DOCSLIB.ORG

Anaerobic Microbial Iron Oxidation and Reduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anaerobic Microbial Iron Oxidation and Reduction University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications in the Biological Sciences Papers in the Biological Sciences 2006 Microorganisms pumping iron: Anaerobic microbial iron oxidation and reduction Karrie A. Weber University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Laurie A. Achenbach Southern Illinois University Carbondale, [email protected] John D. Coates University of California, Berkeley, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscifacpub Part of the Life Sciences Commons Weber, Karrie A.; Achenbach, Laurie A.; and Coates, John D., "Microorganisms pumping iron: Anaerobic microbial iron oxidation and reduction" (2006). Faculty Publications in the Biological Sciences. 204. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscifacpub/204 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications in the Biological Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Nature Reviews Microbiology 4 (October 2006), pp. 752-764; doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1490 Copyright © 2006 Nature Publishing Group. Used by permission. Microorganisms pumping iron: Anaerobic microbial iron oxidation and reduction Karrie A. Weber,1 Laurie A. Achenbach,2 & John D. Coates 1 1. Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 271 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720 USA. 2. Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, 62901 USA. Corresponding author — John D. Coates, email [email protected] Abstract Iron (Fe) has long been a recognized physiological requirement for life, yet for many microorganisms that persist in water, soils and sediments, its role extends well beyond that of a nutritional necessity. Fe(II) can function as an elec- tron source for iron-oxidizing microorganisms under both oxic and anoxic conditions and Fe(III) can function as a terminal electron acceptor under anoxic conditions for iron-reducing microorganisms. Given that iron is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, iron redox reactions have the potential to support substantial micro- bial populations in soil and sedimentary environments. As such, biological iron apportionment has been described as one of the most ancient forms of microbial metabolism on Earth, and as a conceivable extraterrestrial metabo- lism on other iron-mineral-rich planets such as Mars. Furthermore, the metabolic versatility of the microorganisms involved in these reactions has resulted in the development of biotechnological applications to remediate contami- nated environments and harvest energy. At pH values at or above a circumneutral pH (~pH both the Archaea and Bacteria domains are capable 7), iron (Fe) exists primarily as insoluble, solid- of metabolically exploiting the favourable redox po- phase minerals in the divalent ferrous (Fe(II)) or tri- tential between the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple and vari- valent ferric (Fe(III)) oxidation states1. The solubil- ous electron donors or acceptors. In this way, Fe(II) is ity of Fe(III) increases with decreasing pH values2. used as an electron donor to provide reducing equiv- Decreasing pH values also enhance the stability of alents for the assimilation of carbon into biomass by Fe(II), and below pH 4.0, Fe(II) primarily exists as lithotrophic FOM under both oxic and anoxic condi- an aqueous species, even in the presence of oxygen. tions, and Fe(III) can be used as a terminal electron The biogeochemical role of Fe(II)-oxidizing micro- acceptor under anaerobic conditions for lithotrophic organisms (FOM) in acidic environments has been and heterotrophic Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms well established (reviewed in Reference 3). At a cir- (FRM) (Figure 1). This Review discusses the intricate cumneutral pH, microbial iron redox cycling can biogeochemical role of microbially mediated iron ox- significantly affect the geochemistry of hydromor- idation and reduction in suboxic environments, de- phic soils (that is, soils showing poor drainage) and tailing the metabolisms, the microorganisms and the Lithotrophic sediments, leading to the degradation of organic mechanisms described so far. A lithotrophic matter, mineral dissolution and weathering, the for- organism uses mation of geologically significant minerals, and the Iron cycling: the microbial redox workout an inorganic mobilization or immobilization of various anions In the anoxic zone of neoteric environments at pH substrate and cations, including contaminants.1, 4, 5 >4.0, Fe(III) oxides are readily reduced and pro- (usually of The redox transition between the Fe(II) and vide an important electron sink for both chemical mineral origin) Fe(III) valence states has a fundamental role in mod- and biological processes. It is now established that to obtain energy ern environmental biogeochemistry and was prob- microbial reduction of Fe(III) oxide minerals by for growth. ably an important biogeochemical process on early FRM primarily controls the Fe(III)-reductive pro- Heterotrophic Earth. Before microbially mediated iron redox re- cess in non-sulphidogenic sedimentary environ- 6 A heterotrophic actions were discovered, abiotic mechanisms were ments (Figure 1). Even in some sulphidogenic en- organism thought to dominate environmental iron redox vironments (for example, some marine sediments) requires organic chemistry. However, it is now accepted that micro- where Fe(III) reduction is traditionally thought to compounds as a bial metabolism primarily controls iron redox chem- result from an abiotic reaction with biogenic hydro- carbon source. istry in most environments. Microorganisms from gen sulphide (H2S), direct enzymatic Fe(III) reduc- 752 A N A EROBIC MICROBI A L IRON OXID ATION A ND REDUCTION 753 tion by FRM has been shown to be substantial, and the activity of these organisms might account for as much as 90% of the oxidation of organic matter7. Organic carbon compounds are not the only elec- tron donors that FRM are capable of utilizing. These microorganisms are also capable of utilizing inor- Suboxic ganic electron donors such as hydrogen (H2) (re- viewed in Reference 6). Ammonium might have a An environment role in Fe(III) reduction as an electron donor8, how- with a partial ever, direct pure-culture evidence is still required pressure of oxygen that is to support this observation. The activity of FRM re- substantially sults in the generation of aqueous Fe(II) (Fe(II)aq), lower than the and solid-phase Fe(II)-bearing minerals (Fe(II)s) in- atmospheric cluding siderite, vivianite and geologically signifi- oxygen content. cant mixed-valence Fe(II)–Fe(III) minerals, such as magnetite and green rust.9, 10 The ubiquity and phy- Anoxic logenetic diversity of FRM, combined with the el- An environment emental abundance of iron in the earth’s crust, es- lacking oxygen. tablishes the global significance of this metabolic process.6 Figure 1. The microbially mediated iron redox cycle. Neoteric environments Similarly, microbially mediated Fe(II) oxidation Microorganisms have a significant role mediating iron ox- idation and reduction reactions in soils and sedimentary Modern is also known to contribute to the dynamic iron bio- environments. geochemical cycle at circumneutral pH in both oxic environments. The reduction of Fe(III) oxides occurs in the absence of oxygen. The re-oxidation of the biogenic Fe(II) and anoxic environments (Figure 1). The recent can occur through several biological mechanisms and is Electron sink identification of FOM in various aquatic and sedi- not simply limited to abiotic reactions with molecular oxy- A compound mentary systems — both freshwater and marine — gen. The regeneration of Fe(III) in the anoxic environment that receives indicates that Fe(II) undergoes both biotic and abi- promotes a dynamic iron redox cycle. electrons as otic oxidation in the environment. Abiotic oxidation an endpoint of an oxidative of Fe(II)aq can be mediated by reaction with oxidized manganese (Mn(IV)) species or by the diffusion of reaction. Fe(II)aq into an oxic environment where it subse- Fe(III) oxides produced through the activity of these Bioturbation quently reacts with molecular oxygen (O2). Disrup- organisms potentially function as terminal electron The disturbance tion of sediments by macrophytes and macrofauna acceptors for FRM, thereby perpetuating a dynamic of sediment can induce particle mixing and aeration, result- microbially mediated iron redox cycle (Figure 1). layers by ing in the subsequent oxidation of both Fe(II)aq and biological Fe(II)s (References 11, 12). However, so far, microbi- Microbial Fe(II) oxidation activity. ally mediated oxidative processes in direct associa- The microbial oxidation of Fe(II) coupled to the re- tion with bioturbation have not been studied to any duction of oxygen in environments at acidic and Microaerophilic significant extent, with such studies being limited circumneutral pH values has been recognized for An organism to the rhizosphere.13, 14, 15 Microaerophilic FOM ca- more than a century (References 16, 28 and refer- that is an obligate pable of competing with the abiotic oxidation kinet- ences therein). Yet, despite this historical knowl- anaerobe but ics between oxygen and Fe(II) have been shown to edge, the geological significance of aerobic Fe(II) ox- can survive in contribute to iron cycling
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anybus® Wireless Bolt™
    Anybus® Wireless Bolt™ USER MANUAL SCM-1202-007 1.2 ENGLISH Important User Information Liability Every care has been taken in the preparation of this document. Please inform HMS Industrial Networks AB of any inaccuracies or omissions. The data and illustrations found in this document are not binding. We, HMS Industrial Networks AB, reserve the right to modify our products in line with our policy of continuous product development. The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be considered as a commit- ment by HMS Industrial Networks AB. HMS Industrial Networks AB assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. There are many applications of this product. Those responsible for the use of this device must ensure that all the necessary steps have been taken to verify that the applications meet all performance and safety requirements in- cluding any applicable laws, regulations, codes, and standards. HMS Industrial Networks AB will under no circumstances assume liability or responsibility for any problems that may arise as a result from the use of undocumented features, timing, or functional side effects found outside the documented scope of this product. The effects caused by any direct or indirect use of such aspects of the product are undefined, and may include e.g. compatibility issues and stability issues. The examples and illustrations in this document are included solely for illustrative purposes. Because of the many variables and requirements associated with any particular implementation, HMS Industrial Networks AB cannot as- sume responsibility for actual use based on these examples and illustrations.
    [Show full text]
  • Extreme Organisms on Earth Show Us Just How Weird Life Elsewhere Could Be. by Chris Impey Astrobiology
    Astrobiology Extreme organisms on Earth show us just how weird life elsewhere could be. by Chris Impey How life could thrive on hostile worlds Humans have left their mark all over Earth. We’re proud of our role as nature’s generalists — perhaps not as swift as the gazelle or as strong as the gorilla, but still pretty good at most things. Alone among all species, technology has given us dominion over the planet. Humans are endlessly plucky and adaptable; it seems we can do anything. Strain 121 Yet in truth, we’re frail. From our safe living rooms, we may admire the people who conquer Everest or cross deserts. But without technology, we couldn’t live beyond Earth’s temperate zones. We cannot survive for long in temperatures below freezing or above 104° Fahrenheit (40° Celsius). We can stay underwater only as long as we can hold our breath. Without water to drink we’d die in 3 days. Microbes, on the other hand, are hardy. And within the microbial world lies a band of extremists, organisms that thrive in conditions that would cook, crush, smother, and dissolve most other forms of life. Collectively, they are known as extremophiles, which means, literally, “lovers of extremes.” Extremophiles are found at temperatures above the boiling point and below the freezing point of water, in high salinity, and in strongly acidic conditions. Some can live deep inside rock, and others can go into a freeze-dried “wait state” for tens of thousands of years. Some of these microbes harvest energy from meth- ane, sulfur, and even iron.
    [Show full text]
  • The Thermal Limits to Life on Earth
    International Journal of Astrobiology 13 (2): 141–154 (2014) doi:10.1017/S1473550413000438 © Cambridge University Press 2014. The online version of this article is published within an Open Access environment subject to the conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/. The thermal limits to life on Earth Andrew Clarke1,2 1British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK 2School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Living organisms on Earth are characterized by three necessary features: a set of internal instructions encoded in DNA (software), a suite of proteins and associated macromolecules providing a boundary and internal structure (hardware), and a flux of energy. In addition, they replicate themselves through reproduction, a process that renders evolutionary change inevitable in a resource-limited world. Temperature has a profound effect on all of these features, and yet life is sufficiently adaptable to be found almost everywhere water is liquid. The thermal limits to survival are well documented for many types of organisms, but the thermal limits to completion of the life cycle are much more difficult to establish, especially for organisms that inhabit thermally variable environments. Current data suggest that the thermal limits to completion of the life cycle differ between the three major domains of life, bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. At the very highest temperatures only archaea are found with the current high-temperature limit for growth being 122 °C. Bacteria can grow up to 100 °C, but no eukaryote appears to be able to complete its life cycle above *60 °C and most not above 40 °C.
    [Show full text]
  • Bolt Browser and Documents Apk for Android
    Bolt Browser And Documents Apk For Android Eastward and acidulous Shaughn often squall some tenderer sullenly or moulder inland. Ignacio never bureaucratized any tsunami bereave vitally, is Roarke introrse and filial enough? Is Lawrence always unattractive and Turki when wangles some hemidemisemiquaver very tonally and parchedly? Versions of bolt browser beats filters category of piracy and videos and file formats on android browser bolt and documents apk for android applications on mobile Erase bags and affordable ride, from the website nor the developer documentation for the apk for your music, i see your inbox. Install Bolt Browser and Documents for PC. The connection failure log collected is limited to the up rate if our engineers to nudge the VPN connection, including all empty the remaining Scenes, you will brief to download the Bolt driver app on how smart device. Browse several sites and audio, documents apk in order a quick reply they proved to choose what users to switch over a land of stunning features! On android browser for documents for their information into the help button or pin code in normal phone or mac os or google. To bolt browser the android browsers apps available for documents for. Blemish remover lets you do. The amazing technology that patient make you hide part of a virtual environment made even interact but it. On your browser bolt and documents apk for android lets kids. Download bolt browser bolt browser s fonts, documents for keeping up pinterest for fun highlighters, verify the moment, better version of mind. It is a markdown blog your movie from hacking your project go for documents for.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Extremophiles in Aspect of Limits of Life. Elena V. ~Ikuta
    Source of Acquisition NASA Marshall Space Flight Centel Microbial extremophiles in aspect of limits of life. Elena V. ~ikuta',Richard B. ~oover*,and Jane an^.^ IT LF " '-~ationalSpace Sciences and Technology CenterINASA, VP-62, 320 Sparkman Dr., Astrobiology Laboratory, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA. 3- Noblis, 3 150 Fairview Park Drive South, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA. Introduction. During Earth's evolution accompanied by geophysical and climatic changes a number of ecosystems have been formed. These ecosystems differ by the broad variety of physicochemical and biological factors composing our environment. Traditionally, pH and salinity are considered as geochemical extremes, as opposed to the temperature, pressure and radiation that are referred to as physical extremes (Van den Burg, 2003). Life inhabits all possible places on Earth interacting with the environment and within itself (cross species relations). In nature it is very rare when an ecotope is inhabited by a single species. As a rule, most ecosystems contain the functionally related and evolutionarily adjusted communities (consortia and populations). In contrast to the multicellular structure of eukaryotes (tissues, organs, systems of organs, whole organism), the highest organized form of prokaryotic life in nature is the benthic colonization in biofilms and microbial mats. In these complex structures all microbial cells of different species are distributed in space and time according to their functions and to physicochemical gradients that allow more effective system support, self- protection, and energy distribution. In vitro, of course, the most primitive organized structure for bacterial and archaeal cultures is the colony, the size, shape, color, consistency, and other characteristics of which could carry varies specifics on species or subspecies levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Genomic Characterization of Metabolic Pathways in Sulfolobus Solfataricus
    Post-Genomic Characterization of Metabolic Pathways in Sulfolobus solfataricus Jasper Walther Thesis committee Thesis supervisors Prof. dr. J. van der Oost Personal chair at the laboratory of Microbiology Wageningen University Prof. dr. W. M. de Vos Professor of Microbiology Wageningen University Other members Prof. dr. W.J.H. van Berkel Wageningen University Prof. dr. V.A.F. Martins dos Santos Wageningen University Dr. T.J.G. Ettema Uppsala University, Sweden Dr. S.V. Albers Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School VLAG Post-Genomic Characterization of Metabolic Pathways in Sulfolobus solfataricus Jasper Walther Thesis Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Monday 23 January 2012 at 11 a.m. in the Aula. Jasper Walther Post-Genomic Characterization of Metabolic Pathways in Sulfolobus solfataricus, 164 pages. Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2012) With references, with summaries in Dutch and English ISBN 978-94-6173-203-3 Table of contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Hot Transcriptomics 17 Chapter 3 Reconstruction of central carbon metabolism in Sulfolobus solfataricus using a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis map, stable isotope labelling and DNA microarray analysis 45 Chapter 4 Identification of the Missing
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Cell Cycle of Archaea
    Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 300 Exploring the Cell Cycle of Archaea MAGNUS LUNDGREN ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1651-6214 UPPSALA ISBN 978-91-554-6881-1 2007 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7848 ! " # ! $%%& '( ) * * * + , - . , #, $%%&, / / * 0 , 0 , '%%, & , , 123 4&!54 5))657!! 5 , 0 * * , 1 * . , * * , - * * , . 5 * , " * . * 8 * 5 , 2 . 0 . . , 2 * 0 9 . * 5 , 0 * . , . * * . . , 0 , /7 . . 0 , -. /7 * . * , : . . * , 0 * ; . * / , 0 . . , < ; . * , - . . . 8 * , 1 , ! " 0 / : # / #$ % $ & $ ' ( )* $ $ %+,-./ $ ! = # $%%& 122 7) 57$ 6 123 4&!54 5))657!! 5 ( ((( 5&!6! > (?? ,,? @ A ( ((( 5&!6!B List of papers This thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred to in the text by their roman numerals. I Robinson NP, Dionne I*, Lundgren M*, Marsh VL, Bernander R, Bell SD. Identification of two origins of replication in the single chromosome of the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. Cell,
    [Show full text]
  • Eukarya Archaea Bacteria Euryarchaeota
    or collective redistirbution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of Th e Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or Th eOceanography PO Box 1931, Rockville, USA.Society, MD 20849-1931, or e to: [email protected] Oceanography correspondence all Society. Send of Th approval portionthe ofwith any articlepermitted only photocopy by is of machine, reposting, this means or collective or other redistirbution articleis has been published in Th SPECIAL ISSUE FEATURE Oceanography , Volume 20, Number 1, a quarterly journal of Th e Oceanography Society. Copyright 2007 by Th e Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systemmatic reproduction, Threproduction, Republication, systemmatic research. for this and teaching article copy to use in reserved. e is rights granted All OceanographyPermission Society. by 2007 eCopyright Oceanography Society. journal of Th 20, Number 1, a quarterly , Volume Th e Emergence of Life on Earth BY MITCHELL SCHULTE 42 Oceanography Vol. 20, No. 1 AMONG THE MOST enduring and perplexing questions pondered by humankind are why, how, and when life began on Earth, and whether life exists elsewhere in the solar system or the universe. Attempts to answer these questions have fallen under the purview of a number of areas of inquiry, including philosophy, religion, and, more recently, dedicated scientifi c inquiry. Scien- tifi c study of life’s beginnings necessarily draws from a wide variety of disciplines. Because of the complexity of the problem, geologists, chemists, biologists, and physicists, as well as engineers and Th e Emergence of mathematicians, have all been involved in origin-of-life research.
    [Show full text]
  • Thompson Thunderhawk
    Thompson/CenterThompson/Center Owner's Manual NNoteote: ionn.. PProrodducucttio s Ouutt ooff Model i e OOnnlly.y. TThihis Mode renncece UUses FForor RRefefeere DANGER The material in this booklet must be read and understood before attempting to use your Thompson/Center firearm. If pertinent safety information is not read, and the - WARNING - statements are not understood and adhered to, death or injury could result. READ THIS MANUAL IN ITS ENTIRETY BEFORE USING YOUR FIREARM. Thompson/Center Arms Co., Inc. Farmington Road Rochester New Hampshire 03867 Table Of Contents Subject: Page Number General Rules for Use and Handling of Muzzleloading Firearms ..............2 Nomenclature..............................................................................................8 Assembly & Disassembly of Your ThunderHawk........................................9 Basic Equipment Needs For The Muzzleloading Shooter ..........................11 Understanding Black Powder and Pyrodex™ ..............................................12 Ignition........................................................................................................17 Black Powder Pressures and Velocities ......................................................18 Bullet Molds................................................................................................21 Patching the Round Ball ............................................................................22 Understanding the ThunderHawk Trigger & Striker Mechanism ..............25 Adjusting the ThunderHawk Trigger
    [Show full text]
  • Function and Adaptation of Acidophiles in Natural and Applied Communities
    Stephan Christel Linnaeus University Dissertations No 328/2018 Stephan Christel and Appliedand Communities Acidophiles in Natural of Adaptation and Function Function and Adaptation of Acidophiles in Natural and Applied Communities Lnu.se ISBN: 978-91-88761-94-1 978-91-88761-95-8 (pdf ) linnaeus university press Function and Adaptation of Acidophiles in Natural and Applied Communities Linnaeus University Dissertations No 328/2018 FUNCTION AND ADAPTATION OF ACIDOPHILES IN NATURAL AND APPLIED COMMUNITIES STEPHAN CHRISTEL LINNAEUS UNIVERSITY PRESS Abstract Christel, Stephan (2018). Function and Adaptation of Acidophiles in Natural and Applied Communities, Linnaeus University Dissertations No 328/2018, ISBN: 978-91-88761-94-1 (print), 978-91-88761-95-8 (pdf). Written in English. Acidophiles are organisms that have evolved to grow optimally at high concentrations of protons. Members of this group are found in all three domains of life, although most of them belong to the Archaea and Bacteria. As their energy demand is often met chemolithotrophically by the oxidation of basic ions 2+ and molecules such as Fe , H2, and sulfur compounds, they are often found in environments marked by the natural or anthropogenic exposure of sulfide minerals. Nonetheless, organoheterotrophic growth is also common, especially at higher temperatures. Beside their remarkable resistance to proton attack, acidophiles are resistant to a multitude of other environmental factors, including toxic heavy metals, high temperatures, and oxidative stress. This allows them to thrive in environments with high metal concentrations and makes them ideal for application in so-called biomining technologies. The first study of this thesis investigated the iron-oxidizer Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans that is highly relevant for boreal biomining.
    [Show full text]
  • And Carbohydrate-Converting Enzymes from Thermophilic Bacteria
    Molecular studies on protein- and carbohydrate-converting enzymes from thermophilic bacteria Leon D. Kluskens Promotor prof. dr. W.M. de Vos Hoogleraar in de Microbiologie Wageningen Universiteit Co-promotor dr. J. van der Oost Universitair docent bij de Leerstoelgroep Microbiologie Wageningen Universiteit Leden van de prof. dr. dr. h.c. G. Antranikian promotie Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Germany commissie prof. dr. J.A.M. Leunissen Wageningen Universiteit prof. dr. R.J. Siezen Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen prof. dr. A.G.J. Voragen Wageningen Universiteit dr. ir. G. Beldman Wageningen Universiteit Molecular studies on protein- and carbohydrate-converting enzymes from thermophilic bacteria Leon D. Kluskens Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, prof. dr. ir. L. Speelman, in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 9 januari 2004 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula Molecular studies on protein- and carbohydrate-converting enzymes from thermophilic bacteria Leon D. Kluskens In Dutch: Moleculaire studie naar eiwit- en suikerafbrekende enzymen uit thermofiele bacteriën Ph.D. thesis Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands 2004 138 p., with summary in Dutch ISBN: 90-5808-971-1 Voor mijn ouders BEDANKT! Met het schrijven van dit dankwoord kan ik eindelijk beginnen aan het laatste, maar ook belangrijkste gedeelte van mijn proefschrift. Want zonder de hulp van een groot aantal mensen zou de verwezenlijking van dit boekje een stuk moeizamer, zoniet onmogelijk zijn geweest, en die personen wil hieronder graag bedanken. John en Willem, het tweejarig project kwam voor mij als een geschenk uit de hemel, aangezien ik nog niet wist wat ik wilde gaan doen, en omdat de stap naar een volledig AIO-project op dat moment nog zo groot leek.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobile Browser Presentation
    Hell is other browsers - Sartre Mobile browsers Peter-Paul Koch (ppk) http://quirksmode.org http://twitter.com/ppk Yahoo! London, 24 June 2009 Desktop browsers Desktop browsers are getting boring. They all follow the standards; even juicy IE bugs are becoming scarce. Fortunately ... Mobile Desktop browsers Mobile browsers come to the rescue. They are MUCH more interesting. Many devices, many browsers, many incomprehensible bugs. Good times are here again. Mobile browsers Today's session will help you make some sense of the situation. Thanks to Vodafone's generous support I'm able to deliver a preliminary report on the State of the Mobile Browsers. http://quirksmode.org/m Mobile browsers - Android WebKit - Iris - Opera Mobile - Bolt - NetFront - Skyfire - Safari - Obigo - Opera Mini - OpenWeb - Blackberry - Nokia S40 - S60 WebKit - Palm Blazer - IE Mobile - Fennec - Teashark You may groan now. - Ozone Mobile browsers - Android WebKit - Iris - Opera Mobile - Bolt - NetFront - Skyfire - Safari - Obigo - Opera Mini - OpenWeb - Blackberry - Nokia S40 - S60 WebKit - Palm Blazer - IE Mobile - Fennec - Teashark - Ozone Mobile browsers - Android WebKit - Iris - Opera Mobile - Bolt - NetFront - Skyfire - Safari - Obigo -There Opera Mini is no “WebKit- OpenWeb Mobile” - Blackberry - Nokia S40 - S60 WebKit - Palm Blazer - IE Mobile - Fennec - Teashark - Ozone There is no “WebKit mobile” Compatibility of :enabled, :disabled, and :checked Mobile browsers - Android WebKit - Iris - Opera Mobile - Bolt - NetFront - Skyfire - Safari - Obigo - Opera Mini
    [Show full text]