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Stem Damages Caused by Heart Rot and Large Poplar Borer on Hybrid and European Aspen

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Stem Damages Caused by Heart Rot and Large Poplar Borer on Hybrid and European Aspen Forestry Studies | Metsanduslikud Uurimused, Vol. 66, Pages 21–26 Stem damages caused by heart rot and large poplar borer on hybrid and European aspen Martins Zeps, Silva Senhofa, Mara Zadina, Una Neimane and Aris Jansons* Zeps, M., Senhofa, S., Zadina, M., Neimane, U., Jansons, A. 2017. Stem damages caused by heart rot and large poplar borer on hybrid and European aspen. – Forestry Studies | Metsanduslikud Uurimused 66, 21–26. ISSN 1406-9954. Journal homepage: http://mi.emu.ee/forestry.studies Abstract. Solid wood production of hybrid aspen requires relative longer rotation peri- ods, thus increasing risk of wood damages by pests and diseases. We compared dam- ages by heart rot and poplar borer of 48 years old hybrid (Populus tremuloides Michx. × P. tremula L.) and European aspen in a progeny trial located in Eastern part of Latvia. Trees were harvested and rot patches and galleries were recorded and measured at a stump level. The number of galleries had positive relation on number of patches and total area of rot. The susceptibility of the rot and poplar borer was similar for both hybrid and European aspen. Yet, some differences among families were detected. No effect of pathogens damage was observed on the tree growth. Larger trees had smaller proportion and incidence of rot and galleries per unit of area as well as wider outer rot-free wood layer. Key words: Populus tremula, Populus tremuloides × P. tremula, wood damages, heart rot, Saperda carcharias. Authors’ address: Latvian State Forest Research Institute ‘Silava’, Rigas str. 111, Salaspils, LV-2169, Latvia; *e-mail: [email protected] Introduction increases. For instance, reduction of height growth has been observed due to the large Since the end of the 20th century, main pro- poplar borer Saperda carcharias L. damage duction goal for fast-growing hybrid aspen and rot associated with it (Cramer, 1954; (Populus tremuloides Michx. × P. tremula L.) Välimäki & Heliövaara, 2007). Damaged has been energy wood (Rytter & Stener, trees become less vigorous, and trees fall 2005). However, growth characteristics of behind in growth (Mattson et al., 1988). In hybrid aspen allow fl exibility in rotation addition, maintaining resistance interferes period and solid wood can be produced. with growth (Osier & Lindroth, 2006): pro- The use of resistant clones may not be ductive trees allocate more resources for the necessity for biomass production (Steenack- growth, thus they may be more susceptible ers et al., 1996) where short rotations allow to pests and diseases (Osier & Lindroth, avoiding diseases and pest caused wood 2006). Additionally, the large poplar borer damages and high quality (mechanical is most abundant in well-lit, low-density strength) of wood is not needed. However, stands on vigorous trees (Šrot, 1962), thus rotation period for solid wood production is may cause more damage in plantations. 20–30 years (Hynynen et al., 2004; Rytter & Due to mechanical damage by poplar borer, Stener, 2005) and risk of wood damages and trees are more prone to wind (DeBell et al., reduced growth due to diseases and pests 1997) and poplar borer might introduce the DOI: 10.1515/fsmu-2017-0003 © 2017 Estonian University of Life Sciences. All rights reserved 21 M. Zeps et al. rot into the tree. Phellinus tremulae (Bond.) mother-tree growing in botanical garden Bond. et Boriss. is unusually aggressive rot, in central part of Latvia (no information on specialized for both trembling and Euro- its origin is available) and seven local plus pean aspen, and cause more wood volume trees from different regions of Latvia. In the loss than other diseases (Newcombe et al., winter 2013/2014, height and the diameter 2001). Moreover, decay and discoloration at breast height (DBH) was measured for can be major defects limiting the end use each tree. A year later, the stand was har- of timber (Eckstein et al., 1979). vested by clearcut at age of 48 years. In Tree breeding has mainly focused on total, 43 aspen and 129 hybrid aspen trees superiority in terms of growth and stem from fi ve families, representing DBH dis- quality paying less attention to resistance tribution (ranging from 18 cm to 43 cm) of to diseases (Steenackers et al., 1996). Popu- the trial for respective families, were sam- lus hybrids, including hybrid aspen, with pled. On stumps, aspen heart rot (patches remote origin of parent trees are reported located both in central and periphery part to be prone to diseases (Ilstedt & Gullberg, of the stump), caused by fungus P. tremu- 1993). Resistance to diseases for Populus is lae and galleries, created by poplar borer highly heritable (Newcombe & Bradshaw, S. carcharias (part of them was enclosed by 1996), including these for decay and dis- the rot), were found. To measure the de- coloration traits (Eckstein et al., 1979). Yet, fects, a polythene fi lm was mounted on the main focus has been on Hypoxylon and selected stump. Perimeter of stump, rot Melampsora caused diseases (DeBell et al., patches and galleries were projected on a 2002). In the recent past a few studies have fi lm with a black marker. In the laboratory, been done in relation to pest and disease area of stump, central and peripheral rot, resistance for hybrid aspen (Tullus et al., and galleries were measured from fi lm us- 2012), among which Välimäki & Heliövaara ing planimeter (PLANIX 10S, Tamaya Inc., (2007) have focused on rot and poplar borer Japan). Total number of galleries and those damages in Finland. enclosed by rot were counted. The distance The aim of this study was to assess sus- from bark to the outermost gallery and rot- ceptibility of hybrid aspen to rot and pop- ten patch was measured. lar borer in comparison to European aspen. Normality of data was assessed by We hypothesized that hybrid aspen is more Shapiro-Wilkinson test. ANOVA was used prone to both rot and poplar borer due to to assess the effect of “species” and family faster growth. on the height. The effect of “species”, family and DBH group as independent variables on the response parameters other than Material and Methods tree height was assessed using non-para- metric Kruskal-Wallis test. The differences This study was based on a progeny trial between groups were tested using Dunn’s located in Eastern part of Latvia, near Kal- multiple comparison. P-values were ad- snava (56°40’ N, 25°58’ E). The stand was justed using the Bonferroni transformation established on a former agricultural land (Sokal & Rohlf, 1995). Spearman rank cor- on sod-podzolic mineral soil with normal relation was used to assess the relationships moisture regime, corresponding to Ox- between the measured variables. All tests alidosa forest type. In 1966, three-year old were performed at α = 0.05. All calculations saplings of seven provenances of native Eu- were done in R 3.4.0. (R Core Team, 2016). ropean aspen P. tremula and seven families of hybrid aspen P. tremuloides × P. tremula were planted at a 3 × 3 m grid. All hybrid aspen families were progenies of the same 22 Stem damages caused by heart rot and large poplar borer on hybrid and European aspen Table 1. Mean values of stem parameters and wood damages (± confi dence interval). Mean area Number of Mean propor- Number of Number of Mean DBH, Mean of rot galleries Group tion of rot rot patches galleries cm height, m per stump, enclosed by per stump, % per stump per stump cm2 rot per stump Family A 29.8±2.2bc 30.2±1.1a 221.1±86.9a 19.6±7.9ab 2.4±0.8ab 6.1±2.0a 3.3±1.9a Family B 31.3±2.5bc 31.0±1.4a 156.7±73.6a 11.4±5.6b 4.1±1.4b 6.8±1.9a 4.2±2.0a Family H64 31.4±2.1bc 29.0±1.4a 269.5±75.8a 21.8±7.0ab 2.6±0.8ab 5.8±1.7a 3.2±1.2a Family J 29.2±2.0abc 29.1±1.1a 327.4±105.8ab 32.2±11.7a 1.8±0.8a 5.9±2.4a 5.0±2.4a Family M 31.9±1.6bc 30.0±0.7a 438.0±90.0b 29.0±6.2a 2.7±0.8ab 8.0±1.7a 4.6±1.3a Hybrid aspen in total 30.8±0.9A 29.8±0.5A 294.5±40.9A 23.4±3.5A 2.7±0.4A 6.5±0.8A 4.0±0.7A European aspen 26.0±1.6Ba 26.2±0.8Ba 258.7±69.9Aa 27.2±5.9Aa 2.0±0.4Aa 5.8±2.0Aa 4.6±2.0Aa DBH – diameter at breast height. Different capital letters indicate signifi cant differences in mean values between hybrid aspen and European aspen. Different small letters indicate signifi cant differences between specifi c pairs of families at α = 0.05. 1400 2 1200 a a 1000 a a 800 a 600 a per stump, cm Mean area of rot of area Mean 400 200 0 100 ab 80 b abc ad 60 ad cd 40 per stump, % 20 Mean proportion of rot of proportion Mean 0 12 10 a 2 8 6 ab ab ab 4 a b per 1000 cm 2 Number of rot patches rot of Number 0 18.0-21.9 22.0-25.9 26.0-29.9 30.0-33.9 34.0-37.9 38.0-42.9 DBH groups Figure 1. Mean area (A) and proportion (B) of rot per stump, and number of rot patches per 1000 cm2 (C) depending on DBH (diameter at breast height) of a tree (hybrid and European aspen together).
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