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Democracy, Responsibility, & Civic Engagement

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Democracy, Responsibility, & Civic Engagement presents Democracy, Responsibility, & Civic Engagement Photo courtesy of The Glenn Institute Voices Against Indifference Initiative 2011-2012 Dear Teachers, As our country prepares for the 2012 national elections, we need informed, engaged, and responsible young people prepared to participate in the democratic process at this pivotal, historic moment. This year, United States citizens enter the election cycle urgently seeking change. Partisan entrenchment in public discourse has stagnated progress on major economic and social issues, breeding both anger and apathy. A new generation of compassionate, collaborative and creative leaders to reinvigorate civic life in America is our greatest hope. With Democracy, Responsibility, & Civic Engagement, The Echo Foundation provides a nonpartisan tool for: teaching about global democracies; researching politicians’ voting records; facilitating classroom activities; understanding the five key election issues; and more. We hope this curriculum guide is a catalyst for close examination of the privileges and accompanying responsibilities of United States citizenship; and that it inspires the next generation of young Americans to exercise their personal power to make a difference. TEF thanks you, the teachers, now and always, for your commitment to weaving lessons of social justice and dignity into your instruction each day. By creating informed, compassionate and responsible young people, you ensure that the leaders of tomorrow are prepared to create a more just and humane world. With best wishes for exciting adventures in learning, Stephanie G. Ansaldo, President The Echo Foundation Democracy, Responsibility, & Civic Engagement Photo courtesy of Empax. THE ECHO FOUNDATION 1125 E. Morehead St., Suite 106 Charlotte, NC 28204 www.echofoundation.org The Echo Foundation Democracy, Responsibility, & Civic Engagement Foreword “Democracy cannot succeed unless those who express their choice are prepared to choose wisely. The real safeguard of democracy, therefore, is education.” -Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States With the 2012 Democratic National Convention coming to Charlotte, much excitement has been generated by news of the events, the economic impact, and the political leaders who will descend on our city from across the nation next September. At the heart of this pageantry, though, the DNC is about choice; it is the first step in choosing an individual who will shape our country for the next several years. It is our privilege, as citizens of a Democratic nation, to choose our leaders. It is our responsibility to make educated decisions. With Democracy, Responsibility, & Civic Engagement, our goal is to harness the excitement generated by the 2012 campaigns and conventions to teach our community about these responsibilities and privileges. The Democratic principles on which our nation was built rely on personal civic responsibility; we each have an obligation to be informed and to vote. By doing so, we have the power to impact our community through advocacy and activism. Our six core chapters introduce the concept of democracy and how it is practiced in the United States. The first three (Ch. I-III) define democracy as a system of governance and provide a historical description of the foundation of the United States government. The next two chapters (Ch. IV-V) address the current election cycle and the hot button issues our country faces today. Our final core chapter (Ch. VI) describes how an individual can evoke change in his or her society by acting on their civic responsibilities. Our seventh chapter supplements the core chapters by detailing the spread of democracy abroad. It brings together the concepts of democracy, government, and individual action by highlighting democratic movements around the world. Each chapter ends with a page of discussion questions for further reflection on the topics covered. Several also include debate topics and activities about a variety of interesting subjects. Our eighth chapter presents a list of online lesson plans and additional resources. Finally, the ninth chapter describes The Echo Foundation and the many opportunities it offers high school students. We hope that you can discover your power, as an individual, to evoke change in your community. Have a wonderful year filled with new discoveries and opportunities. Sincerely, Marwa Elnagheeb Sara Lee Student Intern Student Intern Sophomore, UNC-Chapel Hill Junior, Myers Park High School The Echo Foundation 2 Democracy, Responsibility, & Civic Engagement Democracy, Responsibility, & Civic Engagement Table of Contents I. Understanding Democracy......................................................................................................................5 A. Defining Democracy B. Democracy vs. Other Forms of Government C. Activities and Study Questions II. History of Democracy in the United States ........................................................................................15 A. Timeline of Major Events B. Mayflower Compact C. U.S. Articles of Confederation D. The Bill of Rights E. Study Questions III. The United States Government .........................................................................................................21 A. Federalism in U.S. Government B. Popular Sovereignty C. Branches of Government D. Checks and Balances E. State and Local Government F. Political Parties, Platforms, and Planks G. Activities and Study Questions IV. The 2012 Presidential Election...........................................................................................................49 A. Promises Obama kept, promises he broke B. Republican Presidential Contenders for 2012 C. President Barack Obama D. The 2012 Election Cycle E. Study Questions V. Key Issues of the 2012 Elections..........................................................................................................63 A. Economy B. Education C. Environment D. Health care E. Immigration F. Activities and Study Questions VI. Acting on Your Civic Responsibility .................................................................................................93 A. What is Civic Responsibility? B. Make Yourself Heard C. Take Action D. Democracy in Action E. How to Start Your Own Awareness Campaign F. Activities and Study Questions Continued on the next page… The Echo Foundation 3 Democracy, Responsibility, & Civic Engagement VII. The Spread of Democracy...............................................................................................................105 A. Middle East B. Asia: Case Studies in Democracy C. Latin America D. Africa E. Youth and Technology in Movements for Democracy F. Activities and Study Questions VIII. Reference Materials.......................................................................................................................119 A. Online Lesson Plans B. Resources C. How to Make a Compelling Argument IX. Appendix ...........................................................................................................................................127 A. About The Echo Foundation B. The Echo Foundation Board of Trustees Special Thanks The Echo Foundation thanks 2011 student interns Marwa Elnagheeb, current UNC-Chapel Hill student, and Sara Lee, current Myers Park High School student, for the many dedicated hours they contributed to the research and development of the Democracy, Responsibility, & Civic Engagement curriculum guide. Statement of Use The Echo Foundation is pleased to provide this curriculum guide for use in teaching and private study. For educational purposes only, you may reproduce (print, copy, or download) any part of this guide crediting The Echo Foundation as follows: Educational materials compiled by The Echo Foundation through its Voices Against Indifference Initiative The Echo Foundation 4 Democracy, Responsibility, & Civic Engagement I. Understanding Democracy Photo copyright Richard Drew/Associated Press. A. Defining Democracy...................................................................................................................6 B. Democracy vs. Other Forms of Government ............................................................................11 C. Activities and Study Questions .................................................................................................13 “The strongest democracies flourish from frequent and lively debate, but they endure when people of every background and belief find a way to set aside smaller differences in service of a greater purpose.” Barack Obama, 44th President of the United States The Echo Foundation 5 Democracy, Responsibility, & Civic Engagement Defining Democracy From The Belfter Center Harvard University JFK School of Government Most contemporary definitions of democracy have several common elements. First, democracies are countries in which there are institutional mechanisms, usually elections, that allow the people to choose their leaders. Second, prospective leaders must compete for public support. Third, the power of the government is restrained by its accountability to the people. These are the essential characteristics of political democracy. Some writers add additional criteria to the list of what makes a polity a democracy. [For example,] Larry Diamond [a professor of Sociology and Political Science at Stanford University] argues that a democracy must have "extensive civil liberties (freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom to form and join organizations)."
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