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Home , Prudence Crandall, Slave Power

US HISTORY, December 3 • Entry Task: Give an example when WORDS can be considered dangerous. • Announcements: –Please take out your notes from yesterday. –Test – next WEDNESDAY (fill out your study guide!!!)

David Walker

• Born to a free African American woman in North Carolina • He witnessed cruelty towards slaves, particularly runaways

 By 1825, he settled in Boston, Massachusetts in a thriving black community – owned a clothing store  He wrote for “Freedom’s Journal”  Died at age 33 in 1830 (consumption or murder?)  Edwin Walker – 1866 – 1st African American elected to Massachusetts legislature

Predict: what was the reaction?

• By fellow free African Americans? • By slaves? • By abolitionists? • By slave holders?

Nat Turner’s Rebellion - 1831

• At least 56 slaveowners are killed in this slave rebellion, led by Nat Turner (joined by about 40 other slaves) Where is David Walker on this spectrum? terrorist revolutionary civil disobedient ------

Target ordinary Target police & Disobey unjust people; military forces; laws, not all laws; Violence seen Non-violent & Non-violence as necessary violent means necessary

Covert action; Covert action; Open action; Avoid punishment Avoid capture Accept penalties

• There are 313 documented slave uprisings in US History Questions to answer about your READING

• Describe the leader/person’s background. • What was the origin and plan for resistance/revolt/runaway? • Were the slaves able to carry out their plan? If not, why not? If so, describe the circumstances. • What was the result of this resistance?

Slavery under attack within • The slave resisted a number of ways – Broke tools – Ran away – Intentionally destroyed crops – Feigned illness – Helped others to escape – Did as little work as possible – Stole food – Bought themselves out of slavery – committed arson. • Arson, next to theft, was the most common slave crime/form of resistance.

Murder as Resistance • Both masters and • "September, 1861. [Reading a letter] from Mary Witherspoon, and I broke down; horror and overseers were amazement was too much for me. Poor cousin Betsey Witherspoon was murdered! She did not die targets. peacefully in her bed, as we supposed, but was murdered by her own people, her Negroes. . . • Mary Chesnut's .Horrible beyond words!. . .The men who went to Society Hill (the Witherspoon home) have come again diary gives a case with nothing very definite. William and Cousin Betsey's old maid, Rhody, are in jail; strong suspicion of poisoning from but as yet no proof of their guilt. The neighborhood is within her own in a ferment. Evans and Wallace say these Negroes ought to be burnt. Lynching proposed! …. Hitherto I family, and tells of have never thought of being afraid of Negroes. I had never injured any of them; why should they want to the implications as hurt me? Two thirds of my religion consists in trying to be good to Negroes, because they are so in our they struck her and power, and it would be so easy to be the other thing. her friends. Somehow today I feel that the ground is cut away from under my feet. Why should they treat me any better than they have done Cousin Betsy Witherspoon?" Rebellions

• Armed • Armed with words – Gabriel Prosser – David Walker – Denmark Vesey – Maria Stewart – Nat Turner – Sojourner Truth – John Brown’s Raid – Fredereck Douglass – Harriet Tubman – Underground Railroad – Seminoles Questions to answer about your READING

• 1800 – Richmond, Virginia • Suppressed: Violent Storm halted the revolt – how do you think whites viewed this storm?

• ca 1775-1800 • July 1822 – Charleston, SC • “Men must not only be dissatified; they must be so dissatisfied that they will act” • Conspiracy was betrayed by a house slave

• ca 1767-1822 • 1831 – Southampton County, VA • 55 men, women, & children killed • After rebellion, Nat Turner hid in a cave – hundreds executed • Eventually, Turner was captured & hung • Slave holders - God was no longer protecting slave holders - paranoia US HISTORY, December 4 • Entry Task: Let’s finish up the rebellion/revolt/runaway examples! • Announcements: – Please take out your study guide – does everyone have one?? – Test – next WEDNESDAY – I’m in the process of updating grades – do you have: Jackson Essay, Alamo notes, Mex- American War timeline, and Manifest Destiny Write turned in??? Questions to answer about your READING

• Harriet Tubman was not only a leader of the Underground Railroad she was a spy for the Union Army. • “You will be free, or you will die.” Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad • Led over 300 slaves to freedom. • Field hand in Maryland – Her father taught her to chop wood and split rails, and other lessons for survival in the woods. • Made 19 trips back and forth between North and South to lead slaves to freedom. • 1856 - $40,000 reward for her capture

• The Underground • This a map of some of Railroad was a series of the “stops.” safe houses.

An estimated 100,000 people escaped by the Underground Railroad

• The Gage Home, a stop for many runaways on the Underground Railroad. Erastus Farnham House – Fremont, Indiana This 45-foot long tunnel connects the Milton House basement to the cellar of the Goodrich log cabin behind it - IL - “Conductor” ==== leader of the escape - “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves - “Tracks” ==== routes - “Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves - “Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

• 1848 – Escaped to freedom • Ellen, light-skinned, dressed up as William’s owner • Their story was made public as a remarkable and romantic escape • An abolitionist activist, she wrote “Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl” • Published her work under name “Linda Brent” Ad offering a reward for the capture of Harriet Jacobs. American Beacon ( Norfolk Virginia), July 4, 1835 • 1813 – Harriet is born in NC • 1819 – Harriet’s mother died and she realizes that she is a slave • 1828 – Dr. Flint, Harriet’s owner, tries to exploit her • 1831 – Harriet has a daughter with Mr. Sands • 1835 – Harriet goes into hiding • 1842 – Harriet escapes to the North • 1844-45 – Her children join her • 1852 - $300 paid for freedom • 1853 – Harriet begins to write about her experiences The Desperation of the Runaway

• Margaret Garner, a fugitive slave, trapped near Cincinnati, killed her own daughter and tried to kill herself. • "She rejoiced that the girl was dead – 'now she would never know what a woman suffers as a slave‘ – and pleaded to be tried for murder. 'I will go singing to the gallows rather than be returned to slavery."' • Source for Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved The Desperation of the Runaway

Thomas Satterwhite Noble’s 1867 painting, Margaret Garner John Brown – 1859 Harper’s Ferry, Virginia

Arguments Against Slavery

• Economically – Slavery hinders progress – America = beacon of progress • British Empire = Freed slaves by Act of Parliament in 1833, France in 1794, brought back, then again 1848 • Immorality - Moral suasion – Slavery is cruel and unjust and deprived people of natural and unalienable rights - a national sin – No man should have ownership over another man – affects both slaves and masters, for example, it encouraged sexual immorality & destroys the family Stanford Prison Experiment • The Lucifer Effect – how good people turn evil (Zimbardo) • There were many results, but perhaps the most important was simply this: The simulation became so real, and the guards became so abusive, that the experiment had to be shut down after only 6 days rather than the two weeks planned. • With a little nudge…perhaps we would all become tyrants??? • Teens who BULLY their peers are four times more likely than nonbullies to be convicted of crimes by age 24, with 60 percent of bullies having at least one criminal conviction. Anti-Slave Arguments

Leg Irons

Slave ID Tag

Slave muzzle Concern of abolitionists: Slavery degrades the sexuality of both slaves and masters (and both male and female slaves) – HARRIET JACOBS

Frederick Douglass’s Accounts

• Reflecting on his childhood, recalled the floggings and torture of many rebellious women. • His cousin was horribly beaten as she unsuccessfully resisted an overseer's sexual attack. Frederick Douglass – 1852 speech • “What! Am I to argue that it is wrong to make men brutes, to rob them of their liberty, to work them without wages, to keep them ignorant of their relations to their fellow men, to beat them with sticks, to flay their flesh with the last, to load their limbs with irons, to hunt them with dogs, to sell them at auction, to sunder [break apart] their families, to knock out their teeth, to burn their flesh, to starve them into obedience and submission to their masters? Must I argue that a system thus marked with blood and stained with pollution is wrong? No; I will not. I have better employment for my time and strength than such arguments would imply. No, I will not… The time for such arguments is past.” Arguments Against Slavery

• Irony of Slavery – Slavery vs. American dream – “all men are created equal” hypocrisy – “If Slavery is not wrong, then nothing is wrong.” – Abraham Lincoln • Racism – Africans and their descendents were humans, and are therefore brothers • Gradual vs. Immediate – Pennsylvania – 1780 (gradual – last slave freed in 1847) Most gradual – future children or after a certain date/# of years – Massachusetts – 1783 (“instant”) Why do you think many Northerners opposed abolition? Public Response to Abolitionism • Initial (Northern) public responses to the radical abolitionists were insults, ridicule, and violence. • In 1836, Garrison was dragged through the streets of Boston by a lynch mob and saved only when a A proslavery mob in Cincinnati attacks huge teamster the offices of abolitionist James pulled him into a Birney’s anti-slavery weekly, The wagon and took Philanthropist. Illustration from The him to jail for Anti-Slavery Record, Vol. 2, No. 9 shelter. (September 1836) Arthur and Lewis Tappan • In 1834, a mob broke in the house, threw furniture out into the street, then burned it. • The next year an unnamed person advertised a $100,000 reward to the person who would deliver the dead bodies of the Tappans to any slave state. • Tappan was burned in effigy, attacked in the press, unable to purchase insurance for either himself or his possessions, and sent crude warnings in the mail ranging from pieces of rope to a slave's ear. • For protection, Tappan carried only a copy of the New Testament in his breast pocket.

A pro-slavery mob attacks a warehouse holding the presses of abolitionist editor and minister Elijah P. Lovejoy; Lovejoy was killed.

Public Response to Abolitionism • Northern businesses depended on good trade with the South – cotton for weaving – and feared that abolitionism would ruin trade. • Abolitionists were

flogged, tarred-and- And in the South, the “Gag feathered, shunned, Rule” was in effect – it was and even lynched by illegal to speak against Northern mobs. slavery in any way. Maria Weston Chapman • Called "Captain Chapman" for assertive personality. • A member of the Boston Female Anti- Slavery Society, famed for her calm response amidst an 1835 riot in Boston when abolitionists were attacked with the Leading the women out of the intent of lynching the surrounded building, she spoke to speakers and burning the crowd so movingly that the hall down. several men in the mob wept and the mob agreed to disperse. •On the following night, the second night of speeches, the mob surrounded the Pennsylvania Hall and burned it to the ground. Prudence Crandall • Quaker educator who opened a school for African American girls in CT in 1833. • Citizens of the town were outraged: – refused to supply school with food, – barred students from attending local churches, When the school accepted – threatened to prosecute the children of runaways, students for vagrancy and Crandall was arrested pauperism. under a 'black law" which – well stopped up with prohibited teaching out-of- carcasses dead animals. state black students.

Prudence Crandall • Finally, after year and a half of struggle, when the school had been burned and she had been dragged out and beaten, Crandall closed the school for the safety of the girls. • Although Crandall continued to write antislavery poetry and prose, she left CT for frontier Kansas.

Analyze the photo (next slide) – write down 3 observations – and inferences (what does this show/mean?). The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villanies! HOW do you get rid of SLAVERY? Difficult Questions/Issues: • Colony in Liberia? (back to Africa – 1,400) Canada? Appalachian Mountains? • Gradual Emancipation? • Compensation for slave owners? • Through political or more radical means? Non-violent vs. Violence • What were options for 3-4 million newly freed people?

Pro-Slavery Arguments

• Economical – Stability – “King Cotton” • Historical – Slavery “enabled” founding of the republic – 4/5 of our first Presidents were slave-holders – Comparisons to slave-holding Great Civilizations from the past = engine of wealth, empires – Dangerous to abruptly intervene in evolution of human institutions

Pro-Slavery Arguments

• Biblical: – Curse of Ham (Canaan) – Christ never spoke against it – Instructions were given to treat slaves with justice and fairness (many early Christians were slaves to the Romans) – Human institutions, are by definition, flawed – Guilty slave owners – slavery is a “Necessary Evil” – try to do God’s work by improving slavery

Pro-Slavery Arguments

• Sociological – All men are not created equal – keeping order as it is (it’s “natural” for people were born to prescribed stations in life) – Paternalism – Fitzhugh, “Negro is but a grownup child…master…place of parent or guardian” – “Cradle to Grave” social security vs. pauper slavery – Slaves were “content”

Pro-Slavery Arguments

• Political: – Balance Freedom with Order/Tradition – States’ Rights – a political philosophy advocating that the Federal gov’t is merely a compact b/t the states, nullification (SC – John C. Calhoun) – Abolitionism is dividing the nation • Constitutional: – Private Property – Dred Scott Case

STATES’ RIGHTS is to the Civil War as NATURAL RIGHTS is to the American Revolution The “RIGHT” that the seceding states hoped to preserve was the “right” to own slaves. Mississippi’s Declaration of Secession Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery - the greatest material interest of the world. Its labor supplies the product, which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. These products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has been long aimed at the institution, and was at the point of reaching its consummation. There was no choice left us but submission to the mandates of abolition, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin.

David Walker 1785-1830 • Born free in 1785 in Wilmington, NC – witnessed slavery • Author, abolitionist, activist • Tailor by trade, ‘an abolitionist by calling’ • Moved to Boston in 1827 • Wrote “David Walker’s Appeal” – Offer of $10,000 to bring him to the South alive • Advocated violence to end slavery American Antislavery Society • Founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833. • WLG demanded immediate end to slavery and to colonization. – Blacks and whites could live together in peace to the benefit of both. • The Liberator, Garrison’s newspaper, founded in 1831, continued to be leading vehicle for radical thought through 1860s. Arthur and Lewis Tappan

• Helped to form the first Anti-Slavery Society in New York and founded Oberlin College (open to white and black students) • Helped the Amistad Africans’ defense and the Underground RR • Did NOT support women’s leading roles in abolitionist movement Maria W. Stewart • One America's first black women political writers – African American Female Intelligence Society • In 1832, in Boston, she mounted lecture platform to speak to assembled crowd of men and women, white and black – the first woman to give a public lecture on slavery to mixed audience • Pamphlet: Religion and the Pure Principles of Morality (1831) Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

1845  The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass (autobiography) 1847  “The North Star” (newspaper) R2-12 Frederick Douglass 1817-1895 • Born into slavery - "broken in body, soul, and spirit“ - and escaped in 1838 • Abolitionist who embraced integration • An articulate spokesperson for African American rights • "I would unite with anybody to do right and with nobody to do wrong." Sojourner Truth (1787-1883) or Isabella Baumfree

1850  The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10 Angelina Grimke • Angelina Grimke’s "Appeal to Christian Women of the South," and "Appeal to Women of Nominally Free States" • Theme of both appeals: – sisterhood of black and white women – "The female slaves are our country women, they are our sisters; & to us as women, they have a right to look for sympathy with their sorrows and effort and prayer for their rescue." Harriet Tubman

• Harriet Tubman was not only a leader of the Underground Railroad, she was also a spy for the Union Army. • Nicknamed, “Moses of her people” Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896)

“So this is the little lady who wrote the book that started the Civil War.” -- Abraham Lincoln Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852 Sold 300,000 copies in the first year, 2 million in a decade! Spoiler Alert: Simon Legree, orders the $1200 slave savagely beaten (to death) by two fellow slaves, “Here, Sambo, Quimbo, give this dog such a breakin’ in as he won’t get over, this month!” Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852 John Brown • John Brown, a well known abolitionist, planned a slave uprising that was “crazy as it was audacious.” • He led a gang of people against Harper’s Ferry. His force was quickly apprehended and he was brought to trial and hung. • Before his death he spoke eloquently about the evils of slavery. Was Lincoln an Abolitionist?

• You ask me to put in writing the substance of what I verbally said the other day, in your presence…: “I am naturally anti-slavery. If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong. I can not remember when I did not so think, and feel. And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling. It was in the oath I took that I would, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States…” • From 4th Lincoln/Douglas Debate, 1858

“I will say then that I am not, nor ever have been in favor of bringing about in anyway the social and political equality of the white and black races - that I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people; and I will say in addition to this that there is a physical difference between the white and black races which I believe will forever forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality. And inasmuch as they cannot so live, while they do remain together there must be the position of superior and inferior, and I, as much as any other man, am in favor of having the superior position assigned to the white race.“ • From Lincoln’s Published Response to Horace Greeley, 1862

“My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union. I shall do less whenever I shall believe what I am doing hurts the cause, and I shall do more whenever I shall believe doing more will help the cause.” Abolitionism • In the early 19th century, some Americans (and Europeans) began to call for an end to slavery, and for the return of African slaves to Africa (ex.: Liberia) • The Generation born after 1800: much more radical in their call to end slavery • This generation of abolitionists would accept no gradualism, and argued that slavery had destroyed the political fabric of America at every level. Changes in Abolitionism after 1850

• In the 1830s, to be an abolitionist was a very dangerous occupation. • By 1850, however, the antislavery movement had become more respectable. • More people joined as: – Northerners feared “Slave Power” – The abolitionist movement succeeded in converting Christian men and women to the cause. Abolitionism • Women were active primarily because they took seriously the role of society's moral guardian – Part of the “cult of domesticity” – and outcome of the Second Great Awakening • Large numbers of women were active in the abolitionist movement, which leads to women’s rights movement Women usually far outnumbered the number of men in the audience, as in this 1845 Cazenvoia, New York, antislavery convention.

Executive Board of the Pennsylvania Antislavery Society, 1851 Strategies used to Advocate Against Slavery • Anti-slavery Advocates created local anti-slavery societies • Gave Testimony – publicized horrors of slavery • Called meetings, created lecture tours • Drafted and Distributed newspapers and pamphlets with propaganda • Raised funds • Boycotted goods made from slave labor • Petitions • Wore/distributed Anti-sIavery Iconography & Propaganda

• http://melbarger.com/Civil_War_Necessary.ht ml