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Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Terminalia Chebula

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Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Terminalia Chebula International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine ISSN: 2576-4772 MEDWIN PUBLISHERS Committed to Create Value for Researchers Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Terminalia chebula Kumar M1*, Sharma N2 and Singh Ranjan A3 Review Article 1Department of Chemistry, Sri Varshney PG College, India Volume 4 Issue 3 2Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, India Received Date: October 05, 2020 3Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, India Published Date: October 23, 2020 DOI: 10.23880/ipcm-16000208 *Corresponding author: Maheep Kumar, Department of Chemistry, Sri Varshney PG College, India, Tel: +91-6396096995; Email: [email protected] Abstract Plant secondary metabolites have been of interest to man for a long time due to their pharmacological relevance. In this search Terminalia chebula is widely used to enhance the natural resistance to various diseases. It is called the “king of medicines” and always listed first in the Ayurvedic meteria medica because of its extraordinary powers of healing. Traditionally it has been andused hypolipidemic as a popular folkagent. medicine The present for homeostatic, review is an attemptantitussive, to highlight laxative, the diuretic various and ethnopharmacological cardio tonic treatments. and traditionalRecent studies uses showed that it has also been used as antidiabetic, antiviral, cardioprotective, anticancer, antioxidant, free radical scavenging as well as phytochemical and pharmacological aspect of Terminalia chebula. Keywords: Terminalia chebula ; Pharmacological Effect; Gastrointestinal Activity; Anticariogenic Effect; Antidiabetic Effects; Cardiotonic Activity; Phytochemical Constituents Abbreviations: ITM: Iranian Traditional Medicine; STZ: Streptozotocin; IFHP: Isolated Frog Heart Perfusion Terminalia chebula is Technique; LDL: Low Density Lipoprotein; VLDL: Very Low consideredmedicine (ITM) to destroy as halileh all diseasesor halilaj andand eliminatethe fruit isall used waste to Density Lipoprotein; HDL: High Density Lipoprotein; MIC: develop treatments [3]. In Ayurveda infrom the the treatment body. At of the any same kind time, of gastric it is known infection to promote in any part tissue of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; HSV:Terminalia Herpes chebulaSimplex; thegrowth body. and It ishealth. found It to is be most an effectivepowerful product Ayurvedic for herbinfections used Virus; CA: Chromosomal Aberration; MN: Micronucleus; caused by E. coli and other parasites of the digestive system. HETC: Hydroalcoholic Fruit Extract of Recent studies have demonstrated that T. chebula Tetrazolium;MES: Maximal-Electroshock; MT: Mother Tincture. EPM: Elevated Plus Maze; wide range of biological activities including cardioprotective PI: Phagocytic Index; AI: Avidity Index, NBT: Nitro Blue exhibits a scavenging [7] and hypolipidemic [8]. Its antimicrobial [9], Introduction [4], antispasmodic [5], antioxidant [6], free radical Terminalia chebula is a native to various parts of Southern antidiabetic [14] activities. antiviral [10,11], anticancer [12], antianaphylaxis [13] and Malaysia and Vietnam [1]. It is found all over India from Habitat easternAsia including to western India, region Nepal, and isChina commonly (Yunnan), known Sri as Lanka,“black Myroblans” in English and ‘Harad’ in Hindi. It is known as the Terminalia chebula is a deciduous tree growing upto 30 “king” of Mongolian and Tibetan medicines, a drug for a wide mts. tall with a trunk up to 1 mt. diameter. The leaves are range of diseases [2]. This tree is known in Iranian traditional alternate to sub opposite in arrangement, oval, 7-18 cm Terminalia chebula Int J Pharmacogn Chinese Med Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of 2 International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine long and 4.5-10 cm broad with a 1-3 cm petiole. The fruit is drupe-like, 2-4.5 cm long, 1.2-2.5 cm broad and blackish with five longitudinal ridges [15] (Figures 1 & 2). Figure 1: Leaves of T. chebula. Figure 2: Fruits of T. chebula. Taxonomical Classification Order: Myrtales Family: Combretaceae Kingdom: Plantae Genus: Terminalia Division: Magnoliophyta Species : Terminalia chebula Class: Magnoliopsida Chemical Constituents Table 1: Phytochemical Constituents Isolated from Terminelia Plant Pharmacological S. No. Chemical constituent and Their Pharmacological Activity. References part activity [20] Immuno- suppressive 1. Fruit [39,40,41] effects [46,47] Chebulagic Acid 2. [10] Triacontanoic Acid 3. [10] Terpinolene Terminalia chebula. Int J Copyright© Kumar M, et al. Pharmacogn Chinese Med 2020, 4(3): 000208. Kumar M, et al. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of 3 International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 4. [10] Terpinen-4-ol 5. Fruit [47] β Sitosterol 6. [47] Corilagin [45] 7. Fruit Hepatoprotective [47] Chebulic Acid Terminalia chebula. Int J Copyright© Kumar M, et al. Pharmacogn Chinese Med 2020, 4(3): 000208. Kumar M, et al. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of 4 International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 8. Fruit [49] Anticancer Ethyl Gallate [47] 9. Fruit [49] Anticancer Gallic Acid 10. [46] Stearic Acid [40] 11. Fruit [46][47] [49] Anticancer (G = Galloyl) Chebulinic acid 12. [47] Punicalagin Terminalia chebula. Int J Copyright© Kumar M, et al. Pharmacogn Chinese Med 2020, 4(3): 000208. Kumar M, et al. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of 5 International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 13. Fruit [48] Linoleic Acid [37] 14. Fruit [49] Anticancer, Antioxident Tannic Acid 15. [9] Anti HIV Galloyl Glucose [9,10] 16. Fruit [47,49] Anticancer, Anti HIV Ellagic Acid Terminalia chebula. Int J Copyright© Kumar M, et al. Pharmacogn Chinese Med 2020, 4(3): 000208. Kumar M, et al. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of 6 International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 17. [40] (G = Galloyl) 4-O-(4″-O-galloyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)ellagic acid 18. [40] acid (G = Galloyl) 4-O-(3″,4″-di-O-galloyl-α-l-hamnopyranosyl)ellagic 19. [10] β Caryophyllene 20. [10] Behenic acid Terminalia chebula. Int J Copyright© Kumar M, et al. Pharmacogn Chinese Med 2020, 4(3): 000208. Kumar M, et al. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of 7 International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 21. [10] Eugenol 22. [10] Isoquercetin [10] 23. Fruit [48] Oleic acid 24. [10] [Ca]2+ Ca-phellandrene 25. [10] Alpha terpine Terminalia chebula. Int J Copyright© Kumar M, et al. Pharmacogn Chinese Med 2020, 4(3): 000208. Kumar M, et al. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of 8 International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 26. Hepatoprotective [45] (G = Galloyl) Neochebulic acid 27. Fruit [47] (G = Galloyl) Chebulanin 28. [47] Neochebulinic acid Terminalia chebula. Int J Copyright© Kumar M, et al. Pharmacogn Chinese Med 2020, 4(3): 000208. Kumar M, et al. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of 9 International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 29. Fruit [47] 1,2,3,4,6-penta-o-galloyl-beta-d-glucose 30. Fruit [48] Palmitic acid 31. Fruit [49] Anticancer 2,4-Chebulyl-beta-d-glucopyranose 32. [49] Anticancer Luteolin Terminalia chebula. Int J Copyright© Kumar M, et al. Pharmacogn Chinese Med 2020, 4(3): 000208. Kumar M, et al. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of 10 International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine [51] 33. [55] 1,3, 6-Tri-O-galloyl-ß-D-glucose 34. [52] Castalagin 35. [52] Flavogallonic acid Terminalia chebula. Int J Copyright© Kumar M, et al. Pharmacogn Chinese Med 2020, 4(3): 000208. Kumar M, et al. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of 11 International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 36. [52] (α- R=H, R’=OH) (β- R=OH,R’=H) Terchebulin 37. Fruit [37] Ascorbic acid 38. Fruit [53] Casuarinin Terminalia chebula. Int J Copyright© Kumar M, et al. Pharmacogn Chinese Med 2020, 4(3): 000208. Kumar M, et al. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of 12 International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 39. Fruit [54] Chebuloside II 40. Fruit [53] 1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose 41. Fruit [55] Saponin Terminalia chebula. Int J Copyright© Kumar M, et al. Pharmacogn Chinese Med 2020, 4(3): 000208. Kumar M, et al. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of 13 International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 42. Leaves [56] Terflavin B 43. Leaves [56] Terflavin C 44 Leaves [56] Terflavin D Terminalia chebula. Int J Copyright© Kumar M, et al. Pharmacogn Chinese Med 2020, 4(3): 000208. Kumar M, et al. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of 14 International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine Ethnic Uses chebula reduction between the pre-rinse and post-rinse samples Plants of the genus Terminalia are amongst the most [22]. aganist microbes showed that there was a significant widely used plants for traditional medicinal purposes worldwide [16]. Plant-derived medicines have been a part Activity Against Anaphylactic Shock of our traditional health care system and the antimicrobial properties of plant-derived compounds are well documented. T. Terminalia chebula fruit was tested in an anaphylactic shock model chebula, Terminalia belerica, and Emblica officinalis in vivoThe water soluble fraction of methanol extract of It is one of the main ingredients of the Triphla ( digestive ailments. It is also useful in asthma, mouth). Triphla ulcers, , by the death of Spague-Dawley rats (200-300 g) stomachis an Ayurvedic infections, preparation gastritis, thathepatitis, is used skin for diseases,correcting piles the and ICR mice (20-30 g). Doses of 0.01-1.0 g/kg of
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