g/« AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE vo, 20, N„. 7 JO U RNAL Jr"'1943 A from Home CONTENTS

JULY, 1945

Cover Picture Amalfi, Italy Contributed by the Hon. J. C. Grew

The Quartermaster Corps Delivers the Goods.... 337 By Ruth C. Carll

Official Text of the Proposals for the Reform of the British Foreign Service 341

Holland “Keeps ’Em Flying” 345

Naming of the Liberty Ships 349

Editors’ Column 350

News from the Department 351 By Jane Wilson

News from the Field 354

The Bookshelf 356 's Francis C. de Wolf, Review Editor

Address by Mr. Justice Roberts Before the Finest Hotel American Society of International Law, May 1, 1943 358 ■ Favorite meeting place of For¬ eign Service men in the Nation’s Argentina and All That 360 Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ By Richard Ford partment of State. Convenient to all points of interest in Washing¬ Service Glimpses 363 ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous food. Coffee Shop. Gay Cocktail Educational Facilities for Foreign Service Chil¬ Lounge. Air Conditioned in the dren 364 summer. Visitors 387 (TlnvFumiER Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ WASHINGTON, D. C. tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as C. J. MACK, General Manager second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879.

JULY, 1943 333 No Passport Needed! ROYAL SCARLET FINE FOODS Recognized Everywhere For Fine Quality Since 1811

Don't you agree that the reputation behind a food product offers a sound buying guide? R. C. Williams & Company (distributor of Royal Scarlet Foods) has a reputation for fine quality that goes back 131 years ... further than any other food wholesaler in . How was that reputation won? By making certain that every package carrying our label meets the highest standards of quality. Over a period of years, it has been our privilege to serve many Embassies, Consulates and Legations throughout the world. Our knowledge of the details incidental to this type of trade enables us to offer the most complete type of service . . . under all conditions. You are invited to investigate — no obligation whatsoever. Your inquiry or order will receive special attention when sent to:

EXPORT DEPARTMENT R. C. WILLIAMS & CO., Inc. 25th STREET and 10th AVENUE NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.

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334 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL INDEX FOR ADVERTISERS

American Security and Trust Company 365

American Tobacco Company. 376

Association of Pacific Fisheries 387

Calvert School 388

Chase National Bank __ 387

Curliss-Wright 385

Federal Storage Company t , 369

Firestone Tire and Rubber Co 336

Goodyear _■ . 367

Grace Line 368

Glide’s _ , . 388

International Telephone & Telegraph Co...... 381

Leggett, Francis C. & Co

Liggitt & Myers Tobacco Co 383

Mayflower Hotel 333

Montgomery Ward _ : 335 Today, more than ever, it is important to select your National City Bank — 374 source with extreme care. Dependability, permanency National Geographic Magazine 371 and responsibility, coupled with products of modern de¬ sign and sound values are no doubt the guiding factors Pan-American Airways, Inc. 379 in the selection of each of your sources. Concentrate your dealings in Montgomery Ward and be assured of Schenley Products , II & III COVERS these basic advantages. Procure all your varied require¬ Security Storage Company of Washington 365 ments from this Strong Central Source of Supply. Wards have been in business 71 years —in the export Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc 378 business 57 years. This great corporation has produc¬ Texaco Petroleum Products.— _. 1 375 tion alliances with many leading industries — a constant research and engineering program —huge annual oper¬

Tyner, Miss E. J. i j. E 387 ations to effect better products, competitively priced. Representative of profitable lines available to you today United Fruit Company 386 at Montgomery Wards are: United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company 386 Farm Equipment Sound Equipment Automotive Products Sporting Goods Waldorf-Astoria Hotel ; ...IV COVER Tools and Hardware Electrical Goods Building Supplies House Furnishings Westinghou.se Electric International Co. ... 373 Paints and Enamels Dinner and Glassware For information write or cable Montgomery Ward. Williams, R. C., & Co., Inc ... 334

MONTGOMERY WARD

Please mention THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL EXPORT DIVISION CHICAGO, U. S. A. when writing to advertisers.

JULY, 1943 335 UPORT TO SY!iTHETIC RUBElt

TWENTY years ago, Harvey S. Firestone said synthetic rubber, called Butaprene, the same “Americans should produce their own type that was later adopted by the Government. rubber.” That statement started a chain of In 1942, Firestone became the FIRST company events that changed the course of history. to produce synthetic rubber in a Government- After a world-wide survey of areas where rubber owned plant and this same plant later became could be grown under American control and the FIRST to produce synthetic rubber using protection, Firestone established rubber Butadiene made from grain alcohol. plantations in the West African republic of Naturally, with this unsurpassed record of Liberia — one of the few sources from which experience, Firestone has been a pioneer and our country still gets natural rubber. leader in developing new and exclusive methods Working with his close personal friend, for processing synthetic rubber and these have Thomas A. Edison, he investigated many types been made available without royalty to the of domestic plants as possible sources of rubber Government and to the rubber industry. and pioneered the study and development of Today, Firestone is making many widely- synthetic rubber products. diversified wartime products with Butaprene. As a result of these years of research, Firestone And, based on progress and development to built in 1933 the FIRST synthetic rubber date, indications are that thousands of products airplane tires for our armed forces. In 1940, not even thought of today or now being Firestone built synthetic rubber passenger car fabricated from other materials will soon be tires in its factory at the New York World’s made with BUTAPRENE—the marvelous new Fair and began the production of its own Firestone synthetic rubber.

FIRESTONE SYNTHETIC RUBBER FIRESTONE SYNTHETIC , RUBBER PRODUCTS FOR WARTIME PRODUCTS FOR PEACETIME TIRES, TU8ES, REPAIR MATERIALS SEADROME BUOYS. TIRES.TUBES, REPAIR MATERIALS SEADROME BUOYS'. BUTAPRENE AND CAMELBACK lor All Types AND CAMELBACK for Military RAINCOATS, Water-Repellent Clolh. Vehicles end Aircraft. RAINCOATS. Water-Repellent Clolh. of Passenger Cars. Trucks, Buses, Tractors, Aircraft, Motorcycles. MECHANICAL RUBBER GOODS for BARRAGE BALLOONS. THE MARVELOUS NEW •MECHANICAL RUBBER GOODS lor WRINGER ROLLS. All Types of Passenger Cars. GAS MASKS. All Types of Military antf Essenlial PACKAGING MATERIALS. Trucks, Buses, Tractors, Aircraft, Civilian Vehicles and Aircraft, BULLET-SEALING FUEL CECLS. SEALING STRIPS for Windows, Motorcycles, including Motor including Motor Mountings, Doors. Hatches, Port Holes, etc. Mountings, Bumpers, Fan Belts. TRACK BLOCKS AND BOGIE Bumpers, Fan Belts, Hose, Hose, Gaskets and Many Other FABRICS, THREAD. SHEETING for ROLLERS for Army Tanks and Products. Gaskets and Other Products. Drapes, Curtains and Garments. Hall-Tracs. INFLATABLE B0ATS> RAFTS, LATEX PRODUCTS including .Seal \ INFLATABLE BOATS, RAFTS, LATEX PRODUCTS including Crash Tire$foitt PONTONS, LIFE BELTS and Cushions, Mattresses and for j PONTONS. LIFE BELTS and Pads, Seat Cushions and Other Flotation Pioducts. Other Upholstery Uses. i Other Cushioning Equipment Other Flotation Products. SYNTHETIC RUBBER Copyright, 1943. The Firestone Tire & Bubber Co; ■ . THE

FOREIGN JOURNAL tn PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION Vh

VOL. 20, NO. 7 WASHINGTON, D. C. JULY, 1943

The Quarter master Corps Delivers the Goods

By RUTH C. CARLL

TODAY’S war has lifted the Army’s Quarter¬ plastic industry that it was impossible to produce master Corps from the realm of the purely prac¬ heavy-wall, hollow items with an aperture consider¬ tical, and given it problems that have challenged ably smaller than the cross section of the article. the Corps’ ingenuity and imagination. The brilliant Refusing to accept this theory, the Quartermaster results are ample evidence of America’s inventive found a molder willing to experiment. The result genius. Past wars have followed a somewhat pre¬ is a plastic canteen almost two ounces lighter than scribed pattern. This was is like no other, in that the old aluminum canteen. Filled with water it each “front” has had its own particular problems, will withstand a ten-foot drop to a concrete floor each peculiar to its own locale. at room temperature. It will withstand a six-foot The needs of the civilian living in far places are drop after being subjected to a temperature of 20 different from those of the soldier fighting in far degrees below zero, Fahrenheit, for two hours, and places. Faced with the task of feeding, clothing it will resist the action of water, coffee, lemonade, and equipping our soldiers, the Quartermaster Corps alcoholic beverages, milk, and any other fluids for soon found that much of what it needed did not which it might be used. Even though aluminum exist. Consequently, it was necessary to devise, will be available again, it is doubtful if the Army design, and manufacture the equipment that would canteen will revert. The substitute has qualities keep our fighting men well and comfortable. The that are lacking in the original. list of such items is legion, and from them will A recently completed study of Quartermaster come many ideas to influence our post-war living. items, adopted since the beginning of the war, In many instances substitute materials have proved reveals an amazingly wide range of articles, extend¬ to be practical and better than the original. ing from tiny can openers to circus tents. The Probably the most striking example of this sub¬ Corps constantly faces procurement problems that stitution is the plastic canteen. When it became never arose in other conflicts, but clever designing apparent that the aircraft industry would need most and developing have eased the task of keeping the of the country’s available aluminum, the Quarter¬ 1943 soldier happy and efficient. master Corps began immediately to find a substitute A barber kit is supplied to men overseas where for the aluminum canteen, which had been standard professional barbers are not available. It contains equipment since 1910. Through the cooperation of everything but hair lotion and barber chair! Beard- a large manufacturer, a plastic material was de¬ clippers are issued to soldiers in cold climates where veloped and shaped by an entirely new method of shaving is a hazard because it is necessary to clip molding. It had long been the contention of the to prevent icicles from forming in the whiskers.

JULY, 1943 337 The Mountain Trooper eats wherever he happens to be. 3^#

strength, plus a natural water-repellancy, which, in combination with the wind-resistant quality, repre¬ sent a vast improvement over former garments. As a result of this “layer” arrangement of cotton and ; ' wool, ample warmth plus freedom of movement is provided in parkas, jackets and gloves. mr Following many mountain tests, the ski and moun¬ tain has been greatly improved. Its tongue and last have been redesigned and the boot now can be used interchangeably for marching, skiing, or mountain climbing. In appearance it resembles the old boot, being made of heavy, fairly water- resistant leather, and having a grooved heel and double sole. But it is so made that no seam is placed over the small toe, where pressure, with 9 %

338 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The fabric top is cool but serves the same purpose the Jersey City Quartermaster Depot have perfected of protecting the leg from leeches and thorns. It is cans and bags composed of kraft paper and asphalt easily washed and cleaned. laminated to lead with bond paper and heat-sealing Landing operations soon demonstrated the need lacquer. Black plate tops and bottoms are used on for a rifle cover, and the Quartermaster Corps was the cans. By this means approximately 75% of the not long in providing it. Troops that may be called critical metal is eliminated. The new material is upon to engage in such operations are being fur¬ so constructed as to be readily sealed and provides nished a waterproof cover of a pliable, transparent a one hundred per cent barrier against vapor, mois¬ plastic material to protect their Garands. Shaped ture, light, insects, and foreign odors, at a cost like a long sleeve, the cover is open at one end to lower than that of tin cans. The sturdy material, permit easy insertion of the rifle, and the material when formed into bags, creates in reality, a large is sufficiently pliable to allow the soldier in an emer¬ and flexible tin can. gency to find the trigger and fire without removing The daily press has told the remarkable story the rifle from the cover. of dehydration, as carried out by the Quartermaster Too little has been said about the Quartermaster’s Corps. The achievement of the Corps in this field development of protective packings as a substitute shows promise of revolutionizing our food process¬ for tin cans or other packing scheduled for overseas ing methods when dehydration is applied to foods shipment. Working in conjunction with engineers for civilian consumption. This growing use of of a leading metal processing company, officers of dehydrated foods by troops overseas posed a cook-

Porters demonstrating packboard loads.

U. S. Army Signal Corps Photos

Trying out the new sleeping bag designed by the Quartermaster Corps for use in Alaskan climes where extreme lightness is essential. It weighs less than II lbs. and is made in 3 sections — is mummy shaped. There is attached to the outer shell, which is made of water¬ proof balloon cloth, an insulated mattress of Kapok. The outer and inner sections are made of down and feathers and are wind-resistant and water repellent. Attached to the shell is a canopy that can be brought up over the sleeper’s head. The bag rolls into the canopy, which serves as a carrying case. This bag will keep the soldier warm at 40° below zero. ing problem which the Quartermaster Corps soon net to keep out insects and canvas bags for carrying solved, by instituting a two-weeks course at the water and for use as flotation “water wings,” en¬ School for Bakers and Cooks at Fort Sheridan, Illi¬ abling the jungle fighter to cross deep marshes and nois. Attending the special cooking courses are streams. They have perfected raincoats made of officers and non-commissioned officers from the materials that are better than rubber, and cotton Quartermaster’s Schools for Bakers and Cooks in materials which, when lined with wool, are more each of the Service Commands, with additional se¬ satisfactory than an all-wool garment. lected personnel. These men, upon completion of Enumerating the accomplishments of the Quar¬ the course, return to their units to serve as instruc¬ termaster Corps in the field of creative endeavor tors in local schools, as mess sergeants in staging would be an almost endless task, but the adoption areas for organizations bound for overseas service, of many of them after the war for general civilian and to train cooks for army transport duty. use, will tell the story of their practicality and Shortly before the invasion of North Africa, the worth. For example, there is the tiny can-opener, Quartermaster Corps began to issue a protective being issued to soldiers overseas. So small that device, developed by its technicians as a safeguard it weighs less than one-fifth of an ounce, and takes against the effects of skin-burning gas, such as mus¬ up only about the space of a safety razor blade, tard. If, and when, the Axis resorts to gas, it will it is quite capable of opening any canned food that find the American soldier amply protected. The troops are likely to receive. The cutting edge folds familiar gas mask is now augmented by this new flat against the metal handle and it can be carried device which is a protective cover of cellophane, on a key ring. issued to each man. The cover is a large envelope, A call came from Iceland for a usable cold storage sealed on the sides and at one end, with the lower installation. Q.M. ingenuity wTas taxed to the ut¬ end left open. When folded it forms a small packet most. Despite the lack of proper tools and equip¬ easily carried in the pocket, but so arranged that it ment, and under the handicap of freezing rains and can be thrown over the man’s head and pulled high winds, a highly satisfactory plant was quickly down to the level of his knees in a few seconds. The erected. Makeshift tools, substitute materials, and soldier, by squatting down, protects himself, his left-overs from other Army units and former Brit¬ pack, and his clothing, against contamination by ish occupation forces, were pressed into service. gases. The upper part of the envelope is trans¬ Ammonia lines were made from standard water¬ parent, in order to permit unobstructed vision by piping and fittings, and power was drawn from al¬ the wearer. After exposure to gases it is thrown ready overloaded generators. Ocean water was away and another is issued. circulated through condensers to prevent freezing, Another problem that taxed the ingenuity of the and countless other improvised methods utilized. Quartermaster Corps presented itself shortly after In a remarkably short time less than fifty men had American troops began to operate in sub-zero areas. the plant in operation in a 24-hour-a-day basis. It was found that water for drinking and cooking No engineering branch has been busier than the would freeze in a few minutes, enroute by truck to Plastics Section of the Quartermaster Corps. Among its destination. Enlisting the aid of heating special¬ the many items it has produced in the past few ists, the Corps developed an immersion type of months are plastic handles for the mess kit knife water heater now in use on water trailers and trucks to eliminate the aluminum handle, standard prior to in such climates. Exhaustive tests have shown that the war. Plastic whistles now take the place of the heaters will maintain the water in a liquid state the brass Thunderer Whistle, widely used for many in any temperatures yet encountered. years, and a plastic foot tub has replaced the hard The various Quartermaster Depots have their own rubber variety. This is being used wherever fighters staffs of research specialists and designers who co¬ are found, to minimize the danger of foot infec¬ operate with the Office of The Quartermaster Gen¬ tion. Making the tubs of plastic has freed many eral in developing and perfecting the various items tons of rubber for more essential Army use. Plas¬ needed by the Army. The Philadelphia Depot, for tics are used as tops for syrup pitchers and salt example, specializes in clothing. In a modern war shakers and as coatings for the interior and exterior of rapid movement, carried on in all climates and surfaces of gasoline drums, gasoline cans, and water under an amazing variety of exacting conditions, this work takes on great importance. In recent cans, and to replace rubber in combining double¬ months, for example, the research staff has turned texture fabrics. out new uniforms for the Army Nurses and the A single soap to answer all purposes has been Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps. There is also perfected within the past few weeks, the job being the camouflage jungle uniform, equipped with head- (Continued on page 384)'

340 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL OFFICIAL TEXT OF THE PROPOSALS FOR THE REFORM OF THE BRITISH FOREIGN SERVICE Presented by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to Parliament

INTRODUCTION lomacy consists in making the policy of His Maj¬ In a statement in the House of Commons on the esty’s Government, whatever it may be. understood 11th June, 1941, the Secretary of State for Foreign and, if possible, accepted by other countries. The Affairs announced the intention of His Majesty’s success or failure of our foreign policy should not Government to introduce a series of reforms, de¬ therefore be attributed to the Diplomatic Service signed to create a combined Foreign Service distinct alone. from the Home Civil Service, to broaden the field 4. It is, however, true that the conditions which of entry into the new Service, and to increase its the Diplomatic Service originally grew up to meet efficiency by facilitating the retirement on pension no longer exist unchanged in modern international of men who prove unfitted for the highest posts. affairs. Economics and finance have become in¬ Reforms so wide in their scope cannot all be opera¬ extricably interwoven with politics; an understand¬ tive until after the war. Nevertheless, the interest ing of social problems and labour movements is of Parliament in the proposed reforms has been indispensable in forming a properly balanced judg¬ great, and it has been decided to submit an outline, ment of world events. The modern diplomat should necessarily incomplete and liable to modification in have a more intimate understanding of these special detail, of the proposals for a new Foreign Service problems and greater opportunities to study them and, in particular, to seek forthwith Parliament’s than he has usually possessed in the past. His approval of a Pensions Bill for the purpose to which training and experience must be wider. By intro¬ the Foreign Secretary alluded in his statement. ducing the reforms hereinafter described it is in¬ 2. Among the criticisms which have been tended to re-equip the Foreign Service to meet mod¬ 7 brought against the Diplomatic Service the view ern conditions and to create a Service which, by has been expressed that it is recruited from too small its composition, by the recruitment and training a circle, that it tends to represent the interests of of its members and by its organization, shall be certain sections of the nation rather than those of better able not merely to represent the interests of the country as a whole, that its members lead too the nation as a whole, but also to deal with the whole sheltered a life, that thev have insufficient under¬ range of international affairs, political, social and standing of economic and social questions, that the economic, and so constitute an adequate instrument extent of their experience is too small to enable for the maintenance of good relations and mutual them properly to understand many of the problems understanding between the United Kingdom and with which they ought to deal, and that the range other countries. of their contacts is too limited to allow them to 5. It is a fact, too, that the efficiency of the acquire more than a relatively7 narrow acquaintance Foreign Service has suffered in the past from the with the foreign peoples amongst whom they live. lack of flexibility which arises from the disparity in 3. The criticisms are often overstated and some conditions of service as between posts at home and of them have their origin in a misunderstanding of posts abroad. Conditions of service in the Foreign the functions of the Diplomatic Service. These func¬ Office have been assimilated to those of the Home tions are, broadly, to represent His Majesty’s Gov¬ Civil Service. Members of the Diplomatic Service ernment in foreign countries and to be their channel who are posted abroad, on the other hand, have been of communication with foreign Governments; to treated on a different basis in regard to conditions protect British interests and to promote good rela¬ of service, pension rights, etc. The Secretary of tions with foreign countries. The diplomat must State has not been free, in practice, to move a man be able to keep his Majesty’s Government informed from a Mission abroad to a post in the Foreign of developments which may affect their foreign Office without consideration of the effect which such policy, submitting his observations and advice, a transfer might have upon the individual con¬ which may or may not be accepted. While a dip¬ cerned. The efficiency of the Service has undoubt¬ lomat may therefore be able to influence foreign edly suffered in consequence. The new combined policy bv his reports, he does not finally determine Foreign Service, accordingly, will be entirely sepa¬ it. That is the task of the Cabinet. The art of dip¬ rated from the Home Civil Service and will be treated as a self-contained and distinct service of of the Service there will be men who have stayed the Crown. at their posts during the war against their inclina¬ 6. Thetion present and who distinction will wish between to retire the to Foreignmake room for Office and Diplomatic Set vice, the Commercial Dip¬ younger men. The Foreign Service will be under¬ lomatic Service and the Consular Service will dis¬ staffed while the tasks which face it will have mul¬ appear and the three branches will be amalgamated tiplied. It will be necessary, therefore, to make in the new Foreign Service. This amalgamation special arrangements for recruitment pending the will take place immediately. So far as is prac¬ introduction of the new system of recruitment and ticable, exchange of personnel will be effected be¬ training described below. A scheme of special entry tween the three branches, but, as present members to meet the demands of the Service during the re¬ of the Diplomatic Service have not been trained in construction period immediately after the war is commercial and consular affairs and vice versa, now being worked out. It is probable that this it is not in the national interest that posts in the scheme will be based primarily on the candidate’s three branches of the Service should at once become record of service during the war and on his show¬ completely interchangeable in practice, it will not ing before an interviewing board rather than on a be until new entrants have received the training written examination or academic qualifications. It necessary to fit them for all three types of posts will be desirable, too, that the scheme should cover, that amalgamation will become complete. It might, as far as possible, those age groups which, but for moreover, be difficult to justify compelling members the war, would have been represented in the Service of the present Services to accept, against their will, to-day. posts in a Service other than that which they j oined. 8. The proposed reforms would be incomplete All future entrants will join a combined Foreign and perhaps ineffective if they did not extend to the Service and all will receive similar training, not subordinate ranks upon whom the efficient per¬ merely in languages and history, but also in eco¬ formance of the work of the Service must largely nomic and commercial affairs. The system of re¬ depend. At present members of the subordinate cruitment will be recast so as to facilitate the entry, branches in the Foreign Office do not belong to the from any social sphere, of candidates with suitable Foreign Service. Either they form part of the Home qualifications by enabling them to obtain the nec¬ Civil Service or they are temporarily recruited at essary vocational training at the expense of the home or abroad. Those who are members of the State. Uniformity of career for all will be impos¬ Home Civil Service are not liable for service abroad, sible and is, indeed, undesirable, for some officers although they can and do volunteer for it, and will prove more fitted for work in the Foreign Office those recruited locally on an unestablished basis and in diplomatic posts and others for commercial are not pensionable. This system is objectionable or consular work. What is aimed at is wider train¬ from every point of view. To rely to any large ing and equality of opportunity for all. Every extent upon unestablished and non-pensionable ele¬ officer of the combined Service will be called upon ments does not make for efficiency and is unfair to to serve in consular and commercial diplomatic as those concerned. It is not intended to exclude the well as in diplomatic posts and in the Foreign Office employment of temporary clerical labour nor that and will have the opportunity of rising to the high¬ of locally recruited staff when required in posts est posts. Interchange between the different abroad, but it is most undesirable that confidential branches, and between posts at home and those papers should be handled by those who are not abroad, will be facilitated with the object of giving members of the Service and whose interests are every man as wide an experience as possible and not bound up with it. Finally, the fact that essen¬ of enabling the best man to be sent to any vacant tial services in the Foreign Office are not part of post. This wall involve some adjustment of the the Foreign Service creates an artificial division present disproportion in the numbers of the dip¬ between the various branches of the Service, and lomatic and consular posts and a regrading of cer¬ between home and foreign posts, which restricts tain posts at home and abroad. free interchange of personnel and hampers efficiency 7. Theand effects the ofdevelopment the new system of the of esprit recruitment de corps which and training which is contemplated will not, of exist in any healthy organization. It has therefore course, be felt for some years after its introduction. been decided that the new Foreign Service shall in¬ On the cessation of hostilities, however, the new clude employees of the subordinate ranks who are Service will be faced with a problem which will de¬ established and therefore pensionable and whose mand an immediate solution. For a number of work and qualifications are such as enable them to years there will have been no new entry. At the top be employed both at home and abroad.

342 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 9. It is necessary to emphasize that, in the For¬ SUMMARY OF PROPOSED REFORMS eign Service, a great measure of direct personal I.—Amalgamation of the Services and responsibility rests on senior officers, especially Regrading of Posts abroad. Experience has shown that some men, who are entirely satisfactory in the early years of 12. After the last war the Foreign Office was their service, either do not fulfil their promise or amalgamated with the Diplomatic Service, but the lose the qualities of initiative and energy which are Commercial Diplomatic and Consular Services re¬ necessary if they are to hold positions of greater mained separate, and the Foreign Office was still responsibility. It is therefore essential that the regarded as part of the Home Civil Service. The Foreign Secretary should be able to terminate, by result was that the free interchange between posts retirement on pension, the careers of men who of different types, which is essential if all men are to though they may have been excellent subordinates, get the wider training and experience that are so are unsuited to fill the highest posts. This practice desirable, and if the best man is to be made avail¬ has, in fact, been usual in the Armed Forces. It will able for any particular post, was hindered, and be necessary to grant to such men, who will have given many of the best years of their lives to the members of the Commercial Diplomatic and Con¬ public service, pensions sufficient to keep them from sular Services were only in exceptional cases able poverty and to mark the fact that no disgrace is to reach the highest posts. In the new Service most implied by their retirement. officers will have to spend the greater part of their 10. Being liable to spend a large part of their careers abroad, and the Foreign Office will in future lives abroad and being subject to transfer between be regarded as one of the posts and as the head¬ London and posts abroad, members of the Foreign quarters of the Foreign Service, rather than as a Service, of all branches, will be involved in a good department of the Home Civil Service. The amal¬ deal of .expense which does not fall on home civil gamation of the separate Services into one complete servants, who can count on spending their careers and independent Foreign Service will, it is believed, in this country and are able to plan their lives on a broaden the training (in its fullest sense) by com¬ long-term basis. Grants will accordingly be neces¬ bining knowledge of economic, industrial and ship¬ sary to compensate officers, who have served abroad, ping affairs with practical experience of dealing for any extra expense arising from their transfer with the public and the Press and with the wider to the United Kingdom. Officers serving abroad appreciation of international relations which is the must be ensured emoluments sufficient to enable field of diplomacy. The functions of diplomatic them not only to represent this country effectively officers accredited to a foreign Government must but also to form a wide range of contacts. The continue in many respects to differ from those of effective representation of this country abroad will, consular officers. The number of consular posts moreover, involve the provision of adequate Gov¬ must continue to exceed that of diplomatic posts. ernment buildings for Missions and Consulates, as But the maintenance of the present disparity be¬ well as adequate staffs, and it will be essential, after tween the numbers of the diplomatic and the con¬ the war, to remember that economies on buildings sular posts would make an effective amalgamation and staffs are false economies if they result in im¬ impossible. It would mean that if there were to be paired efficiency or in reduced security for confi¬ any equality of conditions of service all officers dential papers. Arrangements will be made for the would obtain a predominantly consular experience more efficient administration of the Service, for the and training. This would be to the detriment of the inspection of all posts abroad and for the mainte¬ political work of the Service. It will, therefore, nance of fuller records on which to base recom¬ be necessary to increase the number of diplomatic mendations to the Secretary of State for appoint¬ officers and to reduce the number of consular offi¬ ments, transfers or retirements on pension. cers. It will in any case be necessary to increase 11. These reforms will cost money. But the the size of the diplomatic staffs if Missions abroad additional expense will be a very small price to pay are to be strong enough to make our influence more for a thoroughly efficient Foreign Service such as widely felt, and if officers, being no longer tied can contribute appreciably to the avoidance of to their desks, are to be enabled to extend the range international conflict. It is in the hope of creating of their contacts. New arrangements will be made such a service that it is proposed to introduce the for staffing consular posts of lesser importance, and, reforms which are summarized in greater detail by regrouping and reorganizing posts and making below. use of improved communications by air, adequate

JULY, 1943 343 and effective consular representation will be in¬ ages of 21 and 23, and the majority of the vacancies sured. will be filled by means of an open competitive exam¬ 13. By facilitating the transfer to the Foreign ination (Method 1). While it is not considered that Office of senior officers of experience, more effective an entry based upon selection alone would ensure interchange between posts at home and abroad will that candidates possess the necessary intellectual become the rule with the result that members of the qualities, it is proposed, as an experimental mea¬ Foreign Service will be able to keep in touch with sure, that candidates for a proportion of the vacan¬ developments at home and the Secretary of State will cies should be chosen by a method based mainly on be able to employ the most suitable officer at any selection (Method 2). In order to be able, in ex¬ particular post at home or abroad. This will in¬ ceptional cases, to recruit persons who by their rec¬ volve the provision of similar salaries for officers ord since completing their education have shown of similar rank whether they are employed at home themselves specially suitable for the Foreign Service, or in foreign posts; it will also involve an increase the Secretary of State shall have power, on the rec¬ in the number of posts at home and the upgrading ommendation of the Civil Service Commissioners, of posts in the Foreign Office which carry respon¬ to accept for the Foreign Service not more than two sibilities greater than should properly devolve on entrants a year above the normal age limit, but not men of the rank now attaching to them. Further¬ above the age of 30. Such entrants will be chosen more, it is desirable to improve the prospects of by a selection board and will not be required to pass promotion in the subordinate ranks of the Foreign a written examination. Service and to upgrade the status of certain con¬ 16. For those who compete by Method 1 there sular and commercial diplomatic posts of incontest¬ will be an open competitive examination conducted able importance in order that they may be held by the Civil Service Commission and so designed by officers of the experience and standing which that candidates will be able to take it shortly after the posts merit. their University degree examination and without special study. Although designed for those who II.—Recruitment and Training have studied at a University in this country, the 14. In the conduct of international affairs much examination will be open, as at present, to candi¬ depends upon the personal relations which a for¬ dates who have not attended a University. This ex¬ eign representative succeeds in establishing with the amination will be similar to that for the Home and Government and people of the country concerned. Indian Civil Services in order that candidates may In the choice of officers for the Foreign Service compete for all or any of the Services and that a particular attention must therefore be paid to the larger number of candidates may therefore be en¬ personality and character of the candidates while couraged to compete. ensuring that they possess the intellectual capacity 17. There are men of character and ability who and the knowledge of foreign countries and foreign are not good examinees and whose qualities do not languages, of .modern history and economics neces¬ show themselves to advantage in a written examina¬ sary for their career. This knowledge can with diffi¬ tion. It is important to widen as far as possible the culty be acquired without special study such as to¬ field of selection and Method 2 has accordingly been day requires the assistance of private means. This designed to secure the services of suitable candidates requirement places a limitation on the field of selec¬ who might otherwise prefer to accept some post, tion of candidates which cannot be accepted. The outside Government service, which would depend new scheme of recruitment and training will there¬ not upon a written examination but upon person¬ fore consist of a preliminary competitive entrance ality and record. This method is also designed to test designed so that it can be taken without special enable due weight to be given to the claims of char¬ study, followed by a period of training abroad at acter and personality as distinct from mere ability the expense of the State. At the end of this student¬ to pass written examinations. For an experimental ship period candidates will be examined in their spe¬ period of ten years candidates for not more than 25 cial subjects, and. if they qualify, will become mem¬ per cent, of the annual vacancies will be chosen bers of the Foreign Service. They will then undergo mainly by selection on the basis of their records, of a year’s training in this country, part of which will their showing before an interview' board (at which be spent in the Foreign Office and part in getting a they will be required to reach a really high qualify¬ grounding in economic, commercial and social ing standard), and of a written examination in the questions. The present preliminary Foreign Office English subjects compulsory for Method 1. Candi¬ Selection Board will be abolished. dates who compete by this method will be required 15. The entrance examination will thus be taken to have reached a certain educational standard. A in two parts. The first will be taken between the (Continued on page 364)

344 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL HOLLAND “KEEPS ’EM FLYING”

FOR the time being at least, the Dutch flying of the two men in the rear turret. comrades of Second Pilot Visscher will not The aerial foray which landed the pilot in the poke mild fun at his huge feet and calves. There hospital started when six twin-engined Mitchells are two principal reasons for this. Firstly, they manned by Dutch and Australian flyers droned sky¬ know that but for his superb “footwork” two of wards, their twelve Wright-Cyclone engines slicing their number would be quietly decomposing in the the air in thunderous unison. Thoughts of impend¬ tail of a sunken American Mitchell bomber at the ing peril were not uppermost in the minds of the bottom of the Timor Sea. Secondly, the massive airmen. Their main preoccupation involved the “dogs” of the Netherlands East Indies Air Force bombs neatly stacked in the bellies of their ships: pilot are temporarily out of the public eye. They how to establish the closest and most effective con¬ repose on a cot in an Australian base hospital neat¬ tact between this imprisoned TNT and certain ships ly encased in white bandages. The rest of the cot and harbor installations at the Japanese-held port is filled by the giant frame of the pilot, his head of Dilli, on the northern shore of Timor Island. swathed in another bandage. The wounds under Everything went smoothly as the ships, traveling at the bandages are reminders of one of the grimmest a 300-mile-an-hour clip, swept past the northwest¬ duels with death ever waged by the “flying Dutch¬ ern Australian mainland and sped across 400 miles men,” now aiding General Mac Arthur in the Far of sea toward Timor. Trouble started when they East. The wounds soon will heal but the memory headed across the jungle-covered island, the western of the hair-raising events .in the Timor Sea will zone of which is part of the Netherlands East In¬ remain vivid in the pilot’s mind for many a day; dies. Just what kind of trouble is best described in the Zeros spiralling and diving in the sunlight, the the words of Second Pilot Visscher himself—the bullets ripping through bone and steel, the glisten¬ terse, business-like words used by the men riding ing shapes knifing through the water and the faces daily with death on their wings.

JULY, 1943 345 “We got a stiff dose was upon them the that time,” he said in an sharks. For hours the interview at the hospital. flyers had to beat them “Japanese ack-ack shells off with their paddles. were all about. The Repeatedly the man Zeros—five of them— eaters, including one were after us in no time. monster fish, tried to rip Our turret gunners got open the bottom of the one of them. We got raft or bite the feet of through, however, and the wounded men, which left our calling cards in dangled over the edge of the right places. the dinghy. “But those Zeros,” he “We really were quite puffed at his cigarette lucky,” Visscher recalls. and smiled somewhat “Our comrades in the wryly, “they had it in other planes—which all for us, especially my got hack safely—re¬ ship. They followed our ported where we were. six planes over the whole Twelve hours after we breadth of the island as came down we were we headed southward picked up by Hudsons for home and then over and flown back to Aus¬ the Timor Sea.” tralia.” Two of the Zeros Pilot Visscher is a turned away after some Final instructions for Dutch and Indonesian cheerful patient but a time but the remaining trainees. restless one. He wants pair kept right on, amid to get out of the hos¬ brisk gun duels. The Japs got the right engine and pital as soon as possible and pour himself into the then the rudder of Visscher’s plane and moved in cockpit of another Mitchell, or any armed machine for the kill as it lost speed and slipped out of that can fly. For these Hollanders in the Far East— formation. like those operating from English bases—have one “I heard glass breaking and I saw First Pilot obsession, to help blast the Axis into submission. Grummels collapse beside me,” Visscher recalls. All they want are more and more planes, more “He was killed. I took over the controls but the bombs and bigger and better objectives. Already rig ht engine went dead and then the right rudder. the Netherlands flyers in the Pacific—regrouped I tried to keep the machine under control but it and reorganized after the fall of the Indies—have was impossible and we hit the sea with a terrific participated in many attacks in that zone along smack.” with Australian and American aviators. At Dobo, Visscher was wounded in the head in the crack- in the Aru Islands, near Amboina, in Dutch New up but he and the mechanic succeeded in getting Guinea, and many other points the Japanese have out* a rubber dinghy and jumping into it. They felt their wallop. Daily the planes bearing the red- saw the drawn faces of two men trapped in the white-and-blue colors are in action, complementing rear turret, both wounded. Split-second action was the deadly work carried out by the Dutch flyers needed and that is where Visschers feet came in. operating with the British coastal command in Eng¬ Paddling close to the turret, the pilot grasped the land. They carry on with the same cool efficiency nearest solid object and smashed a large hole in and daring as the flyers whose deeds are recorded the bullet-proof turret with two terrific kicks. Both in the saga of the Netherlands Air Forces. his feet were injured in this act but the two men This is a story replete with stirring adventures were hauled out and placed in the rubber raft. such as that which befell Pilot Visscher: fierce duels Then the bomber went under, two minutes after it with the Japanese and the Luftwaffe, attacks on con¬ had hit the water. With it went Grummels and the voys and cities, and hairbreadth escapes from tropi¬ bombardier, who had been instantly killed when cal jungles, from occupied Holland and from Ger¬ its nose hit the water. man prison camps. It is a story of men—both Hol¬ Strangely enough, the Zeros did not attack the landers and Indonesians—who went up time and small raft floating on the vast expanse. But there again, often to certain destruction, and fought with was the smell of blood in the air and another enemy superb courage against overwhelming air superior-

346 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL ity: men who refused to take the count, even after machine. Only a small number of the Air Force terrible setbacks in Holland and the East Indies. personnel, hopping into old trainers and anything Today the odds are not so grave as the Allied that would get up in the air, managed to escape the air might grows, so that Queen Wilhelmina and her Luftwaffe and reach England. Yet this handful of government are able to purchase increasing quanti¬ men were the “ring-leaders” in the first of the two ties of up-to-date planes and train great numbers major comebacks of the Netherlands Air Force— of airmen. Their combined strength in Europe and one in Europe and another in the Far East. the Far East already is, or soon will be, greater than The invasion of Holland automatically brought that of the 400-odd planes of which Holland orig¬ the Dutch East Indies into the conflict with Ger¬ inally disposed to defend the homeland and the many and Italy. But it was not until nineteen great territory of the East Indies Archipelago. months after the seizure of the Netherlands that the The story of Holland’s armed struggle in the air Indies flyers, grouping both Hollanders and Indo¬ began in May, 1940, when the Germans struck at nesians, were destined to meet their great test. Dur- the homeland. It was a tragic curtain-raiser. Al¬ inging the period between the invasion and Pearl though the country for many years had been in Harbor, the Indies’ main contribution to the aerial the lead in the development of civil aviation and warfare consisted of patrol and convoy duty by its its flyers were among the best in the world, it had never fought an air war before. Its small force of planes, shipment of trained flyers to England, and about 200 planes—virtually all of them obsolescent the donation of millions of guilders for the purchase —was just a mouthful for Goering’s mighty Luft¬ of Spitfire planes to help the British air campaign waffe. Gallantly the Dutchmen took their antiquat¬ in Europe. ed machines aloft. In the first two days of the When Japan struck in December, 1941, it again five-day invasion this small band destroyed an was a case of too few against too many. The Gov¬ equal number of enemy machines. But when it was ernment had shipped millions of guilders to the all over, hardly a Dutch plane remained. The little United States for the purchase of new planes, but force had literally gone down fighting to the last only a trickle of machines reached the Indies be-

Dutch airmen with the R.A.F. cause of the steady drain of other fronts on Ameri¬ ' was slumped over the wheel unconscious from loss can production. of blood. The Indies leaders stated bravely that they would But the air struggle was too uneven to last long. combat any aggressor to the bitter end. But they One by one the obsolescent Dutch bombing planes only had a few hundred airplanes, and those were and fighters fell from the skies or were blasted on comparatively out-dated Glenn Martin bombers and their airdromes by Japanese bombs. By the begin¬ a pitifully insufficient force of Buffalo Brewster and ning of March, 1942, it was clear that the first Curtiss fighters. Against these planes and men the round of the fight for the Indies had reached its Japanese threw great armadas of Zeros and Mitsu¬ end. In ships, in the few available civilian and mili¬ bishi bombers. But the Indies flyers did not hesi¬ tary planes and by every other means, the remain¬ tate even though they knew the odds were impossi¬ ing flyers, including many who had been in train¬ ble. Like their comrades in Holland they battled ing, made their way to Australia. But even when almost to the last man and last machine, writing an they reached Australia they wanted to go back and epic of heroism unmatched in this war’s air combat. fight some more. In the first weeks of the invasion of the Indies Their courage, perhaps, is best exemplified by the they took a large toll of Japanese warships and anecdote narrated by an American press correspon¬ transports, their bombers often braving swarms of dent. At midnight a lone bi-plane—which almost fast Zeros, though no protective fighter escort was looked like an old crate of World War No. I—- at their disposal. Ironically enough, the Indies, as zoomed out of the skies and came down on an a result of an intensive air training plan had more Australian airfield where American planes were competent flyers on hand than there were planes. stationed. When the American flyers rushed up But those who could go up, took a heavy toll of they found a Dutch pilot of about 40 years of age, Japanese warships and transports. under the plane. He was beating the ground and Their greatest feat was the attack, late in Janu¬ sobbing, not because he was hurt but because he ary, 1942, on a big Japanese convoy heading down had no more tools to fight with. He insisted that the Macassar Straits, between Borneo and Celebes. he wanted to go back immediately and fight. So the In the first day, the Dutch raiders—consisting of Americans gave him a divebomber which they had four bomber patrols and two flights of fighters— decided to abandon to Japanese strafers. The attacked immediately, hitting at least three cruisers, Dutchman had never flown such a plane before but four transports and a destroyer. On subsequent after 20 minutes of instruction, he declared he was days the Dutch airmen—eventually aided by Amer¬ ready to take off. His bomb-bays and gasoline tanks ican planes and surface ships—raised the toll to filled, he took off at dawn and headed north to at¬ 32 Japanese warships and transports, either sunk tack a Japanese convoy. He was never heard of or damaged. again. The fate which befell one Indies Glenn Martin But even after the crushing setbacks in Europe bomber after having sunk a Japanese heavy cruiser and the Far East the “flying Dutchmen” refused to was typical of what the flying Dutchmen were up be downed for keeps. Immediately after the attack against. A horde of Zeros immediately ganged up on Holland, Queen Wilhelmina and her Govern¬ on the Indies aircraft. The Dutchmen knocked four ment, operating from London, took measures for Zeros out of the sky but the bullets found their creation of a Netherlands air squadron to operate mark in the plane of the Commander of the patrol. as a distinct unit under the British Coastal Com¬ The Commander was wounded by several shots mand. Similar moves were undertaken almost im¬ through his left knee and a stray bullet chipped off mediately after the fall of the Indies to reorganize a piece of his skull. He stuffed a handkerchief into and reequip that air force so that the Dutch flyers his leg wound, thus preventing further loss of blood. could continue operations in both the European The plane rapidly lost altitude, its right engine went and Far Eastern zones. dead and its ailerons and tail were badly damaged. Now the unit is a strong arm of the United Na¬ The Commander ordered the co-pilot to take over tions air power in Europe, operated by veterans of the controls, even though the instrument panel was countless attacks on German or German-controlled in shambles. Weaving crazily over the trees near shipping and port installations, raids on German Balikpapan, the plane headed for a clearing. As it cities and gruelling hours of convoy patrol work. was about to land, the second pilot realized that the It is completely officered by Netherlanders, and all landing gear had been damaged and would not crew members are Dutch. The ground staff and the function. Barely missing the tops of trees, he man¬ administrative staff are almost wholly Dutch. The aged to pancake the battered craft in the clearing. men wear their own naval uniforms. Their planes When the plane came to a halt the Commander (Continued on page 370)

348 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Naming of The Liberty Ships

LIBERTY ships are named after persons, only Commission. Names are suggested by newspapers, j after their deaths, who have made distinguished scientific writers, historical societies and by the contributions to American development and history. shipyards themselves. These ships were formerly named after Revolution¬ The Committee on Launchings meets regularly to ary historical figures, also signers of the Declara¬ ’ formulate launching policies and decide on names tion of Independence and now, due to the increasing for ships. The Committee is composed of three number of the ships, the category of names has members: Mr. O’Day, Director of Public Relations been extended to important present-day Americans. of the Maritime Commission; Lt. Peet, Secretary of The Liberty' Ship—EC-2—is a cargo ship of the the Maritime Commission, and Mr. Fred Farr of the emergency type for war service. There are between War Shipping Administration. 1,300 and 1,400 in use and about five a day are In the accompanying illustration is shown the being launched at the different shipyards in the liberty ship, Henry Villard, which was launched at country. Portland, Oregon, on September 14, 1942, and Suggestions for names for these ships come from delivered into service ten days later. a good many sources, from the public at large as The suggestion for naming a ship the “Henry well as various lists in the hands of the Maritime Villard” came from two different sources: The list of newspaper men, editors and publishers in the Library of Congress, and, the Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation, in which state Mr. Villard organized a railway empire. Henry' Villard died in 1900 after a career in journalism and railway finance. He reported the Lincoln-Douglas debates and served as war correspondent during the Civil War for the New York Herald and the New York Tribune. Later he obtained a controlling interest in the New York Evening Post, and was at one time president of the Northern Pacific Railway. Henry S. Villard, Assistant Chief of the Division of Near Eastern Affairs, is a grand¬ son of Henry Villard.

■ THE the American Foreign Service is the British provi¬ sion to amalgamate the diplomatic, consular and commercial branches. Beyond that fundamental FOREIGN JOURNAL similarity are certain objectives which have also been under consideration by this Government, in¬ rU Vol. 20 ~ JULY, 1943 No. 7 0*7 cluding improvements for the non-career personnel, revision of the entrance requirements, the employ¬ PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN ment of women iii appropriate circumstances, and SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. the relation of the home service to the career The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription in the United States and abroad at the rate of $2.50 a year, or abroad. Significant in this world of changing con¬ 25 cents a copy. This publication is not official and maternal ap¬ cepts is the emphasis placed on the broadest pos¬ pearing herein represents only personal opinions. Copyright, 1943, by the American Foreign Service Association sible training, to deal not so much with protocol The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this and politics as with finance, economics, labor move¬ publication is strictly forbidden withoct permission from the ments and other basic social problems. editors. Attention will be attracted to the avowed British JOURNAL STAFF aim to have all members of the service qualified to handle effectively and without the help of special¬ HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman_ ists the widely divergent matters which today fall CHARLES W. YOST within the scope of a diplomatic mission. Under LEO D. STURGEON Editorial HOMER M. BYINGTON, JR.„ Board the stress of war, Great Britain has found it neces¬ W. PERRY GEORGE sary to appoint expert advisers in commercial af¬ JANE WILSON, Managing Editor.. fairs to supplement the work of overburdened and GEORGE V. ALLEN Business Manager harrassed career officers. We have seen much the WILLIAM E. DECOURCEY-. T reasurer same thing happen in our own service. Looking forward to the day when it will be possible once The American Foreign Service Association again to increase the ranks of the career men, the British envisage a level of training and ability which The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Servic of will enable their officers to cope with duties of the the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit dc corps among the members of the Foreign Service and most varied character, rather than rely on the as¬ to establish a center around which might be grouped the united sistance of a corps of technicians who lack the other efforts of its members for the improvements of the Service. tools of the trade. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE This British purpose coincides exactly with the HOWARD K. TRAVERS, Chairman established requirements of our Foreign Service. CECIL WAYNE GRAY, Vice-Chairman The all-around background, the adaptability, the W. PERRY GEORCE, HOMER M. BYINGTON, JR., resourcefulness of the American career officer, the ANDREW B. FOSTER care with which he is selected for the service, testify Alternates to the variety of the tasks for which he is fitted. JAMES H. WRIGHT, FOY D. KOHLER Where there is need for the expert in particular branches of economics or commercial practice the career Foreign Service Officer selected to specialize EDITORS’ COLUMN in a chosen field has amply met the test required of The proposals for the reform of the British For¬ him and because of general knowledge, training, and eign Service, published elsewhere in this issue, experience in service abroad his usefulness as an merit reading in full by all those interested in the expert has been enhanced. lot of our own career officers. It is evident that It has been demonstrated in this war that the our British colleagues, if the program is carried members of our Foreign Service are capable of through, stand to benefit by a close and comprehen¬ rising to any emergency. Given only the physical sive study of modern consular and diplomatic prac¬ endurance, there are few occasions when they can¬ tice. In addition to the resemblances which it bears not fill a role imposed by the exigencies of the to our legislation on the subject, a number of sug¬ moment. Their experience in these days of crisis gestions and recommendations made in this pro¬ will give them added skills and contribute to their gressive document give the impression of an organ¬ advancement. ization streamlined to fit the conditions of tomor¬ If the service proceeds to utilize its career officers row, and therefore to be examined with profit on our along the lines thus outlined, their development into part. even more proficient and useful public servants is Undoubtedly influenced by its proven success in assured.

350 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL News from the Department

By JANE WILSON

Moffat’s Ashes Home for Burial Marco Polo? The ashes of JAY PIERREPONT MOFFAT, former CONSUL ROBERT BUELL enters the “travel contest” American Minister to Canada, were taken to Han¬ in this recent letter from Colombo: cock, New Hampshire, on June 8, by Lewis Clark, “On page 128 of the March 1943 issue of the Charge d’Affaires at the Legation at Ottawa, for FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL reference is made to the interment. travels of E. Talbot Smith, Consul at Asmara, dur¬ ing the period ‘October 1941-October 1943’ (I Heard, in the Corridors presume that either Mr. Smith or the editors meant . . . ELVIN R. LATTY, Foreign Service Auxiliary to state ‘October 1942’). The question is asked Officer, has been designated an Acting Assistant whether anyone in the Service can beat Consul Chief of the Foreign Funds Control Division. . . . Smith’s record. . . . The Washington dry-cleaning establishments “During the period February 1941 to February refused to accept garments during the last part of 1942 my ‘trivial travels’ on official business (I had May due to labor conditions, etc. Our friends in Chungking would certainly smile at this inconven¬ no leave) took me to the following places: ience; there is no dry cleaning there, everything to “Berlin, Nuremberg, Hamburg, Leipzig, Dresden, be cleaned must be sent to India. . . . Frankfort, Hendaye, St. Jean de Luz, Lisbon, New ... HUGH S. FULLERTON, presently assigned to the York, Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Fran¬ Department as Assistant Chief of the Division of cisco, Honolulu, Midway, Wake, Guam, Manila, European Affaires, received the honorary degree Baguio, Singapore, Sabang, Port Blair, Akyab, of Doctor of Laws from Wittenberg College, his Rangoon, Prome, Yenangyaung, Maymyo, Lashio, alma mater, on May 24. . . . Calcutta, Delhi. . . . MARGUERITA SAUER, daughter of retired CON¬ “I am sure my record can be beaten and would SUL GENERAL EMIL SAUER, has won a scholarship to be interested to hear the reports of a real traveler.” the Corcoran Art School in Washington for next fall. Her sister, VIKI (author of “Letter from London” in the June 1942 JOURNAL) is now in the Passport Division and in addition does volunteer work with Washington 25, D. C.” the Office of Civilian De¬ The Post Office De¬ fense in plotting plane partment has developed movements. . . . the idea of using num¬ ... At least the medi¬ SECRET MISSION TO NORTH AFRICA bers as part of the ad¬ cal profession doesn’t consider all F.S.O.s be- The Reader’s Digest for May, 1943 carried dress of all mail, the gloved, bespatted lounge an article entitled “Secret Mission to North number to be used as a lizzards and boudoir Africa” by Frederick C. Painton, which, pur¬ guide in making the pri¬ thieves. One officer as¬ ported to describe General Clark’s secret mis¬ mary separation. The signed to the Depart¬ sion to Algeria on October 21, 1942, under the number 25 has been as¬ ment went to the doctor heading “hitherto undisclosed details of one signed to be used in the with an infected hand. of the most unusual adventures in military address of mail sent to Imagine his pleasure history.” It will be recalled that the eye-wit¬ the Department of State. when the medico in¬ ness facts of this exciting episode were first Henceforth the address quired if he had been published in an article by Vice Consul Ridge¬ of the Department of washing dishes. Grin¬ State will be: ning, the Consul Gen¬ way B. Knight in the March, 1943, issue of eral replied, “Yes—and the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. Department of State, other housework too.” Washington 25, D. C.

JULY, 1943 351 Mere Diplomats JOURNAL Understatement Two members of the Foreign Service—AMBAS¬ BARTLETT RICHARDS writes from Chungking: SADOR JAMES STEWART and VICE CONSUL ROBERT “I have read with great interest in your highly TAYLOR—are the State Department’s best “headlin¬ valued periodical for March that coal can be pur¬ ers,” all due to a confusion in nomenclature. chased in Chungking for $75.00 a ton. I am writing Ambassador Stewart sent us a Luanda, Angola, post-haste* to ask the name of the cut-rate dealer newspaper clipping which had reached him via who will sell coal at that price. The cheapest we Harold Shantz’ sense of humor: Under a large pho¬ have been able to find is $100 a ton. We are for¬ tograph of James Stewart, the movie hero, appeared tunate to be able to get a small amount of sugar at the Portuguese caption: From Actor to Ambas¬ $1.25 a pound and there are plenty of small but sador? An item had been translated from the Mana¬ tasty oranges on the market at only 25 cents apiece, gua press: “There arrived in this capital the other however, I can’t figure out where all the' money day the Ambassador of the United States to Nica¬ goes. ragua, James Stewart, who was received with all honors.” Then the Luanda pressman of letters “The JOURNAL would be good reading anywhere, continued: “The item does not say if this James but out here, where recently arrived copies of the Stewart is, as it is believed, the great, incomparable New York Times for November are in demand, it protagonist of the screen; it costs nothing to be¬ is sensational. lieve that he is one and the same Stewart who is “We have had a number of new arrivals, includ¬ justly considered one of the most cultivated actors ing GEORGE ATCHESON, who decided to put away of the American cinema.” his warm clothes for the season after climbing the And in the case of ROBERT TAYLOR. When Vice several hundred steps to the Embassy. Others are Consul Robert M. Taylor arrived in Hong Kong in JACK and RICHARD SERVICE, ED RICE and ARTHUR 1938 from home leave there was quite a delegation RINGWALT, who acquired a fetching new wardrobe from the press on hand to greet celebrities. Taylor in India after his old one proved irresistably attrac¬ vociferously denied any relation to the Robert Tay¬ tive to someone in Agra.” lor, the broken-hearts champion, and patiently ex¬ BARTLETT RICHARDS. plained to the reporters, as he is often called upon * Post-haste doesn’t necessarily indicate frantic speed, con¬ to do, that it was definitely a question of misiden- sidering that it takes two full months for a letter to get from tity. Washington to Chungking, despite achievements of modern The Hong Kong press reported next day: science. “GREAT DISAPPOINTMENT was experienced on the arrival of the President Taft when ROBERT TAY¬ LOR turned out to be an American Vice Consul en route to his post at Hankow, and not the screen It Had Strings to It star.” Another househunting tale. All of the available places to live in Washington these days seem to A Little Schooling for the Long-in-the-Field have something wrong with them. (Obviously, or More red-tape language: they wouldn’t be available.) They are either too We will explore the problem—(means) We don’t far out of town, too expensive, or the owner wants know what the situation is and if we did know we to live on one floor and rent the rest for an exor¬ wouldn’t know what to do about it. bitant sum, or is going away for the summer and Further information and substantiating docu¬ the lessors must look after a daughter, a dog—or a ments are requested—We’ve lost the stuff so send parrot. But here is one with a novel string, we it in again. must say. Prepare an answer—You do the work and I’ll A beautiful apartment, furnished in the best of take the credit. taste, centrally located, moderately priced—what’s For remarks and recommendation—It’s gt>t me wrong? Whoever rents it must have a brand new stumped, you sweat for a while. child!—as the owner’s subscription to Di-dee Wash Liaison officers—People who talk and listen well (Washington’s diaper laundry service, for which but who can’t make a definite statement. there is a waiting list of 30,000) must not be allowed A Study Is Being Made—Haven’t done a thing to lapse before the owner’s return to the city in the about it yet. fall. Matter is under consideration—If I can find the The F.S.O. bachelor who gave the news of the stuff I’ll look it over. apartment to the Association smiled wryly as he Government expert—A newcomer we haven’t had asked if we had a brand new widow with a brand a chance to work on. new baby on our list.

352 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Department Service Flag Miss Marion Fleming of the Visa Division, Secre¬ On May 27 the Recreation Association of the De¬ tary of the Recreation Association, presented the partment presented the Secretary of State with a flag to the Secretary. It now hangs in the entrance large service flag representing the departmental corridor of the State Department main building, personnel now in the armed forces. In the center alongside the Memorial Plaque of the American of the flag is a large blue star with the number 346. Foreign Service Association. Of this number 16 are women.

The Secretary of State with the Department Service Flag.

Photos by State Department Photographic Section

The Board of Directors of the Department Recrea¬ tional Association photo¬ graphed at the Presenta¬ tion of the Service Flag to the Secretary of State. Left to right: Mrs. Shirley C. Thorpe, Miss Mary B. Mc¬ Laughlin, Miss Emma K. Humphrey, Miss Edna Al- verson, Miss Phyllis M. Fleming, G. M. Richard¬ son Dougall, Floyd C. Ma- gill, Willfred J. Duda, Miriam G. Fleming, who presented the flag, Chief Clerk Millard L. Kenes- trick, J. Willmont Brown¬ ing, Jr., Secretary Hull, and Assistant Secretary Shaw1.

JULY, 1943 353 News From the Field ■ /.V.V.V/AW

PORT-AU-PRINCE

FIRST AMERICAN AMRASSADOR TO HAITI On Pan American Day, April 14, Ambassador John Campbell White presented his creden¬ tials at Port-au-Prince. Left to right: (Foreground) Ambassador White; Tureune Carrie, Chief of Protocol of the Haitian Government; (background) Lt. Max Corvington; Lt. Garoute; Third Secretary Reginald Mitchell; Third Secretary Glion Curtiss; Third Secre¬ tary Robert Jolsom; Hugh Blanddori, Legal Attache; Lt. Col. Young; Lt. Jack Kearley, Lt. John Lyons.

354 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Bahawalpur House, New Delhi, premises of the American Mission to India. It is the New Delhi palace of the Nawab of Bahawalpur and has been leased for the duration of the war. It was occupied in January. The left wing comprises the office quarters and the right wing contains the Ambassador’s quarters.

INDIA To the dismay of those members of the staff who remain at Calcutta, as well as the representatives NEW DELHI of WSA, BEW, and the OLLA, who have offices at May 7, 1943. the Consulate premises, the Calcutta hot season has Mr. Phillips, accompanied by his Personal Assist¬ come in suddenly and vigorously. They cheerfully ant, Major R. P. Heppner, left New Delhi for a tour face the pressure of war work and the very serious of South India on March 5 and returned on April 1. shortage of personnel at Calcutta, but this reporter Mr. Engert, who arrived here for a business visit has discovered no one of them who is able to grin on February 26, returned to Kabul on March 9. and take the weather. Mr. Frederic W. Ecker, Chairman, and Mr. Win- throp G. Brown, of the United States Lend Lease Mission to India, arrived in New Delhi on March 23. Above is a photograph of Bahawalpur House, the BOMBAY premises of the Mission. During early March Bombay amply fulfilled its role as the Gateway to India and to other points CALCUTTA when ten Foreign Service officers and officers of Consul Robert L. Buell left Calcutta shortly be¬ other United States Government agencies were sud¬ fore April 1st to take up duties as officer in charge denly and without advance notice debouched from of the Consulate at Colombo. a United States naval transport. The visitors in¬ Vice Consul Middlebrook arrived at Calcutta on cluded Warwick Perkins, en route to Kuibyshev March 20, and began immediately to explore the where he will serve as First Secretary in the Em¬ intricacies of shipping and seaman. bassy; J. Hall Paxton proceeding to Tehran to take Consul Clayton Lane left Calcutta on May 1st up his duties as Second Secretary in the Legation; for New Delhi where he will serve on the staff of J. Bartlett Richards and Carl H. Boehringer, For¬ the American Mission. eign Service officers assigned to Chungking; M. P. Vice Consul Hillenbrand left the Consulate Gen¬ Hooper, newly assigned Consul at Jerusalem; Hew- eral on May 1st for Simla, where he will be engaged ell Truex, who is going to Aden as Vice Consul; in gathering information concerning plans for the Ralph Phillips and Robert W. Middlebrook, of the reconstruction of Burma. (Continued on page 379)

JULY, 1943 355 Tiie Bookshelf

FRANCIS C. DE WOLF, Review Editor

THE WORLD OF THE FOUR FREEDOMS, by cies of all nations inevitably must be policies of Sumner Welles. University Press, May, self-interest yet if all aspects of an economic prob¬ 1943. 121 pp. $1.75. lem were explored, he suggests the basic interests Columbia University has performed a signal serv¬ of all countries will be found to be largely a com¬ ice by presenting in book form a collection of twelve mon interest. He rightly urges that a durable peace addresses which were delivered by the Honorable must rest on an acceptance of principles which will Sumner Welles, Under Secretary of State, during the require much wisdom, much cooperative effort, and past three years. much surrender of private, shortsighted and sec¬ In these forceful pages the Under Secretary re¬ tional self-interest. He notes there can be nothing cords his conviction that in the conflicting ideas of more fatally dangerous in these plans for interna¬ various politicians and because of isolationist theo¬ tional security than an acceptance of the fallacy, “that the formulation of an aspiration is equivalent ries the United States lost a great opportunity twenty to the hard-won realization of an objective.” years ago when it refused to join with the other free peoples of the earth in support of an international The Four Freedoms: freedom of speech and of religion, freedom from want and from fear, have organization to adjust differences between the Na¬ been promised by the Atlantic Charter. But a sound tions. Under Secretary Welles says bluntly that such economic basis for them must be established if they international cooperation might well have prevented are to endure. Never again can the United States the development of those conditions which have withdraw from almost every form of constructive brought about the devastating total war of today. cooperation with other nations, as it did for twelve Slow as we were to realize that physical security years after the last World War. The impoverish¬ could not be maintained apart from the rest of the ment, the misery, the seeming impossibility of re¬ world, the outbreak of hostilities in September, lief and reconstruction on so vast a scale as now is 1939, convinced the American people and the ma¬ foreseen, will require the pooling of resources for jority of our Latin-American neighbors, that we an appreciable period after the termination of hos¬ could not stand aside while one decent nation after tilities. And because of this the Under Secretary another was overrun by the barbaric hordes of the looks forward to the need of adequate consideration Axis in their effort to turn back the clock of history of distribution and of purchasing power as well as to those unchristian times when might was right of production itself. “So long as any important part and loot the reward of the strongest savage. of the world is economically sick, we can not be In these addresses is traced the development of a well.” Access to raw materials and to the world’s new epoch of inter-American understanding, found¬ markets has been promised to all by the United ed on the recognition that each of the twenty-one Nations. But it must be accepted as a basic princi¬ American Republics is the sovereign equal of the ple of the post war world that those who expect to others, and that interference, directly or indirectly, export must take the world’s good and services in by any one of them in the internal affairs of the payment. others is inconceivable. Today the Western Hemi¬ The United States of America, Great Britain, Rus¬ sphere stands united in a realization of a community sia, and China, together represent the most power¬ of interest, in mutual sympathy and respect. From ful of the United Nations; their decisions will large¬ this inter-American solidarity there has come, “the ly determine the policy of the post war world. Under finest and most practical form of international co¬ Secretary Welles holds out the hope that by con¬ operation—the system of the Western Hemisphere sultation and by agreement that world, in the words —which in my judgment modern civilization has of Woodrow Wilson, “may be a universal dominion yet produced.” A part of the selection appropriately refers to the of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the future, particularly to the need to plan wisely now world itself at last free.” for the peace that is to come; not to be hurried by pressure groups or selfish interests into compromise SIDNEY DE LA RUE, and opportune adjustments at the end of the war. Chief, Caribbean Office, The Under Secretary recognizes that foreign poli¬ Office of Lend-Lease Administration.

356 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL ONE WORLD, by Wendell L. Willkie. Simon and The final chapters of the book are given up to Schuster, New York, 1943. 86 pages. $1.00 pa¬ reflections on the world to come after our common per bound. $2.00 bound in cloth. victory. In his modern Jules Verne trip — he This is reporting in the grand manner, and the travelled 31,000 miles in forty-nine days, in only great fraternity of American foreign correspondents 160 flying hours — Willkie found that whether they have given Mr. Willkie the accolade—and well has be leaders or men in the street, in Belem or Bagdad, he deserved it. Ankara or Moscow, Stalin or Madame Chiang, they He started with Egypt and at General Montgom¬ all had one common bond and that was their deep ery’s headquarters he told the press: “Egypt is friendship for the United States. This reservoir of saved. Rommel is stopped and a beginning has good will Willkie says is most precious and must been made on the task of throwing the Nazis out of not be wasted. “If we permit ourselves to become Africa.” This, in September 1942, was news in¬ involved in the machinations of Old World intrigue deed. Then- he went to Alexandria and discussed and religious, nationalistic and racial blocs, we will the future, especially as it affected the East, with a find ourselves amateurs indeed. If we stand true group of distinguished British administrators: to our basic principles, then we shall find ourselves “What I got was Rudyard Kipling, untainted even professionals of the kind of world toward which men with the liberalism of Cecil Rhodes.” in every part of it are aspiring.” While he was in Turkey the Axis radio com¬ Mr. Willkie is a happy traveler and his .enthusi¬ plained of his presence in that neutral country. Mr. asm is contagious. He sweeps aside cobwebs of old Willkie told the newspaper men that the answer was prejudices and unhappiness and zooms towards the simple: “Invite Hitler to send to Turkey, as a repre¬ light of a better day—much as the plane in which sentative of Germany, his opposition candidate.” he traveled did. His chapters on Russia are particularly interest¬ This was an exciting and worthwhile trip and you ing. At random I quote the following observation: can’t fail to enjoy reading about it as doubtless have “The Russian industrial system is a strange paradox the other million readers who have already done so. to an American. The method of employing and pay¬ FRANCIS COLT DE WOLF. ing labor would satisfy our most unsocial industrial¬ ist. And the way capital is treated would, I believe, completely satisfy a Norman Thomas.” His conclu¬ MAKE THIS THE LAST WAR, by Michael sion: “The best answer to Communism is a living, Straight. Harcourt, Brace & Co., New York, vibrant, fearless democracy—economic, social and 1943. 417 pp. $3.00. political. All we need to do is to stand up and per¬ This is a book which Max Lerner has called form according to our professed ideals. Then those “without exception the best of all the peace books” ideals will be safe. and of which Pearl Buck writes: “I have not read a “No, we do not need to fear Russia. We need to book coming out of this war which has moved me learn to work with her against our common enemy, so much as this one.” These enthusiastic and un¬ Hitler. We need to learn to work with her in the reserved commendations will not be shared uni¬ world after the war. For Russia is a dynimac coun¬ versally. Quite the contrary. One thing is certain, try, a vital new society, a force that cannot be by¬ passed in any future world.” however: the reactions which this book produces Then he flew to Yakutsk—the capital of the Soviet will not be neutral. It is a book written with the Republic of Yakutsk in Siberia, a country twice as fire and emotion of an ardent crusader and it is likely to evoke correspondingly strong emotions large as Alaska. He was shown the public library both pro and con. and informed that before 1917 only two per cent Conceived on a grand scale this book traverses of all the people of Yakutsk were literate; ninety- the whole orbit of national and world government. eight per cent could not read or write. Now the Few authors have set themselves a more ambitious figures are exactly reversed. program—which is nothing less than, as indicated He ended up with China which he entered not by by the title, making this the last war. Mr. Straight’s a “Treaty Port” but through its back door, the book deals not only with fighting the war and win¬ hinterland of China’s northwest. His first stop was ning the peace but equally with establishing “an at Tihwa, the capital of Sinkiang, a province twice affirmative society” the world over, as a necessary as large as France, with a population of less than condition of lasting peace. In his view all these five million inhabitants. He saw her people, her matters are intimately and vitally intertwined. The leaders, and reached the conclusion that we must tasks of winning the war and winning the peace make our friendship for the Chinese who are fight¬ ing on our side more real and tangible. (Continued on page 378)

JULY, 1943 357 Address by Mr. Justice Roberts Before the American Society of International Law* May 1, 1943

THE development of international law in the operation and adjudication would prove inadequate last fifty years has been substantial. It seems to preserve the world from resort to force. It be¬ fair to say that this recent development is greater came evident that the only existing sanction of inter¬ than the world has witnessed in historical time. national faith and honor, namely, the sentiment of International law, viewed as the formulation of the majority of civilized men, would prove insuffi¬ the customs of civilized nations in the conduct of cient to deter some nations from flouting both the their mutual relations has become a great corpus express covenants to which they were parties and of jurisprudence through the consensus of experts the corpus of established principles of international working in the field. In addition, there has recently law which has grown with the advance of civilized grown a large body of consensual international law living. The present war is witness to the fact that, embodied in the formal agreements to which nations in world crises begotten by race pride, by the lust are parties. for national aggrandizement, and by national self¬ The last two decades have also witnessed an en¬ ishness, international law is powerless. couraging advance in the resort to adjudication of The international role which the United States international disputes. The practice of submission has played has been conditioned upon the state of of questions arising between nations to the Perma¬ public opinion in the nation. nent Court of International Justice has been a long In each of the two world wars our Government, step forward in the recognition of right principles responsive to the popular will, initially attempted to in composing international differences. play the part of a neutral. In both cases our citi¬ zens have, after serious and costly delay, discovered In the years following the First World War there that the world’s business is our business; that we seemed reason to hope that, by a course of evolu¬ cannot erect a wall and sit safely behind it while tion, nations would come to adopt these methods of the flames of war rage beyond our borders; that adjusting their mutual concerns and that the rule we must act not only for the vindication of the of reason and justice might more and more pervade principles to which our Government is dedicated the settlement of questions arising between them. but, from a merely selfish point of view, we must The invaluable services of the League of Nations defend the personal and economic freedom of our in many fields, but particularly those of health and citizens or lose it. And so, tardily and unwillingly, hygiene, economics, and industrial relations, gave the people of the United States have been forced hope of further progress and fuller understanding to throw the weight of their will and their resources and cooperation. The many peace treaties by which to the support of the efforts of nations fighting to nations covenanted to make their best endeavor to vindicate those principles for which we stand. I settle disputes arising between them, without resort believe that we have come to realize that we cannot, to force, seemed to promise the ultimate outlawry as a nation, live in isolation; to understand that, of war. The general satisfaction with the work of if we are to have the essentials of our free demo¬ the Permanent Court of International Justice fore¬ cratic way of life we must join other nations in shadowed increasing resort to that tribunal. means and methods to perpetuate world peace The League of Nations itself was far in advance through world cooperation. of anything the world had known as an instrument Our recent experience teaches that all the ex¬ of international political control of national sov¬ pedients to which the nations have turned are in¬ ereign rights. sufficient to keep the peace. We have learned that But it became increasingly evident from 1933 leagues, treaties, agreements, voluntary submission that all existing instruments of international co¬ of disputes to a world court, fall short of reaching the goal. What other recourse is there? Our own * Reprinted from the Proceedings of the 37 th Annual Meeting national experience as a federation of independent of the American Society of International Law, Washington, May 1, 1943. sovereigns seems to point to at least one avenue

358 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL to be explored. Is it not plain that, so long as na¬ mandate of the federal Government to the state in¬ tional sovereignty remains absolute, no means will stead of to its citizens. exist for preventing the abnegation of the obliga¬ It seems obvious that a world government must tions of international good faith. Must there not have a representative assembly to implement its be a fundamental framework of government to delegated powers. Equally plain is the necessity which the people of each constituent nation surren¬ for an executive to administer the laws and see to der such portion of their nation’s sovereign preroga¬ their enforcement. And under that executive there tive as is essential to an international order; that must be an independent police to effectuate the each nation be bound by certain agreed rules so legislative policy and the executive action pursuant that no single nation, and no group of nations, can, to it. for any reason, or for no reason, assert its or their unbridled will by resort to arms? Lastly, there must be a judiciary to which dis¬ putes between the citizens and the supra-national What I read, and what I hear, leads me to believe government, between citizens and any nation a party that, amongst men of your background and training, to that government, and between nations, must be and indeed amongst the thinking laymen of the submitted for adjudication. United States, the overwhelming opinion is that some such organic and fundamental law must be These three instrumentalities are essential if we adopted if we are to have world order and world are to avoid the weakness and inefficiencies of all peace. Men differ widely as to the character of the prior forms of international cooperation. Treaties, structure and the powers to be conferred upon a league covenants, and agreements which may be re¬ supra-national government and the machinery by pudiated at the wish or whim of any nation party which those powers are to be implemented. These to them leaves the adherents to the compact little are matters in connection with which experts like or no power to compel recusant signatories to com¬ yourselves can be of inestimable aid. The difficulties ply with their undertakings. And a world court of framing such an organization admittedly are whose jurisdiction can only be invoked by willing enormous. They challenge the best ingenuity and nations is helpless to prevent such violation of skill of the most expert. plighted faith. Naturally there will be differences as to detail. I shall not stop to discuss the details of structure But it seems to me that there ought not to be much and powers of international government. As I have difference of view respecting certain fundamental said, these matters challenge the ingenuity, the skill, requirements. Supra-national law must be law and the imagination of those who are indoctrinated affecting and binding individual citizens of the na¬ in the theory of government and who are expert tions belonging to the supra-national Government, in international law. Given adherence to the fun¬ in the same sense that the law of the United States, damental propositions I have stated, I have enough consisting of the Constitution, and the status adopted confidence in the intelligence of mankind to believe pursuant to it, bind every citizen of the nation. The that a convention of delegates from the nations can contrast between the Articles of Confederation and overcome the difficulties presented, as the Constitu¬ the Constitution in this aspect is sufficient to enforce tional Convention of 1787 overcame those confront- the conclusion. The United States could never have ing it. persisted through the 150 years of its life if the laws I turn to some objections and caveats currently of the nation had been addressed to, and binding put forward. First, it is said that nations are not upon, the states as entities rather than upon the ready to be tied together in a complicated govern¬ individiual citizens of the states. The police force mental organization wholly new and untried. I an¬ of any government necessarily must enforce the law swer that the important matter is not how much but of that government against its citizens,—not against how little authority should in the first instance, be the state or nation to which those citizens belong. delegated to any such government. It would seem Enforcement as against a citizen is a police func¬ that a very simple Bill of Rights—a power to raise tion; enforcement against state or nation as an and support armies, a commerce power analogous entity is war. to that exercised in the United States by the Con¬ gress, a power to create an international medium The psychology back of federal legislation is that of exchange, and a power to create a federal postal the citizen’s loyalty and fealty to the nation stands system, would be essential, and that little, if any¬ over against his loyalty to his particular state. That thing, more should initially be attempted; perhaps balance of loyalties, with all its obvious value, would not so much. be lost if issues between the federal government and its constituent members were closed by the (Continued on page 377)

JULY, 1943 359 Skyline of Buenos Aires

/117/enfrmi and All That

By RICHARD FORD, First Secretary, Buenos Aires

T ANE WILSON read a headline. “Argentina . . . of the border, and they develop a habit of returning, J topical interest. . . spot news ... a story! You! if not physically at least in memory. But mind you, nothing controversial. . . Which is Argentina to be sure is pretty far south of the why I’m doing for quick this piece about Argentina. border. But it’s surprising how rapidly these seven Geographically, of course, I’m slightly off the or eight thousand miles are shrinking. Only yes¬ beam. Not only am I writing this draft on a pad terday, figuratively speaking, it took close to three of Near Eastern Division paper but I notice that weeks in a fast luxury liner to cover the distance already my name is listed as the JOURNAL’S field from New York to Buenos Aires. Today it takes correspondent for Iran. a little less than four days from the Plaza de Mayo Emotionally, however, I still feel pretty close to to Bill Burdett’s welcoming smile in Miami—that is, the Good Neighborhood. After all, it has only provided your DC3 doesn’t blow a tire somewhere been a few days since I was working my way around Antofagasta and the resulting ground loop through a BA beefie at “La Estancia,” and dodging doesn’t slow up the schedule too much. the still unrationed traffic on Diagonal Norte, and And tomorrow, still speaking figuratively, strato- moving with the unhurried masses along Calle Flor¬ liners cruising above the clouds at around four ida which, like Sierpes in Sevilla, still lets the pedes¬ hundred miles an hour will permit the commuter trian reign supreme by keeping everything with to pour that same morning’s accumulation of Miami wheels off the place. Moreover, something nostalgic Beach sand from his trouser cuffs into the broad invariably happens to people who have served south River Plate, it being assumed of course that by to-

360 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL morrow sand-collecting cuffs will once again en¬ publicized and beautifully romantic gaucho, that cumber trousers. fabulous creature half Inca chieftain and half Span¬ The point is that Argentina has recently moved ish conquistador, who in fact is the southern hemi¬ in from her estancia out on the pampas and is now spheric prototype of our hard-riding cowboy. He occupying a modern flat almost next door to our wears bloomers called bombachas instead of chaps own. So it is high time we came to know more of since there is no mesquite or greasewood in Argen¬ these near neighbors of ours than gaucho, polo, tina but plenty of chaffing heat, he sips yerba mate tango, and just a vacant sort of “oh” when Argen¬ instead of going in for cut plug, and he rides dusty tina is mentioned. Perhaps, by the same token the herd on enough cows to feed armies. Argentines should be influenced to check a little For meat and more meat is the wealthy Argentine more closely on us too, instead of tending to lump estanciero’s meat. Last year the country exported us all together on the same Hollywood set. How¬ close to a million tons of fresh and canned beef ever, that’s a matter for Cultural Relations. and mutton, most of it going to feed allied troops Argentina is an abundant land. Some of the scattered here and there over the earth’s surface. nation’s great estancias would make most of our The frigorificos—meat packing plants to us non- western ranches look like a Foreign Service officer’s Castillanos—operating along the River Plate and in dream of his place of retirement; i.e., a-house-a-cow- Patagonia are among the sanitary and industrial and-a-chicken somewhere in the country. Many of wonders of the world. these vast Argentine estates, almost wholly self- Which brings up the question of “beefies.” Any sufficient, are more modern than a super-production Foreign Service wife in Argentina who doesn’t pro¬ in technicolor. They don’t have just a swimming vide her servants with at least two succulent beef pool. They have several, together with polo fields, steaks per day per servant might just as well pre¬ private airdromes, and probably a pretty personal¬ pare to do her own cooking and housework, or else. ized little chapel nestled in a grove of imported And any red meat eatin’ person who visits Argen¬ cypress, cedar, spruce, and other exotic conifers. tina during these rationed days and doesn’t do at It is said that one estanciero once stocked his place least a daily “baby beef” at La Cabana or a three- with some polar bears, but due to climatic exigencies inch thick Chateaubriand at the Plaza grille or a was on the point of losing them. So he proceeded sizzling slab at any one of a dozen other famous to air-condition a swimming pool, built an ice igloo, restaurants in Buenos Aires is very short-sighted in¬ installed artificial snow machinery, and for all I deed. know is today a highly successful breeder of polar This is no reflection on Argentine extravagance. bears—or at any rate patagonian bears. It is just that the meat’s there, it is delicious, it is The estancia of course is the home of the much the cheapest thing on the menu, and most folks are

Panoramic view of an estancia in Tierra del Fuego. mu PI pSSgjf ■ ,;-A

!'

JUIY, 1943 361 hungry. Happily, once a ever in every direction. beef eater, always a beef Three million souls live here eater. Some of the most in squared-out civic splen¬ reassuring things I found in dor, and while lofty modern Argentina were plethoric and apartment buildings house only slightly liverish eighty- quite a number of these, most year oldsters who still could of the millions live in one- smack prelibative lips over and two-story dwellings certain sizzling sounds ema¬ which march in monotonous nating from the kitchen. procession up one street and Buenos Aires restaurants down the next. At night, are to me, an earthy soul, from a thousand meters, this one of the town’s main at¬ twinkling, multi-colored cre¬ tractions. It has many oth¬ ation is incomparably beauti¬ ers, of course. It is by most ful ; the rhythmic rote of row civic standards a beautiful on row on row on row of city. People who have been evenly spaced street lights around frequently liken its makes one presently sit back, early renaissance architecture tighten his seat belt, and light to certain parts of Paris. a cigarette. Those who venture into the Travelogues are dull, even congested districts of atmo¬ in these days of restricted spheric Avellaneda are re¬ travel. So a sight-seeing tour minded of certain slums of of Buenos Aires is out. Not —er—Paris. Visitors to La that there isn’t plenty of in¬ Boca on the waterfront re¬ terest to be seen, but to ur¬ call Marseilles and — you ban-minded Americans none guessed it—Paris where the of it is particularly unusual. Seine flows past. There is no clash between It is a vast city. Most visi¬ yesterday and today, no fra¬ tors in these days of stymied ternizing between antiquity shipping schedules arrive by and modernity. Here is a air. Coming in over the thoroughly up-to-date city, smooth jungle carpet from with all the comforts and Rio or via the high Andes luxuries of home, with a hun¬ pass from Santiago or across dred little and big parks, the sky-scraping, breath-tak¬ each the querencia of one ing Altiplano from La Paz, and sometimes two and three the plane flies for hours over national heroes generally some of the flattest, most astride restive steeds, with treeless geography on earth, wide avenues and narrow with families of estancia streets where the congested buildings huddled here and motor traffic, English fash¬ there across the pampas and ion, keeps to the left instead geometrically straight high¬ of the right and where po¬ ways connecting towns scat¬ licemen perched in high tow¬ tered in a vast isolation, and ers at street intersections di¬ comes at last to the wide es¬ rect everything and every¬ tuary known as the Rio de body, the traffic-light system la Plata. having been tried and found And here, stretching to the wanting in this city of in¬ horizon, is the spread-out dividualized non-conformers. city of Buenos Aires, where Everyone knows of course the only hill is the river that the Pink House or Casa South America’s tallest building, “Kava- Rosada is the White House bank and where clustering nagh Apartments,” Buenos Aires, 34 stories, suburbs seem to extend for- completely air conditioned. {Continued on page 374)

362 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Staff oj the American Consulate at Casablanca on the way to in¬ ternment during the events of November 8, 1942. Consul General Russell, fifth from left.

Vice Consul Edward S. Renet (right) presented an American flag on Pan American Day to Mario Julio Diego, Assistant Di¬ rector of the Colegio Arturo Eche- mendia, of Matanzas.

Left, photo taken on Mr. Phillips’ recent trip to In¬ dia. Left to right: Richard Heppner, U.S.A., Vice Consul Nicholas Feld, Mr. Phillips, Consul Roy E. B. Bower.

Lower left: Presentation, at Fort Bliss, of a zarape by Governor Chavez to Major General Swift. (Left side) Deputy Mauro Munoz; Consul Stephen E. Aguirre; The Hon. Alfredo Chavez, Governor of Chi¬ huahua. (Right side) Major Gen. Innis P. Swift, Sr. Antonio Bermundez, Mayor of Ciudad Juarez.

IVinners and Runners-up in the ladies’ golf tourna¬ ment at Tampico. Left to right: Srta. Estrop, Mrs. Myron Davy, Miss Betty Jameson, and Mrs. M. Williams Blake, winner of the Ladies’ “B” Flight.

El 1 V \m #<,41 -! 'H'Mi \rs- . ■ '"H - • -vm 1 im \ \ gji- \ i a ESH Educational Facilities for Foreign Service Children

THERE are two Foreign Service Association will be glad personally to approach suitable insti¬ scholarships and one FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL tutions for scholarship assistance whenever possi¬ scholarship available every year to the children of ble in each case. American Foreign Service officials. In this connec¬ “This special service is offered in view of the tion parents may be interested to know what guides unusual merit of the proposal advanced by the the committee’s selection from among the appli¬ Education Committee of the Foreign Service As¬ cants. The most concrete, as well as the simplest sociation, and is also in recognition of the rich rule to follow, would be to make the choice on the international background of Foreign Service basis of scholastic record. It is considered of equal families.” importance, however, to take into account the use the applicant expects to make of his or her educa¬ Foreign Service Officers are accordingly invited tion. The financial need is considered also. If an to make use of the facilities provided. To this end only child is residing in a post where living costs the Education Committee will act as liaison between are not high and where good education is obtain¬ Foreign Service Officers, the schools and the Insti¬ able, presumably he would not depend upon schol¬ tute of International Education. All arrangements arship aid to the extent of a member of a large for enrollment will, however, have to be made by family at an expensive post. Obviously there can the parents concerned. Furthermore, it is suggested be no set rules to be followed every year in making that Foreign Service parents consult the Committee awards of these scholarships. Still, the academic on any problem of child education in which they record, the purpose for which the education is in¬ may be interested. The Education Committee can tended, the place of residence, and the financial need be reached through its Secretary in Room 193, De¬ of the applicant are primary factors in making partment of State. Telephone: Republic 5600, Ex¬ selections. tension 420. In an effort to expand this program the Education Committee of the American Foreign Service Asso¬ ciation has endeavored, for the past year, to make TEXT OF THE PROPOSALS FOR available additional educational facilities for the children of Foreign Service Officers. An exhaustive THE REFORM OF THE BRITISH survey of primary and higher schools in the Capi¬ FOREIGN SERVICE tal’s vicinity and beyond, conducted by the ladies (Continued from, page 344) of the Committee under the leadership of Mrs. Mer- riam and Mrs. Cabot, has provided not only ex¬ candidate will be free to compete by either or both haustive information on the number and kinds of of these Methods in the same year. At the end of schools available but also on the conditions under the experimental period it will be possible to deter¬ which special considerations, such as the reduction mine whether Method 2 has been a success and of tuition fees, are obtainable by Foreign Service whether it should be terminated or modified in any children. way. In regard to higher institutions of learning there 18. Candidates who compete successfully by has been received a very much appreciated letter either method will be given travelling studentships from the Institute of International Education in from public funds for 18 months in order that, un¬ which its director, Dr. Stephen Duggan, says: der due supervision, they may study at least two “We should be glad to have deserving children languages abroad, together with history and eco¬ of Foreign Service Officers apply to the Institute nomics, and acquire the necessary familiarity with of International Education through the Education life in countries other than their own. Committee of the American Foreign Service As¬ 19. The second part of the examination will be sociation for scholarship assistance in United held at the end of the studentship period when can¬ States colleges or preparatory schools. Although didates will have to pass a qualifying examination the Institute normally limits its activities to bona in the subjects studied during that period. In each fide foreign students, individual staff members part of the examination candidates will have to

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JULY, 1943 365 qualify at an interview before a board constituted to attach officers to other Government departments, by the Civil Service Commission with Foreign Serv¬ such as those concerned with commercial and labour ice representation. The object of these interviews questions, for the purpose of training before taking will be to assess the candidate’s personal suitability up appointments abroad or whilst on leave. The for the Foreign Service. seconding or appointment of Foreign Service offi¬ 20. Candidates who qualify will become mem¬ cers to posts in other Government departments and bers of the Foreign Service subject to one year’s vice versa will not Jbe excluded when it can be shown probationary period of work in this country. Half to be useful to the public service, and the appoint¬ of this period will be spent in the Foreign Office. ment to posts in the Foreign Service of men from The other half will be spent in the study of eco¬ outside the Government service will be considered nomic, industrial and social questions in other Gov¬ in exceptional cases. ernment Departments dealing with these affairs and 24. In addition, it is intended to continue and in visiting centres of industry or in other suitable develop the arrangements by which Foreign Service ways. The period will include study of labour ques¬ officers may be appointed to United Kingdom posts tions. This training is not aimed at producing ex¬ in the Dominions, whether in the High Commis¬ perts in economic and social questions but at en¬ sioner’s or the Trade Commissioner’s offices. It is suring that all members of the new Service have a also intended to promote closer contact between good general understanding of such matters and the Foreign Service and the Colonial Service. It is a foundation on which to build up specialized knowl¬ hoped to facilitate understanding of questions of edge if necessary. At the end of this period men strategy and Imperial defence by making arrange¬ will be posted to Missions and Consulates abroad. ments for members of the Foreign Service to be 21. Provision will be made for ensuring an ade¬ attached to the Imperial Defence College in larger quate supply of officers for posts in oriental coun¬ numbers than before the war. tries. The importance of a knowledge of oriental as well as of Latin and Slavonic languages and the III.—Conditions of Service at Home need for ensuring that all juniors have as wide an 25. Most members of the Service will spend the experience as possible will be borne in mind in greater part of their careers abroad, sometimes in the training period and in the posting of officers in distant and unhealthy posts. Their situation must, the early years of their service. therefore, be considered not as that of men em¬ 22. The provision made for the training of can¬ ployed in this country, who may occasionally be didates in economic and commercial affairs and posted away from home, but rather as that of men the fact that all officers will be liable to serve in who spend most of their careers abroad and are commercial diplomatic and consular as well as po¬ only occasionally posted at home. At present, when litical posts, should ensure that all members of the transferred to London, Foreign Service officers are Service possess at least a general knowledge and subjected not only to personal inconvenience but understanding of ordinary economics and of com¬ also to distinct financial disadvantages. Thus, they mercial practice. It is felt that, in these circum¬ normally incur considerable indirect expenditure stances, the appointment to Missions abroad of ex¬ over their transfer, while the comparatively short pert advisers in commercial affairs from outside the period for which they may be kept in this country Service may be unnecessary and might, indeed, be and the uncertainty of their future movements undesirable since it would imply that these ques¬ makes it necessary for them to plan their lives on tions were outside the province of the Foreign Serv¬ a short-term basis. They thus incur greater ex¬ ice officer. It is hoped, indeed, that the general penditure over housing, the education of children, level of ability and training of members of the &c., than officials who reside permanently in this Service will be such that none of them will feel country and can plan their future with greater cer¬ obliged to make any essential part of their work tainty. Moreover, Foreign Service officers posted the exclusive province of experts. It will, how¬ to London should not, if they are to do their work ever, be necessary for Heads of Missions to have properly, be obliged, through lack of means, to cut expert assistance in technical matters, and advisers themselves off from contact with foreign represen¬ on economic, labour, agricultural and other ques¬ tatives or from those wider contacts which are tions will be attached to them when this is in the necessary if they are to be effective representatives public interest. of this country when they go abroad again. 23. In order further to widen the experience of 26. While it is not suggested that the Foreign members of the Foreign Service and to ensure that Service officer at headquarters should be required they should be kept in close touch with develop¬ to lead the same representative life as his colleague ments in this country, arrangements will be made abroad, it would clearly be inequitable if he were

366 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL TWENTY-EIGHT years ago, Goodyear became These include such vital equipment as — bulleL- the world’s largest tire manufacturer—and puncture-sealing gasoline tanks for airplanes; has remained so ever since. self-inflating rubber life rafts; whole squadrons During all those years of leadership, Goodyear of U-boat-hunting “blimps”; airplane wings, pioneered the development not only of the tails and other control surfaces—as well as tires modern tire, but also of countless other rubber for every type and size of motorized equipment. products. Thus Goodyear’s peacetime development is now Today, Goodyear’s matchless skills, ex¬ paying rich rewards in terms of increased perience and resources are in the wartime efficiency. And, just so, the service of Victory. Goodyear new knowledge being gained to¬ factories are pouring day will further benefit man¬ forth a steady stream of kind in the form of new more than 70 wartime Goodyear products — necessities. after Victory!

JULY, 1943 367 to suffer .financially as a result of the conditions under which he serves. If assistance from public funds is to be given to enable persons without pri¬ ENLISTED vate means to compete for the new Service, in order that the basis of recruitment may be widened, it is clearly necessary that such persons should be able FOR THE DURATION.. to live on their emoluments when once they are in the Service, whether abroad or at home. This they THE will be unable to do if full account is not taken of their special circumstances. AMERICAN MERCHANT MARINE 27. It is accordingly proposed that members of the Foreign Service should be paid a special grant on transfer to London. IV.—Administration 28. For the administration of the new Service it is proposed to appoint an additional Deputy Under-Secretary of State in the Foreign Office to relieve the Permanent Under-Secretary of adminis¬ trative and non-political work. Under this officer all questions concerning appointments in the Serv¬ ice will be handled by a Personnel Department which will keep systematic records of every member of the Service based on reports and on personal con¬ tacts. Regular inspection of consular posts is al¬ ready the rule; it will henceforth be applied to diplomatic Missions as well. The Personnel De¬ partment will furnish information for the Promo¬ tions Board which will advise the Secretary of State on the higher appointments. Because of the We are often asked what American steam¬ amalgamation of the Commercial Diplomatic Serv¬ ice with the new Foreign Service, the Board of ship companies are doing now that the Trade and the Department of Overseas Trade will Government has taken over, for use dur¬ be represented on the Promotions Board when the ing the war, all merchant ships, and the higher appointments to Commercial Diplomatic Maritime Commission is building thou¬ posts are under consideration. To advise the For¬ sands more. . . . Well, except for those eign Secretary in cases of retirement on pension operated by the Army and Navy, all mer¬ before the age of 60, it is proposed to establish a special board under the chairmanship of a former chant ships, old and new, are being man¬ senior member of the Service. aged and operated by American steamship V.—Superannuation Bill companies under the direction, and for the account of, the War Shipping Admin¬ 29. With improved arrangements for the entry istration. To all theaters of war and in and training of candidates for the Foreign Service and the establishment of more systematic machin¬ serving the United Nations and friendly ery for making appointments, cases of officers being countries, the companies of the American found unsuitable for service in the highest ranks Merchant Marine and their personnel should, in future, be rare. It is, however, necessary afloat and ashore are doing the greatest for the reasons stated in paragraph 9 that the For¬ ocean transportation job in history. eign Secretary should, now and in the future, have the power to terminate, by retirement on pension before the normal age of 60, the services of officers of the rank of First Secretary, or its equivalent, and GRACE LINE upwards, who, though they have committed no fault meriting dismissal, prove unsuited for posts of the highest responsibility and cannot be found other

368 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL employment in the Government service. At present the Foreign Secretary has not this power. He is able only to place men on the unemployed list, leav¬ ing them without pay or pension, and is therefore subject to considerable pressure to employ a man even though he feels that he is unsuitable. It has accordingly been decided to submit to Parliament a Bill which will give the Foreign Secretary the neces¬ sary powers and will provide for suitable compen¬ sation. 30. This Bill is aimed at meeting only the im¬ mediate needs of the Service. It will be replaced after the war by a comprehensive Foreign Service Superannuation Bill designed to meet the needs of the new Foreign Service. The comprehensive Bill will have not only to ensure to the Secretary of State the power to terminate on pension the services FEDERAL STORAGE oi men unfit for the highest posts but also to remove certain anomalies which result in unequal treatment, to revise the basis on which the pensions of the COMPANY Foreign Service have hitherto been calculated and to make suitable provision for the pensions of mem¬ Every Modern Facility for the Safe Handling bers of the subordinate branches of the Service. and Care of Household Treasures The necessary legislation will be submitted to Par¬ liament as soon as possible after the war. Private Rooms for Furniture VI.—Subordinate Staff Cold Storage for Furs 31. For the reasons given in paragraph 8 it is Rug Cleaning and Storage intended that the new Foreign Service shall include Vault for Silverware not only the Diplomatic, Commercial Diplomatic Home Inspection and Insurance Service and Consular Services but also the subordinate branches. All members of the new Service will be Fumigation Chambers pensionable and will be liable for service abroad Piano and Art Section as well as at home. Being liable for service abroad Local and Long Distance Moving the subordinate members of the Service will be sub¬ ject to the same extra expense, resulting from trans¬ Packing and Shipping fer to London as well as from uncertainty of tenure Lift Vans for Foreign Removals at home, as members of the senior branch. It is (Bowling Green Steel Vans) therefore intended that they should receive, on transfer to the Foreign Office, grants comparable to those payable to the latter. 1701 Florida Ave. 5600 32. In addition to the higher posts which will WASHINGTON, D. C., U.S.A. be available in the subordinate branches themselves, it is also proposed that junior subordinate em¬ Officers Directors E. K. MORRIS BRUCE BAIRD ployees of exceptional merit shall be considered with President CHARLES S. BAKER other candidates competing for posts in the senior HAROLD N. MARSH H. RANDOLPH BARBEE Vice-Pres. and Counsel DANIEL L. BORDEN branch by Method 2 (see paragraph 17). Pro¬ JAMES M. JOHNSTON HENRY P. ERWIN vision will further be made for the promotion of Vice-Pres. and Treasurer D. P. GAILLARD H. RANDOLPH BARBEE JAMES M. JOHNSTON more senior employees, who have proved their suit¬ Secretary HAROLD N. MARSH ability, to posts in the senior branch. PAUL E. TOLSON A. N. MILLER Asst. Vice-Pres. CARROLL MORGAN S. WEBSTER ADAMS E. K. MORRIS VII.—Admission of Women Asst. Vice-Pres. DONALD F. ROBERTS A. RUSSELL BARBEE FREDERIC N. TOWERS 33. Women are not at present eligible for posts Asst. Secretary GRIFFITH WARFIELD in the administrative branch of the Foreign Office or in the Diplomatic, Commercial Diplomatic or Consular Services. For the duration of the war, all

JULY, 1943 369 regular entry into the Service is suspended. The three Hudsons swooped down on a ship and re¬ Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs has, however, leased three bombs from a height of only 50 feet, already announced his readiness to regard the re¬ one of them pulverizing the stern of the ship. As it port of the Committee, which, in 1934, examined rose the rudder of one aircraft was badly hit by the question of the admission of women into the fire from a nearby anti-aircraft ship in the fjord. Foreign Service, as no longer necessarily being the However, the machine was still manageable and last word on the subject, and to consider, after the the Netherlanders decided to put in another blow. war, the appointment of a Committee, which will In the face of terrific ack-ack fire they attacked the not be confined in its composition to members of the flagship and scored a direct hit. Then the ship Civil Service, to review the question again in the headed for its English base, with one of its gun¬ light of the existing circumstances. In the sub¬ ners wounded in the leg. ordinate branches of the Service women will con¬ Occasionally these flyers get a chance to partici¬ tinue to be employed as at present. pate in big raids on the Continent. One lieutenant was in a unit which formed part of the 1,000-plane CONCLUSION raid on Bremen on June 25 of last year. 34. The problems dealt with by the Foreign “It was a lovely party,” said the 29-year-old lieu¬ Service are far-reaching. They often involve is¬ tenant. “I kept thinking of Rotterdam and what sues of peace and war and other national interests the Germans did to our great port. We had plenty of the greatest importance. The results of a mis¬ of light and that was all to the good because it take or even of inadequacy may involve a costly looked like a real traffic jam over Bremen. That disaster. Diplomacy is but one of the weapons of raid was splendid repayment to the ‘moffen’ which his Majesty’s Government dispose for the (Huns). It was plain hell down below. We could protection of British interests. It is, however, a see the smoke miles away, as we headed toward weapon which, if effective, may make unnecessary home.” the resort to other weapons. His Majesty’s Gov¬ Pilot Jan S. is one of those who slipped out of ernment believe that the proposed reforms—the Holland right under the noses of the Germans. Ac¬ most important heads of which are summarised cording to him it “was all very simple.” above—will materially contribute to render the For¬ “I found a shed with a new type of German eign Service more effective, and they therefore trust Fokker fighter in it shortly after the invasion. It that the proposals will meet with the approval of was guarded by a Hun sentry. I got rid of the sen¬ Parliament. try and once I was alone with that Fokker, the plane and I soon came to an agreement. I took off for England and the Huns hadn’t a chance to stop me.” HOLLAND “KEEPS ’EM FLYING’’ Another escape by air was made by Captain T. H. Leegstra who tricked the Germans by acting like (Continued from page 348) a pro-Nazi test pilot. One day he took off during a storm and headed for England, where his plane bear such names as “Rotterdam,” “Palembang,” with German markings was welcomed by anti-air¬ and “Balikpapan,” reminders of Dutch and Indies’ craft fire. However, he succeeded in landing safely objectives which suffered most from enemy ‘straf- and turned the undamaged plane over to the British. ings.” The Spitfires donated by the Netherlands also These men have flown almost daily for the past downed scores of enemy fighters and bombers three years in raids against Axis shipping in the earlier in the war, in sweeps over the Continent. North Sea and the Norwegian fjords. Their planes, Three of these Spitfires, flying with a Polish squad¬ ‘ bearing the Netherlands tricolor for their insignia, ron, one month made a record score—no less than have attained a brilliant bombing record—grim re¬ 24 enemy craft downed and a large number dam¬ payment for the Luftwaffe’s devastation of Hol¬ aged. Many of the Indies flyers sent to Britain lost land. In one comparatively brief period the force their lives, after bagging numerous enemy ma¬ sank more than 40,000 tons of enemy shipping. It chines. But others came to take their places and has won 21 high decorations for gallantry—two today these Hollanders are in the thick of the wax¬ British Distinguished Flying Crosses and almost ing Allied air offensive against Hitler’s “European twenty Dutch Flying Crosses. Fortress.” The flyers blend daring with cool judgment and The rebirth of the Indies Air Force developed skill. In one attack off the Norwegian coast one of along different lines—principally with the aid of

370 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Geographic photograph by W. Robert Moore

Fair Exchange in Surinam

■ American soldiers trading cigarettes with Djukas, recently portrayed in a timely GEOGRAPHIC article on the Guianas of northern South America. If you know a human-interest story of geog¬ raphy from personal experience, we invite you to tell it with words and pictures through THE GEOGRAPHIC. Foreign Service Officers are urged to participate in this educational work. A brief outline of a possible narrative may be your start: please submit it, with photographs, for editorial consideration. Liberal payment will be made for material accepted.

Gilbert Grosvenor, Litt.D., LL.D., Editor—Washington 6, D. C. National filevtjraphic Magazine

JULY, 1943 371 the United States and the large funds still held by paratively short period since flying became a fact, the Dutch Government in London. The evacuation built up a tradition in the air similar to that which of Indies flyers to Australia was the opening chap¬ they had long ago acquired on the high seas. ter in this second comeback. With Australia al¬ The feats of the Netherlander in civil flying had ready heavily burdened with supply and accommo¬ made the country one of the top-notch proponents dation problems, it was decided to send those men of air transport in the world. They were quick to who had not completed their training to the United see the commercial possibilities of air transport and States under veteran instructors, some of them men promptly set records for dependability and initia¬ who had fought in the battle of the Indies. tive in developing air links with various European Arriving in May in the United States these 600- countries and with the Netherlands East Indies. odd men were sent to Fort Leavenworth in Kansas Although Holland was at peace during the first for basic training and for advanced training to World War and did not feel the terrific impetus of Jackson, Miss. There the cadets during the ensuing the development of aviation during that period, it months were taught by their Dutch instructors how produced even then one of the world’s outstanding to handle the latest models of American airplanes airplane designers, Anthony Fokker. It was this with one purpose in mind—to get back to the South Hollander—who later carried on his work in the Pacific as soon as possible and win back their island United States—who designed the planes which were home. the backbone of the German air force and who in¬ The Leavenworth training center went out of exis¬ vented the synchronized propeller and machine-gun tence as the fliers completed their courses and were action. After the war Fokker designed excellent shipped to Jackson. Today the Royal Netherlands transport machines which were widely used in the Military Flying School at Jackson, thanks to the United States, Holland and other countries. courtesy of the United States Government, is one The Netherlands Royal Dutch Air Lines (Konink- of the most vital establishments under the Dutch lijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij), established in 1919, flag in the world. Already a steady stream of fin¬ is famous throughout the world. This line—whose ished pilots, bombardiers and gunners are being accident toll has been consistently one of the low¬ shipped to the fighting fronts, especially the Pacific. est in the world—operated the longest airline in Seldom has a training school had an instructors existence: Amsterdam to Batavia, in the Dutch East corps more battle-hardened than this miniature Indies. This connection was established in the his¬ Dutch institution. toric flight from Amsterdam to Batavia in 1924. The The handsome Chief of Staff, Lt. Col. C. Giebel, route followed by the Dutch pilots had never been made a getaway from an “escape-proof” German flown before. Nine thousand miles long, it led prison camp in Saxony and proceeded across half through Turkey, Syria, Irak, Iran and British In¬ the world to the Indies where he became Chief of dia. The airplane had hardly yet made its appear¬ Staff to General Van Oyen, Commander of the In¬ ance in these territories and most of the landing dies Army Air Force, during the invasion. Another grounds consisted of beaches or race courses. Sub¬ teacher is a voung lieutenant who helped sink 15 sequently a regular Amsterdam-Batavia service was warships and transports in the Pacific—all this inaugurated and was disrupted only when Holland done with an antiquated Martin bomber. Also was invaded and when the Japanese seized the In¬ among the instructors is the very commander whose dies last year. plane pancaked in the clearing near Balikpapan. Although the war has temporarily cut down Hol¬ This officer simply refused to stay “put” in a hos¬ land’s civilian air enterprise—except for a fairly pital at Balikpapan and made his “getaway” in a important service in the Dutch West Indies zone pair of borrowed pajamas. He got to Sourabaya, and the London-Lisbon line—the air-minded Dutch Java, in a crowded commercial plane and from already are preparing to play an even greater role there made his way to Australia. Among the stu¬ in post-war civil flying activity. In discussions with dents is one who was shot down by the enemy over American and British government representatives a barren Australian coast and hiked for more than the Netherlands Government in London has stressed five days and nights with a bullet wound in his its determination to obtain a fitting place in the shoulder before he finally managed to reach the great post-war aerial transportation networks. This camp. Government is in the forefront of those United These great comebacks of the Netherlands in the Nations who want the problem of post-war aviation air are a fitting corollary to the outstanding con¬ tackled now with assurances from the greater pow¬ tributions made to civil aviation by Holland over ers that those countries which lost their planes as a a period of many years. For the Dutch, in the com¬ result of the war obtain new machines in order to

372 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL PRACTICAL POSTWAR PLANNING

What will you, as an electrical merchant, be most interested in, when peace comes and the postwar planning you are hearing so much about now can be ex¬ pressed in actual products? We believe you will want two things: First, a line of products which you can get—at once—for actual selling. Second, products that have acceptance. The coming of plastic refrigerators, glass ranges, and other such fascinating products of the future is wonderful in expectation, but if you have to wait months before you can get such products, with what are you to do business, in the interim? Then too, neither you nor your customers can be expected to take the risk of experimenting with new and untried products and materials, no matter how novel and glamorous they seem to be. You have a reputation at stake. Of course, we have our share of new and revolutionary designs for ranges, re¬ frigerators and many other products, and we are as far advanced with them as any patriotic manufacturer can be who is 100 percent in the war effort. So we think practical postwar planning in your interest means our getting into production without delay, and giving you a line of products you know will give customer satisfaction—products that give you low selling cost, low service cost with quick turnover and profits. We submit that postwar planning in your interest should prompt us to go through two stages: 1. Get into production quickly on essentially those products you have sold before; improve them, yes, but don’t experiment on those with radical changes. 2. Bring along the revolutionary new developments as quickly as they can be tested and proven. You have heard much about the coming, postwar appliances. You will hear much more. You will be told to wait for them. The point will be stressed that all the appliances you sold in the past will be obsoleted by those coming postwar. And that is correct—or will be, in time. We say that these postwar products bring no profits to you until they can be delivered to you, test and time proven. And until that time we believe it is sensible to give the public good, proven products—pronto! That is, to our way of thinking, the only sensible way to meet the huge postwar demand. We hope you will agree with this outline of our thinking. We call it PRACTICAL Postwar Planning.

VICE-PRESIDENT AND GENERAL MANAGER

WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC INTERNATIONAL COMPANY 40 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, U.S.A.

JULY, 1943 373 reestablish and expand their previous air connec¬ tions. The Netherlands fighting air force—which groups many of its civilian flyers—today is upholding the 4Jr H “no surrender” spirit embodied in Holland’s royal motto “Je Maintiendrai” (I shall maintain). Hol¬ land’s airmen are battling the enemy wherever they can find him. Hundreds of their commercial and & C B fighting planes have been shot out of the skies but they have refused to accept defeat. This spirit was strikingly mirrored early this year when one fight¬ ing squadron carried out its first attack on a Japa¬ nese base in the Netherlands Indies. They bombed the base and then shot down to 50 feet over the objective “just to show their flag”—the red, white and blue stripes painted on their American air¬ craft. The battle has been a grim one for the Dutch flyers and very many of them never will see its end,

O U T H but the tide is turning and they are again hurling their challenge into the teeth of the foe, with bombs /I T L * C and machine-gun bullets.

& C C />")( ARGENTINA AND ALL THAT (Continued from page 362) of Argentina. Stirring things have occurred here in the past, and even now—oops, sorry! Speaking of closer relations and other harmless things, one of the intriguing customs one notices particularly in Argentina is their method of re¬ 35 Trade "Embassies" ferring to us as a nation, or more accurately, as a people. It is perhaps largely our own fault, since we have permitted ourselves to grow up without ever having adopted or been given a properly de¬ scriptive noun about ourselves. In Argentina, when Cy NATIONAL CITY established its first Latin- they are feeling a little more arrogant than usual, American branch in Buenos Aires — in we are all Yankis. When they grow especially 1914. Other branches followed quickly. continental-hegemony conscious, we are Norteameri- In close cooperation with Head Office, canos. When they get geographically meticulous, these doorways are always open to busi¬ we become los Estados Unidos del Norte. But when ness for the furtherance of trade relation¬ they are being friendly and warm and neighborly, ships between the Americas. as they generally are despite reports to the contrary, Today throughout Latin America, there we are La Union. No qualifying adjectives or are 2,120 National City employees delimiting phrases; simply, The Union. waiting to serve you. They speak the lan¬ This tribute—whether inadvertent or studied makes no difference—to a nation of a hundred and guage; knowthe local business technique; thirty million racially diversified people is to me and they work hand in hand with the somehow both inspiring and reassuring. I’m from people of the country. Texas and all two of my grandfathers were Con¬ federate soldiers, but I experience none the less a THE NATIONAL CITY BANK warm glow each time I hear our country thus re¬ OF NEW YORK ferred to by foreigners. To be known abroad in these days and times as “The Union” comes close Head Office: 55 Wall Street, New York to an implementation as well as a vindication of the

Member Federal Deoosit Insurance Corporation old of-by-and-for phrase which makes us a democ¬ racy. Finally, to conclude with generalities, Argentina

374 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL by any standard of estimation is a great and pros¬ perous country, the people of which, singly and collectively, are well worth knowing far better than we know them now. They have created for them¬ selves a nation which is and will continue to be a going concern, and of which they are inordinately proud. From the wind-swept desolation of remote Patagonia, where the late Charlie Hosmer on an inspection trip last year to Punta Arenas declared it was the first time he had ever devoutly wished himself included out of an airplane, to the majestic Iguassu Falls where, if you are lucky, your Captain will not try to dip water out of the gorge with his left aileron, Argentina is a mighty and interesting land. As for diversification, gardens in Buenos Aires produce tropical, semi-tropical and temperate zone fruits and vegetables simultaneously if not on the same tree, while the English owners of one of the world’s largest citrus fruit estancias near Jujuy in the north sell their produce in order that they may hasten south to the winter sports at Bariloche in the foothills of the Andes. Because of the re¬ versed seasons one vacations at Mar del Plata beach in January and February, and bundles up in over¬ coats and furs in July and August to attend the This trade-mark Colon Theatre where American artists have appeared in increasing numbers in recent years and are being more enthusiastically received by the Argentines is a symbol of each season. But winter or summer, rain or shine, the multitude of play grounds, tennis courts, bad¬ minton courts, football, basketball and baseball quality petroleum fields, shooting, riding, swimming, rowing, sailing, motorboating, gliding and flying clubs, golf courses, products. There is the vast race tracks of the pontifical Jockey Club, and any number of other sportsmen’s paradises which extend in an unbroken series for nearly twen¬ a Texaco Product ty miles along the river front, operate the year round. Argentina is sports conscious to a degree. for every purpose. Today, thanks to modern transportation, these people and their country have become willy-nilly our immediate neighbors. We should and will get to know and to understand them. And now, Jane, I have written briefly about The Texas Company Argentina, and have not tended too much toward the tendentious. But I should like to prevail upon Manufacturers of you and the Editorial Board to let me slip in just one little item. After all, the Foreign Service is at war, too. Some of our members have given their TEXACO lives that our cause might triumph. And so, as a brief suggestion and a living proof that these, and Petroleum Products all the countless others, have not died in vain, I should just like to add that among the Argentines today, as is the case with the peoples of various other confused lands on the war-torn earth, fewer and fewer are saying “Der Fuhrer” with any degree of conviction. . . .

JULY, 1943 375 With men who know tobacco best

376 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL ADDRESS BY MR. JUSTICE ple of the United States, will never consent to sur¬ render any portion of the national sovereignty. If ROBERTS this objection be valid, that ends the discussion. (Continued from page 359) We may as well then throw up our hands and let the world roll on into chaos. Unless the United It is said that any such project is but the mental States espouses, and promptly and vigorously urges, concept of the amateur and the naive; that nations, a project of world organization, none such will reach other than the existing democracies, would find fruition. the scheme antithetic to their notions of government No plan of organization however apt, however de¬ and international relations and consequently would sirable, can have any chance of adoption or success¬ refuse adherence to it. My answer is that, while ful operation unless it is backed by the sentiment we should make the framework broad enough to of the American electorate. The man in the street permit the ultimate entry of every nation which de¬ may not be competent to judge of the details of sired to join and was able to institute a popular such a plan. But he is competent to comprehend form of government approximating our notions of the principles upon which a union should be built. democracy, we should not wait to organize a supra¬ He is competent to envisage in a broad way what national government until all. or a great majority it is he is willing to have his government adopt, of nations, were ready and willing to enter. Cer¬ what elements of national sovereignty he is willing tainly the people of the British Commonwealth of to surrender and to pool with the peoples of other Nations and the people of the United States would nations, and he is competent to say whether he understand and readily accommodate themselves to wishes his government to embark upon a daring such an organization; and in western Europe there but hopeful experiment of world organization. are many more nations of which the same may be Unless the great majority of our people agree that said. These, if they keep the door open to others their chosen leaders shall adhere to an acceptable of like mind, could, with the greatest advantage, now form of world organization nothing can be accom¬ amalgamate in an international government. In¬ plished. Our national way is for the leaders, stu¬ deed it might be better that, in the first instance, dents, and experts to impart to their fellow citizens they alone should do so. This could be no affront their views and their reasons for holding them, and to other nations but, on the other hand, it would thus promote sound public opinion. Men like your¬ have the enormous advantage of presently consoli¬ selves who must feel that this war will be fought in dating international policy in respect of the post¬ vain unless we can win the peace have a high duty war settlement. It would obviate discrepancies and to enter the forum of public opinion and make your differences, confusion and delay, and the inherent influence felt. And our nation will not take her weakness which follows from divided counsels. stand for unselfish and enlightened international Of a piece with the same criticism is the assertion cooperation unless her leaders are convinced that that nothing should be done towards postwar world it is the will of an overwhelming majority of our organization until after a long cooling-off period. people that an appropriate organization be created In my view, no doctrine can be more dangerous. to that end. Nor will our leaders speak to the When the war ceases, great populations will he left leaders of other nations with authority unless the without government, without national solidarity, in body of public sentiment in this country gives as¬ utter confusion with respect to the future. For the surance that what is agreed upon will be carried allied nations to endeavor, by negotiation amongst out by our government. It will he as unfair as it themselves, to provide a stop-gap while they jointly will be fatal to leave our representatives in the plan their future course with respect to other na¬ equivocal position in which President Wilson stood tions and other peoples will beget only discord, the after the proposal by him, and acceptance by our emergence of the age-old national jealousies and allies, of the plan for the League of Nations. claims and result in an ultimate settlement compara¬ Our obligation then is to arouse and enliven pub¬ ble to that at Versailles. If, when the peace comes, lic sentiment in this country in support of an inte¬ a strong union of democracies speaks on these mat¬ gration of our own and other nations in a world ters with a united voice, and holds out even to the organization having the purpose and the power to conquered people of Europe opportunity for ulti¬ adjust the relations of the peoples of the earth in mate partnership, under proper conditions, a very accordance with the dictates of justice, and to pro¬ different picture will be presented. mote and, if necessary, enforce the peaceful com¬ The last and most prevailing objection is that the position of all differences and disputes which may people of the democracies, and especially the peo¬ occur.

JULY, 1943 377 THE BOOKSHELF (Continued from page 357) are one. Likewise domestic policy and foreign Emblems of policy are indivisible. World order and justice depend upon the establishment first of order in our domestic society. He argues: “Because this war Quality Petroleum is the crucial phase of a larger struggle to achieve world unity, the war cannot be won until the under¬ lying conditions of world unity have been attained” (p. 9). And again: “World organization cannot be Products imposed from above as the League was, but must derive its political expression from the underlying forms of economic and social collaboration” (p. 395). As a basis for permanent world order we must first have “an affirmative society.” Since industrial nations must be the leaders in any world organiza¬ tion, “the resolving of the internal crisis of their social structures through the achievement of the affirmative society is the most important of all con¬ ditions of world peace.” This means that “no in¬ dustrial democracy that seeks peace can do less than guarantee to all of its citizens the right to construc¬ tive work at fair wages; to good low-cost housing; to minimum standards of nutrition, clothing and medical care; to full opportunities for training and adult education; to real social security” (p. 22). In the United States this program calls for Federal action and assistance in all these matters. Not everything will be centralized however. Cen¬ tralization must be coupled with community organ¬ ization and responsibility. These “really active neighborhood groups” (here he quotes G. D. H. Cole) must flourish “in every street and village be¬ fore we can call our country truly a democracy.” Already, Mr. Straight argues, the forms of world collaboration are in existence. They consist of the Pacific War Council and the combined boards on raw materials, food, shipping, production and re¬ resources. As yet most of these joint bodies are, unfortunately, “in their entire make-up . . . not United Nations, but Anglo-American controls” (p. 109). These organs must all be nourished and wid¬ ened and developed both to win the war and to meet the needs of peace. Mr. Straight is fearless and outspoken (some would no doubt add “and irresponsible”) in his criticisms which range far and wide. He condemns “the ruthless exploitation of the weak by the strong” SOCONY-VACUUM —in which he includes the exploitation of labor by capital, the exploitation of colonies by the ruling powers, and the exploitation of agricultural and raw OIL CO., INC. materials producing countries by the industrially 26 Broadway New York City , more advanced nations. These are some of the thoughts of “Make This

378 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL the Last War.” A word may be added about the author himself. He is a brilliant young American (born in 1916), educated in England and steeped in Keynesian economics. After brief periods in the Interior Department and the State Department he “retired” from Government service to become an ac¬ tive Editor of The New Republic. He is now an enlisted cadet in the Air Corps. Mr. Straight would not perhaps qualify completely as one of the “Amer¬ ican radicals” for whom President James B. Conant sends out his call in the current issue of The Atlantic Monthly, but he surely has some of the attributes. In many quarters his proposals will be viewed as startling or visionary (one writer has called him “more of a perfectionist than Lenin or Robes¬ pierre”). As President Conant argues, however, there is a definite place on the American scene for “the American radical” (distinguished from the European radical), not because his aims shoidd be achieved in their entirety but because his philosophy Clippers are hastening would be “a most beneficial leaven.” In this sense, if no other, Mr. Straight’s book makes a signal contribution. No one can read this volume without the day of victory pondering deeply some of the vital issues of the THE instant we win this war, all geographical times. barriers will disappear. The "foreigner,” who ROBERT B. STEWART used to be strange and different because he lived across an ocean, will become as familiar to you as the man in the next town. London and Paris will be ten hours from New York—Chungking, China, NEWS FROM THE FIELD twenty hours from San Francisco. (Continued from page 355) And this travel will not be just for the well-to- Foreign Service Auxiliary, who were en route to do. Pan American’s knowledge of technological Chungking and Calcutta respectively; and S. M. improvements (based on more than 165,000,000 miles of overseas flight) indicates that air travel Karagulla and Richard A. May of the Board of costs will be brought down within reach of the Economic Warfare en route to Cairo. These rep¬ average man and woman. resent probably the largest group of Foreign Service • • • personnel ever passing through this post. One of Today, of course, Pan American is working over¬ them laughingly said that their presence aboard the time to help make possible the Victory on which transport attracted wide attention and curiosity from all our plans for a better world must be built. their military fellow-passengers who had never be¬ Pan American World Airways System fore seen diplomats in the flesh and were quite dis¬ appointed to find that the American diplomat of World War No. 2 vintage was a very ordinary¬ WINGS OVER THE WORLD looking human being wearing a khaki shirt, shorts, and queueing up for meals along with the other passengers. Some of the Foreign Service visitors were able to stay in Bombay long enough to attend the annual Tea Dance given by the American Women’s Asso¬ ciation of Bombay at the Taj Mahal Hotel on March 25. MADRAS Our reporter from down the coast tells us that Mr. Phillips “has come and has gone, leaving Ma¬ dras totally at his mercy.” He adds “all here from Brahmin Rajaji to the American untouchables were

JULY, 1943 379 completely charmed. He could not have been more take to heart. He knew exactly what he wanted and gracious, and departed leaving me with the pleasant when he had given his instructions he added a smile feeling that he has enjoyed his stay here as much as that was so sympathetic that one was pleased to any other part of his tour.” Speaking of Mr. Phillips’ follow his lead. He has a whimsical humor and a travelling conditions, however, he comments “How good and just appreciation of the things of life. human beings can stand it I dunno. Me, I’d rather He left here for New York to join his wife and be boiled in oil.” children and then go on to California, where he As we do at Calcutta, he seems to take a very hopes to raise squabs and experiment in horticul¬ dim view of the hot weather. He says “The very ture. The staff and his friends are already plan¬ breeze, laden with heat waves, burns the scalp, even ning to accept his invitation to visit him and his when you escape the direct sun. Not stirring from family, to sit before his open fireplace, which he is my desk I sit here literally running streams of going to construct himself and about which he has sweat . . . etc.” The thought strikes the editor, how¬ told them so much, or upon his lawn when the sun ever, that sending to Washington all this talk of is warm, in hand a cocktail such as only he can heat is like carrying coals to Newcastle. make. As all the ladies of this group are fair to WILLIAM DUFF. look upon, the thought suggests itself that in the heads of some of them there might rest the sly hope that while on this visit searching eyes from a sub¬ LIVERPOOL urb of Los Angeles may center upon the Pisar lawn and them, especially if seen reclining under sun¬ Retirement of Consul General Charles J. Pisar shades in glamorous bathing suits, their fair faces May 10, 1943. wreathed in smiles at some whimsical remark of The past ten days at Liverpool have been marked their former chief and Consul General. . . . And so by many events honoring Consul General Charles to stardom! J. Pisar, who left Liverpool for London on May 9, It is well known that this is the consulate at 1943, on the commencement of his journey to the which Nathaniel Hawthorne served long ago. What¬ United States, and who, after six months’ leave, ever modernists may think of him as a writer, he will retire from the Foreign Service on the comple¬ was a great spirit, and many notable men have tion of thirty years’ service. One of the outstanding succeeded him in charge here, maintaining his tradi¬ occasions was a dinner given by the Lord Mayor tion, but we are sure that none of them has filled and Lady Mayoress of Liverpool, attended by the his chair with more innate dignity, with more charm civic leaders and American and British naval and and kindness, than Mr. Pisar. Therefore, the re¬ military officers. The Lord Mayor referred to Mr. spect and affectionate good wishes of the consular Pisar’s impending departure in a few complimentary staff and his friends in Liverpool follow him into his words, to which Mr. Pisar replied. In the remarks retirement and the sunshine of California. of both there was evidence of the strong feeling of J. STANFORD EDWARDS. friendship that existed between Consul General, and the sincere regret of the former at the departure of Mr. Pisar from Liverpool. On May 7 he was enter¬ tained at a large luncheon given at the Adelphi ASMARA Hotel by the local shipping companies, at which May 6, 1943. there were many naval and military representatives; Although I am supposed to be a “field corre¬ on May 8 another luncheon was given at the new spondent, ’ I have been stationed in a strictly cen¬ American Seamen’s Club, and throughout the week sored zone of activities and consequently have been he was entertained at the homes of his friends. unable to send in any material. However, I would The officers and staff of the consulate presented like to submit the following as a challenge to other him with a silver-mounted cut crystal decanter, and offices—has any other office “worked so hard for among other gifts he received were a fine antique so little” as this: Spode dish, an early Victorian silver bonbonniere, July 1-December 31, 1942, number of items of and a rare English stamp, which, it appears, he had Schedule of Fee—951. During this period, the long coveted for his collection. total fees were only $81.50. By the staff of the consulate his departure is January 1 to May 6, 1943, items on schedule of especially regretted. He used to say that he had fees—1,740. During this period, the total fees were always taken seriously his work and his duties, but only $129.50. never himself. What a world of wisdom there is My most interesting experience since my arrival in such a remark, a wisdom that most of us could at Asmara was my first trip to Addis Ababa, and

380 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Central and South America and the West Indies

All America Cables and Radio, with its own direct facilities to 67 points in 24 countries and islands in the Western Hemisphere, where it maintains its own offices, assures fast, accurate and secret service to Central and South America and the West Indies. Cablegrams "Via All America” may be sent from the Company’s head office at 67 Broad Street, New York or from any Postal Telegraph office anywhere in the United States. ALL AMERICA CABLES AND RADIO, INC. Main Office: 67 Broad Street, New York, N. Y. my two weeks there. I rode on the famous Addis evening dances for the enlisted men—one for each Ababa Jubiti railway only as far as Dira Dawa, watch. One of the cocktail parties is frequently for at that time, French Somaliland was still Vichy given by the Ambassador or by the Naval Attache, French, and the road was not open on to the coast. the other by the English Club. The picnics are Then I spent five days on the road, in a motor con¬ attended by 20 to 30 American girls and young voy from Addis Ababa to Asmara, over the famous matrons, most of them from the Embassy, all costs and really magnificent all-metalled road built by defrayed by a chest generously furnished by the the Italians. This engineering triumph winds over American Companies. They feature swimming, range after range of high mountains, one of the horseback riding, walking in the woods and other passes, still called Mussolini Pass, over 14,000 feet sports according to season, usually accompanied above sea level. As there has been little or no by dancing. But at 9 o’clock most of the girls rush maintenance work done on this road for several dutifully to the sailors’ dance, where no officers are years, several of the bridges have already caved in. permitted. Here they are joined by as many Eng¬ The convoy had 20 Ethiopian soldiers as guard and lish-speaking girls as can be rounded up, which is we slept under the stars. The Shiftas didn’t get us! systematically accomplished by a squad of American I have also visited Massaua several times. This girls who telephone to their section of a complete is said to be the hottest inhabited place in the world, list of dancing possibilities in the city. its climate being on an average two degrees hotter Variations of this program are carried out for than Aden. But during the hotter season, I stay entertaining the gun crews of merchant vessels. away from it. Plans are kept up to date and handy, with every When the censors will let you publish the activ¬ task assigned to a volunteer, for the visit of any ities at Asmara—let me know, and I shall be glad to type of Naval vessel or squadron, so that action may give you a write-up on it. be commenced as soon as the vessel is within a safe E. TALBOT SMITH. enough distance of the shore to permit the Naval Attache to announce the visit. Although a large number of Americans and many British friends too MONTEVIDEO are well worn out at the end of such visits, it is be¬ lieved that they serve a useful purpose in breaking The Embassy has developed a system of enter¬ the strain of duty aboard ship. tainment for the officers and men of visiting war¬ RICHARD H. POST. ships which, with the wholehearted cooperation of the American colony, has given them a program reminiscent of a college prom weekend. As soon as a vessel docks it is furnished a pro¬ gram of events, arranged during the preceding few hours, together with a supply of leaflets for the liberty squads. The latest edition of this leaflet BELFAST contains lists of shops, restaurants and other places of amusement, a special map of the city indicating May 26, 1943. places of special interest, a proclaimed list of places Early this month Vice Consul Casimir Zawadzki likely to be frequented, and a number of useful left for the United States on home leave. Consul phrases in Spanish. General Parker W. Buhrman, having been trans¬ An information desk is manned from 12 to 15 ferred to the Department for duty, is planning to hours each day at the Y.M.C.A., a block from the depart within a few days, and Consul Quincy F. chancery, by American volunteers who take turns Roberts has assumed charge of the Consulate Gen¬ answering endless questions about the city and dat¬ eral. ing up the more homesick boys for lunch, dinner Aaron Brown, Third Secretary of Legation at or whatnot with American families. So far the Dublin, took up his duties there some weeks ago. supply of families has been sufficient, although Vice Consul Charles Gerrity left Dublin last month many of them have had barely time to clean up after on home leave. one invasion before welcoming the next, and all of Consul Quincy Roberts distinguished himself over them complain of the impossibility of finding female the Easter weekend by successfully calling five of guests who do not already have sailors or officers the six races at the Grand National at Fairyhouse, attached. using a system which is suspected with having The formal program usually consists in two cock¬ something to do with the way the horses are named. tail parties and two picnics for the officers and two JOHN C. FUESS.

382 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

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JOLY, 1943 383 DEAR LADIES THE QUARTERMASTER CORPS “The value of women in the (Foreign) Service DELIVERS THE GOODS does not depend upon the value set upon them in (.Continued from page 340) this country, but on the reception they would receive done in collaboration with several industrial soap in foreign countries . . . there are 28 countries companies. Soldiers will use this soap equally well where it would be impossible to send women.”— on desert islands where sea water is the only water Mr. Law. Under-Secretary. Foreign Ofiice. March for bathing and in the mountains where they must 18th. melt snow to take a bath. You are knocking at the Foreign Office door, American troops in overseas areas now carry a Dear ladies, new kind of bomb, destructive of insects. Known You remind us of your service in the war, as the Quartermaster’s “health bomb, it is a highly Dear ladies ;■ efficient, non-toxic and non-inflammable liquid made You are cherishing some notion of freon, sesame oil, and pyrethrum. Each “bomb' Of reward for your devotion, weighs about a pound and has a spray outlet con¬ But promotion is no nearer than before. trolled by the person using it. It contains the equi¬ valent of more than a gallon of other insecticides In eight-and-twenty sadly backward lands, and fumigates an area three times as great. The Dear ladies, “bombs” can be used in tents and barracks, or Where woman follows and where man commands, wherever troops are stationed in the tropics, in the Dear ladies; cabin of an airplane, or in a front-line foxhole. It would lead to complications, The insecticide forms a fine mist which remains And give rise to protestations suspended and. is fatal to insects who contact it. If the nation’s interests rested in your hands. Within twelve or fourteen minutes, a “health bomb’ will fumigate 150.000 cubic feet of space—in plain We pray you will not raise a teacup storm, figures, 240 pup tents, or 50 giant bombers. The Dear ladies, spray can be turned on and off as needed. A pup If to foreign prejudice we must conform, tent can be fumigated in three seconds, and a Dear ladies; pyramidal tent in ten seconds. It promises to be a Though countries more enlightened popular household item after the war, when it will By your presence would be brightened, be used to rid a home of house flies or other insects. We are frightened others might be quite lukewarm. It will remove the unpleasant features of fishing, camping and picnicking. The Jersey City Quarter¬ The fair ambassadress might well be tried, master Depot expects to equip the Army with mil¬ Dear ladies, lions of the “bombs” before the end of the year. If she had a British husband by her side, It is the deadliest insecticide known to science. Dear ladies; Comfort and health are taken care of simultane¬ But we deprecate romances, For, if natives make advances, ously in the new sterilization and bath units, mobile There are chances she’d become an alien’s bride. affairs which include showers for the men and steam sterilizers for their clothes. Where these units You can help your husbands on in their career, are impractical or unavailable, the Quartermasters Dear ladies, have provided sterilization bags made of a gas¬ But alas, in our high diplomatic sphere, proof synthetic material. The soldier puts his Dear ladies; clothes in the bag with a small cylinder of ethel- Use of female intuition bromine, harmless to his skin. He breaks the cylin¬ Leads to failure of a mission, der, releasing the gas, and in thirty minutes his Your ambition cannot be encouraged here. clothes are completely sterilized. What this has meant to the American Army' cannot be told in We fear we cannot fruitfully discuss. mere words. Dear ladies, No story of the Quartermaster Corps would be A proposition so ridiculous, complete without a brief description of the feeding Dear ladies; of troops which is a function of the Corps. The Though we trust we show quite clearly biggest feeding job in American history rests today We admire your gifts sincerely, in the hands of the Quartermaster General. As our You must really leave diplomacy to us. Army approaches the seven million mark, it becomes SAGITTARIUS the duty of Major General E. B. Gregory and his From the New Statesman and Nation, March 27, 1943. staff to see that 21.000,000 square meals are pre-

384 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE COMMANDO

With its 4-Blade Curtiss Electric Propellers,

this modem counterpart of the French "40 men or 8 horse” freight car of 1917 is changing the tactics of battle today—as it will change the economies of transportation tomorrow. pared and served every 24 hours. Many of us have been guests at banquets for several hundred per¬ To the foreign Service Officers sons, and wondered how the management was able to do the job so smoothly and efficiently. But if of the United States you want real mental gymnastics, multiply the num¬ ber by hundreds of thousands and scatter the diners ♦ to the four winds. THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ The mechanics of providing 21,000,000 meals a ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ day are relatively simple on paper. There must be plenty of everything, but a waste of nothing. Out¬ ice in writing your bond. Special attention standing dietitians, menu planners and general food is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ experts do that. From that point, the Quartermaster ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes General purchases the food through thirty-five spe¬ in this service. cial marketing centers in all parts of the country and huge procurement depots in Jersey City, Chi¬ ♦ cago, and Oakland, California. Subsidiary depots UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND in other sections of the country augment the large GUARANTY COMPANY procurement centers. The food, thus purchased, must be distributed to the four corners of the world, Chris A. Ebeling, Jr., Manager and this is done in cooperation with the Transporta¬ 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. tion Corps. Finally, it must be cooked, and the Quartermaster sees that the job is properly done Telephone—National 0913 by maintaining some eighty-nine cooks’ and bakers’ schools in this country and abroad. Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide.” The average American soldier eats a little more than five pounds of food a day. Seven million of them will eat close to 37,000,000 pounds a day, and be back for the same quantity tomorrow. Reduced to the simplest common denominator, the entire Army feeding program revolves around the individual meal. It is what the soldier has be¬ fore him when he sits down to eat that interests him and the 130,000,000 Americans for whom he is fighting. If that meal is not palatable, whole¬ some, nutritious and satisfying, the program is a failure. To guard against such failure the Quarter¬ master has developed a Master Menu, prepared in advance and sent out to the Service Commands to guide cooks and mess officers in the preparation of meals. A complete menu is drawn up for each meal of each day of the month, together with a com¬ plete breakdown of all the food items and amounts necessary for feeding one hundred men. Thus, the Army cook knows exactly how much food of all kinds to requisition in order to feed the men in his lODAY, as always, the Great White Fleet company. is proud to be serving the Americas . . . proud The three meals cost about sixty cents for actual to be wearing wartime grey as it carries out government orders necessary for Victory and food and another ten cents for storage, distribution the protection of the entire Western Hemi¬ and handling. In the first World War, the indi¬ sphere. Tomorrow, it will be ready to resume vidual mess sergeant would have purchased the sup¬ its place in the trade and travel between the plies he needed with money furnished on the basis United States and Middle America. of a fixed sum for each man to be fed. Today he handles no money. Food is requisitioned on the UNITED FRUIT COMPANY basis of quantities required, thus providing a better check on supplies, relieving the mess sergeant of a

386 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL few headaches, and greatly simplifying the entire food program. IN NEW YORK CITY SHOP BY PROXY Feeding these 7,000,000 men for one day (three PERSONAL SHOPPING SERVICE meals), requires approximately 7,000,000 pounds of meat, 490,000 pounds of butter, 840,000 pounds NO CHARGE Ask me to attend to your orders. of sugar, 210,000 pounds of bread and 1,960,000 One letter for everything. Conversant with sending by Diplomatic Pouch or pounds of flour, with correspondingly large quan¬ United States Despatch Agent. tities of other foods on the menu. Send to me for Concise Charted Spanish Grammar by The world-wide Quartermaster organization gets Edwin Schoenrich, Foreign Service Officer. the food to the men at all costs. It may be fresh, MISS E. J. TYNER it may be canned, it may be dehydrated, it may be 112 PARK AVENUE NEW YORK CITY quick-frozen or it may be concentrated, but in one TELEPHONE: MURRAY HILL 5-5479 CABLE ADDRESS form or another, it is delivered. No power on earth, IP NO ANSWER CALL LEX. 2-2300 TYNERPOIL no combination of submarines, bombers, tanks or machine guns, can stop the supply lines that feed our lighting men. Wars change and the scope of battle broadens, but the fundamental fact remains that a fighting man must have food. There is no Canned Salmon substitute for nourishment. The pledge of the An Appetizing, Nu¬ Corps is no idle one—“The Quartermaster Corps will deliver the goods.” tritious, Easily Kept and Transported VISITORS Sea Food The following visitors called at the Department ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC during the past month: M FISHERIES V. Lansing Collins, Jr., Panama 1 - 11 SKINNER BLDG., SEATTLE Robert Joyce, Habana 11 Leith C. Moore, Fortaleza 12 Lampton Berry, New Delhi 12 Ben W. Heineman, Algiers . 12 Meredith Weatherby, Colombo 12 Parker T. Hart, Para 12 A. Beach Reading, Department of State 13 Ellen Claire Wilson, London 13 Philbert Deymon, Department of State 13 Charles J. Little : —. 13 William Dawson, Montevideo 14 G. K. Donald, Windsor^. 14 Pierre Crabites r 14 C. Gibson, Algiers il 15 J. Parker, Rio de Janeiro , 15 P. A. Van Hyning , . 15 LONG active in promoting commerci Richard J. Youden, Algiers 17 R. W. Baxter, Algiers 17 among the peoples of the Americas, Harold T. Martin, Rio de Janeiro 17 the Chase National Bank today is in the William M. Gwynn, Beirut 17 vanguard of those institutions which are Ethel Shedlov, Mexico, D.F. 18 fostering Pan-American relations by the Richard Ford, Buenos Aires i 18 Jessie L. Webb, Martinique 19 promotion of trade and travel. Andrew John Kauffman, 2nd, Ankara 19 Charles A. Page, Montevideo : 19 THE CHASE NATIONAL BANK Phyllis T. Siaca, Barcelona 20 OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK John S. Calvert, Merida 21 Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Porter, Tangier 21 Julia Mougin, Lima 21

JULY, 1943 387 Aubrey Lippincott, Rosario 21 WHEN YOUR HEART Frances Marie Ridley, Quito 22 SAYS “REMEMBER”... Mary S. Wisong, Santiago de Chile 22 Ethel L. Ruzecki, Caracas 22 Stella J. Walence, Bogota 22 Wire FLOWERS Roscoe F. Patterson, Rio de Janeiro 22 • No other remem¬ Esther D. Lawler, Dakar 24 brance expresses Ellin Collins, Quito 24 your sentiments so Harold E. Montamat, Reykjavik 24 perfectly D. Ames, Quito 24 Smith D. Turner, London _ 25 June M. Krenzer, Managua 25 Joanna C. Krenzer, Managua 25 authorized F.T.D. Member Washington, D. C. Alfred L. Frechette, Algiers i 25 Roland Young, Cairo 25 William A. Krauss, Port-au-Prince 25 Horace V. Geib, Bogota 27 SOLVE SCHOOL PROBLEMS Naomi Anderson, London 27 Davis Maxton, Bogota u 27 With Calvert Stella Davis, Pretoria * 27 "SCHOOL-AT-HOME" Charles J. Pisar, Liverpool 28 Your child’s education must not suffer be¬ Parker W. Buhrman, Belfast 29 cause a good school is not available. Wher¬ Robert Frazer, retired L 29 ever you live, Calvert School will give your William H. Beck, Hamilton, Bermuda 29 child sound schooling. Courses of study are developed in the famous, 46-year-old Pierre Boal, La Paz 29 Calvert Day School in Baltimore. Audrey L. Camme, Quito 31 60,000 Children Educated Winifred A. Hunter, Windsor . 31 by **School-at-Home” June From kindergarten through first year high, children of Embassy officials, Army and Charles W. Greenhof, Lisbon __ 1 Navy officers and others are educated by Julian Nugent, Jr., Puerto Cortes 1 Calvert Courses. Daily lessons, books, materials provided. Transfer to other L. D. Mallorey, Mexico, D.F 2 schools at any time. William C. Burdett, Miami .... 2 Send for Catalog Harold Shantz, Lagos 2 Write for complete Catalog today, giving Robert Beech, Algiers u, 3 ages, present grades of children. Henry M. Wolcott, Nassau 3 CALVERT SCHOOL Mary Rose Goheen, Quito _• 4 % Charles Thompson, Sydney .... 4 137 Tuscany Road, Baltimore- 10, Md., U. S. A. Anne Gibbons, Lima 5 Ruth S. Miller, Santiago de Chile 7 Margaret C. McElligott, Santiago de Chile 7 Paul Paddock, Auckland 7 Gus S. Stratton 7 John F. Morgan 7 Our advertisers are friends of Sue Jean McClain, Cuidad Juarez 8 C. T. Zawadski, Belfast 8 the Service and of the JOURNAL. J. E. Callahan, Montreal 8 If you cooperate with them when¬ Parker T. Hart, Para 8 Archer Woodford, Guatemala 8 ever possible, and mention the Alexander Heard, Quito 9 John P. Hurley, retired 9 JOURNAL to them, it will help Arthur Bliss Lane, Bogota . : 9 your Staff to produce a better and Yernon David Hedin, Ankara ; 10 Wesley Frost, Asuncion _ 10 .more useful publication. Beverley T. Nelson, Lima 10 John W. Burnett, Ankara 10 Elizabeth N. Gleason, Cuidad Trujillo .... 10

388 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL FOR OVER FIFTY YEARS

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