Interpet the Emancipation Proclamation
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Senate the Senate Met at 10 A.M
E PL UR UM IB N U U S Congressional Record United States th of America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 117 CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION Vol. 167 WASHINGTON, THURSDAY, JUNE 17, 2021 No. 106 Senate The Senate met at 10 a.m. and was appoint the Honorable JACKY ROSEN, a Sen- INFRASTRUCTURE called to order by the Honorable JACKY ator from the State of Nevada, to perform the duties of the Chair. Mr. SCHUMER. Madam President, on ROSEN, a Senator from the State of Ne- another issue, infrastructure, despite a vada. PATRICK J. LEAHY, President pro tempore. consensus in Washington that America f needs more investment in our infra- Ms. ROSEN thereupon assumed the PRAYER structure, it has been decades since Chair as Acting President pro tempore. Congress passed a stand-alone bill to The Chaplain, Dr. Barry C. Black, of- f address the issue. This Congress is fered the following prayer: RESERVATION OF LEADER TIME working hard to remedy that fact. Let us pray. As I have repeated, discussions about Eternal God, although we cannot see The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem- infrastructure are moving forward You with our eyes or touch You with pore. Under the previous order, the along two tracks. One is bipartisan, our hands, we have experienced the re- leadership time is reserved. and the second deals with components ality of Your might and majesty. Every f of the American jobs and families plan, time we hear a newborn baby cry or which we will consider even if it lacks touch a leaf or see the sky, we know RECOGNITION OF THE MAJORITY LEADER bipartisan support—though, I would why we believe. -
Reconstruction What Went Wrong?
M16_UNGE0784_04_SE_C16.qxd 1/25/10 11:39 AM Page 355 16 Reconstruction What Went Wrong? 1863 Lincoln announces his Ten-Percent Plan for reconstruction 1863–65 Arkansas and Louisiana accept Lincoln’s conditions, but Congress does not readmit them to the Union 1864 Lincoln vetoes Congress’s Wade–Davis Reconstruction Bill 1865 Johnson succeeds Lincoln; The Freedmen’s Bureau overrides Johnson’s veto of the Civil Rights Act; Johnson announces his Reconstruction plan; All-white southern legislatures begin to pass Black Codes; The Thirteenth Amendment 1866 Congress adopts the Fourteenth Amendment, but it is not ratified until 1868; The Ku Klux Klan is formed; Tennessee is readmitted to the Union 1867 Congress passes the first of four Reconstruction Acts; Tenure of Office Act; Johnson suspends Secretary of War Edwin Stanton 1868 Johnson is impeached by the House and acquitted in the Senate; Arkansas, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Florida, and Louisiana are readmitted to the Union; Ulysses S. Grant elected president 1869 Woman suffrage associations are organized in response to women’s disappointment with the Fourteenth Amendment 1870 Virginia, Mississippi, Texas, and Georgia are readmitted to the Union 1870, 1871 Congress passes Force Bills 1875 Blacks are guaranteed access to public places by Congress; Mississippi redeemers successfully oust black and white Republican officeholders 1876 Presidential election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel J. Tilden 1877 Compromise of 1877: Hayes is chosen as president, and all remaining federal troops are withdrawn from the South By 1880 The share-crop system of agriculture is well established in the South 355 M16_UNGE0784_04_SE_C16.qxd 1/25/10 11:39 AM Page 356 356 Chapter 16 • Reconstruction n the past almost no one had anything good to say about Reconstruction, the process by which the South was restored to the Union and the nation returned to peacetime pursuits and Irelations. -
American Abolitionists and the Problem of Resistance, 1831-1861
From Moral Suasion to Political Confrontation: American Abolitionists and the Problem of Resistance, 1831-1861 James Stewart In January, 1863, as warfare raged between North and South, the great abolitionist orator Wendell Phillips addressed an enormous audience of over ten thousand in Brooklyn, New York. Just days earlier, President Abraham Lincoln, in his Emancipation Proclamation, had defined the destruction of slavery as the North’s new and overriding war aim. This decision, Phillips assured his listeners, marked the grand culmination “of a great fight, going on the world over, and which began ages ago...between free institutions and caste institutions, Freedom and Democracy against institutions of privilege and class.”[1] A serious student of the past, Phillips’s remarks acknowledged the fact that behind the Emancipation Proclamation lay a long history of opposition to slavery by not only African Americans, free and enslaved, but also by ever- increasing numbers of whites. In Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Brazil and Surinam, slave insurrection helped to catalyze emancipation. Abolition in the United States, by contrast, had its prelude in civil war among whites, not in black insurrection, a result impossible to imagine had not growing numbers of Anglo-Americans before 1861 chosen to resist the institution of slavery directly and to oppose what they feared was its growing dominion over the nation’s government and civic life. No clearer example of this crucial development can be found than Wendell Phillips himself. 1 For this reason his career provides a useful starting point for considering the development of militant resistance within the abolitionist movement and its influence in pushing northerners closer first, to Civil War, and then to abolishing slavery. -
"A House Divided": Speech at Springfield, Illinois (16 June 1858)
Voices of Democracy 6 (2011): 23‐42 Zarefsky 23 ABRAHAM LINCOLN, "A HOUSE DIVIDED": SPEECH AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS (16 JUNE 1858) David Zarefsky Northwestern University Abstract: Abraham Lincoln's "House Divided" speech was not a prediction of civil war but a carefully crafted response to the political situation in which he found himself. Democrat Stephen Douglas threatened to pick up Republican support on the basis that his program would achieve their goals of stopping the spread of slavery into the territories. Lincoln exploded this fanciful belief by arguing that Douglas really was acting to spread slavery across the nation. Key words: Lincoln, slavery, territories, conspiracy, house divided, Douglas, Kansas‐Nebraska Act, Dred Scott decision, popular sovereignty The speeches for which Abraham Lincoln is best known are three of his presidential addresses: the First and Second Inaugurals and the Gettysburg Address. They are masterpieces of style and eloquence. Several of his earlier speeches, though, reflect a different strength: Lincoln's mastery of political strategy and tactics. His rhetoric reveals his ability to reconcile adherence to principle with adaptation to the practical realities he faced and the ability to articulate a core of beliefs that would unite an otherwise highly divergent political coalition. A strong example of discourse which demonstrates these strengths is the "House Divided" speech that Lincoln delivered on June 16, 1858 as he accepted the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate seat from Illinois that was held by Stephen A. Douglas. This speech is most remembered for Lincoln's quotation of the biblical phrase, "A house divided against itself cannot stand." What did these words mean? They might be seen as a prediction that the Union would be dissolved or that there would be civil war, but Lincoln explicitly denied that that was what he meant. -
Four Roads to Emancipation: Lincoln, the Law, and the Proclamation Dr
Copyright © 2013 by the National Trust for Historic Preservation i Table of Contents Letter from Erin Carlson Mast, Executive Director, President Lincoln’s Cottage Letter from Martin R. Castro, Chairman of The United States Commission on Civil Rights About President Lincoln’s Cottage, The National Trust for Historic Preservation, and The United States Commission on Civil Rights Author Biographies Acknowledgements 1. A Good Sleep or a Bad Nightmare: Tossing and Turning Over the Memory of Emancipation Dr. David Blight……….…………………………………………………………….….1 2. Abraham Lincoln: Reluctant Emancipator? Dr. Michael Burlingame……………………………………………………………….…9 3. The Lessons of Emancipation in the Fight Against Modern Slavery Ambassador Luis CdeBaca………………………………….…………………………...15 4. Views of Emancipation through the Eyes of the Enslaved Dr. Spencer Crew…………………………………………….………………………..19 5. Lincoln’s “Paramount Object” Dr. Joseph R. Fornieri……………………….…………………..……………………..25 6. Four Roads to Emancipation: Lincoln, the Law, and the Proclamation Dr. Allen Carl Guelzo……………..……………………………….…………………..31 7. Emancipation and its Complex Legacy as the Work of Many Hands Dr. Chandra Manning…………………………………………………..……………...41 8. The Emancipation Proclamation at 150 Dr. Edna Greene Medford………………………………….……….…….……………48 9. Lincoln, Emancipation, and the New Birth of Freedom: On Remaining a Constitutional People Dr. Lucas E. Morel…………………………….…………………….……….………..53 10. Emancipation Moments Dr. Matthew Pinsker………………….……………………………….………….……59 11. “Knock[ing] the Bottom Out of Slavery” and Desegregation: -
William Cooper Nell. the Colored Patriots of the American Revolution
William Cooper Nell. The Colored Patriots of the American ... http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/nell/nell.html About | Collections | Authors | Titles | Subjects | Geographic | K-12 | Facebook | Buy DocSouth Books The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution, With Sketches of Several Distinguished Colored Persons: To Which Is Added a Brief Survey of the Condition And Prospects of Colored Americans: Electronic Edition. Nell, William Cooper Funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities supported the electronic publication of this title. Text scanned (OCR) by Fiona Mills and Sarah Reuning Images scanned by Fiona Mills and Sarah Reuning Text encoded by Carlene Hempel and Natalia Smith First edition, 1999 ca. 800K Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1999. © This work is the property of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It may be used freely by individuals for research, teaching and personal use as long as this statement of availability is included in the text. Call number E 269 N3 N4 (Winston-Salem State University) The electronic edition is a part of the UNC-CH digitization project, Documenting the American South. All footnotes are moved to the end of paragraphs in which the reference occurs. Any hyphens occurring in line breaks have been removed, and the trailing part of a word has been joined to the preceding line. All quotation marks, em dashes and ampersand have been transcribed as entity references. All double right and left quotation marks are encoded as " and " respectively. All single right and left quotation marks are encoded as ' and ' respectively. -
The Pennsylvania State University the Graduate School College of The
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts CITIES AT WAR: UNION ARMY MOBILIZATION IN THE URBAN NORTHEAST, 1861-1865 A Dissertation in History by Timothy Justin Orr © 2010 Timothy Justin Orr Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2010 The dissertation of Timothy Justin Orr was reviewed and approved* by the following: Carol Reardon Professor of Military History Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Director of Graduate Studies in History Mark E. Neely, Jr. McCabe-Greer Professor in the American Civil War Era Matthew J. Restall Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of Colonial Latin American History, Anthropology, and Women‘s Studies Carla J. Mulford Associate Professor of English *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT During the four years of the American Civil War, the twenty-three states that comprised the Union initiated one of the most unprecedented social transformations in U.S. History, mobilizing the Union Army. Strangely, scholars have yet to explore Civil War mobilization in a comprehensive way. Mobilization was a multi-tiered process whereby local communities organized, officered, armed, equipped, and fed soldiers before sending them to the front. It was a four-year progression that required the simultaneous participation of legislative action, military administration, benevolent voluntarism, and industrial productivity to function properly. Perhaps more than any other area of the North, cities most dramatically felt the affects of this transition to war. Generally, scholars have given areas of the urban North low marks. Statistics refute pessimistic conclusions; northern cities appeared to provide a higher percentage than the North as a whole. -
A Slave Power Conspiracy 7 with What They Style the Pro-Slavery Party
6 Alexander H. Stephens A Slave Power Conspiracy 7 with what they style the Pro-Slavery Party. No greater miustice question of Slavery, in the Federal Councils, from the beginning, could be doue auy public men, aud no greater violence be done to was not a contest between the advocates or opponents of that the truth of History, thau such a classification. Their opposition to peculiar Institution, but a contest, as stated befor,, _\:>et.we,n the that measure, or kindred subsequent ones, sprung from no attach §J!J2pOrters of a strictly Federative Government, on the m:i:e.. sid�, __ and ment to SJavery; but, as Jefferson's, Pinckney's aud Clay's, from ...a. thQroughly National one, on the other. their strong convictions that the Federal Government had no right It is the object of this work to treat of these opposing prin ful or Constitutional control or jurisdiction over such questions; ciples, not only in their bearings upon the minor questipn of Slavery, aud that no such action, as that proposed upon them, could be as it existed in the Southern States, aud on which they were bronght taken by Congress without destroying the elementary aud vital into active collision with each other, but upon others (now that this principles upon which the Government was founded. element of discord is removed) of far more transcendent importance, By their acts, they did not identify themselves with the Pro looking to the great future, and the preservation of that Constitu Slavery Party (for, in truth, no such Party had, at that time, or at tional Liberty which is the birthright of every American, as well as auy time in the History of the Country, auy organized existence). -
Chapter 14 Multiple-Choice Questions
Chapter 14 Multiple-Choice Questions 1a. Correct. In his presidential campaign, one of Polk’s slogans was “Fifty-four Forty or Fight.” However, since war with Mexico seemed imminent, Polk was ultimately willing to accept the 49th parallel as Oregon’s northernmost boundary in order to avoid a two-front war with Great Britain and Mexico. See page 234. 1b. No. Polk gained widespread support in his presidential campaign through the use of the expansionist slogan “Fifty-four Forty or Fight.” Therefore, in light of Polk’s election, it was quite possible that a large segment of the American people would have supported a war with Great Britain over the Oregon Territory. See page 234. 1c. No. Public disclosures by the Senate did not cause President Polk to accept British offers concerning the Oregon boundary. See page 234. 1d. No. Had the British accepted all of the American demands, there would have been no need for a negotiated settlement. By the settlement, the United States accepted the 49th parallel (rather than 54° 40´) as Oregon’s northernmost boundary and agreed to perpetual free navigation of the Columbia River by the Hudson’s Bay Company. See page 234. 2a. No. Although the expression of concern by Whigs that President Polk had engineered the war with Mexico demonstrates a fear of presidential power, no such fear was expressed in relation to the gag rule. See page 236. 2b. No. Those who opposed the Mexican War and the gag rule did not charge that “subversive foreign influence” was behind these acts. See page 236. -
Orange County Celebrates Juneteenth Continued from Front Page
ullerton bserver FFULLERTON’S ONLY INDEPENDENT NEWS • Est.1978O • YEAR 43 #12 • JULY 2021 Submissions: [email protected] • Call: (714) 525-6402 • Daily Stories at: www.fullertonobserver.com Orange County Celebrates Juneteenth by Jesse La Tour After President Biden signed new leg- islation this month making Juneteenth (June 19) a federal holiday, several cele- brations took place in Orange County. Juneteenth (also called Jubilee Day, Black Independence Day, and Emancipation Day) commemorates the emancipation of enslaved African Americans. Originating in Galveston, Texas, it has been celebrated annually in the United States since 1866. This year on June 19, celebrations took place in Santa Ana, Anaheim, and Costa Mesa. Fourth District OC Supervisor Doug Chaffee hosted a Juneteenth Celebration at Anaheim Community Center Park featuring games, live music, booths, and free COVID-19 vaccinations. Julie Bennett, Karen Robinson, Lolia Washington, and Wellington Bennett at a Juneteenth Celebration in Anaheim. PHOTO BY GASTON CASTELLANOS. See Juneteenth, Page 2 CITY COUNCIL FUNDS MUSEUM Arboretum CENTER FOR PARTIAL YEAR Reopens by Matthew Leslie Except for a fundraiser exhibit last fall, the Museum has not been open to The Fullerton Arboretum at Cal State Following months of uncertainty the public since March 2020 when Fullerton will reopen July 7 with sum- PRESORTED PRESORTED about its future, the Fullerton Museum COVID-19 restrictions forced its clo- POSTAGE PAID PAID POSTAGE STANDARD U.S. STANDARD mer hours. It has been closed since FULLERTON CA FULLERTON PERMIT NO. 1577 PERMIT Center has received enough funding to sure. The Council voted to defund the spring 2020 due to the COVID-19 pan- operate on a reduced schedule through Museum in the annual City budget it demic. -
The Journal of the British Balloon Museum & Library
Charity Registration Number 281331 TraiIssuelNo. 9r8 Sproing 2015 pe The Journal of The British Balloon Museum & Library www.britishballoonmuseum.org.uk 1 E D I T O R I A L C O N T E N T S Ian Comely has been the Editor of Trailrope for over ten years, and has Chairmans column 3 produced 42 editions. That is more than any other previous Pegasus & its unusual burner 4 Trailrope editor. Having introduced a colour cover, and other innovations, First Hot air balloon flight his Trailropes could now become in Italy 4 collectable ? The British Balloon La Flesselle, the biggest balloon 5 Museum & Library He has done a superb job Correspondence 6 He has also found that his work is taking up more and more of his time, The First Balloon Flight in North President and it was very sad to receive his America 7 Robin Batchelor resignation. Vice Presidents I know you will all join me in thanking Thaddeus SC Lowe 8 Mike Allen, David Liddiard, Don Ian for all his incredible work over the Piccard, Peter Sadler and Renee years, he even managed to get some The BBAC is 50 years old 10 Thornton. ballooning in! RAF Museum Hendon 11 Chairman He is a hard act to follow, and I will Richard d’Alton do my best for this edition. Who Enquiries & letters 11 [email protected] knows what will happen in the future. Telephone; 01665 714777 Captain Frederick Bidmead 12 Thank you Ian. Vice Chairman Arno Sieger 13 Dr Giles Camplin I hope you like the new look to [email protected] Trailrope. -
Prof. Thaddeus Lowe
2 0 1 7 Prof. Thaddeus Lowe Father of Lincoln’s flying spies, Founder of the Civil War Balloon Thaddeus Sobieski Constantine Lowe was an American Civil War aeronaut, scientist and inventor, mostly self-educated in the fields of chemistry, meteorology, and aeronautics, and the father of military aerial reconnaissance in the United States. By the late 1850s he was well known for his advanced theories in the meteorological sciences as well as his balloon building. Among his aspirations were plans for a transatlantic flight. Lowe's scientific endeavors were cut short by the onset of the American Civil War. He recognized his patriotic duty in offering his services as an aeronaut for the purposes of performing aerial reconnaissance on the Confederate troops on behalf of the Union Army. Intrepid is one of the first balloons Portable Hydrogen Gas Generator Inflating Balloon used for observation Thaddeus Lowe, one of the first and best known aeronauts for the Union army, rises from the ground in Intrepid, the largest balloon in the Federal inventory. This photograph, taken on May 31, 1862, near Fair Oaks, Virginia, shows Lowe standing in the basket beneath his inflat- ed balloon. Union soldiers below are holding onto the tethers that keep Lowe's balloon from drifting away. Thaddeus Lowe was reportedly quite the self-promoter. He regularly invited photographers and journalists to visit his camp and to see his balloons in action. It didn't hurt that Lowe en- sured that his camp was stocked with the best food and ample forage for visiting horses. Nevertheless, information gathered from Union balloons during the Seven Days campaign was sought after by Army of the Potomac generals.