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A Transsystemic Approach to the Study of Law Between Law and Language

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A Transsystemic Approach to the Study of Law Between Law and Language 591 Concepts and Words : A Transsystemic Approach to the Study of Law between Law and Language Yaëll Emerich* ** De concepts et de mots : approche transsystémique de l’étude du droit entre droit et langue Conceptos y palabras : un enfoque transistémico para el estudio del derecho entre derecho y lenguaje Conceitos e Palavras : uma Abordagem Transistêmica ao Estudo do Direito entre Lei e Linguagem 概念与词汇：法律与语言之间法学研究的跨系统进路 Résumé Abstract Le transsystémisme peut être décrit Transsystemia can be described as a comme une approche juridique centrée legal approach centered on a dialogue be- sur un dialogue entre des traditions juri- tween legal traditions, anchored in a plu- diques et ancrée dans une méthodologie ralist and interdisciplinary methodology, pluraliste et interdisciplinaire qui célèbre which celebrates the irreducible differ- les différences et les similitudes irréduc- ences and similarities between various le- tibles entre diverses traditions juridiques. gal traditions. This paper argues that * Associate professor at the Faculty of Law at McGill University. ** This paper was first presented at Pablo de Olavide University in Seville, at a conference entitled “From Legal Translation to Jurilinguistics : Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Language and Law”, on October 27-28, 2016. The author wishes to thank Jesse Hartery, Audrée Sirois, Agatha Wong and Christian Laliberté for their help with this project. The author wishes to thank Robert Leckey and Nicholas Kasirer for their input on a previous version of the text. The project has received financial support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. 592 (2017) 51 RJTUM 591 Cet article soutient que la jurilinguistique jurilinguistics could be used as a tool to pourrait être utilisée comme outil pour enhance the dialogue between languages améliorer le dialogue entre les langues et and traditions that speak to the core of les traditions, dialogue qui est au cœur du transsystemia. In Canada, where trans- transsystémisme. Au Canada, où le trans- systemia has first developed, in addition systémisme s’est d’abord développé, en to the expression of the law in French and plus de l’expression du droit en français English within the same legal tradition, et en anglais dans la même tradition juri- there is also a conceptual translation dique, il existe aussi une traduction from one legal tradition to another. A conceptuelle d’une tradition juridique à number of questions arise when under- l’autre. Un certain nombre de questions taking this conceptual translation. Should se posent lorsqu’on entreprend cette tra- these traditions hold onto distinct termi- duction conceptuelle. Les traditions juri- nology where the civil law and common diques devraient- elles retenir une law have different conceptions of a legal terminologie distincte là où le droit civil institution ? Is the use of a functional et la common law ont des conceptions equivalent effective where there is no différentes d’une institution juridique ? strict conceptual equivalent ? The study L’utilisation d’un équivalent fonctionnel of legal terminology is essential to answer est- elle efficace lorsqu’il n’y a pas d’équi- those types of questions. Moreover, the valent conceptuel strict ? L’étude du lan- transsystemic approach’s shift from legal gage juridique est essentielle pour positivism affects the linguistic structure répondre à ce type de questions. De plus, of the law, since legal language may le fait que l’approche transsystémique va evolve to become less technical and there- au- delà du positivisme juridique affecte la fore more accessible. structure linguistique du droit, puisque le langage juridique peut évoluer pour devenir moins technique et donc plus accessible. Resumen Resumo El enfoque transistémico puede des- O transistemismo pode ser descrito cribirse como la aproximación jurídica como uma abordagem legal centrada no centrada en un diálogo entre tradiciones diálogo entre as tradições legais, anco- jurídicas y apoyado en una metodología rado em uma metodologia pluralista e pluralista e interdisciplinaria que celebra interdisciplinar, que celebra as diferenças las diferencias y similitudes irreductibles e semelhanças irredutíveis entres várias entre diversas tradiciones jurídicas. Este tradições jurídicas. Este artigo argumenta artículo sostiene que la jurilingüística que a jurilinguística pode ser usada como podría usarse como una herramienta uma ferramenta para aumentar o diálogo para mejorar el diálogo entre las lenguas entre linguagens e tradições, diálogo que y tradiciones, un diálogo que está en el está no âmago do transistemismo. No corazón del enfoque transistémico. En Canadá, onde o transistemismo se desen- Canadá, donde se desarrolló por primera volveu primeiramente, ademais da Law and Language 593 vez este enfoque, además de la expresión expressão do direito em francês e inglês del derecho en francés e inglés en la dentro da mesma tradição jurídica, há misma tradición jurídica, existe también também uma tradução conceptual de una traducción conceptual de una tradi- uma tradição jurídica para a outra. Certo ción jurídica a otra. Una série de pregun- número de questões surgem quando se tas surgen al emprender esta traducción realiza essa tradução conceitual. Essas conceptual. ¿Deberían las tradiciones tradições devem se ater a terminologias jurídicas contar con una terminología distintas quando o direito civil e o com- distinta donde el derecho civil y la com- mon law tiverem concepções diferentes mon law tienen concepciones diferentes de um mesmo instituto jurídico ? O uso acerca de una institución jurídica ? ¿El de um equivalente funcional é efetivo uso de un equivalente funcional es eficaz quando não há um conceito estritamente cuando no existe un equivalente concep- equivalente ? O estudo das terminologias tual estricto ? El estudio del lenguaje jurí- jurídicas é essencial para responder a esse dico es esencial para responder a este tipo tipo de questões. Além disso, o fato que a de preguntas. Además, el hecho de que el abordagem transistêmica vai além do enfoque transistémico vaya más allá del positivismo jurídico afeta a estrutura lin- positivismo jurídico afecta la estructura guística do direito, já que a linguagem lingüística del derecho, ya que el lenguaje jurídica pode evoluir para tornar- se jurídico puede evolucionar para volverse menos técnica e assim, mais acessível. menos técnico y, por lo tanto, más accesible. 摘要 所谓跨系统（Transsystemia），是指以法律传统之间的对话为中心、以 多元主义和跨学科方法论为基础的法律方法，它支持各种法律传统之间不可化 约的不同点和相似点。本文主张，法律语言可作为工具使用，以改善语言与传 统之间的对话，而这种对话居于跨系统核心。加拿大作为跨系统最先发展起来 的国家，除了同一法律传统中的法语法律表达和英语法律表达以外，还存在一 种从法律传统到另一种法律传统的概念翻译。我们在进行这种概念翻译时会产 生一些问题。在一个民法和普通法对法律制度有着不同概念的国家，法律传统 应坚持不同的术语吗？如果没有严格的概念性对等词，使用功能性对等词有效 果吗？研究法律语言对于回答这类问题至关重要。此外，从法律实证主义到跨 系统方法的转向，会影响到法律的语言结构，因为法律语言可能演变得不那么 晦涩而且更加易懂。 Table of contents Introduction .................................................................................................... 597 I. Institutionalized Bilingualism and Bijuralism in Canada : Drafting Bilingual Legislation and Interpreting Bilingual Judgments ............................................................................................... 599 A. Constitutional and Statutory Underpinnings of Canadian Bilingualism ..................................................................................... 599 B. Bijuralism and Federal Legislation ............................................... 603 C. Interpreting Bilingual Statutes and the Authenticity of Bilingual Judgments ....................................................................... 605 1. Interpreting Bilingual Laws and Statutes ............................... 605 2. Authenticity of Bilingual Judgments ..................................... 607 II. Transsystemic Approach to Law and the Value of Jurilinguistics for Transsystemia ...................................................... 609 A. The Origins of Transsystemia ...................................................... 609 B. Transsystemia and the Expression of a New Cultural Identity between Law and Language ........................................... 611 III. Transsystemic Approach to Law Between Law and Language : Fluctuations in Property Law ............................................................. 614 A. “English Civil Law” and “French Common Law” : Giving A Voice to Linguistic Minorities ..................................................... 614 1. Civil law in English : The Private Law Dictionary Experience ................................................................................... 614 a) Jurilinguistics and Law in One Legal Tradition Expressed in Several Languages .................................................................. 614 b) Jurilinguistics and Law in More than One Legal Tradition, Expressed in More Than One Language ................................ 617 2. Common Law in French ........................................................... 618 B. Transsystemia, Stateless Law, and the Technicality of Language ...................................................................................... 620 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 622 Canada provides a favourable context for the organic development of a transsystemic approach to law. Transsystemia is a way to study and under- stand law that goes beyond legal traditions. More specifically, transsystemia can be described as a legal approach centered on a dialogue between legal traditions, anchored
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