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Ref z 2021 C72G7 «~-v..^ LIST OF FACTORY RECORDS OF THE LATE EAST INDIA COMPANY PRESERVED IN THE R E C O R D D E P A R T M E N T 0¥ THE I J\ 1) I A () F F I C E , L () N I> O N 1897. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA _ SANTA BARBARA TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Anjengo - - - - - - - -1 Baliisor - --..-....-2 Bombay - - - - - - - -2 Borneo ---------.-5 - - Broacli - - - - - - -5 Burdwan ------.-..-(> Calcutta (including Sutanati) - - - - - - 7 Cambay .._-.-... -g Cape of Good Hope - - - - - - -8 Celebes ---.-..-.--n Ceylon - - - - - - - - - 9 •China and Japan -_... .. -12 Coniraere - - - - - - --25 Cuddalore and Porto Novo - - - - - - - -2.5 Dacca - - - - - - - - -2() Dinajpur -----------27 lOgypt and Red Sea - - - - - - - 28 Fort St. David ------....30 Fort St. George - - - - - - - -31 Ilugli ---.-.-....34 Java - - - - - - - - - SS Karwar ---..--.. -.;;g Kasimbazar - - - - - . - -o9 IMailapollani - - - - -- - - . -40 Mtildah - - - - - - - . -40 Masulipatam - - - - - - - . -41 Murshidabftd - - - - - - - -42 Patna --.---.-...43 Persia and Persian Gulf - - - - - - -44 Petapoli -.._... ...-50 Eajapur - - - - . -50 St. Helena - - - - - - - . - . -ol Siam - - - - - . - . -58 Straits Settlements ---....- -59 Sumatra - - - - - - . -GS Sural - - - - - - . ..75 Tellicherri - - - - . - - -82 Thana . ---...._..y;{ Vizagapatam - - - - - - . -83 Miscellaneous - - - - - - - - - -HI 5433. I. &r:4. a ; — ; — INTRODUCTION. Amongst the early records of the East India Company none are of more interest than those which detail the proceedings of their Agents and Factors in the East, in their endeavours to establish factories and promote trade of the English direct with the several Native powers. In effecting this many difficulties had to be overcome, and the opposition of the Native traders, who naturally put every obstacle in the way of the diversion of their trade to other channels, had to be combated, as well as the more serious obstructions on the part of the Portuguese and Dutch to the establishment of trading stations in the East by the English. The seventeenth century was the time of greatest establishment of factories in the East, and may, on that account, be considered the " Factory Period " of the East India Company, the only territorial acquisitions obtained by them within that century being as follows : 1639. Madraspatam (" Chineepatam," Fort St. George) 1668. Bombay 1690. Tegnapatam (Fort St. David) ; and 1694, Anjengo. After the union of the two East India Companies, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, the acquisitions of territory in the East became both more frequent and more extensive, and the subsequent years of the Company's existence may, therefore, not inappropriately be designated as the " Territorial Period." Most of the minor factories did not send home their proceedings to England, neither did they, as a rule, communicate directly with the East India Company, but only through the principal factories to which they were subordinate,—such as Bantam, Surat, Fort St. George, Bombay or Calcutta. In the following observations it is not intended to give details regarding those factories for which no separate records now exist at this Office ; whilst, with regard to the others, only some brief particulars will be given relative to their first establishment, and, when abolished, the dates at which they either ceased to be maintained as permanent trading stations, or were classed as Presidencies, from which time their Proceedings are embodied in the series of " Presidency Records." In the establishment of factories at the various commercial ports visited by their ships, the East India Company did but follow an immemorial custom, handed down from the time of the Phoenicians, if not from still earlier days, and that plan of conducting their business was resolved upon at the very commencement of their organization. At a meeting of the Court on the 10th February 1600-1 the Du'ectors " proceading to establish and enacte certain Decrees and lawes fitt for the " present occasion, and to be vsed as directions for the guiding of the trade and *' traffique lielonging to y" present voyage, nowe to be sett forth Do at this assemblie " ordeine and Decree thes severall ordiuaunces to be holden and kept as standing " ordiuaunces to be used in the voyages w"'out alteration or chaunging the teno'' whereof " " hereaftci- easue vidett —of which ordinances the following is an extract: " And I iirthcrmore yt is ordered that yf upon the deliu''ies of his ma''"' Ires to the *' prinnce-; if those places where o'' shipps shall arrive the generall & factors shalbe *' peaceaiilic received & entertayned as m'"chaunts to commerce & traffique w"* the ' " people ' !iose Cuntries or places, & be secured & warranted hereafter to frequente 5433. b ; " & visite those partes. Then yt is ordayned & decreed that there shalbe selected *' out of the yongest sorte of the factors, or others entertayned or voluntarily " suffred to goe in the voiadge such and soe many of the aptest & towardest of " them as o'' principall m'chaunt shall thincke meete, & -w"^ shall have best approved " themselfes fitt for the imploym* of the Companie, to resyde and abide in the saide " places where they shalbe soe peaceablie received yf they may be permitted " therevnto talcinge sufficient & carefull order for the defrayinge & supplyinge of " there Chardge, vntyll those places shalbe hereafter visited by another fleete sent " fro hence. And leaveinge w**" them such advyse & direction for ther better " informacon howe to carrie themselves in those places, as by the good direction of " o"" principall merchaunt w"' thadvyse of suche as he shall consulte w*''all thereof '' shalbe thought meete and as tyme & experience of those places shall directe " them whilst the shippes Do lye in thes partes." Instructions to the above effect were embodied in the commission issued to James Lancaster for the Company's first voyage, but no special orders were therein given regarding the place or places at which factors should be left, though he probably received verbal instructions on that point. In the Commissions to the Commanders of subsequent' expeditions, they were specifically instructed as to the ports at which they were to call and settle factories. The first factory established by the Company was at Bantam, and they soon spread their operations over the neighbouring islands. On the third voyage a visit was paid to Amboyna for the purchase of cloves. A little later they took possession of Polaroon and Eosengin, but the animosity of the Dutch raised every possible obstruction to their successful trading. The English and Dutch Companies levied war upon each other in these parts, which state of things culminated in the massacre of the members of the English Eactory at Amboyna, on the 27th Eebruary 1623. By this time the Company had established factories at Achin, Tiku, and Priaman, in Sumatra ; at Bantam and Jakatra, in Java ; at Sukadana and Banjarmasin, in Borneo at Amboyna, Polaroon, Rosengin, and Macassar ; also in Siam and at Patania on the Malay Peninsula ; at Firando in Japan ; whilst in India they had a factory at Surat, with subordinate agencies at Gogo, Ahmedabad, Cambay, and Ajmir, and factories at Calicut, Cranganore, Patna, Agra, and Masulipatam. In a more westerly direction they had established trade at Jask and Gombroon, and at Mocha in the Red Sea. In making these last-named acquisitions the East India Company clearly recognised —what had at an earlier period been discovered by the Portuguese—that if they desired to obtain a monopoly of the Indo-European trade, they must be in a position to dominate, if not to destroy, those branches of it which passed respectively by way of the Red Sea and tlie Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean ports. Notwithstanding its exclusive privileges, the East India Company was not permitted to pursue its trade to the East uninterruptedly. In 1635, Courteu's Association obtained a charter from Charles I., under which agencies were settled at Goa, Baticola, Carwar, Achin, and Rajapur, and this had the effect of greatly depressing the trade of the former Company, until at last, in 1649, the two Companies were united. In the early days of trade with India, it seems to have been customary to send home two copies of letters by different routes ; the originals appear generally to have been sent by ship, whilst duplicates were transmitted via the Persian Gulf and Aleppo. Unfortunately, in a great number of cases, the duplicates have been preserved and the originals lost or destroyed. As giving some idea of the curiosities contained in the records of this early period, I may instance that in 1675 the skeleton of a mermaid was sent home, which the Court presented to His Majesty. vu Towards the end of the 17th century the Company had been trying hard to get their privileges confirmed by the House of Commons, as a resolution had been passed by that body in 1693 that it was the right of all Englishmen to trade to the East Indies, or any part of the world, unless prohibited by Act of Parliament. The Company therefore proposed to advance 700,000^. at 4 per cent, interest for the public service, on condition of their privileges being confirmed by Parliament, but were outbid by a number of merchants who offered 2,000,000/. at 8 per cent, provided they might have the exclusive trade to India vested in them, and should not be obliged to trade as a joint stock unless they should afterwards desire to be incorporated for that purpose. The original list of svibscribers to the above amount is still in existence. At a Court of Directors of the new Company, held the 8th November 1698 at Mercers' Hall, two months and three days after its formation, a disposition was expressed to agree to a union with the old Company upon reasonable terms ; and it was agreed that, upon ascertaining what proposals the old Company would make, " this Coiurt will then endeavour to gett a full authority to treat with them in order to attain a happy conclusion." Accordingly, an agreement was come to about the beginning of 1702, the terms of which were embodied in three deeds, all dated the 22nd July of that year.
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