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[Insert Short Biop Title] NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT SECTION 7 BIOLOGICAL OPINION Title: Biological Opinion on (1) United States (U.S.) Navy Mariana Islands Training and Testing Activities; and (2) the National Marine Fisheries Service’s promulgation of regulations and issuance of a letter of authorization pursuant to the Marine Mammal Protection Act for the U.S. Navy to “take” marine mammals incidental to Mariana Islands Training and Testing activities from August 2020 through August 2027 Consultation Conducted By: Endangered Species Act Interagency Cooperation Division, Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce Action Agencies: United States Navy and NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources, Permits and Conservation Division Publisher: Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce WIETING.DONN Digitally signed by WIETING.DONNA.S.1365710607 Approved: A.S.1365710607 Date: 2020.07.10 15:42:38 -04'00' Donna S. Wieting Director, Office of Protected Resources Date: July 10, 2020 Consultation Tracking number: OPR-2019-00469 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.25923/6r20-b791 [Type here] Biological Opinion on Navy Mariana Islands Training and Testing Activities OPR-2019-00469 This page left blank intentionally [Type here] Biological Opinion on Navy Mariana Islands Training and Testing Activities OPR-2019-00469 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Endangered Species Act (ESA) Consultation History ................................................... 16 2 The Assessment Framework .............................................................................................. 21 2.1 Evidence Available for this Consultation....................................................................... 24 2.2 Acoustic Effects Analysis .............................................................................................. 25 2.2.1 Navy Acoustic Effects Model and Post-Processing Model Outputs ...................... 25 2.2.2 Criteria and Thresholds to Predict Impacts to Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles 29 2.2.3 Species Density Estimates ...................................................................................... 42 2.2.4 Criteria and Thresholds to Predict Impacts to Fish ................................................. 49 3 Description of the Proposed Action ................................................................................... 51 3.1 Mariana Islands Training Activities ............................................................................... 52 3.1.1 Anti-Air Warfare ..................................................................................................... 52 3.1.2 Amphibious Warfare ............................................................................................... 53 3.1.3 Strike Warfare ......................................................................................................... 54 3.1.4 Anti-Surface Warfare .............................................................................................. 55 3.1.5 Anti-Submarine Warfare ......................................................................................... 56 3.1.6 Electronic Warfare .................................................................................................. 57 3.1.7 Mine Warfare .......................................................................................................... 58 3.1.8 Expeditionary Warfare ............................................................................................ 60 3.1.9 Major Training Exercises and Other Training Activities ....................................... 60 3.2 Mariana Islands Testing Activities ................................................................................. 61 3.2.1 Naval Air Systems Command Testing Activities ................................................... 62 3.2.2 Naval Sea Systems Command Testing Activities ................................................... 63 3.2.3 Office of Naval Research Activities ....................................................................... 65 3.3 Classification of Navy Sonar and Explosive Sources into Bins..................................... 66 3.4 Proposed Training Activity Levels ................................................................................ 70 3.5 Proposed Testing Activity Levels .................................................................................. 81 3.6 Standard Operating Procedures and Mitigation Measures ............................................. 84 3.6.1 Standard Operating Procedures............................................................................... 84 3.6.2 Mitigation Measures ............................................................................................... 87 3.7 Promulgation of Marine Mammal Protection Act Regulations ................................... 125 4 Action Area ........................................................................................................................ 126 4.1 Mariana Islands Range Complex ................................................................................. 126 4.1.1 Special Use Airspace and Air Traffic Controlled Assigned Airspace .................. 126 i [Type here] Biological Opinion on Navy Mariana Islands Training and Testing Activities OPR-2019-00469 4.1.2 Sea and Undersea Space ....................................................................................... 128 4.1.3 Land ...................................................................................................................... 129 4.2 Ocean Operating Areas Outside of the Mariana Islands Range Complex ................... 133 4.3 Pierside Locations and Apra Harbor ............................................................................ 134 4.4 Nearshore Training and Testing Areas......................................................................... 134 5 Potential Stressors ............................................................................................................. 138 5.1 Acoustic Stressors ........................................................................................................ 138 5.1.1 Sonar and other Transducers ................................................................................. 138 5.1.2 Explosives ............................................................................................................. 140 5.1.3 Vessel Noise.......................................................................................................... 142 5.1.4 Aircraft Noise........................................................................................................ 143 5.1.5 Weapons Firing, Launch and Impact Noise .......................................................... 147 5.2 Energy Stressors ........................................................................................................... 149 5.2.1 Electromagnetic Devices ...................................................................................... 149 5.2.2 Lasers .................................................................................................................... 150 5.3 Physical Disturbance and Strike Stressors ................................................................... 150 5.3.1 Vessel Strike ......................................................................................................... 150 5.3.2 Military Expended Materials, In-Water Devices and Seafloor Devices ............... 153 5.3.3 Cavitation from Vessels and In-Water Devices .................................................... 153 5.3.4 Anchoring ............................................................................................................. 154 5.3.5 Personnel Disturbance .......................................................................................... 154 5.4 Entanglement Stressors ................................................................................................ 154 5.4.1 Wires and Cables .................................................................................................. 154 5.4.2 Decelerators and Parachutes ................................................................................. 155 5.5 Ingestion Stressors........................................................................................................ 156 5.5.1 Non-Explosive Practice Munitions ....................................................................... 157 5.5.2 Fragments from High Explosive Munitions ......................................................... 157 5.5.3 Target Related Materials ....................................................................................... 157 5.5.4 Chaff ..................................................................................................................... 157 5.5.5 Flares ..................................................................................................................... 158 5.6 Secondary Stressors.....................................................................................................
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