Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

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Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases FIFTH EDITION Editor SARAH S. LONG, MD Professor of Pediatrics Drexel University College of Medicine Chief, Section of Infectious Diseases St. Christopher's Hospital for Children Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2 Associate Editors CHARLES G.

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Annual Report 2019 2019
Vector-Borne Disease Section Annual Report 2019 2019 ANNUAL REPORT VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE SECTION INFECTIOUS DISEASES BRANCH DIVISION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL CENTER FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH Gavin Newsom Governor State of California VBDS Annual Report, 2019 Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................................................ iv Suggested Citations ............................................................................................................................................................................ vi Program Overview .............................................................................................................................................................................. vii Chapters 1 Rodent-borne Diseases 1 2 Flea-borne Diseases 4 3 Tick-borne Diseases 7 4 Mosquito-borne Diseases 13 5 U.S. Forest Service Cost-Share Agreement 21 6 Vector Control Technician Certification Program 25 7 Public Information Materials and Publications 27 State of California June 2020 California Department of Public Health ii VBDS Annual Report, 2019 Preface I am pleased to present to you the 2019 Annual Report for the Vector-Borne Disease Section
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Poster Session 2 12:00 - 14:00 Tuesday, 11Th June, 2019 Zia Ballroom Presentation Type Poster
Poster Session 2 12:00 - 14:00 Tuesday, 11th June, 2019 Zia Ballroom Presentation type Poster 111 Molecular Detection of Rickettsia in American Dog Ticks Collected Along the Platte River in South Central Nebraska Brandon Luedtke1, Julie Shaffer1, Estrella Monrroy1, Corey Willicott1, Travis Bourret2 1University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney, USA. 2Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, USA Abstract Dermacentor variabilis is the predominant tick species in Nebraska and is presumed to be the primary vector of Rickettsia rickettsii associated with Nebraskans that have contracted Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Interestingly, cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Nebraska have increased on a year over year basis, yet the prevalence of D. variabilis vectoring R. rickettsii has not been established for Nebraska. Here we sought to set a baseline for the prevalence of D. variabilis vectoring R. rickettsii and other spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae. Over a 3 year period, D. variabilis were collected along the Platte River in south central Nebraska. Individual tick DNA was analyzed using endpoint PCR to identify ticks carrying SFG rickettsiae. A total of 927 D. variabilis were analyzed by PCR and 38 (4.1%) ticks tested positive for SFG rickettsiae. Presumptive positives were sequenced to identify the Rickettsia species, of which 29 (76%) were R. montanensis, 5 (13%) were R. amblyommatis, 4 (11%) were R. bellii, and R. rickettsii was not detected. These data indicate that R. rickettsii is likely at a low prevalence in south central Nebraska and spillover of R. amblyommatis into D. variabilis is occurring likely due to the invasive lone star tick (Amblyoma americanum).
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2017 VBDS Annual Report
Vector-Borne Disease Section Annual Report 2017 Infectious Diseases Branch Division of Communicable Disease Control Center for Infectious Diseases California Department of Public Health 2017 ANNUAL REPORT VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE SECTION INFECTIOUS DISEASES BRANCH DIVISION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL CENTER FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH Edmund G. Brown Jr. Governor State of California Michael Wilkening, Secretary Karen Smith, MD, MPH, Director Health and Human Services Agency Department of Public Health VBDS Annual Report, 2017 Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................................................ iv Suggested Citations ............................................................................................................................................................................ vi Program Overview.............................................................................................................................................................................. vii Chapters 1 Rodent-borne Diseases 1 2 Flea-borne Diseases 4 3 Tick-borne Diseases 7 4 Mosquito-borne Diseases 13 5 U.S. Forest Service Cost-Share Agreement 21 6 Vector Control Technician Certifcation
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Comparative Microbiome Profiles of Sympatric Tick Species from the Far
insects Article Comparative Microbiome Profiles of Sympatric Tick Species from the Far-Western United States Betsabel Chicana 1, Lisa I. Couper 2, Jessica Y. Kwan 3 , Enxhi Tahiraj 4 and Andrea Swei 4,* 1 Quantitative and Systems Biology Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; [email protected] 3 School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-(415)-338-1753 Received: 2 September 2019; Accepted: 11 October 2019; Published: 18 October 2019 Abstract: Insight into the composition and function of the tick microbiome has expanded considerably in recent years. Thus far, tick microbiome studies have focused on species and life stages that are responsible for transmitting disease. In this study we conducted extensive field sampling of six tick species in the far-western United States to comparatively examine the microbial composition of sympatric tick species: Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes angustus, Dermacentor variabilis, Dermacentor occidentalis, Dermacentor albipictus, and Haemaphysalis leporispalustris. These species represent both common vectors of disease and species that rarely encounter humans, exhibiting a range of host preferences and natural history. We found significant differences in microbial species diversity and composition by tick species and life stage. The microbiome of most species examined were dominated by a few primary endosymbionts. Across all species, the relative abundance of these endosymbionts increased with life stage while species richness and diversity decreased with development.
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Description of Eschar-Associated Rickettsial Diseases Using Passive Surveillance Data — United States, 2010–2016
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Description of Eschar-Associated Rickettsial Diseases Using Passive Surveillance Data — United States, 2010–2016 Naomi Drexler, MPH1; Kristen Nichols Heitman, MPH1; Cara Cherry, DVM1 Rickettsial eschars are necrotic lesions that occur at the site systems, and includes clinical details, diagnostic criteria, and of tick or mite bites and represent locations of primary inocula- patient outcomes. Since 2010, the CDC supplemental case tion of spotted fever group Rickettsia and Orientia species. In report form* has requested information on eschars. the United States, eschars are hallmarks of less severe spotted For this report, supplementary surveillance data collected fever diseases, including those caused by endemic agents such as by state and local health departments for illness with onset Rickettsia parkeri (1) and Rickettsia species 364D (2), as well as during 2010–2016 that were received and entered by CDC several imported agents, including Rickettsia africae, Rickettsia as of November 13, 2018, were summarized. TBRDs are not conorii, and Orientia tsutsugamushi. Eschars generally do not reportable conditions in Alaska and Hawaii, so no data from occur with Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), a poten- these states were included in this report. Case classifications tially deadly disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and have not were made according to the Council of State and Territorial been associated with Ehrlichia or Anaplasma species. The pres- Epidemiologists definitions (6,7). Confirmed cases were clini- ence of eschars can help differentiate less severe spotted fever cally compatible and had confirmatory diagnostic evidence rickettsioses from RMSF and clarify the potential contributions obtained by seroconversion (fourfold change) in anti-Ehrlichia, of each within surveillance data.
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American Society for Rickettsiology: Rickettsial Diseases at the Vector-Pathogen Interface
1 2 Meals Posters and Breaks Meeting Room th 30 Meeting of the 3 American Society for Rickettsiology: Rickettsial Diseases at the Vector-Pathogen Interface June 8-11, 2019 El Dorado Hotel, Santa Fe, New Mexico Oral presentations will be held in the Anasazi Ballroom Poster presentations will be held in the Zia Ballroom Funding for this conference was made possible [in part] by R13 AI126727-01 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. The views expressed in written conference materials or publications and by speakers and moderators do not necessarily reflect the official policies of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; nor does mention of trade names, commercial practices, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 4 Schedule at a Glance 5 SATURDAY Special Symposium Chair: Janet Foley & Chris Paddock Time: 15:00 - 18:00 Date: 8th June 2019 Location: Anzasazi Ballroom 62 - Missing elements of natural history and ecology in Rickettsiology Janet Foley University of California, Davis, USA 72 - Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and North Asian Tick Typhus: two diseases, the history, geography, diversity of the tick vectors, and common problems in the modern world. Marina Eremeeva Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, USA 65 - What we know and what we don't know about the ecology of Rhipicephalus sanguineus transmitted rickettsias in the Mediterranean area Philippe Parola IHU Méditerranée Infection , Marseille, France 155 - The need for integrative approaches to deal with Rocky Mountain spotted
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COVID-19 Vaccine: How Did We Get Here So Quickly?
DISEASE PREVENTION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY NEWSLETTER IN THIS ISSUE: COVID-19 Vaccine: How did we get here so quickly? .................................................1 Historical perspective on vaccine hesitancy ....................................................2 New mRNA vaccine technology ...............3 Laboratory Criteria of the Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis and Lyme Disease Case Definitions .................................................3 Parotitis Associated with Mumps and Other Viral Infections ................................5 Updates to the List of Reportable Conditions for 2021 ...................................6 EpiWINTER 2021Notes COVID-19 Vaccine: How did we get According to the New York Times, the longest periods in a typical vaccine development timeline belong to here so quickly? the Preclinical, Building factories, and Manufacturing Jane Kelly, MD phases, and none of the phases overlap (Thompson, Assistant State Epidemiologist 2020). Unlike this usual timeline and because of the Division of Acute Disease Epidemiology federal government’s commitment to purchasing vaccine, companies did not have to proceed sequentially to ensure How is it possible to develop and get a COVID-19 vaccine return on investment. In the COVID-19 vaccine timeline, to market in record time? Academic Research and Preclinical had a head start from Developing COVID-19 vaccine in record time was previous SARS work and the published genome; Phases possible because of some unprecedented events I, II, and III trials had some overlap; and Building factories related to an earlier disease from more than 15 years and Manufacturing phases began early on. ago – SARS. The SARS outbreak in 2003 prompted work on vaccine development that was abandoned when the disease was contained. The COVID-19 vaccine developers had that prior work upon which to build. By January 10, 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 (responsible for COVID-19) genome had been sequenced and released publicly.
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Emerging Tickborne Diseases
CDC PUBLIC HEALTH GRAND ROUNDS Emerging Tickborne Diseases AAccessible version: https://youtu.be/al5EM3yh--0 March 21, 2017 Expanding Diversity and Distribution of Tickborne Diseases Rebecca Eisen, PhD Research Biologist Division of Vector-Borne Diseases National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases The Basics of Tickborne Diseases All known tickborne infectious diseases are diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans via a tick vector (e.g., zoonoses) ● Ticks can maintain the pathogens through transmission to their offspring ● Ticks can acquire infection through feeding on infectious hosts Humans are incidental hosts, infected by the bite of infected ticks Ticks Can Transmit Diverse Types of Bacteria in the United States Bacterial Diseases (9) Pathogens (14) Tick Genera (5) Anaplasmosis Anaplasma phagocytophilum Ixodes spp. Borrelia miyamotoi disease Borrelia miyamotoi Ixodes spp. Ehrlichia chaffeensis Amblyomma spp. Ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia ewingii Ixodes spp. Ehrlichia muris eauclarensis Borrelia burgdorferi Lyme disease Ixodes spp. Borrelia mayonii Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis Rickettsia parkeri Amblyomma spp. Dermacentor spp. Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia rickettsii Rhipicephalus spp. Pacific Coast tick fever Rickettsia philipii Dermacentor spp. Borrelia hermsii Relapsing fever Borrelia parkeri Ornithodoros spp. Borrelia turicatae Amblyomma spp. Tularemia Francisella tularensis Dermacentor spp. Eisen RJ, Kugeler KJ, Eisen L et al. (2017) ILAR J, in press. Other Types of Pathogens Ticks Can Transmit Diseases (4) Pathogens (4) Tick Genera (3) Viruses Colorado tick fever virus Colorado tick fever Dermacentor spp. (Coltivirus) Heartland virus Heartland virus disease Amblyomma spp. (Phlebovirus) Powassan virus Powassan encephalitis Ixodes spp. (Flavivirus) Protozoa Babesiosis Babesia microti Ixodes spp. Eisen RJ, Kugeler KJ, Eisen L et al.
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ESCCAR International Congress on Rickettsiae and Other Intracellular Bacteria Pierre-Edouard Fournier, Carole Kebbi-Beghdadi, Gilbert Greub
ESCCAR international congress on Rickettsiae and other intracellular bacteria Pierre-Edouard Fournier, Carole Kebbi-Beghdadi, Gilbert Greub To cite this version: Pierre-Edouard Fournier, Carole Kebbi-Beghdadi, Gilbert Greub. ESCCAR international congress on Rickettsiae and other intracellular bacteria. Microbes and Infection, Elsevier, 2018, 20 (7-8, SI), pp.392-400. 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.08.001. hal-01935339 HAL Id: hal-01935339 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01935339 Submitted on 11 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Microbes and Infection 20 (2018) 392e400 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Microbes and Infection journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/micinf Meeting report ESCCAR international congress on Rickettsiae and other intracellular bacteria * Pierre-Edouard Fournier a, Carole Kebbi-Beghdadi b, Gilbert Greub b, a URMITE, UniversitedelaMediterranee, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Mediterranee-Infection, Marseille, France b Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland article info Article history: broaden our knowledge and that technology-based research that Received 10 July 2018 allows to ﬁsh for new pathogens is also very important, despite Accepted 10 August 2018 being until recently not recognized by most funding agencies.
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Common Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Pennsylvania
Common Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases in Pennsylvania Tick identification, life history, and distribution; Blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) tick-borne diseases; and prevention Background Information Distribution: Ixodes scapularis is found throughout the eastern United States and in parts of the northern mid-west in Ticks are parasitic arthropods that feed on the blood of wooded, brushy locations as well as grassy edge habitat vertebrates, particularly mammals (including humans) but also (Figure 2). While it was less widespread historically, the range birds, reptiles and amphibians. Many species of ticks can of this species has been expanding in recent years and it can transmit pathogens between animals and to humans, including now be found throughout Pennsylvania. various parasitic worms, viruses, and bacteria. The most important of these in Pennsylvania are the bacteria that cause Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. There are more than 900 species of ticks worldwide, at least 25 of which occur in Pennsylvania. Of these, two species account for more than 90 percent of identification requests submitted to Penn State: blacklegged tick ( Ixodes scapularis ) and American dog tick ( Dermacentor variablis ). Three other species that may be encountered are also covered herein: lone star tick ( Amblyomma americanum ), Asian longhorn tick ( Haemaphysalis longicornis ), and winter tick ( Dermacentor albipictus ). Hosts: Blacklegged tick larvae preferentially feed on small mammals such as mice and chipmunks and occasionally birds; nymphs also feed on small mammals and birds, as well as a range of medium- and large-mammals like raccoons, deer, and black bears. Adult blacklegged ticks feed on larger mammals with some preference for white-tailed deer.
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Tick Identification Tick Removal
Tick Removal Tick Identification Ixodes scapularis (deer tick, blacklegged tick) Found: Northeast, Upper Midwest, and much of the South Transmits: Lyme, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, Powassan encephalitis, tick paralysis, tularemia, bartonellosis, ehrlichiosis (EhrlichiaMagnified muris-like), Borrelia miyamotoi,Actual size Borrelia mayonii. Magnified Actual size • Longer the tick attachment, greater the risk of infection. • Do not burn or use any substance on tick. Nymph Adult Male Adult Female Larvae Nymph Adult • Do not grasp, squeeze or twist the body of tick. • Grasp tick close to skin with tweezers. Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick) • Pull tick straight out. Found: Eastern U.S. Transmits: human monocytic ehrlichiosis, • Use antiseptic on skin afterward. STARI, tularemia, tick paralysis, Q fever, Heartland virus. Can • Disinfect hands thoroughly. developMagnified meat allergy after bite.Actual size • Dispose of tick in tape or save for testing/ Magnified Actual size identification Remember, one tick bite can give you more than one disease. Always see a physician for possible diagnosis, Nymph Adult Male Adult Female Larvae Nymph Adult testing and treatment, especially if tick parts remain after removal. Dermacentor variabilis (dog tick) Found: All U.S. Transmits: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia,Magnified tick paralysis. Actual size e Dise ym as L e Magnified Actual size A n s s i o o c i a t TM Adult Male Adult Female Larvae Nymph Adult Research, Education, Prevention, & Patient support Ixodes pacificus (western blacklegged tick) Found: Far West Transmits: Lyme, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, Lyme Disease Association, Inc. bartonellosis. P.O. Box 1438 • Jackson, NJ 08527 Magnified Actual size Magnified Actual size (888) 366-6611 (732) 938-7215 fax [email protected] LymeDiseaseAssociation.org Tick photos courtesy of James L.
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Vector Borne Diseases Technical Bulletin
Vector-Borne Disease Tick-Borne Diseases of the United States Anaplasmosis Figure 1: Geographic map of Anaplasmosis reported to CDC, U.S., Figure 2: Morulae detected in a granulocyte on a peripheral 2016 (1). blood smear, associated with A. phagocytophilum infection. Photo/Bobbi S. Pritt, Mayo Clinic (2). Pathogen(s): Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, HGE) Location: Upper Midwest and Northeast United States overlapping with the geographic distribution of Lyme disease and other Blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) transmitted diseases. Peak Infections: June through August Vector: Blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) Incubation Period: 5-14 days Signs & Symptoms: Fever, chills, rigors, severe headache, myalgia, gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia) and rash (<10%). Few people will develop all symptom and the number and combination of symptoms varies greatly for each patient. Laboratory findings: Mild anemia, Leukopenia (characterized by relative and absolute lymphopenia and left shift), Thrombocytopenia, mild to moderate elevations in hepatic transaminases. PCR testing is most sensitive in during the first week of illness. Antibody based testing for rise in IgM (increase 2-3 days after illness) and IgG (typically up to 4-fold increase 7-10 days after illness). Samples should be taken within the first week of illness and a second sample should be taken 2-4 weeks later. MDL Test Code(s): 441 Ehrlichia chaffeensis (HME) & Anaplasma phgocytophilum (HGE) by Real-Time PCR 439 Anaplasma phagocytophilum IgG/IgM by IFA Treatment: Adults: 100 mg Doxycycline twice per day (100 mg/dose max), orally or IV for 10-14 days. Children (weighing <100 lbs, 45.4 kg): 2.2 mg/kg per dose Doxycycline (100 mg/dose max), twice per day, orally or IV for 10-14 days.
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