ................................................................ 144 2.2 Il problema legato alla cultura giuridica ................................... 149 3. Le tecniche impiegate dalla Law Drafting Division ................................. 151 4. Case-study sulla traduzione di termini tecnici e semi-tecnici nella statute iii INDICE law della RAS ........................................................................................... 156 4.1 Terminologia tecnica dalla property law ................................... 157 4.2 Terminologia tecnica dalla contract law ................................... 162 4.3 Terminologia tecnica dalla tort law .......................................... 168 5. Le critiche avanzate ai risultati ottenuti nella traduzione del common law in cinese ....................................................................................................... 171 CAPITOLO SESTO IL DIBATTITO SUL BILINGUISMO E LE SUE PROSPETTIVE DOPO LA PRIMA FASE DI ATTUAZIONE DEL SISTEMA 1. La prospettiva della dottrina sull’impossibilità di un common law in lingua cinese ............................................................................................. 177 2. Gli elementi a favore di un common law in lingua cinese ...................... 179 2.1 Casi di bilinguismo giuridico in ordinamenti di common law: l’esperienza del Canada .................................................................. 179 2.2 La specialità del common law in due lingue nell’ordinamento della RAS: il trapianto linguistico nello stesso sistema giuridico .... 182 2.3 La realizzazione di un common law in cinese mediante l’adeguamento e l’assimilazione ..................................................... 183 2.4 Il fondamentale apporto degli strumenti metalinguistici nell’affermazione del bilinguismo giuridico .................................... 188 3. Prospettive future per il common law bilingue della RAS .................... 192 CONCLUSIONI ...................................................................................... 195 BIBLIOGRAFIA .................................................................................... 201 SITOGRAFIA ......................................................................................... 215 iv ABSTRACT La ricerca si propone di esaminare l’ordinamento giuridico della Regione Amministrativa Speciale di Hong Kong, costituita a seguito della fine del dominio coloniale britannico
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