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276263996.Pdf View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The University of Utah: J. Willard Marriott Digital Library HOLOCENE CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY OF SPRING SEDIMENTS IN RANGE CREEK CANYON, UTAH by Danielle Marie Ward A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Geography The University of Utah December 2016 Copyright © Danielle Marie Ward 2016 All Rights Reserved The University of Utah Graduate School STATEMENT OF THESIS APPROVAL The thesis of Danielle Marie Ward has been approved by the following supervisory committee members: Andrea R. Brunelle , Chair 05/04/16 Date Approved Simon C. Brewer , Member 05/04/16 Date Approved Brenda Bowen , Member 05/04/16 Date Approved and by Andrea R. Brunelle , Chair/Dean of the Department/College/School of Geography and by David B. Kieda, Dean of The Graduate School. ABSTRACT Range Creek Canyon in southeastern Utah is the location of hundreds of well- preserved Fremont archeological sites. To determine what living conditions for the Fremont were like during their occupation of Range Creek from 200 AD and 1350 AD, elemental ratios and grain size data were used as proxies for precipitation-induced erosion. These proxies, along with previously analyzed pollen and charcoal data from the spring, were hypothesized to help characterize moisture availability over the last 8,500 years in Billy Slope Bog, a wetland spring within the canyon. Additionally, to create a chronology of climatic events in the canyon, an attempt was made to find tephra from the Mazama eruption of Crater Lake, Oregon, dated 7625 ± 150 cal. yr BP Finally, as a check to the accuracy of the elemental data, the chemostratigraphy of a sediment core from Billy Slope Bog was collected twice, then compared to determine repeatability of the results. The results proved that the elemental data and pollen ratios analyzed had a strong positive relationship, and together reveal a clear picture of how precipitation fluctuated in Range Creek Canyon. Based on the data, the Fremont entered the canyon during a period of high precipitation, and left during drought conditions. However, grain size data did not follow the same trend, and therefore is not an accurate proxy for paleoprecipitation within the canyon. Additionally, based off of spikes in Al, Y, and Ti, a potential location of the Mazama eruption within the core was found. While this data cannot be confirmed without the presence of volcanic glass, the fact that the concentration of yttrium is fifty times higher in this location than anywhere else in the core indicates a sudden depositional event, such as from a volcanic eruption. Finally, the two chemostratigraphies of the sediment core as a whole were positively correlated. The level of positive correlation among individual elements varied, but this difference is probably derived from differences in scanning methodology. Therefore, overall the results indicate that portable XRF data is accurate and repeatable. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………….……………..iii .LIST OF FIGURES………………………….…………………………………….…….vii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………ix INTRODUCTION…………………….…………………………………………………..1 Objectives …………………….…….…………….….….……….............……......2 Background and Theoretical Framework....……………………..………………...3 SITE DESCRIPTION…..……...…………………………………..……………….……10 Geology…………………………………………………………...……….……..10 Modern Climate………………..……………………………………………...…11 Past Populations…………………..……….…………..…………………………12 METHODS……………………………….……………………………………...………14 Fieldwork………………………….……………………………….……….…....14 Previous Lab Work………………….……………..…………………………….14 Lab Work……….……..…………….…………………………………………...15 RESULTS…………………………….……………………………………………....….20 BSB14A Correlation and Principle Component Analysis………….…..….....…..20 Lateral Heterogeneity Between BSB14A and BSB09B…………....…………….22 Stratigraphy of Weathering Indices and Element Ratios…………….……...........23 Grain Size Analysis………………….….....……………………………………..25 Ti Comparison to Pollen Based Climate Reconstructions…..............................…26 Element Ratio and Grain Size Comparison to Pollen Data…………………….....27 Tephra Identification……………………………………………………………..28 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………….……..…….44 BSB14A Correlation…………………………………………..............................44 Lateral Heterogeneity of BSB14A and BSB09B………………..…………..……45 Ti as a Proxy for Precipitation…………………………….…….………...….…..47 Vegetation and Sediment Influx……………………………………………....….48 Stratigraphy of Weathering Indices and Element Ratios…………………..……..49 Precipitation During Fremont Occupation of Range Creek Canyon…….….…….51 XRF as a Means to Identify Cryptotephra….…………………………….…..…...51 CONCLUSION...………………………………………………………………………...55 REFERENCES………………………………………………………..…………………58 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Map of Crater Lake, Oregon, and Mazama eruption tephra extent……………..……...9 2. Map of Range Creek Canyon, Utah…………………….…………..….…………..…13 3. Age-depth model for Billy Slope Bog, Utah…………..………….……..……..…......19 4. Principle component analysis versus depth for BSB14A ...…………………..............30 5. Principle component analysis biplot of BSB14A ……………..……………………...31 6. Lateral heterogeneity of BSB14A and BSB09B………………….…….…………….32 7. K/Al, Al/Si, Ca/(Ti+Fe+Al), and CIA stratigraphy for BSB14A………….……….....33 8. A-CN-K diagram for BSB14A ……........................................................…………....34 9. Grain size fluctuation for BSB14A ……………………………………….………….35 10. Stratigraphies of Al, Ti, Y, Mn, and Si in BSB14A………….………………………36 11. Comparison of weathering indices and element ratios to pollen based climate reconstructions …………………………………………...………………….………37 LIST OF TABLES 1. Correlation Analysis for Multiple Scans of BSB14A…………………….……….....37 2. Summary Statistics for BSB14A…….…………………………...……………..........38 3. Summary Statistics for BSB09B……….………………………....…….……………39 4. Difference in Average Between BSB09B and BSB14A……………..……...………..40 5. Correlation Coefficients Between BSB09B and BSB14A………….………………...41 6. Correlation Coefficients Between Individual Meters of BSB09B and BSB14A..........41 7. Correlation Matrix for Pollen and Detrital Elements Comparison……………...........42 8. P-Values for Pollen and Detrital Elements Comparison…………………….…..........42 9. Mazama Ash Elemental Concentrations...……………………………………………43 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Dr. Andrea Brunelle for her support both as an advisor and a friend. Additionally, thanks to Dr. Brenda Bowen and Dr. Simon Brewer for being a part of my committee and helping me with this project. Thanks to Isaac Hart for doing charcoal and pollen analysis on BSB09B, without him this project would not have been possible. Thanks must also go to Dr. Barbara Nash for her assistance in processing and analyzing tephra samples. I also have to thank my fellow RED labbers because I’ve learned so much from them regarding both paleoclimates and cats. A special thanks to my mom and dad for supporting me even though they effectively had no idea what I was doing, but trusting that I would figure it out. Thanks to my loving boyfriend for mental stability, and also, my roommate Alyssa Hynes for providing emotional support. Thanks to the staff at Range Creek for the opportunity to work on this project and helping me with fieldwork. Thanks to the Global Change and Sustainability center for funding the first year of my graduate career, and thanks to the University of Utah Geography Department for funding my second. Last but not least, thank you to Dr. Bruce Kaiser for teaching me how to use the x-ray fluorescence spectrometer and for all his help along the way. INTRODUCTION For over a decade, anthropologists working at Range Creek Canyon field station have been interested in understanding how prehistoric Fremont culture responded to paleoenvironmental change (Rittenour, Coast, & Metcalfe, 2014). In particular, researchers seek to confirm whether or not the departure of the Fremont from Range Creek Canyon in the 12th century was climate related, such as from an extended period of drought (Kloor, 2007). One way to determine what living conditions for the Fremont people were like, and why they may have left, is to determine the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate of Range Creek Canyon. By reconstructing the conditions in which the Fremont people lived, the circumstances behind their departure will also become clearer. Many studies by University of Utah faculty and colleagues have taken place in Range Creek Canyon. These projects center on environmental reconstruction and include archeological excavations, analysis of alluvial profiles, bog sediment analysis, and tree-ring chronology. However, attempts to create a cohesive age model for environmental events in Range Creek Canyon through accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) have been problematic due to interference from old carbon deposits. Therefore, alternative methods must be employed to refine the region’s chronology. The focus of my research is the examination of a sediment core taken from Billy Slope Bog, a wetland spring within Range Creek Canyon, using elemental analysis. Elemental analysis is the quantification of the amount and type of molecular elements in a 2 sample. The specific method of elemental analysis used for this study is x-ray fluorescence (XRF) from a portable Bruker Tracer III-SD pXRF Spectrometer. X-ray fluorescence measures the energy spectrum from the photoelectric fluorescence of secondary x-rays
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