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The Rhetoric of Neo-Orientalism: the Perpetuation of Ideological Entanglements for Pakistan Firasat Jabeen Clemson University, [email protected]

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The Rhetoric of Neo-Orientalism: the Perpetuation of Ideological Entanglements for Pakistan Firasat Jabeen Clemson University, Firasat.Jabeen@Fulbrightmail.Org Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations May 2019 The Rhetoric of Neo-Orientalism: The Perpetuation of Ideological Entanglements for Pakistan Firasat Jabeen Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Jabeen, Firasat, "The Rhetoric of Neo-Orientalism: The eP rpetuation of Ideological Entanglements for Pakistan" (2019). All Dissertations. 2386. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2386 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RHETORIC OF NEO-ORIENTALISM: THE PERPETUATION OF IDEOLOGICAL ENTANGLEMENTS FOR PAKISTAN A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Rhetorics, Communication, and Information Design by Firasat Jabeen May 2019 Accepted by: Dr. Cynthia Haynes, Committee Chair Dr. Todd May Dr. Cameron Fae Bushnell Dr. Mashal Saif ABSTRACT This research is a re-imagination of Edward Said’s landmark scholarship Orientalism from a Pakistani perspective. The study focuses on the construction and creation of ideologies positioned in mass media (both US and Pakistani) messages. In doing so, I consider Edward Said’s Orientalism as a set of two distinctive theories: (i) the theory of representation, and (ii) the theory of power. For the former, I study the production and promotion of ideologies in the representation of events and case studies. These case studies include: (i) the Malala Yousafzai case (2012), (ii) the US Drone Strikes case (2010), (iii) the Daniel Pearl case (2002), and (iv) the Raymond Davis case (2011). Employing the methodology of critical discourse analysis, I study the American newspapers’ stereotypical portrayals of Pakistan that depicts the country as a place that is backward, overtaken by benightedness, and civilizationally inferior. For the latter, I study the ideology of English language supremacy in Pakistan through the critical discourse analysis of newspaper advertisements. Here, I study this ideological dominance by examining repressive and ideological apparatuses in Pakistan. The core of my thesis is that the phenomena of imperialism and exploitation is also replicated within a nation wherein those within the circle of power and privileges tend to exploit/exclude marginalized groups, thus, rendering them as ‘others.’ Essentially, I study how language works in the frameworks of power. This research project entails consideration from multiple perspectives: rhetoric, media studies, cultural and critical studies, postcolonial theory, and rhetorical analysis and criticism, among others. ii DEDICATION To my mother, father, and husband who have significantly shaped me! iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to say my special thanks to Cynthia Haynes for detailed readings of earlier drafts of this dissertation; for her constant support and unending guidance; and her countless help on my presentation papers, publishable papers, and mentoring me throughout my research. My thanks to Todd May for his helpful suggestions and many generous readings. I owe special thanks to Cameron Bushnell for many beneficial discussions and constructive feedback, and to Mashal Saif for her deep and critical questions. I want to express my gratitude for my friends Nathan Riggs, Eda Ozyesilpinar, and Eric Stephens, with whom I shared (besides sharing office suite) my sufferings, hardships, and research experiences. I have similar feelings for my friends Data Tolentino-Canlas, and Dina Septiani, who were (and still are) a great source of hope and comfort for me throughout my PhD journey and especially during my proposal and dissertation defense. I have great respect for Victor Vitanza for always believing in me and making me a part of the wonderful RCID family. I want to express my thanks to Bryan Denham who helped me in sampling techniques for this study that made this research more systematic and structured. I want to say thanks to Camille Cooper in the Clemson library for her help and support. My special thanks for Clemson library’s interlibrary loan office, especially Renna, Erika, and Jamal who were always there to help me whenever I needed books/other material from outside the state, country, and even the continent. In addition, I am grateful to the Library of Congress (LoC) in Washington DC for providing me useful data, particularly microfilm reels that I have used in this study. I cannot find words to express my love and gratitude for each and every person in the RCID family; they gave me utmost love and respect, and above all beautiful memories that I’ll carry and cherish for the rest of my life. I am immensely grateful to the Fulbright program for making my PhD dream real. iv Lastly, I have immense respect and love for my parents, Ammi and Abu, who missed my absence the most in five PhD years and never forgot to pray for my success; my children, Ali and Izzah, for their patience during the tiring journey of PhD, and for bringing joy, love, care, and comfort in my life; my loving husband, Saleem Abbas, for his friendship, kindness, respect, love, thoughtfulness, and a never ending support in every endeavor of my life. v TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………………. .i ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………...ii DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………………………. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………………iv LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………1 CHAPTER 2: INTERNAL ORIENTALISM: THE COLONIAL LEGACY LASTS UP TO THE PRESENT!............................................................................................................17 PAKISTAN’S STRATIFIED EDUCATION SYSTEM AND THE PREDICAMENT OF ENGLISH …..........................................................................................................................23 ENGLISH—A DILEMMA, A SOURCE OF POLARIZATION ……………………..........27 REPRESSIVE APPARATUSES—CONSOLIDATING POWER THROUGH THE APPROPRIATION OF ENGLISH…………………………………………......…...……….30 THE IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUSES—AN ANALYSIS OF SCHOOL ADVERTISEMENTS……………………………………………………………...………...42 A SHIFT IN THE STUDY OF LINGUISTIC DISENFRANCHISEMENT: GROWING CONCERNS ON EXTREMISM ………………………………………….……..................61 CHAPTER 3: THE REFLECTIONS OF ORIENTALISM FOR POST 9/11 PAKISTAN………………………………………………………………………………….68 STUDIES ON MALALA YOUSAFZAI AND DRONE STRIKES IN PAKISTAN….........71 THE SELECTION OF NEWSPAPERS …………………………………………………….78 SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION...……………………………………….82 COVERAGE OF THE NEW YORK TIMES...……………………………………………….82 vi COVERAGE OF THE NATION …………………………............…………………………88 COVERAGE OF THE WALL STREET JOURNAL …………..…………………………….95 COVERAGE OF DAILY TIMES ………………………………….........………………….100 CONCLUSION …………….………………………………………………………………104 CHAPTER 4: ORIENTALISM REVISITED: THE PORTRAYALS OF THE DANIEL PEARL CASE AND THE RAYMOND DAVIS CASE…………………………………108 SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION …………………………………….…123 COVERAGE OF THE NEW YORK TIMES ………………………………….........………123 COVERAGE OF THE WALL STREET JOURNAL ……………………………………….129 COVERAGE OF DAWN ………………………………………………...…………………134 COVERAGE OF JANG ……………………......…………………………………...……...140 CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………………….145 CHAPTER 5: THE RHETORIC OF NEWSPAPER EDITORIALS AND COLUMNS ……………………................................................................................................................147 THE SELECTION OF NEWSPAPERS …………………………………………………...157 SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ……………………...……………...158 OPINION ARTICLES IN THE NEW YORK TIMES …………………….……………….158 OPINION ARTICLES IN THE WALL STREET JOURNAL ……………………………...166 OPINION ARTICLES IN DAWN ………………………………………...……………….172 OPINION ARTICLES IN THE NATION ……………………………………….…………180 CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………………189 WORKS CITED ……………………………………………………………...…………...194 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Govt. Girls High School: English Medium ………………………...………...…45 Figure 2. Lahore Grammar School Advertisement ……………………...…….………......47 Figure 3. Beaconhouse Advertisement ………………………………...……….…........…49 Figure 4. Karachi Grammar School Advertisement …………………………...………...…50 Figure 5. Froebels Advertisement …………………………………………...………….….52 Figure 6. Root School Advertisement ……………………………………………………... 53 Figure 7. Army Burn Hall College Advertisement …………………………………………55 Figure 8. Army Burn Hall College Advertisement II ……………………………………….57 Figure 9. PAF College Advertisement …………………………………………………...….58 viii LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 3: Table 1. An overview of news articles on two case studies………………………...82 Table 2. Coverage by the New York Times ……………………………………...….83 Table 3. Coverage by The Nation …………………………………………………88 Table 4. Coverage by the Wall Street Journal …………………………………….95 Table 5. Coverage by Daily Times ……………………………………………….100 CHAPTER 4: Table 1. An overview of news stories in four newspapers ………………………….122 Table 2. Coverage by the New York Times …………………………………………123 Table 3. Coverage by the Wall Street Journal ……………………………………...129 Table 4. Coverage by Dawn …………………………………………………...……134 Table 5. Coverage by Jang ……………………………………………………...…...140 CHAPTER 5: Table 1. Op-eds by the New York Times ………………………………………...…….158 Table 2. Op-eds by the Wall Street Journal …………………………………………...166
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