.. East Sea Sea of Japan" for the name of the sea surrounded by Korea, Japan and Russia .. Mer de lEst Mer du Japon » pour Ie nom de la mer entouree par la Coree, Ie Japon et la Russle
LI Jin-Mieung <",IIIIJl) (Professor, Un_a lyon 3, France)
Abstract
A double name such as '\( %~ Vi$ ~~-aR B Tin! I East Sea Sea of Japan / Mer de lEst Mer du Japan '"' for the sea surrounded by Korea, Japan and Russia, is much more appropriate for the use oC international organizations such as the United Nations and the International Hydrographic Organization ; for the use of cartographers, geographers, officers of the Navy, sailors, scholars, and the general public, instead of «
'il ~!t B*_ / Sea of Japan / Mer du Japon ». The reason is very simple.
The North~Westem Coast of the Japanese archipelago, from Honshu to Hokkaido, fonns the Eastern border of the sea surrounded by Korea, Japan and Russia,
SO called .. <:ij~8I B*_ Nihonkai / Sea of Japan / Mer du Japan » throughout the world since the beginnini of the 19th century, except in Korea and with rare foreign cartoa;raphers 'and scholars. The Japanese Coast is lonver, but inhabited, from ShimonekiCHli to WakkanaHlfIi'l>, by only 5 or 6 million people. But alona with the Korean Peninsular, its Eastern Coast which constitutes the
Western border of the sea in question, from Pusan ( ~ llJ) to NajinC.Iiilif!:), is inhabited by about 9 or 10 million people, nearly twice as many as the people living on the Japanese
Coast. These Koreans have called. and call the sea to; %-aQ Jf(lftf Tonghae / East Sea /
Mer de JEst ~ since Antiquity. They know no other name. They see the sea every day, and live there as city-dwellers, workers, fanners, fishennen, tourists. Telling them that they live on the Coast of the to; Sea of Japan » is an insult or a provocation, all the more so because the Koreans maintain a certain di stance from the Japanese because of the unfortunate past of Japanese domination of Korea 0910-1945). Traditionally the geographical name is fixed or adopted by the common use of the term by the people. The to; Sea of Japan / Mer du J8.lXln .. is a name which was given by Western navigators, explorers, cartographers, geographers, historians, at the
- 62- end of the 18th century. Later, Japan and other countries adopted this name, ignoring the name used by the majority of inhabitants at the seaside, in particular the Koreans. Geographical names can be changed for different reasons. The name of the sea surrounded by Korea, Japan and Russia ought to be changed out of respect for the large majority of the people who live aJoni the coast, to a double name « %-0-. 3t!ifIl Tonghae ~~.. 8 "'1fO N;honkai / East Sea Sea of Japan / Mer de lEst Mer du
Japon » instead of « Sea of Japan / Mer du Japon )10. [Projection of ancient and modem maps, western and oriental, as demonstrations']
- 63- Everywhere in the world, except Korea, the name Sea of Japan is used for the sea SUlTOUnded by Korea, Japan and Russia. In a Korean point of view, this poses many problems. Although three riverside countries must share this sea for their territorial waters, exclusive economic zones, fishing, maritime activities, leisure activities, and just far life. The name of the sea actually used is a reference to only one of the three countries. Especially for Koreans, the use of the name Sea of Japan written beside the Korean Peninsula by cartographers, geographers, historians, hydrographic department of many countries, the International Hydrographic Organization atld the western media, generates an unpleasant connotation, because it insinuates that they live on the coast of the Sea of Japan (japan Sea) or a sea which is the property of Japan, and all the more so because the Koreans are not yet ready to forget the period of colonization of their country by Japan (1910-]945). The name of Japan Sea which is written close to the Korean Peninsula on the maps produces a rejection or frustrated reaction among the Korean people. The geoaraphical name is one thing, and the relations between neighboring countries is another. In a strict perspective of human geography, the large majority of the people, nearly 10 million, who live on this seaside are Koreans. In return, only 6 million Japanese live on the other side of the sea. These Koreans ignore the name Sea of Japan. They called and call this sea the East Sea (Tonghae) from the beginning. Consequently, it is time to take in account the name used by the majority of the inhabitants living on this seaside.
The historical penpective The ieKitimacy of the Koreans request is also valid in a hi storical perspective. Before we mention the different names given on ancient maps, it is necessary to define the sea in Question. We define ,it from the part which extends from the Strait of Korea to the Gulf of Tartary ; from the Strait of Korea to the western coast of the north of Hokkaido and the island of Sakhaline. The sea is about 9(M) miles (1 700 km) long, N.N.E. and S.S.W, and 600 miJes (9(M) km) wide, east and west, at its broadest part. Our definition of the sea in this study is different from that of IHO adopted in HYlJ.[1]
The name Sea of Japan is due neither ta Japanese nor to Asians. In Asia, seas were traditionally not given names. It was just called the sea (hli in Chinese, pada in Korean, urni in Japanese). If it was located eastwards, it was called the east sea, and if it was located westwards, it was called the west sea. This is the reason why there are
- 64- ~0' -- hardly any names for seas on ancient Asiatic maps. On the Map of Korea inserted in
the maps of the Empire of China (~jI{~.III, ffwangyu Quanlan-tu) completed in 1717, only the Sino-Korean character hoi (sea) can be read.[2] :, The name of the sea, in this case the Sea of Japan which has been universally used except in Korea since the beginning of the 19th century for the sea surrounded by Korea, Japan and Russia, was given by Western explorers, mariners, geographers. cartographers and historians. Before then, everyone had given a name of his own to this sea, a name as geographical landmark.
The Korean name Toni"hae ( }tOf~, East Sea) appecired for the first time on the Korean General Map of Eight Provinces (Paldo chongdo), enclosure of a geographical document titled Shinjung Tangguk Yoji SUIlgnaTn UJitttJtHII!IIt:l$I*IJt) compiled by So Ko-l ong whose first manuscript was achieved in 1481. A part of these maps, among which the Pa/do clwngdo, passed on to us, dates from 1530. On this map, the name Tonghae (East Sea) is written on the part of land near the eastern coast of the KangwOn province.[3] In the 17th century, Western geographers and cartographers gave various types of name to the sea surrounded by Korea, Japan and Russia. At that time, geographical knowledge remained Quite inaccurate. The Korean Peninsula was still drawn as an island and the counter-line of Hokkaido, Sakhaline and Kuriles Islands was vague.
In this period of uncertainty, the name of • Sea of Japan )0 would have been used for the first time by the famous Italian Jesuit missionary in China, Matteo Ricci, in 1602 on his Map of the World (i$JlU-';ill iitlll, 179 x 414 cm). The name Sea of Korea seems to have been used for the first time in the West, by Gordinho de Heredia. a Portuguese geographer in 1615 on his map of Asia.(4) Since that period, many names were used for this sea in North-East Asia (5]
I) Mer de co,~ (Sea of Korea) or Ochul OrlmJ41 (Oriental Oun) Me, de CM6t (Sea of Komi) by Gordinho de Heredia in 1615 and 1622, by Sir Robert Dudley in 1661, Mer de Cort!t! (Sea of Korea) or Ochut Or/Drtat (Orlutal Ocean) by Jean-Baptiste Tavernier in 1679 and 1697.
2) Oc~If OTlottll (Oriental 1661, on an anonymous map in 1676, by Sanson dAbbeville and Jean~Bape:iste Tavernier in 1679 and 1697, by Alain Manesson~Mallet in 1683. 3) Mer d~ lEst (East Se.) and Octmt St!ptmtrlolfttt (Septentrional Ocean), M~T de Cort!t! - 65- (Sea of Korea) ..d Oc6ln Boreal du Jap"n (Boreal Ocea. of J.p.a) Mer de Cor~ (Sea of Korea) aDd OC6J1I Borl:al du Japon (Boreal Oce.. of Japan) by Sir Robert Dudley in 1646, 1647 and 1661, Mer Orientale (Orieetal Sea) or Mer dM Japo" (Sea of JllpU) by Nicolas Witsen in 1692 and 1698, 4) Mer dIt JIIpOII (Sea of Japu), Mer Occit/nuGle lIM JtlfHJIf (OtcideRtil .sea of J_paa) and Ochut 80rhll .. Jilpolf (Boreal The table shows that in the 17th century, it is to say between 1600 and 1700, the most frequently used name was the .: Eastern Sea » or the « Eastern Ocean » for this Far-Eastern mediterranean sea. At that time rather, the adjective eastem expressed the end of the world opposed to the West. Depending on the author, this notion was related to China, or related to the island or peninsula of Korea. For the Westerners, this sea belonged to the Chinese world, and Korea was a tributary country of the Empire of the Middle. The second most used name was the Sea of Japan or the West Boreal Sea as a reference to the Japanese archipelago. Other- designations used were a double name such as Sea of Korea and Sea of Japan, or the East Sea or North Sea of Japan. Sea of Korea was not much used, probably because the coast of the Korean Peninsula is not as lana as the Japanese one, and also because in Western minds, Korea was a part of the Chinese world. Tbe 18tb «D'Ury (1700-1797) We limit the next century to the year 1797 during which the Travel ti Laperouse around the world (Voyage de Laperouse autour du monde) was published with an atlas, after the scientific exploration of the French explorer La~rouse in the north east Asiatic seas. - 66- The 18th century was marked for the outstanding progress of the geographical -;; knowledge on China, Korea and Japan. The progress was due to the achievement of tremendous works of geographical measures in China 0707- 1717) under the direction of Western missionaries. After these works, they draw up a series of maps of China, Tartary and Korea. A copy of these maps was sent to France, from which the French geographer dAnville completed a series of maps since 1720. DAnvilles maps were published in the New AtIas of OUna (Nouvel Atlas de La OUne) in 1737, including an independent map of Korea which had already been drawn in 1720.[6) The names given to the sea in Question by Western geographers in the 18th century are as (olJows[7] : I) Mn • Cllr6t (SUo of Korea), Sell III COUtl, Coreu &s by Herman Moll in 1712, 00 all the maps drawn by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin in 1735, 1740 and 1752, by Jobn Green in 1746 and in 1747, by Emanuel Bowen in 1744, 1747, 1752, 1760 and 1780, by Gilles Robert in 1748, by Didier Robert de Vaugondy in 1749 and 1750, on an anonymous map of 1754, by De Vries in 1760, on an anonymous map of 1761, in Encyclopaedia Britannica in 1771 and 1778, by Ioseph De Lisle in 1772, by Antonia Chata in 1777, on a Spanish map of 1785, by Robert Sayer in 1790, on a British m«p of 1794, by George Nicol in 1796, Mv orlmtflle (Oriutal Sea) or Mer th Corh (Sea of Korn) on all the maps cnwn by Guillaume de Lisle in 1705 and 1714, by Nicolas Witsen in 1708. Hasius in 1744, Mer de lEst (East .se.) or Mer Or/'If,.I, (Orieatal Sea) by G.M. Lowiz in 1746, 2) Doubles names such as Mer de Cort;e (Sea of Korea) or Mer tIM Nord du Jilpon (North Sea of Japa.) i Mer de Corh (Sea of Korea) and Mer dll JIIPOII (Sea of Japan), by Isaak Tirion in 1735, by Iacob Keyzcr and Ian De Lat in 1747, by Didier Robert de Vaugondy in 1749, by Gilles Robert in 1750. 3) Mer dM JIIPO" (Sea of Japaa), Mer Occllln.lille • JIIp(III (Ocddeala.1 Sea of Japan) and Ochm Bortlll ,., JtqHHf (Borul Oen. or Jap.. ) Mn dM JtqKHI (Sea! of Jap.. ) by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon dAnville in 1735 and 1738, by Longchamps and Janvier in 1754, Mer seplelftrhmille dll Jtlpon (Septentrional Sea of Japan) or Mer du Nord du JSpOlf (North Sea of Japan) by N. De Fer in 1705, by Isaak Tirion in 1728 and 1740, by Matthaeus Seuner in 1740. In the 18th century, the designation of this sea was much more implied to 0( Sea of Korea It which was adopted by most of Western geographers and cartographers. This name was followed by East Sea or Eastern Sea depending on the frequency of - 67- their use. The more frequent use of East Sea is probably due to the influence of French geographers such as dAnville, De Llsle or Bellin. We also observe the utilization of a double name like Sea of Korea for the Western part of the sea and Sea of Japan for the Eastern part, Sea of Japan and Northern Sea of Japan were more rarely used during the 18th century. From 1797 to our daya In this context, the famous French explorer La~rouse arrived in Far East in May 1787. He was the first Westerner to explore this part of the world. His crew took scientific measures of islands and coasts in these waters. The results of the hydrographic works of Laperouse were published in 1m with maps. The maps in the Atlas rI Travel c{ Lap&ouse around the world were an authority amooK the Navy officers in many countries, mariners. especially the captains of the western whale-ships, and geographers. almost until the mid 19th century. On these maps. Sea of Japan was used instead of Sea of Korea for this sea surrounded by Korea, Japan and Russia, probably because the Japanese coast is longer than the Korean coast. It seems that La~rouses choice was determinate to set the name of this sea. During the first half of the 19th century (1800- 1850), Sea of Korea was still used by some geographers such as Aaron Arrowsmith in 1798 and in 1809, by De George in 1805, by Delamerche in 1811, on an anonymous map in 1812, by ].A. Wyld in 1845. These are only rare cases. As early as the beiinnini of the 19th century, nearly all the sailors, ieographers, cartographers, ,historians used the name Sea of Japan on the maps in their works. At the bei:inning of the 20th century, the International Hydrographic Organization. founded in 1919, announced. publicly the use of the name Sea of Japan for the sea in Question in 1923. and adopted definitely the name in 1929, when Korea was a colony of Japan.(8J From 1&30 to our days, no map canying the name Sea of Korea or East Sea can be founded, the name that Koreans use ria'ht from the Antiquity. except in few works and articles on Korea published since the 1970s. Names of seas in Asia In Asia. oceans and seas were not 2iven names on geographical maps, because - 68- they had no specific names. A sea was just called the sea. For instance, as we have mentioned above, on the Map of Korea (edition of 1721, 58 x 43 em) included among the maps of the empire of China UIH.f~ .\IJ, Hwangyu Quanian-tu), drawn up in 1717(9], we can read the only character, foe, hai OtO, in the seas. If the sea was eastwards, it was called east sea, if it was westwards. it was called west sea. The same holds-good for almost a1l the ancient Asiatic maps, Korean, Chinese or japanese, with only by few exceptions. For instance, the Korean General Map of Eight Provinces (PaJdo Chongdo) (530) mentions East Sea on the land near this sea. We also find the mention Tonghae 0'(1., East Sea) on the Map of the Province of Kangwon in a Korean atlas titled Yojido ("'J:tI3I11) (maps of the world, of China and of the eight provinces of Korea with legends) conserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale de France (8NF). This atlas is post 1644.[lO1 We also encounter names such as LittJe East Sea ( /J ~3I!jftf) and 4C little West Sea (/N§J&, Yellow Sea) on a Korean Map of the Cities of the World (;Rr,&~IIi, conserved at the Seoul National University Library) set in rno. This is a copy made from the Map of the World ("II'~II!I) of the Italian missionary in China, Giulio Aleni 0592-1679). This map of the world has not been passed on to us. But the specialists suppose that the names of the seas have been added by the Korean transcriber. Another Genera1 Map of Korea (itIRIIIII) (drawn between 1787 and 1799) carries the name of the seas East Sea, South Sea, West Sea (Yellow Sea) on proper places. The Map of the Empire of Korea, published by Hyon Kong-Yom (:!'.:z:.lIJ in 1008 carries the name of « Great Sea of Korea» and « Yellow Sea ».[1n Concerning the Japanese maps, Quite large number of them carry the mention Chosen-kai (Sea of Korea) since 1794 and during the first half of the 19th century : Map of Asia (5all52~ 1I1) by Katsurakawa Hoshu (ttJllmJij) in 1794, « Concise Map of Japan and its neighboring countries ... (a *a-'t-I3I1D by Takahashi Kageyasu (iI?i.!:{!i:) in Im9, « Map of Asia ... ("!8~iII) by Kurihara Nobuaki (J!IlJt;~), etc. lbis name Chosen-kai (Sea of Korea) on ancient Japanese maps is due to the influence of Western maps of prior times.[12} But. since the years 1870-1880, always under the influence of modern Western maps, the Japanese definitely adopted the name Sea of japan. After the opening of their country, the japanese just adopted a name already set by the Westerners. The reallutioD of tlte KoreaDl Koreans realized Quite late that their East Sea is called Sea of Japan all around the world, at the end of the 19708. In the 1990s, that is to say for about 10 years, they - 69- have given a real effort not only at the governmental leveJ. but also at the level of geographers. journaJists. scholars and laymen in order" to have this name adopted by foreigners. In August 1992, and especially in january 1998, Korea presented for the first time an officiaJ request on the modification of the name Sea of Japan at the 6th Conference on the standardization of the geographical names of the UNO (UNCGN).[13] At a matter of fact, until that time, this kind of problems were not their major preoccupation because of the colonization of their country by Japan 0910-1945), the socio-I.'Conomic disaster after the liberation 0945-1950), the Korean War 0950-1953), the poverty that didnt allow them to study or travel abroad, when they realized that their East Sea was called Sea of japan everywhere in the world. Now they bring out their feelings and attachment to this sea which more than 10 million Koreans live on board of, in the current international context where oceans constitute very important economic and strategic stakes. Owing to the efforts of the Korean governmental authorities. geographers and media, some foreign cartographers start to admit the validity of the claims of the Koreans, and changed their mind concerning the designation of the sea, using either a single name East Sea on the maps, as Rand McNally in its Premier World Atlas since 1998, or a double name Sea of japan (East Sea) as Microsoft. or Sea of Japan Tonghae (East Sea) as the Instituto Geographico of Agistini (Editions Atlas, France) in Italy since 1996. Concerning the maps of the Korean Peninsula in the books about Korea published in , France between 1970 and 2000, we notice that roughly half adopted Mer de LEst (East Sea) and half adopted Mer du japan (Sea of Japan). Otherwise, most of atlases, books, newspapers and reviews still use the single name Sea of japan. The use of East Sea or of a double name East Sea Sea of Japan is just beainnina. But the name East ~ Sea tends to become widespread for the respect of the majority of people living on this seaside. Another major reason pleading the cause of the name used by the Koreans depends on human geography. Indeed, the eastern coast of the sea. that is to say the north- western coast of the japanese archipelago, is very long. but only inhabited by 6 million people. from Shirtlonoseki in the Strait of Korea to Wakkanai at the north of Hokkaido. The main cities of more than 100 000 inhabitants on the japanese littoral are - 70- (population, in thousands of inhabitants): Shimonoseki (260), Yonago (35), Tottori (146), Fikui (256), Kanazawa (454), Toyama (325), Takaoka (174), Nagaoka (91), Nligata (4~), Tsuruoka (100, Akita (312), Otaru (51). The city of Sapporo (1 7S7) is not counted since it is located more than 15 km from the coast and has no maritime activity'[141 Whereas the western coast of this sea, that is to say the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula is not long, but it is inhabited by 10 million people from Pusan in the Strait of Korea to Hajin on the Korean-Russian border, almost twice as many as the Japanese coast. The major cities on the Korean coast are (population, in thousands of inhabitants); Pusan (3 798), Ulsan (1 (0), Pohang (509), Kangnung (220), Kosong (101), Wonsan (303), Munsan (01), Kimya (202), Jongpyong (135), Hamhung (740), Tanchon (336), Hongwon (lOll, Shinpo (68), Pukchong (135), Riwon (01), Kimchaek (235), Kyongsoni (10U, Chongjin (538), Rajin (10U, without Kyongju (274), a tourist city located on the inland, having no maritime activity.U51 The 70 million Koreans who live in the Korean Peninsula call this sea East Sea (Tonghae), and this sea is the foundation of life for at least the 10 million Koreans who li ve directly on its coast. They ignore the wOTd Sea of Japan. At no time in their life, did they imagine their selves living on the border of the Sea of Japan. In the sea, there is a big Korean island named Ullung (formerly Dagelet) with 11 000 inhabitants. and the islets Tok-do (Liancourt Rocks) inhabited by 40 Korean coastguaros and two persons in charge of the lighthouse. The Tok-do islets belong to the Ullung island. To say that these Korean islands are located in the Sea of Japan is unacceptable to the Koreans. Moreover, the sea in Question is surrounded by three countries that hold maritime activities. There, the three countries have their territorial waters and theiT exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles (that are still to be determined) respectively. In this context also, the name Sea of Japan is not appropriate for the sharing of this sea by three seaside countries. ]n consequence, it is unacceptable for the Koreans to conceive the Korean territorial waters or Korean exclusive economic zone located in the Sea of Japan. It is the same fOT the Russians concerning their littoral in this Far-Eastern part of their tenitory. In conclusion, it is wished that the international organizations (such as the United Nations and the International Hydrographic Organization), cartographers, geographers, scholars, media and the general public adopt the name East Sea (Tona:hae) on maps representing only the Korean Peninsula, and the double name East Sea Sea of Japan on maps representing both Korea and Japan, until a nice and neutral name, - 71 - acceptable by all. is adopted communally by the governmental authorities and by the geographic spheres of the three concerned countries. Notes [1] The Hydrographic Office, Admiralty, United Kingdom, The China Pilot. the Coasts of China. Korea. and Tartary ; the Sea of Japan, Gulfs of Tartary and Amur, and the Sea of OJchotsk. 1861, p. 376. ~~. , til o,;.,"! ~'l! <>11 '" '" %'1-'1 .:il% '1l '\I, .~I <1". , >l127,!!, >I\H-, 1992. Han, Sang·Bok: The proper name of Tonghae (East Sea) in the point of view of the oceanography, Geography (review published by the Korean Society of Geography), vol. 27, nO 3, 1992. 'The Sea of Japan or the East Sea is defmed such as follow by the International Hydrographic Organizatton in 1923 (Han, Sang-Bot. idem, p. 213) : Nord : Cape Belkina (45°4915N, 137°4130E) Cape KuznclSOva (46°0240N. 141 °55IOE) Est : Cape Kumetsova - Nosyappu Point (45"2650N, 141 °3900E) £san Point (41"4812N, 141 01124E) Siriya Point (41 °2543N, 141"2754E) Murasakono Point (34°0118N, 130 ~ 5424E) Hatiman Point (Kyushu) (33"5552N, 1300 4350E) Sud Nomo Point (32~3400N, 129°4430E) Ose Point (32°363SN, 128"36700E) - Punam Point (Cheju-do) (Jrl130N, 126°1730E) Ouest : West point of Cheju-do (33°1715N, 126"094SE) Kan Rock (34~1225N, 125°4800E) West point of Chindo (34"251 ON, 126"0525E) South-western point of Korean Peninsula (J4"3550N, 126"1650E). (2) Harley, l.B. omd Woodwonj, David, The HislDry of CarlOlS'opiry, Carlog/'Qphy in lhe .",aditionaJ East and Sovtheast Asian Societies. vol. II, Book 2, Cbigago & London, The Universicy of Chkago Press, 1994, XXVI( + 970 p. (3)-(4)oU) , ~;:91 .:il"l""lAi '" % -72 - [6] The same maps were published in 1735 by Du Halde in Description g~graphique, historique, chronologique, politfque et physique de IEmpire de la Chine et de 10 Tartarie I, chinoise, (Geographical, historical; chronological, political and physical description of the ! Empire of China and the Chinese Tartary), Paris, Le Mercier, in1'ol., 4 vol. '-~ [7) Lee, Ki·Suk. Geography, op. cit. ~-- '"t e!. Works and arttcles mentioned in the bibliography. ~ . {8] Yu, Woo-Ik : Rejlexion sur /0 dtJnomination de 10 Mer de lEst (Reflexioo on the [ denomination of the East Sea), drusler Coree du Sud (speciaJ issue on Korea), Mutations i asiatiques magazine, nC 15/ 16, April 2000. [9] British Library, map C.ll.d.IS, cited in Harley and Woodward, op cit. [10] BibliotMque NotionaJe de France, D~rtement des Manuscrits Orientaux, Coreen n C 74. 18 ! x 16 ctn, J2 feujlles en couleun i-· National Library of France. Department of Oriental Manuscripts, Korean nO 74, 18 x 24 em, 12 sheets in color. [11] Vi, Chan, Geography, op cit. [12J 01*'1 : &£li '0' '1;<1: "fl'H1 tiI~ ~-'li {l"! A14, >l110! "' £"'~ Vi, Jong·Hak : ~ The point of view of Korea and Japan on the sea around the Tok·do islets », 1st symposium of the Tok4> Museum, May 30th 2000, Seoul. Press Center. Artic~ from the internet website of Tok-do Sarang Too~hoe (www.tokdo.co.kr). [13] Han, Sang·Bok, op. cit.; Yu, Woo-ik, op. cit. [l4J B * 1!!9J£5 ~ H !\i, «B *~H"'tI 2000 •. Gouvemmenl of Japan, Management and Coordination Agency, Statistics Bureau, « Japan Statistical Yearbook 2000 ». Japan, Asahi Journal. Asahi Annual /993. [I SJ~'t l' 'I'll, .~'t1!- >11 'l! 'II- 1999 •. Republic of Korea, National Statistical OffICe, Korea Statistical Yearbook /999. ~~ ~=r ± , «~~+ ~, 1983·199h, 1994. Research Center on North Korea, «General Accounts on North Korea. 1983-/993», Seoul, 1994. Bibliograp'y (Works .ad articles Dot nlentioDed iD tile Dotes) Works : Walter, Lutz Japan. a cartographic vision. European printed maps from the early 16th to the -73 - ...... - .. ~. ~ .... 191h CenllU)'. Gennan East-Asiatic Society, Tokyo, on the occasion of its (20th anniversary, Munich, New York, Ed Prestel, 1994, 25 x ) I em, 232 p. ~{] : . tjoj",,,, Jl!l!I* ~OI Ai. , "l*, ""'it, 1997, 224 p. Kim, Shin: In search of the lrut Etut Sea, Seoul, Ed. Tunam, 1997, 224 p. -'I'1I-tl : .Ai"J 2~1509f ~"' " "l*, 'lI'it~l= .!IJl!-. 1991. So, Jong-Chol : Western ancient maps and Korea, Seoul, Ed. Pitkkal-itnOn Chaek-dftl, 1991. 0] ~ ~ : « J 01'!!'lI : "50, ~1<1",9j 'II'!t~. -'1*. 5O"llHf {f~. 19981!. 9i1l, ~'i 50-\'1. 17 x 26 em, 248 p. Li, Jin·Mieung : Rediscovery of the Tolc-do islets, from the historical lind geographical Viewpoint, ~UJ, Ed. Samin, Sept. 1998, maps in color, 248 p. ~"' Artie'" : -lt4- °171.;j : l.lO.\I] %'1 11.71. 01>1] AI'I°I'i-..... ~~~ » , 1999\1 811 25 'll 'I. Lee, Ki-Suk : [Forum] Inscription of the East Sea (on the maps), its just the beginning, Munhwa IIbo Goumal), August 25th 1999. 'll"l€ : '1I~I "I<1'1'i AIZfE."- <' %0II~1'l1, -' 1<1'1., >l27~ , >131, 1992. 1m, Tok~Sun , Names of the East Sea from the view point of the geopolitics, Geography, vol. 27, nO 3, 1992. -74 - Allnu I Number of inhabitant! 00 the etitern coaat of Korean Peninsula and on tile north-weltern Coast of JapaRese Archipelago Population on the band of 15 Ian from the coast. Census population of 1995 for Korea and Japan. Unity 1000 persons • The population of the localities such as cities and districts only on the band of nearly 15 km from the coast along the seaside, where are the maritime activities. As a result, the city of Kyongju (274 000 habitants) in South Korea and the city of Sapporo (I 757 000 habitants) are not counted . • From Pusan to Najin-Sonbong for Korea from Shimonoseki to Wakkanai for Japan . Eastern Coast of Korean Peninsula. South Kore. ! Pusan Metropolitan City L Sf LlJ '!Iii< jfj 'I- {! '!f "i AI 3 798 Ulsan Me t ropolitan City if LlJ '!IlIi jfj -ic {! '!f OJ AI 1 000 Noth K:longsang Province !ff,!;Jjtm , ~1}*£ Pohang Ci ty iI1I 'Jt jfj "-'\I-AI 509 Yongdok City i!'.Ili'ill1l ':I."f it 51 Uljin District iiIt ll1I H!" 6. Sub-to tal 62. Kangw2D ~rovince II I!:t 1lI 'H!" Samchok City =!>Jijfj 'lI'I AI 84 Tonqhae City JlU$m %>11 Al 95 Kangnung City IIltm 'J%AI 220 Yangyang District.lllm: OJOJ:~ 28 Sokcho City *",m 4;-,VI 82 Kosonq District /.'Ii jIIllJl j!1l it 37 -75 - Ullung District .(f~ -l*~ 11 Sub-total 557 Total of South )(or.. : 5 g79 Horth Itorea(estimation 1993) Kangwon Province IT.!!" 7Jt!.£ Ko song District ~.~ Jl"8~ 101 Tanchon DistrictiiJII~ *~"iC 67 Wonsan City jCtlJifj t!.~ Al 3 03 Munsan City Jclllm ~~Al 101 Chonnae District JIII'IW ~1.ll~ 67 Sub-total : 639 SQut h Hamkyong Province .IIi_iBJIl ll'll'lt£ Kirnya Di strict ~!If .m ~()t"il 202 Jongpyong District ~Zfi :mP~~~ 135 HamhOng City ~"'m lJ-.:fA] 740 Tanc hon City ~lII m ~.:M A I 336 Rakwon District IHI:$ ~~"i? 67 Hongwon District ~IIit ".:f~ -ir 101 Shinpo City mmnfj {-!~Al 168 Pukchong District ~ t Jr$ ~~~ 135 Riwon District f~Rtm eI~'il 101 Sub-total : 1 985 North Hamkyong Province rf<.iI:jtm 1l3l!i£ Kimchaek City :S2:i1ifj {l ~Al 235 Hwadae District tt.~ ~[jJ"i? 67 Myongchon Di strictlJJJlltIII ~~'il 67 Hwa song District ft • .m; ~1:l-iC 67 Orang District ~Aj)~ oi ~~ 67 Kyongsong District ••~ ~1:l;r 101 Chongjin City i'IIt~ro -'M~ AI 538 Ra jin City aJtifj "*~ A I 101 Sonbong District 1t;il,n 1!.*~ 67 Sub-total : 1 310 -76 - · ; , Total oE North Ko~a 3 934 Qr and 'l'otal 9 913 Korea National Statistical Office, «Korea Statistical YearbooK 1999» {tt iIiI a~1! dtll ttfH 1JO. . 1999»), Seoul, Oe.c. 1999. ,*~~;t ~ , ~,J;H!-!-ll- , 1 98 3-1 993» (Researc h Center on North Korea, «Ge neral Accounts on No rth Korea , 1983- 1993») , Seoul , 1994. Japan... Archipelago North-western coast of Japan• • • Archipelaqo Cities Yamaguchi-ken wpJJ olIlFj1:;jJ it Shimonos eki I'll A1.'l"'A!'1 260 Hagi iI< Of71 .S Nagata lUl L}7f5'. 25 Sub-to tal 333 Shimane-ken IIlI/U A] Pl:!jJ ~ Masuda :iitEE llt .!:: q. 52 Hamada IH ffi Ofofg- 49 ada :kffi .2.g- 35 Ma tsue ~lJ: n}3.oU 147 Ketsu lJ:/!! .it.2.* 27 Izumo tfj ;\l °1 ~.5'.. 85 Ya s ugi '1<* 0):.671 32 Sa kai mi nat o Jlli Af. f.1 01L} 5'. 37 Hirata 'FEE 01","1- 30 Oki- shima 1!I~1l .2.'1 A1o f 27 Sub- total 5 21 Tattori- ken Alii. '¥c5'.; Byogo-ken AIiiM A il. ~ -77 - Toyooka IlIOll -".Jt~'1 48 Sub-to t a l , 48 Kyoto- f u M&fff .li..!& T" Mi yazu J:!jf; DlO~3 25 Maizuru llr017.Jf- 95 •• Sub-total 120 Fukui-ken ii£lfl *"~ol !! Obama 'Nri ~·Iol 33 Tsuruga tie,. "'-1'71 67 Fukui iiilll' ~'i'°l 256 T akefu ~'£ E\ >I~ 71 Sabae 811 '1"loq 63 Sub-total 490 Ishikaw2- ken IilIlU o ] Al.,,~9} jj K8ga 110:11: '171 69 Komatsu 'J' ~ j!ll'l-:!t. 28 Kanazawa oilll! 7I'-1; 12Yima-koQ al1J1l ~Olll'l !l Toyama liI w .£.otu}- 325 Takaoka iltlOll E\71~71 174 Himi JlcJl. 01 "I 59 $i mminato till!! 11"1'-1-". 38 Uozu 11<- -?-.2.3 48 Namerikawa 1111 11 '-I" i!j 719J- 32 Kurobe IIU\! 'i'''''1 36 Sub-total : 712 JillUa Niigata-ken Joetsu 32 Ryotsu 39 -78 - Itoigawa I*!!o.JII 01 £01 7f21- 33 Muralt:arn i IlJc ¥-4~~pl 32 Kashiwazaki IBIIl! ,fAI2I-AfjJ 91 Toyosaka ~'l! £J'A' f .8 Nagaoka ~O"I Lf7f .2.,) 1 91 Mitsuke J1JIJ "1" >1 .. Sanj o "'Iii {l~ 91 Niigata flTiI! '-l°J71Ef '95 Tsubame ~ """) oj] 44 Niitsu flTlI! '-l 01 a 66 Shirone B~ AI "- ~I 39 Shibata "a III AI ")Ef 80 0 -,. Ar YamSl9S!t5!-ken I1J~Ji °l 01:7~E} !! Sakata il'illl A)')Ef 43 Tsuruoka .1iI! "'~.2.,) 101 Sub-total 1<. ~ . Akita-ken IAwe 01;;-) El !!. :Jj .1 Akita Ii< III o)'IEf 312 ega !Il/l[ .2.7) 32 Noshiro llii\: XAj£ 55 ~ Bonjo OS Sub- total ,\>1 *iII' ~'" .44 J! Aomori-ken Mlill o},.2.5'.i!J ,I' ~ Goshogawa 1ifJf) J>( .9 .M II JLSl:7121- Sub-total >! .9 ., ., Ho kkaido 3t1iA !-;71: 0)£ ,e Otaru 'H' .2.Ef~ 157 Rumoi iii,. ~"ol 30 -" p Wakkanai 1(11'1 21-*+°1 .7 Sub-total 234 ------Grand total 5 519 1 ., Japan Statistics Bureau, Management and Coordination Agency, «Japan Statistical Yearbook 2000» ( B* .88 M!t~ , «13*M:t~. 2000»), To kyo, 2000. Asahi Journal, «Asahi Annual 1993» (< -79 -