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Universite D'antananarivo Faculte Des Sciences Departement De Biologie Et Ecologie Vegetales UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES MEMOIRE DE DIPLOME D’ETUDES APPROFONDIES ( D.E.A ) EN ECOLOGIE VEGETALE OPTION : Ecologie végétale EVALUATION DES IMPACTS DU FEU SUR LA BIOLOGIE DE QUELQUES ESPECES VEGETALES DU MASSIF D’IBITY ( ANTSIRABE ) Présenté par : RASOAFARANAIVO Margianne Hariline ( Maître ès Sciences ) Soutenu le 24 Juin 2005 Devant les membres de Jury Pr RAJERIARISON Charlotte Président Dr BIRKINSHAW Christopher Rapporteur Dr RADIMBISON Agnès Rapporteur Dr ROGER Edmond Examinateur Dr RABAKONANDRIANINA Elisabeth Examinateur REMERCIEMENTS Nous tenons à exprimer notre reconnaissance à tous ceux qui, de près ou de loin, nous ont accompagné le long du chemin de la réalisation de ce mémoire et ont témoigné de l’intérêt pour nos recherches. Particulièrement, nos vifs remerciements s’adressent à : Professeur RAJERIARISON Charlotte , Responsable du troisième cycle au Département de Biologie et Ecologie végétales de la Faculté des Sciences, qui a suivi minutieusement notre formation universitaire et la réalisation de ce mémoire et nous fait l’honneur de présider le jury de ce mémoire. Docteur BIRKINSHAW Christopher , Conseiller technique du MBG, qui nous a consacré beaucoup de temps et nous a fait bénéficier de ses conseils, remarques et suggestions tant à la réalisation des travaux sur terrain qu’à la rédaction de ce mémoire.. Docteur RADIMBISON Agnès , enseignant chercheur, Maître de conférence à la faculté des Sciences d’Antananarivo a consacré son temps pour suivre de près ce travail et qui n’a cessé de nous prodiguer conseils et courage. Docteur ROGER Edmond , enseignant chercheur, Maître de conférence à l’Université d’Antananarivo, pour avoir consacré son temps pour suivre de près ce travail et qui a accepté de juger ce travail et siéger parmi les membres de jury. Docteur RABAKONANDRIANINA Elisabeth , Maître de conférence à la faculté des Sciences d’Antananarivo d’avoir accepter de juger ce travail malgré ses lourdes responsabilités. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY( NGC ) et le MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN ( MBG ) à travers Monsieur CAMARA Christian , Représentant permanent du MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN à Madagascar, qui nous a octroyé les moyens financiers et techniques indispensables à la réalisation de ce travail. Tout le personnel du MBG à Madagascar pour l’ambiance très amicale et familiale qu’il nous a réservé. Tous mes enseignants depuis mes années de collège jusqu’au terme de mes années universitaires, tout le personnel du Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, notre promotion, nos coéquipiers et assistants ANDRIAMIHAJARIVO Tefy Harison et RANDRIATSIVERY Fleuria Monique qui nous ont beaucoup aidé pendant les travaux sur terrain, et toute ma famille pour son soutien moral et physique. Que chacun trouve ici l’expression de ma gratitude. REMERCIEMENTS LISTE DES FIGURES LISTE DES CARTES LISTE DES TABLEAUX LISTE DES PHOTOS LISTE DES ANNEXES ABREVIATONS INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1 Première partie : Milieu d’étude I MILIEU D'ETUDE ...............................................................................................................3 I.1 Situation géographique ................................................................................................... 3 I.2 Climat ............................................................................................................................. 3 I.3 Température ................................................................................................................... 3 I.3.1 Pluviométrie .......................................................................................................... 3 I.3.2 Diagramme ombrothermique..................................................................................3 I.3.3 Humidité ................................................................................................................ 5 I.3.4 Bioclimat ............................................................................................................... 5 I.3.5 Vent ....................................................................................................................... 5 I.4 Topographie et relief ...................................................................................................... 5 I.5 Géologie .......................................................................................................................... 5 I.6 Hydrologie....................................................................................................................... 7 II MILIEU BIOTIQUE ........................................................................................................... 7 II.1 Flore et végétation........................................................................................................... 7 II.1.1 Végétation ............................................................................................................... 7 II.1.2 Flore ........................................................................................................................ 7 II.2 Faune .............................................................................................................................. 7 II.3 Population et activités humaines .................................................................................. 10 II.3.1 Population ............................................................................................................ 10 II.3.2 Autres activités .................................................................................................... 10 II.3.3 Exploitation des ressources naturelles ................................................................. 10 Deuxième partie : Matériels et méthodes I MATERIELS D’ETUDES .............................................................................................. 12 I.1 Choix des espèces cibles ............................................................................................... 12 I.2 Classification, description et distribution des espèces ciblées ..................................... 12 I.2.1 Aloe capitata var quartzicola .............................................................................. 13 I.2.2 Dialypetalum compactum ..................................................................................... 14 I.2.3 Vernonia polygala ................................................................................................ 15 I.2.4 Dioscorea hexagona ............................................................................................ 16 I.2.5 Leptolaena bojeriana ............................................................................................ 17 I.2.6 Pachypodium brevicaule ..................................................................................... 18 I.2.7 Pentachlaena latifolia ........................................................................................ 19 I.2.8 Philgamia glabrifolia ........................................................................................... 20 I.2.9 Protorhus ibityensis ............................................................................................. 21 I.2.10 Uapaca bojeri ...................................................................................................... 22 II METHODOLOGIE ........................................................................................................23 II.1 Recherches bibliographiques ....................................................................................... 23 II.2 Choix des sites d’études ................................................................................................ 23 II.3 Etude du sol ..................................................................................................................23 II.3.1 Etude sur terrain ................................................................................................... 23 II.3.2 Etude au laboratoire.............................................................................................. 24 II.4 Flore et végétation ...................................................................................................... 25 II.4.1 Caractéristiques écologiques ................................................................................25 II.4.2 Etude biologique des espèces ..............................................................................28 II.4.2.1 Etat phénologique....................................................................................28 II.4.2.2 Pollinisation.............................................................................................28 II.4.2.3 Germination .............................................................................................. 29 II.4.2.4 Croissance................................................................................................. 30 II.4.2.5 Mortalité ................................................................................................... 30 Troisième partie : Résultats et interprétations I LOCALISATION ET EMPLACEMENT DES PARCELLES ...................................31 II TYPES BIOLOGIQUES DES ESPECES CIBLEES ..................................................33 III RESULTATS DES ANALYSES DU SOL ...................................................................34 IV BIOLOGIE DES ESPECES ..........................................................................................36
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