Essentials of Programming Languages Third Edition Daniel P
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Structured Recursion for Non-Uniform Data-Types
Structured recursion for non-uniform data-types by Paul Alexander Blampied, B.Sc. Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, March 2000 Contents Acknowledgements .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Chapter 1. Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 1.1. Non-uniform data-types .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 1.2. Program calculation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 1.3. Maps and folds in Squiggol .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 1.4. Related work .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 1.5. Purpose and contributions of this thesis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 Chapter 2. Categorical data-types .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 2.1. Notation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 2.2. Data-types as initial algebras .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 2.3. Parameterized data-types .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 2.4. Calculation properties of catamorphisms .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 2.5. Existence of initial algebras .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 37 2.6. Algebraic data-types in functional programming .. .. .. .. 57 2.7. Chapter summary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 61 Chapter 3. Folding in functor categories .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 3.1. Natural transformations and functor categories .. .. .. .. .. 63 3.2. Initial algebras in functor categories .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 68 3.3. Examples and non-examples .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 77 3.4. Existence of initial algebras in functor categories .. .. .. .. 82 3.5. -
JHDF5 (HDF5 for Java) 19.04
JHDF5 (HDF5 for Java) 19.04 Introduction HDF5 is an efficient, well-documented, non-proprietary binary data format and library developed and maintained by the HDF Group. The library provided by the HDF Group is written in C and available under a liberal BSD-style Open Source software license. It has over 600 API calls and is very powerful and configurable, but it is not trivial to use. SIS (formerly CISD) has developed an easy-to-use high-level API for HDF5 written in Java and available under the Apache License 2.0 called JHDF5. The API works on top of the low-level API provided by the HDF Group and the files created with the SIS API are fully compatible with HDF5 1.6/1.8/1.10 (as you choose). Table of Content Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Table of Content ...................................................................................................................... 1 Simple Use Case .......................................................................................................................... 2 Overview of the library ............................................................................................................... 2 Numeric Data Types .................................................................................................................... 3 Compound Data Types ................................................................................................................ 4 System -
Why Is C. Diff So Hard to Culture and Kill?
Why is C. diff so hard to culture and kill? Clostridium difficile, commonly referred to as C. diff, is the #1 nosocomial infection in hospitals (it actually kicked staph infections out of the top spot). At Assurance, we test for this organism as part of our Gastrointestinal (GI) panel. C. diff is a gram-positive anaerobe, meaning it does not like oxygen. Its defensive mechanism is sporulation – where it essentially surrounds itself with a tough outer layer of keratin and can live in water, soil, etc. for over a decade. For reference, anthrax is another organism that sporulates. Once C. diff sporulates, it is very hard to kill and in fact, bleach is one of the only disinfectants that work. Unfortunately, it can spread quickly throughout hospitals. Spores of C. diff are found all over hospital surfaces and even in some hospital water systems. It’s the most threatening for those who are immunocompromised or the elderly, who are the most likely to end up with C. diff infections. With our PCR testing, we’re looking for the C. diff organism itself but we’re also looking at the production of toxin. Unless it produces toxins A AND B together OR toxin B, C. diff doesn’t cause severe disease. Many babies are exposed to it during birth or in the hospitals and may test positive on our GI panel. Unless they are expressing those toxins (both toxin A&B or just toxin B) it is not considered a clinical infection. Studies show that toxins A&B together causes infection, as well as toxin B. -
Binary Search Trees
Introduction Recursive data types Binary Trees Binary Search Trees Organizing information Sum-of-Product data types Theory of Programming Languages Computer Science Department Wellesley College Introduction Recursive data types Binary Trees Binary Search Trees Table of contents Introduction Recursive data types Binary Trees Binary Search Trees Introduction Recursive data types Binary Trees Binary Search Trees Sum-of-product data types Every general-purpose programming language must allow the • processing of values with different structure that are nevertheless considered to have the same “type”. For example, in the processing of simple geometric figures, we • want a notion of a “figure type” that includes circles with a radius, rectangles with a width and height, and triangles with three sides: The name in the oval is a tag that indicates which kind of • figure the value is, and the branches leading down from the oval indicate the components of the value. Such types are known as sum-of-product data types because they consist of a sum of tagged types, each of which holds on to a product of components. Introduction Recursive data types Binary Trees Binary Search Trees Declaring the new figure type in Ocaml In Ocaml we can declare a new figure type that represents these sorts of geometric figures as follows: type figure = Circ of float (* radius *) | Rect of float * float (* width, height *) | Tri of float * float * float (* side1, side2, side3 *) Such a declaration is known as a data type declaration. It consists of a series of |-separated clauses of the form constructor-name of component-types, where constructor-name must be capitalized. -
Recursive Type Generativity
Recursive Type Generativity Derek Dreyer Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago [email protected] Abstract 1. Introduction Existential types provide a simple and elegant foundation for un- Recursive modules are one of the most frequently requested exten- derstanding generative abstract data types, of the kind supported by sions to the ML languages. After all, the ability to have cyclic de- the Standard ML module system. However, in attempting to extend pendencies between different files is a feature that is commonplace ML with support for recursive modules, we have found that the tra- in mainstream languages like C and Java. To the novice program- ditional existential account of type generativity does not work well mer especially, it seems very strange that the ML module system in the presence of mutually recursive module definitions. The key should provide such powerful mechanisms for data abstraction and problem is that, in recursive modules, one may wish to define an code reuse as functors and translucent signatures, and yet not allow abstract type in a context where a name for the type already exists, mutually recursive functions and data types to be broken into sepa- but the existential type mechanism does not allow one to do so. rate modules. Certainly, for simple examples of recursive modules, We propose a novel account of recursive type generativity that it is difficult to convincingly argue why ML could not be extended resolves this problem. The basic idea is to separate the act of gener- in some ad hoc way to allow them. However, when one considers ating a name for an abstract type from the act of defining its under- the semantics of a general recursive module mechanism, one runs lying representation. -
Tracking Computer Use with the Windows® Registry Dataset Doug
Tracking Computer Use with the Windows® Registry Dataset Doug White Disclaimer Trade names and company products are mentioned in the text or identified. In no case does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the products are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Statement of Disclosure This research was funded by the National Institute of Standards and Technology Office of Law Enforcement Standards, the Department of Justice National Institute of Justice, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the National Archives and Records Administration. National Software Reference Library & Reference Data Set The NSRL is conceptually three objects: • A physical collection of software • A database of meta-information • A subset of the database, the Reference Data Set The NSRL is designed to collect software from various sources and incorporate file profiles computed from this software into a Reference Data Set of information. Windows® Registry Data Set It is possible to compile a historical list of applications based on RDS metadata and residue files. Many methods can be used to remove application files, but these may not purge the Registry. Examining the Registry for residue can augment a historical list of applications or provide additional context about system use. Windows® Registry Data Set (WiReD) The WiReD contains changes to the Registry caused by application installation, de-installation, execution or other modifying operations. The applications are chosen from the NSRL collection, to be of interest to computer forensic examiners. WiReD is currently an experimental prototype. NIST is soliciting feedback from the computer forensics community to improve and extend its usefulness. -
Sun 64-Bit Binary Alignment Proposal
1 KMIP 64-bit Binary Alignment Proposal 2 3 To: OASIS KMIP Technical Committee 4 From: Matt Ball, Sun Microsystems, Inc. 5 Date: May 1, 2009 6 Version: 1 7 Purpose: To propose a change to the binary encoding such that each part is aligned to an 8-byte 8 boundary 9 10 Revision History 11 Version 1, 2009-05-01: Initial version 12 Introduction 13 The binary encoding as defined in the 1.0 version of the KMIP draft does not maintain alignment to 8-byte 14 boundaries within the message structure. This causes problems on hard-aligned processors, such as the 15 ARM, that are not able to easily access memory on addresses that are not aligned to 4 bytes. 16 Additionally, it reduces performance on modern 64-bit processors. For hard-aligned processors, when 17 unaligned memory contents are requested, either the compiler has to add extra instructions to perform 18 two aligned memory accesses and reassemble the data, or the processor has to take a „trap‟ (i.e., an 19 interrupt generated on unaligned memory accesses) to correctly assemble the memory contents. Either 20 of these options results in reduced performance. On soft-aligned processors, the hardware has to make 21 two memory accesses instead of one when the contents are not properly aligned. 22 This proposal suggests ways to improve the performance on hard-aligned processors by aligning all data 23 structures to 8-byte boundaries. 24 Summary of Proposed Changes 25 This proposal includes the following changes to the KMIP 0.98 draft submission to the OASIS KMIP TC: 26 Change the alignment of the KMIP binary encoding such that each part is aligned to an 8-byte 27 boundary. -
Making Classes Provable Through Contracts, Models and Frames
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CiteSeerX DISS. ETH NO. 17610 Making classes provable through contracts, models and frames A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH (ETH Zurich)¨ for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by Bernd Schoeller Diplom-Informatiker, TU Berlin born April 5th, 1974 citizen of Federal Republic of Germany accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Bertrand Meyer, examiner Prof. Dr. Martin Odersky, co-examiner Prof. Dr. Jonathan S. Ostroff, co-examiner 2007 ABSTRACT Software correctness is a relation between code and a specification of the expected behavior of the software component. Without proper specifica- tions, correct software cannot be defined. The Design by Contract methodology is a way to tightly integrate spec- ifications into software development. It has proved to be a light-weight and at the same time powerful description technique that is accepted by software developers. In its more than 20 years of existence, it has demon- strated many uses: documentation, understanding object-oriented inheri- tance, runtime assertion checking, or fully automated testing. This thesis approaches the formal verification of contracted code. It conducts an analysis of Eiffel and how contracts are expressed in the lan- guage as it is now. It formalizes the programming language providing an operational semantics and a formal list of correctness conditions in terms of this operational semantics. It introduces the concept of axiomatic classes and provides a full library of axiomatic classes, called the mathematical model library to overcome prob- lems of contracts on unbounded data structures. -
Data Structures Are Ways to Organize Data (Informa- Tion). Examples
CPSC 211 Data Structures & Implementations (c) Texas A&M University [ 1 ] What are Data Structures? Data structures are ways to organize data (informa- tion). Examples: simple variables — primitive types objects — collection of data items of various types arrays — collection of data items of the same type, stored contiguously linked lists — sequence of data items, each one points to the next one Typically, algorithms go with the data structures to manipulate the data (e.g., the methods of a class). This course will cover some more complicated data structures: how to implement them efficiently what they are good for CPSC 211 Data Structures & Implementations (c) Texas A&M University [ 2 ] Abstract Data Types An abstract data type (ADT) defines a state of an object and operations that act on the object, possibly changing the state. Similar to a Java class. This course will cover specifications of several common ADTs pros and cons of different implementations of the ADTs (e.g., array or linked list? sorted or unsorted?) how the ADT can be used to solve other problems CPSC 211 Data Structures & Implementations (c) Texas A&M University [ 3 ] Specific ADTs The ADTs to be studied (and some sample applica- tions) are: stack evaluate arithmetic expressions queue simulate complex systems, such as traffic general list AI systems, including the LISP language tree simple and fast sorting table database applications, with quick look-up CPSC 211 Data Structures & Implementations (c) Texas A&M University [ 4 ] How Does C Fit In? Although data structures are universal (can be imple- mented in any programming language), this course will use Java and C: non-object-oriented parts of Java are based on C C is not object-oriented We will learn how to gain the advantages of data ab- straction and modularity in C, by using self-discipline to achieve what Java forces you to do. -
Revised5report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme
Revised5 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme RICHARD KELSEY, WILLIAM CLINGER, AND JONATHAN REES (Editors) H. ABELSON R. K. DYBVIG C. T. HAYNES G. J. ROZAS N. I. ADAMS IV D. P. FRIEDMAN E. KOHLBECKER G. L. STEELE JR. D. H. BARTLEY R. HALSTEAD D. OXLEY G. J. SUSSMAN G. BROOKS C. HANSON K. M. PITMAN M. WAND Dedicated to the Memory of Robert Hieb 20 February 1998 CONTENTS Introduction . 2 SUMMARY 1 Overview of Scheme . 3 1.1 Semantics . 3 The report gives a defining description of the program- 1.2 Syntax . 3 ming language Scheme. Scheme is a statically scoped and 1.3 Notation and terminology . 3 properly tail-recursive dialect of the Lisp programming 2 Lexical conventions . 5 language invented by Guy Lewis Steele Jr. and Gerald 2.1 Identifiers . 5 Jay Sussman. It was designed to have an exceptionally 2.2 Whitespace and comments . 5 clear and simple semantics and few different ways to form 2.3 Other notations . 5 expressions. A wide variety of programming paradigms, in- 3 Basic concepts . 6 3.1 Variables, syntactic keywords, and regions . 6 cluding imperative, functional, and message passing styles, 3.2 Disjointness of types . 6 find convenient expression in Scheme. 3.3 External representations . 6 The introduction offers a brief history of the language and 3.4 Storage model . 7 of the report. 3.5 Proper tail recursion . 7 4 Expressions . 8 The first three chapters present the fundamental ideas of 4.1 Primitive expression types . 8 the language and describe the notational conventions used 4.2 Derived expression types . -
Multithreaded Programming Guide
Multithreaded Programming Guide Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. Part No: 816–5137–10 January 2005 Copyright 2005 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, docs.sun.com, AnswerBook, AnswerBook2, and Solaris are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. The OPEN LOOK and Sun™ Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry. Sun holds a non-exclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface, which license also covers Sun’s licensees who implement OPEN LOOK GUIs and otherwise comply with Sun’s written license agreements. -
IBM Informix Glossary
IBM Informix Version 11.70 IBM Informix Glossary SC27-3531-00 IBM Informix Version 11.70 IBM Informix Glossary SC27-3531-00 Note Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page B-1. This document contains proprietary information of IBM. It is provided under a license agreement and is protected by copyright law. The information contained in this publication does not include any product warranties, and any statements provided in this manual should not be interpreted as such. When you send information to IBM, you grant IBM a nonexclusive right to use or distribute the information in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you. © Copyright IBM Corporation 1996, 2010. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents Glossary ..................................1-1 Numerics ....................................1-1 A......................................1-1 B ......................................1-3 C......................................1-4 D......................................1-8 E......................................1-13 F......................................1-15 G......................................1-16 H......................................1-17 I......................................1-17 J......................................1-19 K......................................1-19 L......................................1-19 M......................................1-21 N......................................1-22