Effects of Terminalia Chebula Retz. in Treatment of Hemorrhoids a Double

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Effects of Terminalia Chebula Retz. in Treatment of Hemorrhoids a Double European Journal of Integrative Medicine 30 (2019) 100935 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect European Journal of Integrative Medicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/eujim Clinical trial Effects of Terminalia chebula Retz. in treatment of hemorrhoids: A double – T blind randomized placebo – controlled clinical trial ⁎ Pouran Andarkhora, Amir Sadeghib, Mahmood Khodadoosta, , Mohammad Kamalinejadc, Latif Gachkard, Saeed Abdib, Arman Zargarane a Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran b Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran c School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran d Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran e Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Introduction: Hemorrhoids are one of the most common complaints affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The Hemorrhoids treatment of hemorrhoids in modern medicine causes many side effects. In Persian Medicine (PM), Terminalia. Terminalia chebula Retz chebula Retz. is one of the best choices for the treatment of hemorrhoids. The aim of this study was to evaluate Herbal therapy the efficacy and safety of T. chebula on hemorrhoids. Rectal diseases Materials and methods: Microbial tests and standardization of T. chebula were conducted prior to the preparation Persian medicine of the capsules. Patients (n = 104) meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either the herbal Randomized controlled trial intervention (T. chebula) or placebo capsules, four times daily on an empty stomach for four weeks. Outcomes included pain, constipation, hemorrhoids mass size, and bleeding. Results: There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of pain in the first and fourthweeks (p = 0.003, p = 0.025 respectively). Also, constipation and reduction of hemorrhoids mass size were sig- nificantly different between the intervention and placebo groups(p = 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). However, there were no differences between the two groups in bleeding days(p = 0.123) during the four weeks. All variables (pain, constipation, haemorrhoids mass size, and hemorrhoids hemorrhage) had significant differences (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, p < 0.001, p = 0.003) between the two groups two months after the end of the treat- ment, respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests that T. chebula may be effective on hemorrhoids and potentially supplement for the treatment -of hemorrhoids. 1. Introduction Austria, respectively [4,5]. In UK, the incidence is reported as 40% according to a screening colonoscopy [6]. Because of the high pre- Hemorrhoids are abnormal dilated vascular channels which are valence and incidence of this disease, it is considered as one of the dislocated by changes in the supporting tissue of anal cushions [1]. socioeconomic and medical problems worldwide [1]. Internal hemorrhoids are categorized into four grades: grade I hemor- The most common symptoms and signs that patients with hemor- rhoids are prominent blood vessels without prolapse; grade II hemor- rhoids present include bleeding, prolapsing masses, and itching [7]. The rhoids are prominent blood vessels with prolapse, but spontaneous re- treatment method will be decided depending on grading of hemor- duction; grade III hemorrhoids refer to prominent blood vessels with rhoids. The preferred treatment in the first and second-degree hemor- prolapse requiring manual reduction; and grade IV hemorrhoids are rhoids is medical therapy which involves local hygiene, addition of prominent blood vessels with prolapse and inability to be manually dietary fiber, increased water intake, stool softeners, avoidance of reduced [2]. The true prevalence and incidence of hemorrhoids is un- straining, and cortisone suppository [7–9]. Most patients with con- known [3]; however, some epidemiological studies have indicated that servative treatment will need a definitive treatment later [5]. In pa- prevalence ranges from around 4.4% to 38% in the general population tients with grade I, II, III hemorrhoids who have not been treated by in the United States and according to a colorectal cancer screening in medical treatment, some office-based procedures should be applied ⁎ Corresponding author at: School of Traditional Medicine, No. 8, Shams Alley, Vali-e-Asr Street, Tehran, Iran. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Khodadoost). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2019.100935 Received 19 December 2018; Received in revised form 2 July 2019; Accepted 3 July 2019 1876-3820/ © 2019 Published by Elsevier GmbH. P. Andarkhor, et al. European Journal of Integrative Medicine 30 (2019) 100935 such as rubber banding, sclerotherapy, and infrared photocoagulation Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Tehran, Iran) and registered [7,9]. Surgical hemorrhoidectomy should be reserved for patients with by voucher NO. SBMU-8070. grade IV hemorrhoids and some patients with grade III hemorrhoids who have not responded to office procedures or cannot tolerate them 2.3.2. Microbial tests [7,9]. There are many complications following office-based procedures The Total Viable Aerobic Count (TVAC) of the organisms was de- and operations such as stenosis, infection, fibrosis, fecal incontinence, termined by most probable number (MPN) method. Briefly, the T. urinary retention, and ectropion [8,9]. chebula powder was prepared in 10-fold dilution series by sterile normal Given the importance of the disease and its treatment complica- saline, after which 1 ml sample of each dilution was inoculated in tri- tions, new approaches should be found for prevention and treatment of plicate into three broth culture tubes containing 9 ml of Soy Casein hemorrhoids. Application of medicinal plants and complementary Digest Broth (SCDB) for incubation at 35 °C for 5 days. TVAC was de- therapies is usually considered as a novel source in finding new re- termined based on comparing the number of tubes with growth against medies [10]. Persian Medicine (PM) is one of the main traditional the USP tables [29]. systems of medicine which was the main medical paradigm in the The sample were tested for 5 microorganisms including Europe and western Asia until the 17th century AD [11]. Persian Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, practitioners have used natural remedies for preventing and treating Salmonella spp, and Candida albicans according to WHO method [30]. different diseases [12]. Terminalia. chebula Retz. is one of the main medicinal plants which was used for hemorrhoids in PM for centuries [12,13]. T. chebula has 2.3.3. Determination of gallic acid as a marker by HPTLC method been mentioned as a purgative agent of Black bile (suada) and Phlegm Recent findings suggest that gallic acid is the main constituent of T. (balgham) (two important causes of hemorrhoids in humoral theory of chebula. It was determined for standardization of the product produced PM) in Al Qanun fi al-Tibb (Canon of Medicine) written by Avicenna and in this study. For preparation and standardization of the sample, 0.5 g Al Hawi (Liber Continens) written by Rhazes in 10th and 11th century AD, of dried fruit powder with 10 ml ethanol in a flask was placed in an respectively [14,15]. Since it is astringent, the sugar derived from su- ultrasonic chamber at 50ᵒC for 30 min. The amount of gallic acid was garcane is added to it for preventing its harmful effects (as a mosleh) determined on HPTLC plates (10 × 10) pre-coated with silica gel 60F- [16]. In addition to PM, this herb was mentioned to shrink the he- 254 as the stationary phase by CAMAG automatic TLC sampler 4. The morrhoid mass size and stop the bleeding in other traditional systems of linear ascending development was carried out in a CAMAG automatic medicines like Ayurveda [17]. developing chamber (ADC2) with mobile phase consisting of toluene: There are many poly herbal formulations containing T. chebula ethyl acetate: formic acid 5:4:1 (v/v/v). After development, the plate whose efficacy against bleeding and hemorrhoid mass size hasbeen was air dried for 5 min and scanned immediately at 272 nm using TLC shown in both animal [18] and human studies [19–23]. scanner III (CAMAG scanner-III). A TLC visualizer was employed for the Meanwhile, current findings suggest that T. chebula contains various photo documentation of the plates [31]. compounds including tannins, polyphenols, terpenes, glycosides [10,24], flavonoids [24,25], alkaloids, anthocyanins [10] which possess 2.3.4. Preparing the drug and placebo anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial [10,26], mild laxative, analgesic, as- In order to provide T. chebula capsules, each capsule was filled with tringent, antifungal [10], wound healing [10,27], and anti-ulcerogenic 250 mg of T. chebula powder (without seeds) and 250 mg of sugar [28] effects. which were ground and passed through a sieve with mesh size 40. Although there is some experimental research evidence as well as Further, the capsules were filled with 250 mg starch for preparing evidence from traditional use on the efficacy of T. chebula for hemor- placebo capsules. Both T. chebula and placebo capsules were prepared rhoids, there have been no clinical evaluations on its use. Therefore, in in the Sanabol Daru Co. (a pharmaceutical
Recommended publications
  • Large-Scale Screening of 239 Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plant Extracts for Their Antibacterial Activities Against Multidrug-R
    pathogens Article Large-Scale Screening of 239 Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plant Extracts for Their Antibacterial Activities against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Cytotoxic Activities Gowoon Kim 1, Ren-You Gan 1,2,* , Dan Zhang 1, Arakkaveettil Kabeer Farha 1, Olivier Habimana 3, Vuyo Mavumengwana 4 , Hua-Bin Li 5 , Xiao-Hong Wang 6 and Harold Corke 1,* 1 Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; [email protected] (G.K.); [email protected] (D.Z.); [email protected] (A.K.F.) 2 Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China 3 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; [email protected] 4 DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, US/SAMRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; [email protected] 5 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; [email protected] 6 College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.-Y.G.); [email protected] (H.C.) Received: 3 February 2020; Accepted: 29 February 2020; Published: 4 March 2020 Abstract: Novel alternative antibacterial compounds have been persistently explored from plants as natural sources to overcome antibiotic resistance leading to serious foodborne bacterial illnesses.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Pyretic, Analgesic, And
    Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory, Anti-pyretic, Analgesic, and Hepatoprotective Properties of Terminalia macroptera Mahamane Haïdara, Adama Dénou, Mohamed Haddad, Aïssata Camara, Korotoumou Traoré, Agnès Aubouy, Geneviève Bourdy, Rokia Sanogo To cite this version: Mahamane Haïdara, Adama Dénou, Mohamed Haddad, Aïssata Camara, Korotoumou Traoré, et al.. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory, Anti-pyretic, Analgesic, and Hepatoprotective Properties of Terminalia macroptera. Planta Medica International Open, Thieme, 2020, 07 (02), pp.e58 - e67. 10.1055/a-1142-7072. hal-03113936 HAL Id: hal-03113936 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03113936 Submitted on 18 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Published online: 2020-04-23 Original Papers Thieme Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory, Anti-pyretic, Analgesic, and Hepatoprotective Properties of Terminalia macroptera Authors Mahamane Haïdara1, 2 * , Adama Dénou2 * , Mohamed Haddad1 , Aïssata Camara1, 3, Korotoumou Traoré4, Agnès Aubouy1, Geneviève Bourdy1, Rokia Sanogo2, 5 Affiliations Dr. Mohamed
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Seed Size, Pre-Sowing Treatments and Potting Mixture on Seedlings Growth Character and Biomass Production Under Nurser
    International Journal of Chemical Studies 2019; 7(4): 1502-1507 P-ISSN: 2349–8528 E-ISSN: 2321–4902 IJCS 2019; 7(4): 1502-1507 Effect of seed size, pre-sowing treatments and © 2019 IJCS Received: 04-05-2019 potting mixture on seedlings growth character Accepted: 06-06-2019 and biomass production under nursery conditions Akoijam Benjamin of Terminalia chebula Retz Department of Forestry & Environmental Science, Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur, India Akoijam Benjamin, Salam Dilip, Gurumayum Ranibala and Naorem Bidyaleima Chanu Salam Dilip Department of Forestry & Environmental Science, Manipur Abstract University, Imphal, Manipur, The experiment conducted aims in improving seed germination, seedling growth and biomass production India of Terminalia chebula. For the experiment, the depulped fruits were graded into three different sizes on the basis of length and were subjected to eight pre-sowing treatments and followed by transplanting Gurumayum Ranibala seedlings in three different potting mixtures. It was evident from the study that large size seeds (L3) Department of Forestry & excelled in all germination, growth and seedling biomass parameters. Among treatments, maximum Environmental Science, Manipur germination parameters were recorded from T8 (nicking at broad end then soaking in ordinary water for University, Imphal, Manipur, 36 hours). Among seed size and pre-sowing treatment combinations, most successful result was observed India from large size seeds subjected to nicking at broad end then soaking in ordinary water for 36 hours (T8L3). Among three different potting mixtures, seedlings transplanted in the potting mixture M3 (Soil: Naorem Bidyaleima Chanu College of Horticulture & Sand: FYM-1:2:3) exerted significantly maximum seedlings growth and biomass production under Forestry, Central Agricultural nursery conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Caenorhabditis Elegans Model for Discovery of Novel Anti-Infectives
    fmicb-07-01956 November 30, 2016 Time: 12:40 # 1 REVIEW published: 02 December 2016 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01956 Beyond Traditional Antimicrobials: A Caenorhabditis elegans Model for Discovery of Novel Anti-infectives Cin Kong†, Su-Anne Eng, Mei-Perng Lim and Sheila Nathan* School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia The spread of antibiotic resistance amongst bacterial pathogens has led to an urgent need for new antimicrobial compounds with novel modes of action that minimize the potential for drug resistance. To date, the development of new antimicrobial drugs is still lagging far behind the rising demand, partly owing to the absence of an effective screening platform. Over the last decade, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans Edited by: Luis Cláudio Nascimento Da Silva, has been incorporated as a whole animal screening platform for antimicrobials. This CEUMA University, Brazil development is taking advantage of the vast knowledge on worm physiology and how it Reviewed by: interacts with bacterial and fungal pathogens. In addition to allowing for in vivo selection Osmar Nascimento Silva, of compounds with promising anti-microbial properties, the whole animal C. elegans Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Brazil screening system has also permitted the discovery of novel compounds targeting Francesco Imperi, infection processes that only manifest during the course of pathogen infection of the Sapienza University of Rome, Italy host. Another advantage of using C. elegans in the search for new antimicrobials is that *Correspondence: Sheila Nathan the worm itself is a source of potential antimicrobial effectors which constitute part of its [email protected] immune defense response to thwart infections.
    [Show full text]
  • Inner Page Final 2071.12.14.Indd
    J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 28, 2014, 127-136 WILD EDIBLE FRUITS OF PALPA DISTRICT, WEST NEPAL RAS BIHARI MAHATO Department of Botany, R. R. Multiple campus Janakpur, Nepal [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper documents the wild edible fruits of tropical and subtropical forest of Palpa District, West Nepal. Thirty-seven plant species under 17 families and 27 genera were identifi ed as wild edible fruit. Over 86% percent of them were trees and shrubs (32 species), 11% herbs (4 species) and the remaining 3% (1 species) woody climbers. Moraceae (9 species), Rosaceae (7 species), Anacardiaceae, Berberidaceae, Combretaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Rutaceae (2 species each) were the most common families constituting about 75.7% of edible plants. The remaining 24.3% (9 species) of edible plants were distributed among 9 families and 9 genera. A considerable number of wild fruits are sold in market. These are Aegle marmelos, Artocarpus integra, Artocarpus lakoocha, Choerospondias axillaris, Myrica esculenta, Phoenix humilis, Phyllanthus emblica, Prunus persica, Pyracantha crenulata,Tamarindus indica, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, Zanthoxylum armatum and Zizyphus mauritiana. Medicinal uses of some major economically important fruits are also documented. Keywords: tropical, subtropical forest, medicinal uses, wild fruits, sweet nuggets INTRODUCTION Wild edible fruits play an important role in the economy of rural people especially living in the hilly region by providing them food and also in generating side income. They collect the wild edible fruits from forest and sold in market regularly. The rural people have better knowledge of wild edible fruits as they visit the forest regularly and have constant association and dependence on these forests and its products for their livelihood.
    [Show full text]
  • What Trees to Plant?
    What Trees to Plant? Selecting Tree Species for Climate-resilient Forest Restoration and Management in the Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape, Nepal Hariyo Ban Program © WWF 2016 All rights reserved Any reproduction of this publication in full or in part must mention the title and credit WWF. Published by WWF Nepal PO Box: 7660 Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal T: +977 1 4434820, F: +977 1 4438458 [email protected], www.wwfnepal.org/hariyobanprogram Authors Summary and recommendations: Eric Wikramanayake, Deepa Shree Rawal and Judy Oglethorpe Modeling study: Eric Wikramanayake, Gokarna Thapa and Keshav Khanal Germination and establishment study: Deepa Shree Rawal, Insight Engineering Consult P. Ltd. Editing Judy Oglethorpe Cover photo © WWF Nepal, Hariyo Ban Program/Eric Wikramanayake Citation Please cite this report as: WWF Nepal. 2016. What Trees to Plant? Selecting Tree Species for Climate-resilient Forest Restoration and Management in the Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape, Nepal. WWF Nepal, Hariyo Ban Program, Kathmandu, Nepal. Disclaimer This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of WWF and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ ii Preface ........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Terminalia Chebula: Success from Botany to Allopathic and Ayurvedic Pharmacy
    Online - 2455-3891 Vol 9, Issue 5, 2016 Print - 0974-2441 Review Article TERMINALIA CHEBULA: SUCCESS FROM BOTANY TO ALLOPATHIC AND AYURVEDIC PHARMACY VARUN GARG, BARINDER KAUR, SACHIN KUMAR SINGH*, BIMLESH KUMAR Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. Email: [email protected]/[email protected] Received: 25 May 2016, Revised and Accepted: 27 May 2016 ABSTRACT Terminalia chebula (TC) is a unique herb having various therapeutic potentials as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and digestant. It belongs to family Combretaceae. In the present review, an attempt has been made to decipher classification, chemical constituents, therapeutic uses, and patents that have been reported for TC. Various pharmacological activities of TC that make it as potential medicine and its Ayurvedic formulations are highlighted. Keywords: Terminalia chebula, Anti-oxidant, Anti-cancer, Ayurvedic formulations, Anti-oxidant. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i5.13074 INTRODUCTION above variety. These are alterative, stomachic, laxative, and tonic. It is generally used in fevers, cough, asthma, urinary diseases, piles, worms (TC) is a unique herb that is used from ancient Terminalia chebula and rheumatism and scorpion-sting. time since Charak. It is used in many herbal formulations like Triphala. It is used as anti-inflammatory and digestant [1-3]. In recent years, an extract of TC has been reported for having anticancer and Balaharade antioxidant properties [1-3]. TC belongs to Kingdom: Plantae, Division: This variety is smaller than above two mentioned categories, its color Magnoliophyta, Class: Magnoliopsida, Order: Myrtales, Family: is homogenous, and the pulp is deep brown.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination and Evaluation of Ellagic Acid in Terminalia Chebula Fruit Extract by Rp-Hplc R
    Archives • 2021 • vol.2 • 598-606 DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF ELLAGIC ACID IN TERMINALIA CHEBULA FRUIT EXTRACT BY RP-HPLC R. Arbind Kumar Choudhary1, E. Manivannan2 P. Rajeswari2 V.Sivasankari2 Arul Kothai Chandrashekar R5, Indla Ravi1 1. Ph.D, Scholar , Department of Pharmacology, Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Medical ,College and Hospitals, Sankari Main Road, Seeragapadi, Salem. 2. Professor and HOD, Department of Pharmacology, Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar Medical ,College and Hospitals, Sankari Main Road, Seeragapadi, Salem. 3. Associate Professor ,Department of Phathology , Govt Erode Medical College and Hospital,Perundurai ,Erode -638053 4. Professor and HOD , Vinayaka Mission’s College of Pharmacy (VMCP) Yercaud, Ghat Road, Kondappanaickenpatti, Salem, Tamil Nadu. 5. Assistant Professor , Department of Pharmacology, A.J. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Mangalore-Karnataka, India [email protected] Abstract : Ayurveda, the Terminalia chebula (TC Terminalia Chebula Fruit Extract) herb, and especially its fruits dried pulp, are well-known. It is one of the important ingredients used in triphala or “three fruits”—the most frequently prescribed herbal drug remedy in ayurveda. Among Indian , The biochemical activities previously reported for water-soluble TC fruit extracts appear to be due to the presence of hydrolysable tannins; more specifically Ellagic acid , chebulinic and chebulagic acids. Ellagic acid has cytoprotective and cancer protective effect against various carcinogenic induced cancers cell . Some study on laboratory animals have pointed that periodical oral administration of ellagic acid in rats can circumvent the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) toxicity and formation of fibrosis in the liver, METHOD Ellagic acid compound was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, USA, Product Number : E2250.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on /.../ A
    BALTIC FORESTRY PHYLOGENETIC STUDY OF AFRICAN COMBRETACEAE R. BR. BASED ON /.../ A. O. ONEFELY AND A. STANYS ARTICLES Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on rbcL Sequence ALFRED OSSAI ONEFELI*,1,2 AND VIDMANTAS STANYS2,3 1Department of Forest Production and Products, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Ibadan, 200284 Ibadan, Nigeria. 2Erasmus+ Scholar, Institute of Agricultural and Food Science Vytautas Magnus University, Agricultural Aca- demy, Akademija, LT-53361 Kaunas district, Lithuania. 3Department of Orchard Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Babtai, LT-54333 Kaunas district, Lithuania. *Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] Phone number: +37062129627 Onefeli, A. O. and Stanys, A. 2019. Phylogenetic Study of African Combretaceae R. Br. Based on rbcL Se- quence. Baltic Forestry 25(2): 170177. Abstract Combretaceae R. Br. is an angiosperm family of high economic value. However, there is dearth of information on the phylogenetic relationship of the members of this family using ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) gene. Previous studies with electrophoretic-based and morphological markers revealed that this family is phylogenetically complex. In the present study, 79 sequences of rbcL were used to study the phylogenetic relationship among the members of Combretaceae of African origin with a view to provide more information required for the utilization and management of this family. Multiple Sequence alignment was executed using the MUSCLE component of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Version X Analysis (MEGA X). Transition/Transversion ratio, Consistency index, Retention Index and Composite Index were also determined. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Maximum parsimony (MP) and Neighbor joining methods.
    [Show full text]
  • E:\EHSST\Pleione 12.2\PM Files\
    Pleione 12(2): 322 - 331. 2018. ISSN: 0973-9467 © East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy doi: 10.26679/Pleione.12.2.2018.322-331 Three new species of the genus Terminalia L. [Combretaceae] A. S. Dhabe Department of Botany, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad – 431004, Maharashtra, India E-mail: [email protected] [Received 10.12.2018; Revised 28.12.2018; Accepted 29.12.2018; Published 31.12.2018] Abstract Three new species of the genus Terminalia L. (Combretaceae) are reported from Meghalaya and Gujarat states of India. These are Terminalia kanchii Dhabe (Saputara, Gujarat State), T. maoi Dhabe (Shillong, Meghalaya state) and T. shankarraoi Dhabe (Saputara, Gujarat State). Key words: New species, Terminalia L., India INTRODUCTION The genus Terminalia L. is the second largest pantropical genus of family Combretaceae (subfamily Cobretoideae Engl. & Diels, tribe Combreteae DC., subtribe Terminaliinae (DC.) Excell & Stace). It has about 150 species of trees and shrubs (Maurin & al., 2010; Gere, 2013; Shu, 2007). The name Terminalia L. (1767) is conserved against Bucida L. (1759) (Stace, 2010; Maurin & al., 2010), Adamaram Adanson (1763) (Wiersma & al., 2015). [Bucida is also a conserved genus name; it has been conserved over Buceras P. Browne (1756)]. Terminalia is characterized by tree or shrub habit, alternate or sub-opposite leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, presence of glands and/or domatia, inflorescence as spikes or racemes, apetalous flowers, fruits drupes or samara. For the Indian subcontinent (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan & Sri Lanka) Gangopadhyay and Chakrabarty (1997) reported 18 species of Terminalia (viz., [incl. T. arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn., nom.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Potential of Phytochemicals in Terminalia Catappa and Their Proposed in Silico Mechanism of Action
    Online - 2455-3891 Vol 12, Issue 10, 2019 Print - 0974-2441 Research Article ANTI-METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS POTENTIAL OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN TERMINALIA CATAPPA AND THEIR PROPOSED IN SILICO MECHANISM OF ACTION LOKESH RAVI1, DIVYA JINDAM2, SUGANYA KUMARESAN2, VENKATESH SELVARAJ3, JAYARAMA REDDY1* 1Department of Botany, St. Joseph’s College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. 2SciWris: Life Sciences, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. 3Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: [email protected] Received: 26 June 2019, Revised and Accepted: 08 August 2019 ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial potential of leaves of this Terminalia catappa and identify the mechanism of action for those phytochemicals present in this leaves. Methods: Phytochemicals were extracted using maceration and the extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the chemical structure. Antibacterial potential was evaluated using agar well diffusion. The phytochemicals were subjected to in silico protein–ligand docking study to identify the mechanism of action. Results: In vitro antibacterial study demonstrated that the ethanol extract of the leaves has significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA) with a zone of inhibition of 16 mm and 18 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 2 mg/ml. The chloroform and hexane extracts of the leaves did not demonstrate any significant activity. Based on GC-MS analysis and literature review, 12 phytochemicals were identified to be present in the ethanol extract of the T. catappa leaves. These molecules were subjected to in silico protein–ligand docking study against common drug target proteins of SA and MRSA.
    [Show full text]
  • JOURNAL Review on the Contribution of Ura-Marunnu, a Traditional Baby Care Practice in Southern India
    ISSN: 2277- 7695 CODEN Code: PIHNBQ ZDB-Number: 2663038-2 Received: 15-10-2013 IC Journal No: 7725 Accepted: 19-12-2013 Vol. 2 No. 11. 2014 Online Available at www.thepharmajournal.com THE PHARMA INNOVATION - JOURNAL Review on the contribution of Ura-Marunnu, a traditional baby care practice in southern India Arun Raj GR1*, Shailaja U 2, Prasanna N Rao 3, Ajayan S 4, Nivya P Thomas 5 1. Post graduate Scholar, Department of PG Studies in Kaumarabhritya, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, India. [E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: +91-8904994413] 2. Professor and Head, Department of PG Studies in Kaumarabhritya, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, India. [Email: [email protected]; Tel: +91-9448816433] 3. Principal and CMO, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, India. [E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: 9448064277] 4. Associate Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Ayurveda College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. [E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: +91-9447708665] 5. Post graduate Scholar, Department of PG Studies in Kaumarabhritya, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, India. [E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +91-9590937392] Children’s health encompasses the physical, mental, emotional, and social well-being of children from infancy through adolescence. Child and maternal care practices are now being considered as important complements to increasing household income or targeted food interventions to address child growth needs. Traditional medicine has a long history of serving people all over the world. Ura-marunnu is a traditional baby care practice comprising of a group of drugs administered to child from day one in the form of paste widely practised in the states of Kerala, Karnataka, Goa and Tamil Nadu.
    [Show full text]