As Construções Completivas Epistêmicas Em Inglês RIO D

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As Construções Completivas Epistêmicas Em Inglês RIO D Sandra Aparecida Faria de Almeida SUBJETIVIDADE E INTERSUBJETIVIDADE: as construções completivas epistêmicas em inglês RIO DE JANEIRO 2010 Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. Sandra Aparecida Faria de Almeida SUBJETIVIDADE E INTERSUBJETIVIDADE: as construções completivas epistêmicas em inglês Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Linguística. Área de concentração: Linguística Orientadora: Profª Drª Lilian Vieira Ferrari RIO DE JANEIRO Faculdade de Letras da UFRJ 2010 2 Sandra Aparecida Faria de Almeida SUBJETIVIDADE E INTERSUBJETIVIDADE: as construções completivas epistêmicas em inglês Tese de doutorado submetida à Faculdade de Letras da UFRJ, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de doutor em Linguística e aprovada pela seguinte banca examinadora: _______________________________________________________________ Profª. Drª. Lilian Vieira Ferrari, UFRJ (Orientadora) _______________________________________________________________ Profª. Drª. Maria Luiza Braga, UFRJ _______________________________________________________________ Prof. Drª. Maria Maura Cezario, UFRJ _______________________________________________________________ Profª. Drª. Maria Lúcia Leitão de Almeida ,UFRJ, Letras Vernáculas _______________________________________________________________ Profª Drª Maria do Rosário da Silva Roxo ,UFRRJ Rio de Janeiro, 25 de março de 2010 Av. Brigadeiro Trompowski s/n, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão – Rio de Janeiro, RJ – 21941-590 – Brasil – tel.: (0xx21) 2598- 9746 3 Ao meu pai, José Amaury, à minha irmã, Rita e ao meu sobrinho, Lucas. À minha mãe, Mercedes ( in memoriam ), “De tudo ficaram três coisas... A certeza de que estamos começando... A certeza de que é preciso continuar... A certeza de que podemos ser interrompidos antes de terminar... Façamos da interrupção um caminho novo... Da queda, um passo de dança... Do medo, uma escada... Do sonho, uma ponte... Da procura, um encontro!” (Fernando Sabino) 4 AGRADECIMENTOS À Profª Drª Lílian Vieira Ferrari, pelo caráter, pela seriedade, pelo compromisso, pelo profissionalismo e, principalmente, por saber conciliar como ninguém os aspectos acadêmicos e não-acadêmicos da relação professor-aluno. Aos demais professores do Programa de Pós-graduação da Faculdade de Letras da UFRJ, pelo esforço constante em nos oferecer oportunidades múltiplas e extremamente ricas de aprendizado e de troca. Aos meus pais José Amaury e Mercedes ( in memoriam), pela dedicação, pelo exemplo de dignidade e integridade, pela fé e pelo amor incondicional que transcende o plano real. Aos meus colegas e amigos que me apoiaram, cada um à sua maneira: pela solidariedade, pela amizade, pela troca, pela torcida, o meu sincero agradecimento. 5 “A linguagem é, pois, a possibilidade da subjetividade, pelo fato de conter sempre as formas lingüísticas apropriadas à sua expressão; e o discurso provoca a emergência da subjetividade, pelo fato de consistir de instâncias discretas. A linguagem de algum modo propõe formas “vazias” das quais cada locutor em exercício de discurso se apropria e as quais refere à sua “pessoa”, definindo-se ao mesmo tempo a si mesmo como eu e a um parceiro como tu . A instância de discurso é assim constitutiva de todas as coordenadas que definem o sujeito e das quais apenas designamos sumariamente as mais aparentes.” (BENVENISTE) 6 RESUMO O presente trabalho enfoca construções completivas epistêmicas em inglês, sob a perspectiva teórica da Linguística Cognitiva, e mais especificamente, da Gramática de Construções, com o objetivo de contrastar construções do tipo [X thinks that Y] e [X thinks Y].Tendo em vista que a língua inglesa apresenta duas construções sintáticas diferentes para sinalizar conteúdo semântico semelhante, a questão que se coloca, a partir do Princípio da Não-Sinonímia (GOLDBERG,1995), é: qual a diferença pragmática existente entre essas construções? Este trabalho busca responder a essa questão, tomando como ponto de partida as noções de subjetividade e intersubjetividade (LANGACKER, 1990; VERHAGEN, 2005). A análise é baseada em dados linguísticos reais, que reúnem construções de complementação instanciadas pelos verbos epistêmicos “ to suppose”, “to guess”, “to think”, “to believe”, “to find” e “to know”, retiradas de entrevistas transcritas. Os principais achados da pesquisa podem ser assim resumidos: (i) Construções completivas epistêmicas (e.g. “I think that he’ll come” and “I think he’ll come”) são mais subjetivas do que construções independentes ( e.g. “He’ll come”), já que as primeiras codificam, direta ou indiretamente, o Ground (falante, ouvinte e circunstâncias imediatas do evento de fala), enquanto as últimas apresentam o evento como se não houvesse nenhum sujeito da consciência implícito. (ii) Construções completivas epistêmicas, em geral, indicam intersubjetividade, mas o fazem de modo diferente dependendo da estrutura sintática selecionada. As construções completivas sem complementizador sinalizam conjunção cognitiva em relação à perspectiva de outros participantes apresentada no discurso precedente ou disponível através de conhecimento compartilhado; as construções completivas com complementizador indicam disjunção cognitiva em relação à perspectiva de outros participantes. A principal contribuição do trabalho é o tratamento dos fenômenos de subjetividade e intersubjetividade em construções completivas epistêmicas sob uma perspectiva distinta das propostas de viés discursivo existentes na literatura (TRAUGOTT e DASHER, 2005; VERHAGEN, 2005). Argumenta-se, de forma pioneira, que a intersubjetividade transcende a construção de complementação complexa, codificando a relação entre a perspectiva do falante ou de outros participantes, disponíveis no contexto discursivo precedente. 7 ABSTRACT This thesis takes a cognitive perspective on epistemic complementation constructions in English, focusing on the contrast between constructions of the type [X thinks that Y] and [X thinks Y]. Given that English has two different syntactic constructions for building up the same semantic content, the question to be raised, based on the Non-Synonymy Principle (GOLDBERG, 1995), is: what is the pragmatic difference between them? In this work, we address this question, relying on the notions of subjectivity and intersubjectivity (LANGACKER, 1990; VERHAGEN, 2005). The analysis is based on real corpus data, consisting of complementation constructions instantiated by epistemic verbs such as suppose, guess, think, believe, find and know , which were gathered from transcribed interviews. The main findings are: (i) Epistemic complementation constructions (e.g. I think that he’ll come and I think he’ll come ) are more subjective than corresponding independent clauses (e.g. He’ll come ), since the former directly or indirectly codes the Ground ( speaker, hearer and immediate circumstances of the speech event), whereas the latter presents the event as if there were no subject of consciousness implicit to it. (ii) Complementizer and non-complementizer-taking constructions indicate intersubjectivity in two distinct ways. The latter signals the speaker’s cognitive conjunction to other participants’ perspectives presented in the preceding discourse or available through shared knowledge; the former indicates the speaker’s cognitive disjunction to other participants’ perspectives. The main contribution of this research is to take an approach to subjectivity and intersubjectivity phenomena in complementation constructions which differs from other discourse-oriented proposals in the literature (TRAUGOTT e DASHER, 2005; VERHAGEN, 2005). It is argued that intersubjectivity goes beyond the complex complementation clause, since it codes the relation between the speaker’s perspective and other participants’ perspectives available in the preceding discourse context. 8 LISTAS DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Diagrama 1- Configuração de “escopo máximo” e “escopo imediato”.................39 Diagrama 2- Configuração da preposição “before”...............................................41 Diagrama 3- Configuração da preposição “after”..................................................41 Diagrama 4- Configuração de construções objetivas e subjetivas.........................42 Diagrama 5- Configuração dos níveis de realidade................................................43 Diagrama 6 - Configuração maximamente objetiva e maximamente subjetiva ...44 Diagrama 7- Configuração do processo de subjetificação segundo Langacker.....45 Diagrama 8- Configuração dos dois tipos de subjetificação..................................46 Diagrama 9- Configuração de expressões maximamente “ objetivas”..................48 Diagrama 10- Configuração de expressões maximamente “ subjetivas”..............48 Diagrama 11- Configuração para perspectiva de 1ª pessoa...................................60 Diagrama 12- Configuração para perspectiva de 3ª pessoa...................................61 Diagrama 13- Configuração para perspectiva de 2ª pessoa...................................61 Diagrama 14- Proposta de recategorização dos verbos epistêmicos....................128 9 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1-Classificação dos verbos epistêmicos segundo KIPARSKY & KIPARSKY (1971)........................................................................................................................63 Tabela 2-Classificação de predicados em inglês segundo
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