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Innovative Applications of Typography Ancient African Typographic Symbols in Contemporary Publication Design
Typography in Publication Design Innovative applications of Typography Ancient African Typographic Symbols in Contemporary Publication Design Sophia Oduol, Limkokwing University of Creative Technology, Lesotho, [email protected] Key words: typography, iconology, Ancient African symbols, deciphering and transformation 1. Introduction The awareness of the power of typography in communication can be traced back to the earliest civilizations of mankind when production of type was through scratch marks made on flat surfaces using sharp objects. Twentieth century records show well developed type from Mesopotamia, Chinese calligraphy, Egyptian Hieroglyphics and Phoenician alphabet. How do you make any sense of history, art or literature without knowing the stories and typography of your own culture and all the world's main religions? Polly Toynbee (1947). Contemporary typography is significant because it brings attention to civilization within the African continent. African countries have type and symbols that have been used to communicate written messages. Many of these remain undiscovered by the mainstream theorists. Saki Mafundikwa in his book ‘afrikan alphabets’, has made presentations on African letterforms, and he continues to unearth innovative and little understood symbols. This paper aims to explore how the Ancient African iconology has been reborn in to contemporary typography and is used in today’s publishing. The study is placed in the context of the history, meaning, deciphering and transformation of Typography. A conceptual framework is constructed, based on critical theory from arts disciplines, notably from the history of African Iconography from the Igbos and the Adinkra. This paper also finds that typography has now transformed into informal, colloquial icons, where everyday published communiqué can occur through signs rather than speaking. -
Hearsay in the Smiley Face: Analyzing the Use of Emojis As Evidence Erin Janssen St
St. Mary's Law Journal Volume 49 | Number 3 Article 5 6-2018 Hearsay in the Smiley Face: Analyzing the Use of Emojis as Evidence Erin Janssen St. Mary's University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.stmarytx.edu/thestmaryslawjournal Part of the Civil Procedure Commons, Courts Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Evidence Commons, Internet Law Commons, Judges Commons, Law and Society Commons, Legal Remedies Commons, and the State and Local Government Law Commons Recommended Citation Erin Janssen, Hearsay in the Smiley Face: Analyzing the Use of Emojis as Evidence, 49 St. Mary's L.J. 699 (2018). Available at: https://commons.stmarytx.edu/thestmaryslawjournal/vol49/iss3/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the St. Mary's Law Journals at Digital Commons at St. Mary's University. It has been accepted for inclusion in St. Mary's Law Journal by an authorized editor of Digital Commons at St. Mary's University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Janssen: Analyzing the Use of Emojis as Evidence COMMENT HEARSAY IN THE SMILEY FACE: ANALYZING THE USE OF EMOJIS AS EVIDENCE ERIN JANSSEN* I. Introduction ............................................................................................ 700 II. Background ............................................................................................. 701 A. Federal Rules of Evidence ............................................................. 701 B. Free Speech and Technology ....................................................... -
MATE MASIE (Mah-Teh’ Mah-See’-Eh)
MATE MASIE (mah-teh’ mah-see’-eh) The Ancestorhood of Nana Yao (Dr. Bobby E. Wright) ODWIRAFO KWESI RA NEHEM PTAH AKHAN Short Glossary of terms: Afuraka/Afuraitkait (Ah’-foo-rah-kah’/Ah’-foo-rah-ette’-kah-ette’): Ra (Rah) and Rait (Rah-ette’) are the Creator and Creatress of the world. Together They function as One Divine Unit---The Great Spirit of the Supreme Being. When moving through matter (Afu), during the process of Creation, They take on the titles: Afu Ra and Afu Rait. In the language of ancient Keneset and Kamit (ancient Nubia and Egypt), Afuraka/Afuraitkait is the male/female name of the first landmass or continent of Earth. These male and female names literally mean the Ka (land, hill) of Afu Ra (the Creator) and the Kait (land, hill) of Afu Rait (the Creatress). These titles are over 40,000 years old. Afuraka is the original pronunciation of the english corruption “Africa”. Afurakani (African--male) Afuraitkaitnit (African--female) Afurakanu (Africans--male) Afuraitkaitnut (Africans--female) Trustory [troo’-stoh-ree(true-story; trust-ory/trust-worthy story)]: A true and accurate account of past events. Trustorical; trustorically. For more details please see our book: AFURAKA/AFURAITKAIT – The Origin of the term ‘Africa’ www.odwirafo.com/nhoma.html Copyright © by Odwirafo Kwesi Ra Nehem Ptah Akhan, 13,004 (2004), 13015 (13014). 1 Preface The Akan (ah-kahn’) people live primarily in the West Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) countries of Ghana and Ivory Coast. As one of the largest biological-cultural (ethnic) groups existing in the region for centuries, the Akan population suffered great losses as many Akanfo (Akan people) were taken from their homelands during the Mmusuo Kese (‘Great Misfortune’---the Enslavement era). -
Emoji Article
20 Headnotes l D allas B ar A s s o c iatio n A pr il 2019 Do You Speak Emoji? District of Michigan determined that uses of emojis as evidence came dur- used by the plaintiffs in emails and BY CAROL PAYNE AND TERAH MOXLEY an emoticon—a “-D,” which the court ing a 2015 trial involving Silk Road, self-assessments as evidence that the It all started with a . Throw in a viewed as a wide open-mouth smile— an online black market. In that case, plaintiffs did not subjectively believe , , , , , and a and two would- “did not materially alter the meaning the federal district judge presiding over their working conditions were abusive. be renters in Tel Aviv found themselves of a text message” included in an affi- the trial sustained an objection by the So, what does all this mean? For on the wrong side of a judgment in davit in support of a search warrant. defense after the prosecutor read text one thing, employers should have favor of a landlord who took a vacant Conversely, in a 2014 opinion from messages without mentioning smiley- strong electronic communications apartment off the market based on a Michigan appellate court, a similar face emojis contained in the messages. policies that explicitly cover symbols enthusiastic text messages he received emoticon—“:P”—sank a defamation The judge instructed the jury that it like emojis and emoticons (and even from the prospective tenants. After the case brought by a public official. In should take note of any such symbols GIFs, hashtags, and memes). -
An Analysis of Factors Influencing Transmission of Internet Memes of English-Speaking Origin in Chinese Online Communities
ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 969-977, September 2017 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0805.19 An Analysis of Factors Influencing Transmission of Internet Memes of English-speaking Origin in Chinese Online Communities Siyue Yang Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China Abstract—Meme, as defined in Dawkins' 1976 book 'The Selfish Gene', is "an idea, behaviour or style that spreads from person to person within a culture". Internet meme is an extension of meme, with the defining characteristic being its spread via Internet. While online communities of all cultures generate their own memes, owing to the colossal amount of content in English and the long & widespread adoption of Internet across all strata of society in English-speaking countries, the vast majority of high-impact and well-documented memes have their origin in English-speaking communities. In addition to their spread in the original culture sphere, some of these prominent memes have also crossed the cultural boundaries and entered the parlance of Chinese Internet communities. This paper seeks to give a brief introduction to Internet memes in general, and explore the factors that control and/or facilitate a meme’s ability to enter Chinese communities. Index Terms—Internet meme, cross-cultural communication, Chinese Internet I. INTRODUCTION Internet meme, an extension of the term "meme" first coined by Richard Dawkins (1976) in his work The Selfish Gene (p. 192), refers to the unique form of meme that spreads through the Internet. Internet memes in their various forms currently enjoy substantial popularity among Internet users all around the globe, and are flourishing and becoming increasingly entrenched in the mainstream culture of all the disparate societies in this connected world. -
Redalyc.Defining and Characterizing the Concept of Internet Meme
CES Psicología E-ISSN: 2011-3080 [email protected] Universidad CES Colombia Castaño Díaz, Carlos Mauricio Defining and characterizing the concept of Internet Meme CES Psicología, vol. 6, núm. 2, julio-diciembre, 2013, pp. 82-104 Universidad CES Medellín, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=423539422007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista CES Psicología ISSN 2011-3080 Volumen 6 Número 1 Enero-Junio 2013 pp. 82-104 Artículo de investigación Defining and characterizing the concept of Internet Meme Definición y caracterización del concepto de Meme de Internet Carlos Mauricio Castaño Díaz1 University of Copenhagen, Dinamarca. Forma de citar: Castaño, D., C.M. (2013). Defining and characterizing the concept of Internet Meme. Revista CES Psicología, 6(2),82-104.. Abstract The research aims to create a formal definition of “Internet Meme” (IM) that can be used to characterize and study IMs in academic contexts such as social, communication sciences and humanities. Different perspectives of the term meme were critically analysed and contrasted, creating a contemporary concept that synthesizes different meme theorists’ visions about the term. Two different kinds of meme were found in the contemporary definitions, the meme-gene, and the meme- virus. The meme-virus definition and characteristics were merged with definitions of IM taken from the Internet in the light of communication theories, in order to develop a formal characterization of the concept. -
MIAMI UNIVERSITY the Graduate School
MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Bridget Christine Gelms Candidate for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ______________________________________ Dr. Jason Palmeri, Director ______________________________________ Dr. Tim Lockridge, Reader ______________________________________ Dr. Michele Simmons, Reader ______________________________________ Dr. Lisa Weems, Graduate School Representative ABSTRACT VOLATILE VISIBILITY: THE EFFECTS OF ONLINE HARASSMENT ON FEMINIST CIRCULATION AND PUBLIC DISCOURSE by Bridget C. Gelms As our digital environments—in their inhabitants, communities, and cultures—have evolved, harassment, unfortunately, has become the status quo on the internet (Duggan, 2014 & 2017; Jane, 2014b). Harassment is an issue that disproportionately affects women, particularly women of color (Citron, 2014; Mantilla, 2015), LGBTQIA+ women (Herring et al., 2002; Warzel, 2016), and women who engage in social justice, civil rights, and feminist discourses (Cole, 2015; Davies, 2015; Jane, 2014a). Whitney Phillips (2015) notes that it’s politically significant to pay attention to issues of online harassment because this kind of invective calls “attention to dominant cultural mores” (p. 7). Keeping our finger on the pulse of such attitudes is imperative to understand who is excluded from digital publics and how these exclusions perpetuate racism and sexism to “preserve the internet as a space free of politics and thus free of challenge to white masculine heterosexual hegemony” (Higgin, 2013, n.p.). While rhetoric and writing as a field has a long history of examining myriad exclusionary practices that occur in public discourses, we still have much work to do in understanding how online harassment, particularly that which is gendered, manifests in digital publics and to what rhetorical effect. -
Exploring the Utility of Memes for US Government Influence Campaigns
Exploring the Utility of Memes for U.S. Government Influence Campaigns Vera Zakem, Megan K. McBride, Kate Hammerberg April 2018 Cleared for Public Release DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. D RM-2018-U-017433-Final This document contains the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the sponsor. Distribution DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. SPECIFIC AUTHORITY: N00014-16-D-5003 4/17/2018 Request additional copies of this document through [email protected]. Photography Credit: Toy Story meme created via imgflip Meme Generator, available at https://imgflip.com/memegenerator, accessed March 24, 2018. Approved by: April 2018 Dr. Jonathan Schroden, Director Center for Stability and Development Center for Strategic Studies This work was performed under Federal Government Contract No. N00014-16-D-5003. Copyright © 2018 CNA Abstract The term meme was coined in 1976 by Richard Dawkins to explore the ways in which ideas spread between people. With the introduction of the internet, the term has evolved to refer to culturally resonant material—a funny picture, an amusing video, a rallying hashtag—spread online, primarily via social media. This CNA self-initiated exploratory study examines memes and the role that memetic engagement can play in U.S. government (USG) influence campaigns. We define meme as “a culturally resonant item easily shared or spread online,” and develop an epidemiological model of inoculate / infect / treat to classify and analyze ways in which memes have been effectively used in the online information environment. Further, drawing from our discussions with subject matter experts, we make preliminary observations and identify areas for future research on the ways that memes and memetic engagement may be used as part of USG influence campaigns. -
Internet Memes and Desensitization by Barbara Sanchez, University of Florida HSI Pathways to the Professoriate, Cohort 2
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 Published January 2020 Internet Memes and Desensitization By Barbara Sanchez, University of Florida HSI Pathways to the Professoriate, Cohort 2 Abstract: Internet memes (IMs) have been used as a visual form of online rhetoric since the early 2000s. With hundreds of thousands now in circulation, IMs have become a prominent method of communication across the Internet. In this essay, I analyze the characteristics that have made IMs a mainstay in online communication. Understanding the definitions and structures of IMs aid in explaining their online success, especially on social platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter. I use these understandings as a basis from which to theorize how both the creative process in making IMs and the prominence of IMs that utilize images of originally violent or sensitive contexts may relate to existing research correlating violent media and desensitization. The use of these images often involves a disconnection from their original contexts in order to create a new and distinct— in many cases irrelevant— message and meaning. These IMs, in turn, exemplify the belittlement of distress depicted in such images—often for the sake of humor. This essay’s main goal is to propose a new theoretical lens from which to analyze the social and cultural influences on IMs. The greater purpose of this essay is not to devalue Internet memes nor to define them in narrow terms nor to claim there is any causal relationship between Internet memes and societal desensitization. Rather, I am proposing a new lens through which to further study Internet memes’ social effects on online users’ conceptions of violence and/or sensitive topics. -
The Language of Internet Memes
9 Te Language of Internet Memes Patrick Davison In Te Future of the Internet—and How to Stop It, Jonathan Zittrain describes the features of a generative network. A generative network encour- ages and enables creative production and, as a system, possesses leverage, adaptability, ease of mastery, accessibility, and transferability.1 Notably absent from this list of characteristics, however, is security. Many of the character- istics that make a system generative are precisely the same ones that leave it vulnerable to exploitation. Tis zero-sum game between creativity and secu- rity implies a divided Internet. Tose platforms and communities which value security over creativity can be thought of as the “restricted web,” while those that remain generative in the face of other concerns are the “unrestricted web.” Te restricted web has its poster children. Facebook and other social net- working sites are growing at incredible speeds. Google and its ever-expand- ing corral of applications are slowly assimilating solutions to all our com- puting needs. Amazon and similar search-based commerce sites are creating previously unimagined economies.2 Metaphorically, these sites, and count- less others, make up the cities and public works of the restricted web. How- ever, the unrestricted web remains the wilderness all around them, and it is this wilderness that is the native habitat of Internet memes. Te purpose of this essay is twofold. Te frst is to contribute to a frame- work for discussing so-called Internet memes. Internet memes are popular and recognizable but lack a rigorous descriptive vocabulary. I provide a few terms to aid in their discussion. -
Rave-Culture-And-Thatcherism-Sam
Altered Perspectives: UK Rave Culture, Thatcherite Hegemony and the BBC Sam Bradpiece, University of Bristol Image 1: Boys Own Magazine (London), Spring 1988 1 Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………...……… 7 Chapter 1. The Rave as a Counter-Hegemonic Force: The Spatial Element…….…………….13 Chapter 2. The Rave as a Counter Hegemonic Force: Confirmation and Critique..…..…… 20 Chapter 3. The BBC and the Rave: An Agent of Moral Panic……………………………………..… 29 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 37 Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 39 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 50 2 ‘You cannot break it! The bonding between the ravers is too strong! The police and councils will never tear us apart.’ In-ter-dance Magazine1 1 ‘Letters’, In-Ter-Dance (Worthing), Jul. 1993. 3 Introduction Rave culture arrived in Britain in the late 1980s, almost a decade into the premiership of Margaret Thatcher, and reached its zenith in the mid 1990s. Although academics contest the definition of the term 'rave’, Sheila Henderson’s characterization encapsulates the basic formula. She describes raves as having ‘larger than average venues’, ‘music with 120 beats per minute or more’, ‘ubiquitous drug use’, ‘distinctive dress codes’ and ‘extensive special effects’.2 Another significant ‘defining’ feature of the rave subculture was widespread consumption of the drug methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MDMA), otherwise known as Ecstasy.3 In 1996, the government suggested that over one million Ecstasy tablets were consumed every week.4 Nicholas Saunders claims that at the peak of the drug’s popularity, 10% of 16-25 year olds regularly consumed Ecstasy.5 The mass media has been instrumental in shaping popular understanding of this recent phenomenon. The ideological dominance of Thatcherism, in the 1980s and early 1990s, was reflected in the one-sided discourse presented by the British mass media. -
A STUDY of WRITING Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu /MAAM^MA
oi.uchicago.edu A STUDY OF WRITING oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu /MAAM^MA. A STUDY OF "*?• ,fii WRITING REVISED EDITION I. J. GELB Phoenix Books THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS oi.uchicago.edu This book is also available in a clothbound edition from THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TO THE MOKSTADS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada Copyright 1952 in the International Copyright Union. All rights reserved. Published 1952. Second Edition 1963. First Phoenix Impression 1963. Printed in the United States of America oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE HE book contains twelve chapters, but it can be broken up structurally into five parts. First, the place of writing among the various systems of human inter communication is discussed. This is followed by four Tchapters devoted to the descriptive and comparative treatment of the various types of writing in the world. The sixth chapter deals with the evolution of writing from the earliest stages of picture writing to a full alphabet. The next four chapters deal with general problems, such as the future of writing and the relationship of writing to speech, art, and religion. Of the two final chapters, one contains the first attempt to establish a full terminology of writing, the other an extensive bibliography. The aim of this study is to lay a foundation for a new science of writing which might be called grammatology. While the general histories of writing treat individual writings mainly from a descriptive-historical point of view, the new science attempts to establish general principles governing the use and evolution of writing on a comparative-typological basis.