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Conceptualisation of Other-Directed Discontent in Russian, Compared to English and Spanish

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Conceptualisation of Other-Directed Discontent in Russian, Compared to English and Spanish Conceptualisation of Other-Directed Discontent in Russian, Compared to English and Spanish Galina Yanygina Yanygina Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement 4.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento 4.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. Spain License. Conceptualisation of Other-Directed Discontent in Russian, Compared to English and Spanish Galina Yanygina Yanygina Conceptualisation of Other-Directed Discontent in Russian, Compared to English and Spanish PhD Candidate: Galina Yanygina Yanygina Thesis Director: Juan Castellví Vives Doctoral Programme in Cognitive Science and Language University of Barcelona 2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It has been a long journey and a lesson in life. This part is dedicated to the people who encouraged me throughout the process of the present dissertation and who made its completion possible. First of all, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Juan Castellví for his support, his knowledgeable comments and his patience. Second, I would like to thank my dear friends and relatives for always being there for me when times got rough. Special thanks go to Ester and Valentí for their invaluable help. And last but not least, I would not have completed this PhD without the incredible and unconditional support of my family. My love and thanks go to my husband for his faith in me and his tremendous understanding, to my mother for encouraging and helping me whenever and wherever she could, and to my daughter for being my source of inspiration and for waiting patiently for her 'mama's fairy tale' to be finally written. This thesis is dedicated to you. I ABSTRACT Other-directed emotions, both positive (e.g. love, pity, admiration) and negative (e.g. hatred, anger, disgust), play an important role in communication due to their social nature and involvement of another party. Emotive discourse regulates social encounters and triggers response in participants of such encounters. When learning a new language, one needs to be able to interpret correctly emotive discourse and, ideally, to articulate adequately one's own emotions. Therefore, it is important to know what emotion concepts exist in a given language and if they differ in any way from the speaker's first language. From the sociolinguistic point of view, other-directed discontent is extremely culture-dependent: there are strict rules of what, how and when can or should be expressed and consequently interpreted by an illocutor and reacted upon. Moreover, according to the Russian National Corpus frequency chart, emotion terms of discontent are the most frequent ones among the other-directed emotions in Russian: obida “offence/resentment” is extremely salient, only surpassed by the lexemes denoting "love", "hope", "happiness", “joy” and "fear". The present study seeks to fill the gap in studies on the conceptualisation of other-directed discontent in Russian, compared to English and Spanish. For this purpose, relevant research papers, lexicographical sources and corpora studies have been employed. The results show that power relations are crucial for the lexical choice when expressing other-directed discontent in Russian, i.e. emotion words are chosen according to the social status of both the experiencer and the causer. Moreover, there are different classifications of discontent-related words in Russian: 'rational' vs. irrational, 'expressive' vs. 'inexpressive', 'high', i.e. connected to the 'soul', and 'low', i.e. connected to the body. The comparative analysis of Russian, English and Spanish other-directed discontent has revealed both similarities and differences in the respective versions of the concept. All three languages have 'low vs. high intensity', 'external vs. internal' and 'significant vs. insignificant' dichotomies. Also metaphorical conceptualisation is similar, mostly as 'a substance in a container', although the theme of 'elements' prevails in Russian, 'hot fluid in a container' in English and 'possessed object' in Spanish. Etymology plays a certain II role in conceptualisation in all three languages, especially in English (e.g. anger) and Russian (e.g. obida). In addition, differences in synonymic groups and recurrent antonyms (mir “peace” in Russian, paciencia “patience” in Spanish, and pleasure in English) reflect differences in respective naïve pictures of the world. On the morphosyntactic level, specific traits of Russian are 1) fusion with active verbs caused by conceptualisation of emotions as actions, and 2) derivation being the main means of lexical replenishment and the main salience indicator of a term. In reference to the discursive representation of other-directed discontent, the outline of the social component in the conceptual structure and the qualitative Russian, English and Spanish corpora studies resulted in the reconstruction of the subtextual discourse. The discourse is motivated by 'archaic', rural morality in Russian, which constructs the world as a common house, by patriarchal morality in Spanish, which propagates action as a sign of power, and by the rule of law in English, postulating anger as a valid means of self-assertion. III RESUM Les emocions dirigides cap als altres, tant les positives (per exemple, amor, pietat, admiració) com les negatives (per exemple odi, ràbia, fàstic), juguen un paper important a la comunicació a causa de la seva naturalesa social i l'involucrament d'un altre. El discurs emotiu regula encontres socials i provoca resposta en els participants d'aquests encontres. A l'hora d'aprendre un nou idioma, és necessari poder interpretar correctament el discurs emotiu i articular adequadament les seves emocions. Així doncs, és important per un parlant saber quins conceptes d'emocions existeixen a l'dioma en qüestió i si són diferents dels conceptes de la seva primera llengua. Des del punt de vista sociolingüístic, el descontentament dirigit cap als altres (tradicionalment anomenat anger en anglès i en la recerca internacional) és extremadament dependent de la cultura: hi ha regles estrictes sobre com, quan i què es pot expressar. A més, segons el Corpus Nacional Rus, les paraules del descontentament són les més freqüents entre les emocions dirigides cap als altres, només superades pels lexemes amb significat “amor”, “esperança”, “felicitat”, “alegria” i “por”. El treball present té com a objectiu estudiar la conceptualització del descontentament dirigit cap als altres en rus, comparat amb l'anglès i el castellà. Amb aquesta finalitat, s'han utilitzat articles de recerca rellevants, recursos lexicogràfics i estudis de corpus. Els resultats demostren que les relacions de poder són crucials per a l'elecció lèxica a l ´hora d'expressar el descontentament en rus. Això vol dir que les paraules emocionals s'escullen segons l'estatus social de l'experimentador del descontentament i del causador del descontentament. A més, hi ha classificacions diferents de les paraules del descontentament en rus: racionals o irracionals, expressives o inexpressives, 'altes' (relacionades amb l'ànima) i 'baixes' (relacionades amb el cos). L'anàlisi comparatiu del descontentament en rus, anglès i castellà ha revelat tant similituds com diferències en les seves respectives versions. En totes tres llengües apareixen dicotomies 'baixa o alta intensitat', 'extern-intern', 'significatiu-insignificatiu'. La conceptualització metafòrica del descontentament també és similar. Majoritàriament està conceptualitzat com a 'substància dins d'un recipient', tot i que el tema dels 'elements' predomina en rus, 'el líquid calent dins d'un recipient' en anglès i 'l'objecte en IV possessió' en castellà. L'etimologia juga un cert paper a la conceptualització en tots tres idiomes, especialment en anglès (per exemple anger) i en rus (per exemple obida). També, les diferències en grups sinonímics i en antònims recurrents (mir “pau” en rus, paciencia “paciència” en castellà, i pleasure “plaer” en anglès) reflecteixen diferències en els 'imatges naïfs del mon' en els tres idiomes. A nivell morfosintàctic, els trets específics del rus són 1) la fusió del lèxic emocional amb els verbs actius, causada per la conceptualització dels emocions com a accions, i 2) la derivació, sent el mitjà principal de l'enriquiment lèxic i l'indicador principal de la prominència d'un terme. En referència a la representació discursiva del descontentament dirigit cap als altres, la descripció del component social dins de l'estructura conceptual i l'estudi qualitatiu del corpus rus, anglès i castellà han donat com a resultat la reconstrucció del discurs subtextual. El discurs rus és motivat per la moral arcaica i rural i construeix el món com una casa comuna. El discurs castellà és motivat per la moral patriarcal, fent èmfasi en l'acció com a signe de poder. El discurs anglès és influenciat per l'imperi de la llei i postula anger com a mitjà vàlid d'autoafirmació. V TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... I ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... II RESUM ......................................................................................................................... IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... XVI LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................
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