DOCSLIB.ORG

Interaction Design and Agile Development: a Real-World Perspective

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Interaction Design and Agile Development: a Real-World Perspective View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchArchive at Victoria University of Wellington Interaction Design and Agile Development: A Real-World Perspective by Jennifer Ferreira A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science. Victoria University of Wellington 2007 Abstract Although both agile development methods and interaction design aim to build quality software that meets the user’s needs, each approaches development from a different perspective. Agile development methods describe activities addressing the coding (and in some cases the process management) part of software development, whereas interaction design methods describe activities for developing that aspect of the software that will be perceived by the user. Agile development and interaction design each have little to say about the other, despite the reality that both ap- proaches are combined in practice. There has been little investigation into how the two processes work together, and the issues that arise. To aim for a better understanding of practice, we conducted grounded theory re- search about real-world software teams who combine interaction design and agile development. The results provided insights into interaction de- sign being done up front (before implementation begins), the structure of the development iterations, the effect of incorporating interaction design techniques into the agile development iterations, as well as the role of the interaction designer on agile teams. The analysis also highlighted areas that may benefit from further research. Acknowledgments My thanks goes to: All the people around the world I’ve ever talked to about this re- • search — this document owes its existence to your interest and in- put. The Agile Alliance for providing funds supporting this research. • My supervisors, James Noble and Robert Biddle, for being so inspi- • rational, encouraging, challenging and intelligent. Thanks also to Stuart Marshall who provided excellent support. My friends at Mt. Vic Dojo, the Wellington Gaelic Football players • and the Vic UFO ultimate team for the welcome distraction. My family. • iii Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Agile software development ................... 3 1.2 Interaction design ......................... 4 1.3 Motivation for research ...................... 6 1.4 Research questions ........................ 7 1.5 Road map ............................. 7 2 Background 11 2.1 Software process research .................... 11 2.2 Waterfall shortfalls ........................ 12 2.3 Agile as the answer ........................ 14 2.3.1 eXtreme Programming .................. 16 2.3.2 Scrum ........................... 24 2.4 Interaction design ......................... 27 2.4.1 User-centered design and usability ........... 27 2.4.2 Interaction design techniques .............. 29 2.4.3 Interaction design and software development .... 31 2.5 Combining interaction design and agile development ............................ 32 2.5.1 BDUF considered harmful ................ 32 2.5.2 A comparison ....................... 33 2.5.3 Related studies ...................... 36 2.6 Summary .............................. 37 v vi CONTENTS 3 Research Method 39 3.1 Why is grounded theory appropriate? ............. 39 3.2 Grounded theory ......................... 41 3.2.1 Theoretical sampling ................... 42 3.2.2 Theoretical saturation .................. 42 3.2.3 Role of the literature ................... 43 3.3 The researcher ........................... 43 3.4 The participants .......................... 44 3.5 Conducting the study ....................... 50 3.5.1 Participant recruitment ................. 51 3.5.2 Interviews ......................... 51 3.5.3 Data analysis ....................... 53 3.5.4 Theory development ................... 54 3.6 Reliability and validity of the study ............... 54 4 Introduction to results 61 4.1 Stages of development ...................... 62 4.2 Interaction Design Approaches ................. 62 4.2.1 Design strategies ..................... 64 4.2.2 Implementation strategies ................ 65 4.3 Feedback and change ....................... 69 4.4 Interaction designers on agile teams .............. 70 4.5 Publication of results ....................... 71 4.6 Next steps ............................. 71 5 Before implementation begins 73 5.1 Gaining a holistic view up front ................. 74 5.2 Studying clients and users .................... 75 5.3 Designing for change ....................... 78 5.4 Driving the development effort ................. 79 5.5 Advantages of interaction design before development begins ....................... 81 CONTENTS vii 5.5.1 Another notion of up front ............... 84 5.6 Summary .............................. 85 6 Interaction design approaches 87 6.1 Overview of interaction design approaches .......... 88 6.2 Comprehensive Design ...................... 89 6.2.1 Implementation as Refinement ............. 93 6.2.2 Key conditions ...................... 96 6.3 Evolutionary Design ....................... 97 6.3.1 Implementation as Looking Ahead ........... 102 6.3.2 Key conditions ...................... 107 6.4 Parallelisation ........................... 108 6.4.1 Key conditions ...................... 113 6.5 Summary .............................. 114 7 Inside iterations 117 7.1 Development iterations drive usability testing ............................... 118 7.2 Usability testing results in changes in development ............................ 121 7.3 Iterating with working software brings insights ............................... 124 7.4 Iteration planning affects interaction design .......... 126 7.5 Experimentation and adjustment of process .......... 128 7.6 Summary .............................. 134 8 Agility and the interaction designer 137 8.1 Usability has priority ....................... 137 8.2 Interaction design requires skill ................. 140 8.2.1 When developers do interaction design ........ 144 8.2.2 Interaction design skill contributes value ....... 145 8.3 Interaction design as collaboration ............... 146 viii CONTENTS 8.3.1 Setting the target ..................... 147 8.3.2 Maintaining the target .................. 149 8.4 Lurking pitfalls of the interaction designer role ........ 151 8.5 Interaction designer: Shared vs. total control ......... 153 8.6 Summary .............................. 159 9 Conclusion 161 9.1 Contributions ........................... 161 9.2 Returning to the literature .................... 164 9.3 Topics for further discussion ................... 166 9.3.1 Design: Agile values and cost of change ........ 166 9.3.2 Implemented software vs. unimplemented prototype 170 9.4 Further work ............................ 174 A Project profiles 177 A.1 P1 .................................. 177 A.2 P2 .................................. 179 A.3 P3 .................................. 180 A.4 P4 and P5 .............................. 182 B Interview questionnaires 185 B.1 Initial ................................ 185 B.1.1 Background ........................ 185 B.1.2 Requirements ....................... 185 B.1.3 Teams ........................... 186 B.1.4 Process ........................... 186 B.1.5 Usability .......................... 187 B.1.6 Testing and refactoring .................. 187 B.1.7 Users/customers ..................... 188 B.1.8 Wrap-up .......................... 188 B.2 Revised ............................... 189 B.2.1 Background ........................ 189 CONTENTS ix B.2.2 Experience with combining interaction design and agile development .................... 189 B.2.3 Process ........................... 189 B.2.4 Teams ........................... 190 B.2.5 Wrap-up .......................... 191 C Participant information and approved HEC application 193 Chapter 1 Introduction The software industry is well aware that users prefer products that pro- vide a satisfying, productive experience [16]. Satisfied users are loyal, translating to increased revenue for the developer company. CIO Insight reported that of 400 IT executives surveyed, 80% cited customer satisfac- tion as their top priority [17]. Despite the importance of user satisfaction, software products that meet the user’s goals and provide a satisfying user experience are difficult to build — the literature and practice abounds with methodologies all aiming to take control of the chaos and complexity of software development to produce good software [20, 54, 59]. Agile development methodologies comprise an approach to develop- ing software that meets the user’s needs, by having the development team closely collaborate with a potential user, or customer, and regularly de- livering working software to the customer. Interaction design presents another approach where potential users are central to the design of the user’s interaction with a software product, to ensure a better fit between the end product and the user’s needs. Unfortunately, agile developers and interaction designers approach software development from different per- spectives. Agile development methods describe activities addressing the coding (or process management) part of software development, whereas interaction design methods describe activities for developing that aspect 1 2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION of the software that will be perceived by the user. Agile development and interaction design each have little to say about the other, despite
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Interaction Design Studio - 711 Instructor: Patrick Thornton Email: [email protected] Thursday 6-8:45 Pm Location: Pac 1815 - Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center
    Interaction Design Studio - 711 Instructor: Patrick Thornton Email: [email protected] Thursday 6-8:45 pm Location: Pac 1815 - Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center Course Description Interaction design is the process of defining products and the broad services built around them. When interacting with systems, people build expectations and mental models of how things work. They learn what they can and cannot achieve. This course is about how to design for interactions that will resonate with your audiences: How the features and functions of a product get translated into something people find usable, useful, and desirable. Through a series of lectures, discussions, in-class design practice, and projects, students will explore the role of interaction designers. Students will learn how to prototype interactive products, systems, and services, and how to defend their work through the cycle of brainstorming and shared critique. This is a studio class, focusing on production processes that are required to develop public-facing work. The studio is important both as a working space and a space for collaborative reflection. Studio practice also describes a working method. As such, the INST711 classroom will focus on two activities: ● Externalization: You will put your ideas and conceptualizations into tangible materials. ● Critique: You will both give and receive constructive feedback on your own work and the work of other students in class. Student Learning Outcomes On the successful completion of this course, students will be able to: ● Explain basic concepts, techniques, and knowledge of interaction design. ● Critically discuss common methods in the interaction design process ● Use visual thinking and communication techniques to develop design concepts ● Build prototypes at varying levels of fidelity and can evaluate them using appropriate methods ● Develop critiquing skills to analyze interaction design artifacts and concept design.
    [Show full text]
  • User Interaction Design for Secure Systems
    User Interaction Design for Secure Systems Ka-Ping Yee Report No. UCB/CSD-02-1184 May 2002 Computer Science Division (EECS) University of California Berkeley, California 94720 Supported by NSF award #EIA-0122599 ITR/SI: Societal Scale Information Systems: Technologies, Design and Applications User Interaction Design for Secure Systems Ka-Ping Yee [email protected] Computer Science Department University of California, Berkeley Abstract Perhaps the most spectacular class of recent security problems is the e-mail virus, which is a good real-life The security of any computer system that is configured example of a security violation in the absence of software and operated by human beings critically depends on the errors. At no point in the propagation of the virus does information conveyed by the user interface, the decisions any application or system software do anything other of the computer users, and the interpretation of their than exactly what its programmers would expect: the e- actions. We establish some starting points for reasoning mail client correctly displays the message and correctly about security from a user-centred point of view, by decodes the attached virus program; the system correctly modelling a system in terms of actors and actions and executes the virus program. Rather, the problem has introducing the concept of the subjective actor-ability occurred because the expectations of the programmer state. We identify ten key principles for user interaction became inconsistent with what the user would want. design in secure systems and give case studies to Our purpose here is to present a way of thinking about illustrate and justify each principle, describing real-world this type of issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Lmc 6313 Principles of Interaction Design
    Principles of Interaction Design – LMC 6313 Syllabus Course Number: LMC 6313 Location: Skiles 346 Times: T/Th – 3:00p-3:50p F (lab) – 11:15a-2:00p Instructor: Dr. Anne Sullivan Instructor Email: [email protected] Office Hours: By Appointment (Mondays are the best bet) Office Location: TSRB 317C TA: Takeria Blunt TA Email: [email protected] Course Website: http://canvas.gatech.edu Course Description: What is interaction, what is design, where did these notions come from, and where are they going? Through the activities in this course, you will return to questions of what kind of designer you are and wish to be, what you believe in, and how that will extend to your research and practice. You will also develop your own critical take on the material in the class and sharpen your voice and arguments about your perspectives. Interaction design wasn’t invented from scratch as a singular, monolithic practice. It was born out of the intersection of a number of disciplines from within design and human-computer interaction, and also from art, media, architecture, politics, and philosophy, and beyond. There are many different definitions of what it is and where we fit into it, and no two people we meet in this class will likely have the same definition. And that’s the way it should be. Through my suggestions and yours, we will also turn to design questions in digital culture, film, tv, fiction, gaming, music, art and beyond as we together frame our understandings. As you read, The syllabus, dates, times, assignments, and details are subject to change by instructor notification through Canvas or email.
    [Show full text]
  • How Interaction Designers Use Tools to Manage Ideas Preprint
    How Interaction Designers Use Tools to Manage Ideas NANNA INIE, Aarhus University PETER DALSGAARD, Aarhus University This paper presents a grounded theory-analysis based on a qualitative study of professional interaction designers (n=20) with a focus on how they use tools to manage design ideas. Idea management can be understood as a subcategory of the field Personal Information Management, which includes the activities around the capture, organization, retrieval, and use of information. Idea management pertains then to the management and use of ideas as part of creative activities. The paper identifies tool-supported idea management strategies and needs of professional interaction designers, and discusses the context and consequences of these strategies. Based on our analysis, we identify a conceptual framework of ten strategies which are supported by tools: saving, externalizing, advancing, exploring, archiving, clustering, extracting, browsing, verifying, and collaborating. Finally, we discuss how this framework can be used to characterize and analyze existing and novel idea management tools. CCS Concepts: • Human-centered computing~User studies KEYWORDS Idea management; design ideas; design process; design tools; ideation ACM Reference format: 1 INTRODUCTION The fields of HCI and interaction design are well-known for studying impacts of novel interfaces and tools, and perhaps less known for studying the impact of tools that are already used in professional practice (Smith et al. 2009; Pedersen at al. 2018; Dalsgaard 2017). In the words of Stolterman, this ofen leads to research outcomes that are difficult to apply in practice, because the research is based on an inadequate understanding of how design happens in professional setings (Stolterman 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Toward Unified Models in User-Centered and Object-Oriented
    CHAPTER 9 Toward Unified Models in User-Centered and Object-Oriented Design William Hudson Abstract Many members of the HCI community view user-centered design, with its focus on users and their tasks, as essential to the construction of usable user inter- faces. However, UCD and object-oriented design continue to develop along separate paths, with very little common ground and substantially different activ- ities and notations. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) has become the de facto language of object-oriented development, and an informal method has evolved around it. While parts of the UML notation have been embraced in user-centered methods, such as those in this volume, there has been no con- certed effort to adapt user-centered design techniques to UML and vice versa. This chapter explores many of the issues involved in bringing user-centered design and UML closer together. It presents a survey of user-centered tech- niques employed by usability professionals, provides an overview of a number of commercially based user-centered methods, and discusses the application of UML notation to user-centered design. Also, since the informal UML method is use case driven and many user-centered design methods rely on scenarios, a unifying approach to use cases and scenarios is included. 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Why Bring User-Centered Design to UML? A recent survey of software methods and techniques [Wieringa 1998] found that at least 19 object-oriented methods had been published in book form since 1988, and many more had been published in conference and journal papers. This situation led to a great 313 314 | CHAPTER 9 Toward Unified Models in User-Centered and Object-Oriented Design deal of division in the object-oriented community and caused numerous problems for anyone considering a move toward object technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction Design
    Interaction Design Do you want to design products that are easy to use? Through this course you’ll develop an understanding of the patterns and principles that govern interaction design. You’ll become familiar with a framework for assessing the success of interaction design, you’ll learn to structure the design of products around the goals of users, and you’ll learn to sketch and wireframe your design ideas. OVER FOUR WEEKS, WE WILL COVER Introduction Interaction design is a major component of the user experience. It incorporates information architecture and usability to define how a product will behave. Projects: Business Goals, Competitive Analysis, Context of use Scenarios Usability To create products that are easy to use, designers obey a set of usability guidelines. These rules of thumb are good points of reference for making decisions, and for communicating and justifying design decisions to others. Project: Usability Competitive Analysis Intro to Sketching Sketching is a fast and easy way for designers to get their ideas out and discuss them collaboratively with team mates. Project: Sketching Exercise Information Architecture Information Architecture is the structural design of an interface that allows a user to access the right content at the optimal time so that she can navigate the product most effectively. Projects: Card Sorting, Sitemap User Flows User flows are the paths that a user takes through a product in order to complete her tasks. Project: User Flows Wireframes Once a designer hashes out the overall structure and navigation patterns of a product, she draws up the product’s blueprints, or wireframes.
    [Show full text]
  • Design, Prototyping and Construction
    Overview • Prototyping and construction Design, prototyping and • Conceptual design construction • Physical design • Generating prototypes • Tool support Prototyping and construction What is a prototype? • What is a prototype? In other design fields a prototype is a small- • Why prototype? scale model: • Different kinds of prototyping • a miniature car low fidelity • a miniature building or town high fidelity • Compromises in prototyping vertical horizontal • Construction What is a prototype? Why prototype? In interaction design it can be (among other things): • Evaluation and feedback are central to interaction • a series of screen sketches design • a storyboard, i.e. a cartoon-like series of scenes • Stakeholders can see, hold, interact with a prototype • a Powerpoint slide show more easily than a document or a drawing • Team members can communicate effectively • a video simulating the use of a system • a lump of wood (e.g. PalmPilot) • You can test out ideas for yourself • a cardboard mock-up • It encourages reflection: very important aspect of design • a piece of software with limited functionality written in • Prototypes answer questions, and support designers in the target language or in another language choosing between alternatives What to prototype? Low-fidelity Prototyping • Technical issues • Uses a medium which is unlike the final medium, e.g. paper, cardboard • Work flow, task design • Is quick, cheap and easily changed • Screen layouts and information display • Examples: sketches of screens, task sequences, etc • Difficult, controversial, critical areas ”Post-it‘ notes storyboards ”Wizard-of-Oz‘ Storyboards Sketching • Often used with scenarios, bringing more • Sketching is important to low-fidelity detail, and a chance to role play prototyping • Don‘t be inhibited about drawing ability.
    [Show full text]
  • Designing a First-Class User Experience for Affordable Care Act Enrollment
    Designing a First-Class User Experience for Affordable Care Act Enrollment Project Overview February 2012 OVERVIEW Project Objectives 1. Develop first-class user experience (UX) design for health insurance exchanges operated by state and federal governments under the Affordable Care Act. 2. Design the UX based on an understanding of consumer needs and refined through user testing. OVERVIEW Public / Private Partnership OVERVIEW 11 Participating States AL, AR, CA, CO, IL, MA (RI, VT), MN, MO, NY, OR, TN OVERVIEW UX 2014 Design Partner . World-class design and innovation firm. Palo Alto-based with 10 offices on three continents. Market leader in simplifying design of complex systems; understanding and then translating needs and desires of end users. OVERVIEW Project Scope . Individual and family self-service enrollment. End-to-end eligibility, enrollment, plan comparison and selection, premium payment and retention experience. All health insurance affordability programs (Medicaid, CHIP, Exchange, Basic Health Plan); linkage to other human services programs. Multiple pathways; support for assisters. Design for diversity and ADA compliance. Vendor neutral, system agnostic and customizable. OVERVIEW Project Timeline OVERVIEW Project Engagement and Communication . Series of workshops with CMS and states. Webinars with states and national organizations and associations. Subject matter expert sessions. Panel and conference presentations. Public website with project updates to active mailing list. UNDERSTAND Human-Centered Design Research Understand needs and desires of prospective users, and public and community-based agencies who interact with users as they flow in and out of the enrollment process. Received in-depth briefings on the Affordable Care Act. Conducted field interviews with consumers in three states.
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction Design Chapter 8
    Design, prototyping and construction Overview • Prototyping and construction • Conceptual design • Physical design • Generating prototypes • Tool support Prototyping and construction • What is a prototype? • Why prototype? • Different kinds of prototyping low fidelity high fidelity • Compromises in prototyping vertical horizontal • Construction What is a prototype? In other design fields a prototype is a small- scale model: • a miniature car • a miniature building or town What is a prototype? In interaction design it can be (among other things): • a series of screen sketches • a storyboard, i.e. a cartoon-like series of scenes • a Powerpoint slide show • a video simulating the use of a system • a lump of wood (e.g. PalmPilot) • a cardboard mock-up • a piece of software with limited functionality written in the target language or in another language Why prototype? • Evaluation and feedback are central to interaction design • Stakeholders can see, hold, interact with a prototype more easily than a document or a drawing • Team members can communicate effectively • You can test out ideas for yourself • It encourages reflection: very important aspect of design • Prototypes answer questions, and support designers in choosing between alternatives What to prototype? • Technical issues • Work flow, task design • Screen layouts and information display • Difficult, controversial, critical areas Low-fidelity Prototyping • Uses a medium which is unlike the final medium, e.g. paper, cardboard • Is quick, cheap and easily changed •Examples: sketches of screens, task sequences, etc ‘Post-it’ notes storyboards ‘Wizard-of-Oz’ Storyboards • Often used with scenarios, bringing more detail, and a chance to role play • It is a series of sketches showing how a user might progress through a task using the device • Used early in design Sketching • Sketching is important to low-fidelity prototyping • Don’t be inhibited about drawing ability.
    [Show full text]
  • CIXD 6010: Interaction Design for Service
    CIXD 6010: Interaction Design for Service Corcoran School of the Arts & Design, Columbian College of Arts & Sciences George Washington University Fall 2019 Tues, 1-5:30p Flagg Building, Rm. 216, 500 17th St. NW, Washington, DC, 20006 FACULTY Jae Rhim Lee, Assistant Professor of Interaction Design Office: Flagg B150-A, 500 17th St. NW, Washington, DC, 20006 E-mail: [email protected] Office hours: Tues (in office) 11-11:30a, 12:00-12:30p, 5:30-7p, and Thurs (via phone) 5:30-7p **Select an available appointment here: https://calendly.com/jaerhimlee/at-gw-office-hours Course Materials, including assignments, are available on Blackboard under the following name: 201903_Interaction Design for Service_CIXD_6010_10 COURSE DESCRIPTION Interaction Design for Service Theme for Fall 2019: Re-imagining Fast Fashion >>What do these examples of high impact social innovation have in common? Fair trade movement Charter schools Emissions trading Ushahidi (a non-profit tech company that crowdsources data for social activism and public accountability) Embrace (a low-cost, wearable infant warmer for premature and low-birth weight babies) >>They disrupt the underlying structure(s) of an EXISTING SYSTEM (ecosystem, industry, etc). >>They satisfy deeper, UNMET, HUMAN NEEDS. >>They are feasible and viable actors in the MARKETPLACE. In this course, you will learn a systems and human-centered approach to design and social innovation that can be applied to any social challenge and/or industry, including the fashion industry, which will be our theme this semester. We will learn about the fashion industry together and approach it as a platform for learning about systems and human-centered design.
    [Show full text]
  • The Object of Service Design Fernando Secomandi, Dirk Snelders
    The Object of Service Design Fernando Secomandi, Dirk Snelders Introduction Recent decades have witnessed a steep increase in service research springing from disciplines as diverse as economics, management, 1 Any attempt to provide an accurate and engineering. For the most part, this interest is a response to the portrayal of a rapidly evolving field is expansion of the service sector in the last century and the consequent bound to suffer from incompleteness. penetration of services in almost all areas of industrial activity and Still, as formative of the field of service contemporary life. Services now represent an undeniable force design, the following advances originat- behind labor and value creation in the world economy. ing within the design community should Until recent years, however, design approached services as be mentioned. Articles published in academic journals: e.g., Nicola Morelli, if they were mere appendages to goods. It is not uncommon to still “Designing Product/Service Systems: observe in design discourse the surreptitious inclusion of services A Methodological Exploration,” Design in expressions like “product/service” or “product (and service),” Issues 18:3 (Summer 2002): 3–17; Carla without a deeper explanation of the meaning of these compound Cipolla and Ezio Manzini, “Relational terms. By implication, the fixation on goods persists, which is Services,” Knowledge, Technology & Policy 22:1 (2009): 45–50; Claudio understandable considering design’s historical role in giving shape Pinhanez, “Services as Customer- to the material culture of modernity. But since the advent of post-in- intensive Systems,” Design Issues dustrial societies, the half-hearted integration of services into design 25:2 (Spring 2009): 3–13.
    [Show full text]
  • The Basics of User Experience Design
    The Basics of User Experience Design BY INTERACTION DESIGN FOUNDATION The Basics of User Experience (UX) Design by the Interaction Design Foundation Preface Preface If you're looking to gain an introduction into the world of user experience (UX) design—or maybe even freshen up your knowledge of the field—then this UX design book is the ideal place to start. The sheer number of topics covered in UX design is mind-boggling: there’s interaction design (the psychology of motion and feedback), design thinking (an iterative, empathy-based problem-solving process), and usability (how easily a product can be used), just to name a few. That’s what makes the field so fascinating to so many people. Whether you are a business manager working on a new product, or an aspiring designer wanting to learn about user-centered design, the field of UX design has something to teach you. On top of that, UX design is a booming industry worldwide. Job opportunities are increasing for UX designers like never before—an estimated 13% increase from 2010 to 2020. UX designer pays are also moving up, upwards of $110k in cities such as San Francisco and New York. That’s why we, at the Interaction Design Foundation, put together this ebook. In nine highly readable chapters, we’ll cover a wide range of topics that everyone starting out in UX design should know. Each chapter acts as a mini crash course, introducing key concepts, best practices, and guidelines. At the end of each chapter, we’ll summarize the key learning points in a section called “The Take Away”.
    [Show full text]