Palgrave Studies on Norbert Elias

Series Editor Tatiana Savoia Landini Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil Despite growing, widespread appreciation for Norbert Elias’s theoretical approach—often called fgurational or processual sociology—there exist only a few, specialized publications on Eliasian social theory, and as of yet, no academic book series. Palgrave Studies on Norbert Elias will therefore fll a signifcant gap in the market, appealing to fgurationalists across disciplines: Elias’s social theory is used not only in Sociology, but also Sports, Psychoanalysis/ Psychology and Social Psychology, Education, Criminology, International Relations, History, Humanities (Arts, Music, and Cultural Studies), Political Science, and Public Health. Respecting the multi-disciplinary Eliasian tradition, the series is open to receiving contributions from academics outside of Sociology departments, so long as the research is grounded on Elias’s approach. Publications, which shall range from Palgrave Pivots to edited collections, can be expected to explore sports, habits and manners, criminology, violence, group relations, music and musicians, theory and methods, civilizing and decivilizing processes, involvement and detachment in social sciences, formation of the modern state, power relations, and the many dozens of other topics to which Eliasian theory has been applied.

More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/16153 Florence Delmotte • Barbara Górnicka Editors Norbert Elias in Troubled Times

Figurational Approaches to the Problems of the Twenty-First Century Editors Florence Delmotte Barbara Górnicka Fund for Scientifc Research School of Sociology (F.R.S.-FNRS) University College Dublin Brussels, Belgium Dublin, Ireland

Université Saint-Louis – Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium

ISSN 2662-3102 ISSN 2662-3110 (electronic) Palgrave Studies on Norbert Elias ISBN 978-3-030-74992-7 ISBN 978-3-030-74993-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74993-4

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations.

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To Billie, Esther and Marcel And To Maja, Iga, Nina and Mikołaj Foreword

Elias in Troubled Times is a great contribution to the understanding of contemporaneity, of political and social matters that affect a diversity of groups and countries in the twenty-frst century. Based on papers presented at the 2018 Elias Conference, held at Université Saint-Louis (Brussels, Belgium), this book shows not only great advancement in terms of understanding of our troubled times but, concurrently, also important improvements in the knowledge and use of Elias’s concepts and theoretical approach. Paraphrasing Goudsblom (1997), by reading these chapters, one can easily notice important gains for the understanding of contemporary society from ‘learning to think with Elias’. The book is organized in three parts: Classical Themes renewed; Violence and faces of war; Established–outsiders relations and habitus issues. Texts in the frst section bring concepts and themes classical to fgurational sociology to the understanding of contemporary societies: functional democratization, double-binds, individualization, global interdependencies and law are related to human rights, democracy, inequalities, populism, global interdependencies and so on. Besides revis- iting and renewing different aspects of Elias’s fgurational sociology, I hope not to be too bold by saying that some of these texts may become ‘classical’ themselves. The second part of the book brings to the reader the topics of homicide, mass murder, terrorism, violence against indigenous people and, on the opposite side of the spectrum, defence policy. Violence and its coun- terpart, the containment of violence, are important topics that permeate

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Elias’s entire oeuvre, also a scholarship that has been developed and advanced by important fgurationalists. Texts here presented should be seen as an important continuation of an already established debate. Circumscribed around the notions of habitus and established–outsiders’ relations, the third part of the book brings to the front problems of integration, discrimination and conficts involving groups of different nationalities, cosmologies, races, generations and beliefs. Established–outsiders relations are also a rooted topic and approach among academics keen to Elias, and it fnds in this book a good group of articles that adds new analytical possibilities and empirical observations to the debate. The book closes with provocative conclusive remarks from Stephen Mennell, where detachment and political motives are placed together to discuss emancipatory motives that underlie Elias’s work. Reading through the 18 chapters, one will most likely agree that Elias’s approach strongly contributes to a more reality-congruent understanding of our time and the acute problems we face these days. That’s quite an achievement for sensitive topics like many referred to in this book, especially considering the increasing number of scholars that are moving towards more involved theoretical orientations, as Mennell mentions. Another provocative view in this conclusive chapter regards political ideologies, which Mennell places along the We-I continuum. In this con- nection, the freedom of the individual, one of the most appealing ideologies of contemporaneity is seen as a philosophical myth. For Elias, sociologists are (or should be) myth hunters, and the concept of fguration defes any attempt at understanding the individual as ‘completely autonomous’ and detached from ‘society’. Edited books, as is the case of Elias in Troubled Times, usually have no closing or conclusive remarks; chapters are autonomous from each other. But, taken together with the enlightening Introduction well written by Florence Delmotte and Barbara Górnicka, Mennell’s text does, indeed, consist of conclusive remarks, as the editors pointed by using this for a title of the Fourth Part. His provocative remarks offer an intellectual tool not only to look at many of the problems faced in contemporaneity but also underlies discussions in most chapters of the book. Elias in Troubled Times is the fourth book in the series Palgrave Studies on Norbert Elias. I couldn’t be happier to be able to publish this excellent book, and I am also touched by Florence and Barbara’s sensitivity and nice words. I honestly want to express my gratitude and appreciation for their notable work, as well as for each author. Some of the texts here presented Foreword ix can establish a straight line of discussion with the three previous books— Gaelic Games in Society, Beyond the Knowledge Crisis and Britain and Terrorism. I am sure this book offers a great contribution to fgurational sociology, and hope this series will continue publishing creative, provocative and professional pieces as this.

Campinas, Brazil Tatiana Savoia Landini February 2021 Acknowledgements

This book is a follow-up to a conference organized at the University Saint- Louis in Brussels, Belgium, in December 2018, entitled ‘Global Interdependencies: What’s New in the Human Society of Individuals?’. It was devoted to the current political and academic relevance of the work of Norbert Elias. This conference was itself the fruit of sometimes long col- laboration between certain Figurati, the members of the Norbert Elias Foundation, and from a number of universities, frst and foremost those from Leicester and Dublin. The event was attended by over a hundred researchers of all ages and different disciplines from all over the world: including those who contributed to this volume, relying on the richness of the exchanges made possible during this event. It is for this very reason, we would frst like to thank once again all of those who made this conference possible: Stephen Mennell (University College Dublin) and Jason Hughes (University of Leicester and Norbert Elias Foundation), Denis Duez, Anne-Alexandra Fournier and Teresa Elola-Calderon (Université Saint-Louis—Bruxelles), among many others. Secondly, we would like to thank Tatiana Landini, the editor of this collection, for having placed her trust in us and for having accepted our proposal to rework and publish the works which, among the best presented in 2018, dealt most explicitly with the political and social problems apparently typical of ‘our time’. We would also like to thank her for having given us the beautiful title of this volume, initially reserved for another project to be carried out with her late husband. We would like to pay a tribute to all the works previously published, thanks to her and the late

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François Dépelteau. It is thanks to their openness and dynamism that we are now welcomed by the ‘Elias series’, and we are grateful to them for that. We would also like to thank our publisher Palgrave Macmillan and its collaborators for their constant help and support at all stages. Finally, we thank our reviewers and supporters, as well as our attentive readers, among which are Hugo Canihac, Christophe Majastre and Damien Simonneau. The publication of a book is often a long and complex process, and this one was full of pitfalls, very much unrelated to the publishing process itself. It was therefore only possible thanks to the mutual relations of friendship and esteem existing between all the protagonists, contributors, readers, editors, reviewers and colleagues. It is because of this, we are particularly pleased with the outcome of this book project and we would like to thank them all very warmly. Praise for Norbert Elias in Troubled Times

“Beautifully written, this book engages thoughtfully with current issues within a solid understanding of their historical background. It covers a hugely impressive range of topics, developing an innovative mobilisation of Elias’s sociological perspective that will underpin a wide variety of new research efforts. In a world becoming increasingly interdependent and complex, this book provides an essential guide to developing the kind of understanding of the world in which we live required for a genuinely democratic politics.” —Robert van Krieken, Emeritus Professor, The University of Sydney, Australia

“Over thirty years ago Norbert Elias emphasised that rising levels of human inter- connectedness had increased the subjection of individuals to global processes over which they had little or no control. Citing his comment, the editors of this excellent volume stress the continuing validity of that observation in the present era. They have brought together a stellar cast of international scholars to reconsider and extend Elias’s analysis of the social and political integration of human societies. Readers will encounter in this volume an unusually wide-ranging collection of innovative papers that revisit core Eliasian ideas, provide new insights into violence and war, and explore through diverse empirical cases the classical analysis of relations between established groups and outsiders. The result is an inventive study which is essential reading for students of the endlessly surprising consequences and challenges of the global integration of modern societies.” —Andrew Linklater, Emeritus Professor of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, UK Contents

1 Troubled Times: Editors’ Introduction 1 Florence Delmotte and Barbara Górnicka

Part I Renewing Classical Themes 17

2 The Question of Inequality: Trends of Functional Democratisation and De-democratisation 19 Nico Wilterdink

3 Vox Populi Then and Now 43 Matt Clement

4 Figurational Sociology of the Rule of Law: A Case of Central and Eastern Europe 63 Marta Bucholc

5 Transformations of Human Rights Within Ruptures and Continuity: A Historico-Sociological Approach 83 Ludivine Damay and Florence Delmotte

6 Civilising Digitalisation: In Search of a New Balance with Today’s Technological Innovations 101 Adele Bianco

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7 Confronting Uncertainties: Process Sociology Converges with the Ecological Risk Sociology of the Becks 117 Alexander Mack

Part II Violence and Faces of the War 137

8 The Civilising Process, Decline of Homicide, and Mass Murder Societies: Norbert Elias and the History of Violence 139 Xavier Rousseaux and Quentin Verreycken

9 A Throwback to Violence? Outline for a Process- Sociological Approach to ‘Terror’ and ‘Terrorism’ 159 Dominique Linhardt and Cédric Moreau de Bellaing

10 Violence and Power: The Kaiowá and Guarani Indigenous Peoples 179 Maria Beatriz Rocha Ferreira, Marina Vinha, and Veronice Lovato Rossato

11 Analysing European Defence with Elias’s Historical Sociology (1990–2020) 199 Delphine Deschaux-Dutard

Part III Established–Outsiders Relations and Habitus Issues 217

12 Weaving Elias’s Thought with Indigenous Perspectives and Lives: Proposal for a Research Agenda 219 Aurélie Lacassagne and Dana Hickey

13 A Question of Function: Unequal Power Ratios and Asylum Seekers in Ireland 239 Steven Loyal Contents xvii

14 Thoughts on Describing Established and Outsider Figurations in Inner Mongolia 259 Merle Schatz

15 Generational Figuration and We-Group Formation in the Palestinian West Bank Since the 1970s 277 Hendrik Hinrichsen

16 The Israeli National Habitus and Historiography: The Importance of Generations and State-Building 295 Alon Helled

17 The Established and the Outsiders: An Incomplete Study? 313 Reinhard Blomert

Part IV Conclusive Refections 333

18 Some Political Implications of Sociology from an Eliasian Point of View 335 Stephen Mennell

Index 353 Notes on Contributors

Adele Bianco is Associate Professor of Sociology at the Gabriele d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy. Her research interests are classical (German) sociological theories; analysis of the work policies; technological changes. She is editor for Springer and Franco Angeli, and member of the editorial board of the most ancient Italian sociological journal Quaderni di Sociologia. Her publications include Domination and Subordination as Social Organization Principle in Georg Simmel’s Soziologie (2014) and, as co-editor, Italian Studies on Quality of Life (2019). Reinhard Blomert studied MA at Heidelberg and PhD in Sociology, Law and Economics at Berlin. He achieved his doctoral thesis on Norbert Elias (‘Psyche und Zivilisation’), and his habilitation treatise on the Institute of state and social sciences at Heidelberg during the Weimar years. Visiting professor at Paris-Nanterre and University of Graz, he is editor of the social science quarterly Leviathan. He is also co-editor of the German edition of the collected writings of Norbert Elias. Marta Bucholc works at the Faculty of Sociology, University of Warsaw. Between 2015 and 2020, she was a research professor of Law at Culture Centre of the University of Bonn. Her research focus is social theory, historical sociology and sociology of law. She edited the frst full Polish translation of Norbert Elias’s On the Process of Civilisation. Since September 2020, she has been the leader of the research project ‘The national habitus formation and the process of civilization in Poland after 1989’ funded by Polish National Science Centre. Her recent

xix xx Notes on Contributors publications include ‘Schengen and the Rosary. Catholic religion and the postcolonial syndrome in Polish national habitus’, Historical Social Research 45(1) (2020): 153–181; ‘Commemorative Lawmaking: Memory Frames of the Democratic Backsliding in Poland After 2015’, Hague Journal on the Rule Law 11 (2019): 85–110. Matt Clement has written extensively on social movements, political economy and most recently state crime and resulting double-bind processes. His most recent publications are in Critical Criminology, Social Justice (both 2020) and the European Journal of Criminology (2021— with Stephen Mennell). Ludivine Damay is a senior lecturer at the Université libre de Bruxelles. She teaches sociology, urban sociology and social science methods in the Faculty of Architecture. Her main research works focus on participatory devices at different levels (from local to European level), citizen engagement, collective citizen initiatives and urban development. Her research on human rights is linked to the teaching of a course ‘Sociology of human rights’ (from 2012 to 2018) at Université Saint-Louis—Bruxelles. Florence Delmotte is a research associate at the Belgian Fund for Scientifc Research (F.R.S.-FNRS) and Professor of Political Science at Université Saint-Louis—Bruxelles. Her research focuses on the relevance of Norbert Elias and historical sociology to think about citizenship, habitus and legitimacy issues in today’s Europe. She is the author of a number of articles on these topics in French and in English, for example, ‘About Post-National Integration in Norbert Eliasʼs Work: Towards a Socio- Historical Approach’, in Human Figurations (2012), ‘Belonging and Indifference to Europe: A Study of Young People in Brussels’, in Historical Social Research (2017, with Virginie Van Ingelgom and Heidi Mercenier). She also published Norbert Elias: la civilisation et l’État (2007). Delphine Deschaux-Dutard is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University Grenoble Alpes, France. She holds a PhD from Sciences Po Grenoble (2008) dedicated to the role of French and German diplomatic and military actors in European Defence Policy since the 1990s. She teaches international relations and political science and is supervisor of an online master programme on International Security and Defence. Her latest publications deal with methods in defence studies, CSDP after Brexit, Notes on Contributors xxi

European cybersecurity and cyberdefence, emerging powers and parlia- mentary scrutiny over military operations. Maria Beatriz Rocha Ferreira holds PhD in Anthropology at the University of Texas in Austin and Master in Physical Education at the University of São Paulo. She developed her carrier at Faculty of Physical Education and at the Laboratory of Journalism at the State University of Campinas. She was visiting professor at the University of Leuven in Belgium, University of Center West and Federal University of Grande Dourados. She is researcher in the NGIME—Federal University of Juiz de For and board member of the IAPESGW, ICSSPE, the Kamuri—Indigenism and the Agita São Paulo Programme. Her researches and publications relate with society and culture, emphasiz- ing etno-sport, fguration, power, gender and indigenous peoples. Barbara Górnicka completed her doctoral degree in Sociology at University College Dublin. Her main research interests include sociology of the body, emotions, women’s health, sex and sexuality, gender and sociological theory. Her publications include a book Nakedness, Shame, and Embarrassment: A Long-Term Sociological Perspective (2016). She is a co- editor of Human Figurations Journal, and the Editor of Figurations, the newsletter of the Norbert Elias Foundation. She is also a book review editor at the Irish Journal of Sociology. She is a visiting lecturer at UCD’s School of Sociology. Alon Helled is a teaching assistant at the Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Florence. He holds a PhD in political science and sociology from Turin and Florence universities and École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) in Paris. His research focuses on identity-building processes, studies on nationalism, Israeli society and politics, and fgurational sociology. He is an active fellow and member of several scientifc associations: Norbert Elias Foundation, Italian Society of Political Sciences (SISP), European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR), Association for Israel Studies and European Association of Israel Studies. Dana Hickey is Anishinaabe kwe from Robinson-Huron Treaty territory and a member of Dokis First Nation on the French River in Ontario, Canada. She is a graduate of the Master of Indigenous Relations programme at Laurentian University. Her research interests have been xxii Notes on Contributors focused on power imbalances that have social implications, such as health inequities in Canada. Hendrik Hinrichsen is a lecturer and a researcher at the Centre of Methods in Social Sciences, University of Göttingen, Germany. He is part of the research project ‘Dynamic fgurations of refugees, migrants, and longtime residents in Jordan since 1946’. This project is funded by the German Research Foundation. He recently completed his PhD on the ‘Oslo Generation’ in Palestinian society in the West Bank. His research interests include biographical research, fgurational sociology, Middle East studies and qualitative methods in social sciences. Aurélie Lacassagne holds a PhD from Science Po Bordeaux (France). She is an associate professor in the Department of Political Science at Laurentian University (Canada). Her research focuses on social theories, cultural studies, identity politics and international relations. She has authored numerous articles and co-edited several books. Her last book Mémoires éclatées, mémoires conciliées (2021) presents an in-depth analysis of the theatrical piece Gabriel Dumont’s Wild West Show from its creation to its reception, discusses the complex history of the Métis people and refects upon cultural and identity appropriation. Dominique Linhardt is a CNRS researcher, member of the LIER-FYT (EHESS/CNRS). His research topics include State, terrorism, the history of sociology and the historical sociology of crime and war. He is notably the author, with Bruno Karsenti, of État et société politique, Raisons Pratiques 27, Editions de l’EHESS, 2018. With Cédric Moreau de Bellaing, he recently published ‘The ‘Enemization’ of Criminal Law? An Inquiry into the Sociology of a Legal Doctrine and of its Political and Moral Underpinnings’, International Political Sociology, 13(4), 2019. Steven Loyal teaches sociology in the School of Sociology in University College Dublin. His research interests include sociological theory, migration, historical sociology and the sociology of knowledge. His recent work includes books on Bourdieu’s Theory of the State (2017), State Power and Asylum Seekers (2018) and, with Sinisa Malesevic, Classical Sociological Theory (2020) and Contemporary Sociological Theory (2020). He is working on thinkers from the British New Left including Stuart Hall and Perry Anderson. Notes on Contributors xxiii

Alexander Mack is an independent researcher based in Brisbane, Australia. He completed his PhD at the Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, Wales. His thesis synthesised features of process and risk sociology to reconstruct the societal processes refected in representations of transnational migration by United Kingdom and Australian Prime Ministers from 2001 to 2017. He is interested in developing greater synergies between sociology and International Relations, by expanding understandings of knowledge processes, power relations and emotional management, through the investigation of performative texts and visual images. Stephen Mennell is Professor Emeritus of Sociology at University College Dublin. He was a general editor of the Collected Works of Norbert Elias, published by UCD Press in 18 volumes, 2006–14, and a member of the board of the Norbert Elias Foundation 1997–2016. From 2011 to 2016, he was President of what is now Research Committee 56, Historical Sociology of the International Sociological Association. His own books include All Manners of Food: Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present (1985), Norbert Elias: Civilization and the Human Self-Image (1989) and The American Civilizing Process (2007). He holds the degrees of Doctor in de Sociale Wetenschappen (Amsterdam) and Doctor of Letters (Cambridge). He is a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Royal Irish Academy and Academia Europaea and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. Cédric Moreau de Bellaing is Associate Professor of Sociology at the École normale supérieure (Paris) and a researcher at the LIER-FYT (EHESS/CNRS). His felds of research include police institutions and more particularly protest policing, as well as the historical sociology of crime and war. He is the author of Force publique. Une sociologie de l’institution policière, Paris, Economica, 2015. Veronice Lovato Rossato achieved her Master’s degree in Education at the Dom Bosco Catholic University, with a specialization in journalism at the Pontifcia Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul and undergradu- ate in Social Communication at the Federal University of Santa Maria. Indigenist, she worked in the Indigenous Missionary Council and later in the Ára Verá indigenous programme for certifying teachers at the mid-level of the Secretary of Education of Mato Grosso do Sul and in the Teko Arandu intercultural indigenous licentiate programme xxiv Notes on Contributors at the Federal University of Grande Dourados. She is consultant of the Guarani and Kaiowá teachers’ movement and active in the pro- duction and editing of indigenous literature materials. Xavier Rousseaux is research director at the Belgian Fund for Scientifc Research (F.R.S.-FNRS), professor at the Université catholique de Louvain and director of the Centre d’histoire du droit et de la justice (CHDJ). Former fellow of the NIAS (Netherlands), the Maison des Sciences de l’Homme and the Institut d’études avancées (Paris), he spe- cializes in Western history of crime and justice. His publications include Military Justice and World Wars (1914–1950) (2013); Youth and Justice in Western States, 1815–1950 (2018); The Art of Law, Artistic Representations and Iconography of Law & Justice in Context, from the Middle Ages to the First World War (2018) and The Future of Crime History (Special Issue of Crime, History, Societies, 2017). He is editing A Global History of Crime (forthcoming). Merle Schatz holds MA in Chinese Studies, Turkish and Central Asian Studies (Mongolian Studies), Japanese Studies. Holding a PhD at Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology on ‘Language and Identity of the Mongols in China today’, she was (2012–2020) a lecturer at Leipzig University, Chinese Studies. Since 2014, she is a lecturer at Cologne University, Chinese Studies. Since 2020, she is a project member of the FID Central Asia—Autochthonous Cultures and Languages, Goettingen State and University Library. Her latest publications include (with Johannes Reckel, 2020) Oirat and Kalmyk Identity in the 20th and 21st Century; (with Laura De Giorgi and Peter Ludes, 2020) Contact Zones in China. Multidisciplinary Perspectives; (with Thorben Pelzer) Einstieg in die Chinastudien, 2019. Quentin Verreycken is postdoctoral researcher (Belgian Fund for Scientifc Research) at the Université catholique de Louvain and visiting lecturer at the Université Saint-Louis—Bruxelles. A former Belgian American Educational Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard University, he studies the exercise and regulation of violence in the late Middle Ages, especially in wartime. In 2018, he received the Herman Diederiks Prize granted by the International Association for the History of Crime and Criminal Justice for the best paper published in Crime, History & Societies. He is working on the publication of his doctoral dissertation as his second book. NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxv

Marina Vinha holds PhD and Master in Physical Education at the State University of Campinas. She developed a career as professor and researcher at the Federal University of Grande Dourados in the Faculty of Physical Education and in the Teko Arandu intercultural indigenous licentiate programme. She teaches at the Ára Verá indigenous programme for training and certify teachers at the mid-level of the Secretary of Education in Mato Grosso do Sul. Her topics of research and publications include studies of civilizing processes related to education, games, corporality and soccer among the Kadiwéu, Guarani and Kaiowá Indigenous peoples. Nico Wilterdink is Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Amsterdam. One of his main felds of interest is the study of trends in social inequality. List of Figures

Fig. 7.1 Globalised Double Binds 129 Fig. 8.1 Number of homicides (medical statistics) versus number indicted for voluntary homicide (judicial statistics) in Belgium. (Source: Rousseaux et al. 2009, 192) 149 Fig. 9.1 Civilising and decivilising processes under the throwback hypothesis 166 Fig. 9.2 Civilising and decivilising processes under the regression hypothesis (1) 169 Fig. 9.3 Civilising and decivilising processes under the regression hypothesis (2) 173 Fig. 12.1 Representation of the data collected by Hickey on Indigenous worldviews of power (Hickey 2019, 47) (For the petal fower multi-layered signifcation, see Absolon 2011, 49) 222

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