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53296049.Pdf CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Palermo UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia Dipartimento di Scienze Filologiche e Linguistiche __________________________________________________________________ Dottorato di Ricerca in Letterature Moderne e Studi Filologico-Linguistici XXII Ciclo L-LIN/12 Strategie discorsive nel serial murder e il concetto di „closure of the social‟ nella cultura nordamericana del dopoguerra Dottorando: Tutor: Richard E. Burket Prof.ssa Eleonora Chiavetta Coordinatore: Prof. Attilio Carapezza ______________________________________ ANNO ACCADEMICO 2010-2011 ii Ringraziamenti Ringrazio la Professoressa Eleonora Chiavetta per la sua collaborazione durante la gestazione e la scrittura della tesi, specialmente per la sua disponibilità a un progetto più che soltanto un po‟ fuori dalla sua area di pertinenza. Vorrei ringraziare anche mia moglie, Marina Cacioppo, per il suo incoraggiamento e supporto, e per il suo aiuto nella resa in italiano del testo, e mio figlio, Giorgio, per avermi fornito così tante distrazioni durante il processo di scrittura. Grazie anche ai miei suoceri, Elvira Grieco e Agostino Cacioppo, e a Nadia Carbone per tutte le ore passate a prendersi cura di mio figlio in modo da lasciarmi libero di fare ricerca e scrivere. Sono anche profondamente grato a Federica Timeto e Franco Marineo per avermi aiutato a trasformare il mio testo dall‟inglese all‟italiano. Qualsiasi difetto nel testo è esclusiva responsabilità dell‟autore. Alcune delle idee centrali dei capitoli uno e tre sono state trattate per la prima volta in “The Construction and Transmission of Law Enforcement Discourse as the Dominant Discourse on Serial Killing in the U.S.,” un paper presentato al XVII European Symposium on Languages for Specific Purposes presso la Aarhus University, in Danimarca (21 agosto 2009), e in seguito pubblicate come Burket (2010). iii Abstract Questa tesi descrive e analizza il proliferare dei discorsi sull‟omicidio seriale negli Stati Uniti. Adottando le intuizioni teoriche e metodologiche del Critical Discourse Analysis, la tesi identifica il discorso dominante, ne descrive gli aspetti costitutivi, propone un resoconto su come e perché questo discorso sia diventato quello preponderante e illustra alcuni dei suoi effetti socio-culturali. Prestando una particolare attenzione alla situazionalità di questi discorsi, la tesi li contestualizza storicamente e nel quadro di più ampie tendenze discorsive, soprattutto in relazione a come questi si connettono ai discorsi ideologici sulla chiusura del sociale; l‟analisi si concentra anche su come queste rappresentazioni utilizzano le costruzioni dell‟omicidio seriale e dei serial killer per tracciare specifiche strategie discorsive che veicolano differenti rappresentazioni della società. Esiste una gran varietà di concetti legati all‟omicidio seriale e molte teorie che ne spiegano le cause, da quelle di orientamento biologico, medico e psicologico, a quelle che lo analizzano come una costruzione sociale. La concezione dominante dell‟omicidio seriale negli Stati Uniti, comunque, deriva direttamente dalle forze dell‟ordine, soprattutto dall‟FBI, nonostante l‟assenza di studi rigorosi e revisionati che supportino queste teorie. Il modello sull‟omicidio seriale proposto dall‟FBI, piuttosto che testare le basi empiriche delle sue teorie alla ricerca di una validità scientifica – anche se offre generalizzazioni forzate e onnicomprensive che i suoi autori caratterizzano come empiricamente fondate – può essere meglio caratterizzato come parte di una strategia discorsiva motivata da scopi pratici e burocratico-amministrativi. Questa tesi, pertanto, analizza le diverse componenti del modello dell‟FBI come scelte motivate, esaminando sia le ipotesi sottese a queste scelte che le conseguenze sociali di tali configurazioni discorsive. iv Uno degli elementi centrali che spiega il prevalere del discorso proposto dall‟FBI come discorso dominante in questo campo è il suo modo di trasmissione culturale, e questa tesi esamina approfonditamente i modi in cui questo discorso è stato divulgato. La ricerca rintraccia la prima diffusione delle idee dell‟FBI sulla stampa, riservando un‟attenzione particolare al modo in cui l‟FBI è stata “costruita” come l‟unica fonte di conoscenza sull‟omicidio seriale, per analizzare poi il consolidamento di queste idee in un discorso coerente che, in seguito, è diventato una sorta di discorso semi-specialistico. L‟elemento decisivo in questa evoluzione è rappresentato dalla costruzione e dalla popolarizzazione della figura del profiler come esperto delle forze dell‟ordine specializzato nella lotta contro i serial killer. Se alcuni film molto popolari hanno giocato un ruolo decisivo in questo processo, molto importanti sono stati anche i memoir scritti dai profiler dell‟FBI e le biografie loro dedicate, senza contare l‟apporto decisivo delle serie televisive. In questi libri e telefilm hanno trovato la loro collocazione numerosi concetti che hanno finito per definire la percezione pubblica dei serial killer, dei profiler e della relazione tra le forze dell‟ordine e i criminali seriali. In modo ancor più significativo, queste immagini, concetti e dinamiche dominanti partecipano al continuo processo di costruzione discorsiva del sociale, rappresentando il serial killer in relazione ai limiti della società come mezzo per affermare la sua chiusura e dunque naturalizzarne una particolare rappresentazione ideologica. In particolare, questa concezione dell‟omicidio seriale è stata utilizzata nella definizione di ogni crimine come potenzialmente seriale, cosa che ha avuto notevoli conseguenze sulle politiche sociali, sulla legge criminale e su come il pubblico percepisce la relazione tra i criminali e la società. Più di ogni altra cosa, la costruzione poliziesca del serial killer, veicolata soprattutto dalla cultura popolare, ha contribuito a collocare le forze dell‟ordine al centro della società americana contemporanea, costituendo e mantenendo l‟egemonia delle ideologie v poliziesche che utilizzano le percezioni (e le percezioni errate) del crimine per raggiungere precisi obiettivi politici e istituzionali, rappresentando la società come un‟entità chiusa e stabile con un confine definito dal criminale in quanto Altro, qualcuno fondamentalmente differente dalle norme sociali per comportamenti, convinzioni e processi mentali. vi Prefazione Ho trascorso gli anni della mia formazione con i serial killer. Non in senso letterale, ovviamente, ma crescendo negli Stati Uniti a metà degli anni Ottanta ho vissuto appieno quello che Philip Jenkins (1988a, 1994) ha definito “panico da omicidio seriale anni 1983- 1985.” Se guardo indietro, trovo persino un po‟ scioccante che fossi a conoscenza di così tanti serial killer, nella mia infanzia e adolescenza (per non dire dei numerosi omicidi di massa, così visibili in quel periodo). Ciò, credo, è dipeso in parte dalla collocazione geografica, dato che la California e l‟area nord-occidentale della costa del Pacifico, dove sono cresciuto, sono quelle con un più alto tasso di omicidi seriali (Hickey, 2010). Anche se non ricordo molto dei casi famosi degli anni Settanta, come quelli di Edmund Kemper, Herbert Mullin, Richard Chase, o Juan Corona, pur se all‟epoca vivevo non troppo distante da dove tutti loro operavano, nella California del Nord, e riesco a ricordare solo qualche frammento della infinita saga televisiva sugli “Omicidi dei bambini di Atlanta,” perché l‟indagine fu trasmessa nelle news televisive tra il 1980 e il 1981, finché Wayne Williams fu arrestato, nel maggio del 1981, ricordo però, distintamente, i reportage, nelle news serali, sull‟ “Inseguitore della notte” (Richard Ramirez), durati fino al suo arresto, nel 1985. Sono stato testimone di riferimenti continui a Ted Bundy, ho visto la serie televisiva Deliberate Stranger (1986), basata sulla sua vita e i suoi crimini (avente come protagonista il rubacuori del momento, Mark Harmon), e ho anche vissuto l‟eccitazione mediale che ha circondato l‟esecuzione di Bundy, nel 1989. C‟erano anche il “Killer dei sentieri” (David Carpenter), nella California del Nord, e “Il Killer della I-5” (Randall Woodfield), nel tratto interstatale tra California e Oregon, nei primi anni Ottanta. Vivendo nella zona nord- orientale della costa del Pacifico negli anni Ottanta sono anche stato regolarmente esposto a notizie, reportage e speculazioni a mai finire sul “Killer del Green River” (Gary vii Ridgway), che si diceva avesse ucciso 49 persone tra prostitute, drogati e fuggitivi nell‟area tra Seattle e Tacoma nella prima metà del decennio, e che sarebbe stato catturato soltanto nel 2001. C‟erano anche il serial killer di bambini Westley Alan Dodd, a Washington (arrestato nel 1990), Leonard Lake e Charles Ng nella California del Nord alla metà degli anni Ottanta, con la loro camera segreta della tortura e i video amatoriali dei loro omicidi sadici e, forse il più indimenticabile di tutti, Henri Lee Lucas, che scioccò la nazione confessando, secondo alcuni reportage, più di 600 omicidi commessi in tutto il paese (quasi tutti, tranne alcuni, non realmente commessi). La mia esperienza mediale più “matura” dei primi anni Novanta è stata anch‟essa segnata dai serial killer. C‟è stato, ovviamente, il caso di Jeffrey Dahmer, che è venuto alla ribalta a Milwaukee, nel 1991, e poi ancora, in televisione, la serie Twin Peaks (1989-91), al cinema Il silenzio degli innocenti (1991),
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