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1967 A Word Atlas of Lafourche Parish and Grand Isle, . Nolan Philip Le compte Jr Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

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LE COMPTE, Jr., Nolan Philip, 1935- A WORD ATLAS OF LAFOURCHE PARISH AND GRAND ISLE, LOUISIANA.

Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D,, 1967 Language and Literature, linguistics

University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A Word Atlas of Lafourche Parish and Grand Isle, Louisiana

Dissertation

Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

in

The Interdepartmental Program in Linguistics

by Nolan Philip Le Compte, Jr. B.A., Nicholls State College, 1960 M.A., Louisiana State University, ,1962 May, 1967

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my appreciation to Dr.

William R. Van Riper, under whose direction this project

was completed, for his patience and for his trust; to my

committee in general, and especially to Dr. Thomas A.

Kirby, Dr. Claude Shaver, and Mr. Waytt Pickens.

In any such endeavor, there are always those who

help, expecting no reward. I would like to thank the fol­

lowing true friends who helped in their various capacities

to make this work a reality: Dr. Maxwell A. Quertermous,

the head of my department, and Mrs. Marguerite Gray and

Mr. Alton Cowan, fellow workers at Nicholls; Miss Cecile

LeBlanc and Mr. Danny Richard, neighbors; my brother Mr.

Daniel Le Compte, and Mr. Roland Thomassie, a friend of .

long standing; and, to Mrs. Faye Ott Rifkind, friend and

taskmaster.

In addition, the encouragement and assistance of

family and friends, of students, of my informants, and of

the people of Lafourche Parish and Grand Isle, whose

language I have attempted to record, are gratefully

acknowledged.

Though the work is mine, the worry and labor are

as much theirs.

ii

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CONTENTS

Page

Acknowledgements ...... ii

A b s t r a c t ...... iv

I. Purpose and Procedures ...... 1

II. History ...... 20

III. The Speech of Lafourche Parish and Grand Isle . 29

Bibliography ...... 83

Appendix I: The Responses ...... 86

Appendix II: Isoglossic Materials ...... 403

Index of Words and Phrases ...... 423

V i t a ...... 438

1 1 1

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Le Compte, Nolan Philip Jr., B.A. Nicholls State College, 1960 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1962 Doctor of Philosophy, Spring Commencement, 1967 Major; Linguistics; Minor: English A Word Atlas of Lafourche Parish and Grand Isle, Louisiana Dissertation directed by Professor William R. Van Riper Pages in Dissertation, 443. Words in Abstract, 316.

A Word Atlas of Lafourche Parish and Grand Isle,

Louisiana is a lexical study based on interviews with 21 in­

formants. The survey is intended to give comparative re­

sponses for 305 concepts and to examine these responses in

light of the informants' age, sex, occupation, and educa­

tion as determining speech factors. The study compares the

responses of an older, less well educated group with the

responses of a group of college students to determine what

changes are taking place. In addition, this survey con­

siders some pronunciation features of the responses and

attempts to determine to what extent the local French has

influenced the English of the area.

In order to comprehend more fully this lexical

study, the survey provides historical, educational and re­

ligious information concerning the parish.

The study arrives at the following conclusions: (1)

The history of the area and its French heritage have a

definite bearing on its vocabulary; (2) the language of the

area is now in a transitional state; (3) the area studied

has a particular dialect; (4) within the speech of the area

there are a number of inflectional morphemes which the

iv

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V

less well educated people do not use; (5) and, a number of

local terms from the patois will probably become a per­

manent part of the speech of the area.

Two appendices are provided in the study to present

the findings of the interviews ; Appendix I includes each

item of the investigation with its various responses and a

percentage breakdown to include overall response, four edu­

cation groups, two age groups, three occupation groups,

and two sex groups. In addition, explanatory notes are pro­

vided for many of the responses. Appendix II is composed

of isoglossic material to include the responses of each

informant for each item. This material appears symbolical­

ly, but for those items which show definite linguistic

division, maps are provided.

An index of words and phrases is provided to faci­

litate the use of the study.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter I

Purpose and Procedures

The parishes of south Louisiana are unique in the

Southland, for although the Scotch-Irish immigrants and

their descendants have completely surrounded them, and al­

though this same immigrant element has overcome other French

areas of the Valley, these parishes of Louisiana

cling to their French heritage. Since the French were the.

earliest settlers in this area, it would seem that they

should have been acculturated to the American scene long

ago, but this is not the case. Although the borders of

French Louisiana are ever shrinking, the Cajun does not

give in to change readily. But just as the term "Cajun,"

which once meant an exile from Acadia, has been expanded

to mean any Louisianian of French heritage, so change in

the guise of American culture, slowly eats away at a way of

life that was already old when the republic was yet new.

As the borders of her influence recede, there remain but a

few stalwart sentinels to guard the remains of what was

once a flourishing empire and a way of life, the coastal

parishes of Louisiana, the land of the Cajun.

This study is primarily concerned with lexical usage

in one of these coastal parishes, Lafourche, and also Grand

1

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Isle, and its applications are many. A study of this nature

has long been needed, and though some few have been tried,

they were never controlled to the point that the findings

were accurate enough to establish firm conclusions, or they

were abandoned. Louisiana State University has taken part

in a preliminary study aimed at creating a dialect atlas of

Louisiana, but the field records are uneven; and too, this

study is based on the Southern worksheet, which though it

works for the majority of the South and though it furnishes

much information concerning the inflected forms and syntacti­

cal usages, nonetheless is lacking in questions which will

elicit the lexical variants of this unique dialect area of

the South.

The late Mima Babington was, at the time of her

death, engaged in a study of Lafourche Parish and its sur­

rounding areas. Her study was to be one in depth, and much

worthwhile material has been gleaned from her field records,

for since her death, her major professor. Dr. E. Bagby

Atwood, of the University of Texas, now also deceased, pub­

lished for the American Dialect Society a short monograph

of her findings. However, here too the worksheets were

not devised specifically for the area of South Louisiana,

but were instead the worksheets of Dr. Atwood for his dia­

lectal study of Texas, with but a short addendum of local

terms added by Miss Babington. For its purposes, it was a

good study, for it examined usage over South Louisiana, and

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. with the addition of Dr. Atwood's findings, distributions

of some words could be studied for the two-state area.

The first aim of this study, then, was to establish

a work sheet specifically designed for the area of South

Louisiana, a work sheet which would establish dialectal

usage and point out the peculiarities of an area which is

like no other area in the South. A study of such peculi­

arities is necessary, for it is not in our likenesses with

other linguistic areas that problems arise, but in our dif­

ferences from them. One application of this study is to be

the establishment of these differences, for a knowledge of

them would aid the teacher of standard English in teaching

the students of the area.

The intent of this study is to examine not only the

lexical responses and variants but also to examine these

responses in light of the informants' age, sex, occupation,

and education as determining speech factors in the hope

that these will throw some light on the dialect as well.

It intends, also, to compare the responses of the older

people with the responses of post-war, college-aged youth

to determine what changes, if any, are taking place; to

determine the degree of transmission, influence, interfer­

ence , and borrowing from the local French once spoken ex­

clusively in the area to be examined; to examine the re­

sponses in an attempt to establish linguistic isoglosses;

and to relate the whole body of information to the linguis­

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. tic and political history of the area. Finally, it is hoped

that this study may prove of some value to the lexicogra­

phers who continually work with the romance of words.

The Questionnaire. The compilation of the questionnaire

was a major part of this work, for it had to fit the special

character of the parish, whose native idioms, verb forms,

expressions and syntax are greatly by its French

heritage. Also, because the study is mainly concerned with

the English language, the questionnaire had to dwell upon

the standard questionnaire items which deal with the mor­

phemes of inflection and with variations from standard

English syntax. In other words, a new questionnaire had to

be devised for this area, one which greatly reduced, without

destroying, the Kurath worksheet and one which at the same

time incorporated much new material. The process of what

to cull and what to add was a long and sometimes arduous

one. The first step was to check all available preceding

questionnaires for studies such as this. Raven I. McDavid's

compilation of the questionnaires of Kurath and others as­

sociated with the Linguistic Atlas of the and

Canada and with associated projects made the task somewhat

easier, but in addition to this work, the following ques­

tionnaires and worksheets were checked for items which might

prove useful; Mima Babington (Eight Parishes of South

Louisiana), Fred Tarpley (Northeast Texas), Lucille Folk

(North Louisiana), and Robert Krieger (). In

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. addition to the above, the following works proved particu^

larly helpful in dialectal words: Louisiana-French by Dr.

William A. Read (L. S. U. Press, 1931) and A Glossary of

Mississippi Valley French 1673-1850 by Dr. John F. McDermott

(Washington University Studies, No. 12, 1941). After ex­

hausting these research materials, I arranged for a series

of conversations with residents of the parish, during which

the dialectal materials necessary for the study were rounded

out.

Perhaps the greatest single aid in the creation of

the questionnaire was a worksheet which I had compiled

earlier for a similar study of Terrebonne Parish. Though

different in a number of aspects, this worksheet provided

a number of questions which had already been tested in the

field, and the experience I gained in completing this

earlier project was also invaluable. After these materials

had been checked and narrowed down, a sample questionnaire

was prepared containing 381 items. This sample worksheet

was used to question five informants from various sections

of the parish. After these five interviews had been com­

pleted, the process of final culling of extraneous material

was undertaken. All questions which did not produce the

anticipated results, those which showed early indications

of having 90-100% standard response, and the material which

proved reduplicative were eliminated, and the final work­

sheet was reduced to 305 items.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The remaining materials were arranged topically to

facilitate ease in questioning, and the questionnaire for

a lexical study of Lafourche Parish and Grand Isle was com­

pleted. A copy of this questionnaire was sent to Dr. Raven

I. McDavid, of the University of Chicago, to be used in

further compilations of standard questionnaire items, and

the remaining copies were used to gather the material neces­

sary for this study. The presentation of each questionnaire

took approximately three hours, though, depending on the

informant, it occasionally took much longer. Very often

two sessions were needed to complete one questionnaire, as

there was a tendency for the informant to become uninter­

ested after a long period of questioning.

Characteristics of the parish. Lafourche, like many of the

coastal parishes, is made up of vast stretches of uninhabit­

able marsh and swamp. It is only in the northern section

of the parish and along the bayous that the once uncon­

trolled spring floods of the Mississippi have built up by

silt deposit the only land in the parish where any degree

of habitation and cultivation can exist. It is not odd,

then, that should have been and still is to

some extent the main artery of transportation, for it is

central to the only high land. Nor is it odd that the main

highway of the parish should have followed this route, for

the highway has merely replaced the function of the bayou.

Louisiana Highway 1 and Bayou Lafourche enter the parish

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. at its northern border, and together run the length of the

parish, intersecting with a major federal highway, US 90,

only at Raceland. The few other roads lead to Houma, the

seat of neighboring Terrebonne Parish, to Chegby (Ch-ackbay) ,

or to the back reaches of the parish. Bayou Lafourche and

the highway which borders it, then, pass through almost

every area of the parish; in fact, aside from Chegby and

Bayou Blue, they are the parish, and the great majority of

population is located along this route, along which, running

from north to south, are the towns of Thibodaux, Raceland,

Lockport, Larose, Cut-Off, Galliano, Golden Meadow,

Leeville, and Grand Isle. Between these towns there are no

great open spaces or isolated areas, but because of the

French system of the division of land, which stipulated that

each landowner had to have frontage on the bayou, house

after house fills in the space between towns, the cumulative

effect being the formation of a unique and continuous set­

tlement which runs from the northern boundary of the parish

to Golden Meadow. South of Golden Meadow, the great salt

marshes encroach on the land and aside from the oil settle­

ment at Leeville, there is no habitation until one reaches

the gulf at Grand Isle.

Two areas of investigation which do not lie immedi­

ately on the bayou are Chegby and Bayou Blue. Chegby is

situated about seven miles north of Thibodaux, on the very

border of the parish, and is only about seven miles from

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the river community of Vacherie. Bayou Blue is actually

the southern boundary of Lafourche, and separates it from

Terrebonne Parish. Chegby is an agricultural community

noted for its small truck farms, whereas Bayou Blue, like

the rest of the parish, is involved in cane farming.

The last area of investigation is the Cheniere-Grand

Isle area, l.e island itself is seven miles long and at

its widest point about a half mile wide. The permanent

residents of the island are few, but numerically speaking,

there are always many people on the island because of the

tourists who go there for relaxation or sport. Cheniere

is a very small community on the mainland which is just

across Caminada Bay from the island. Politically speaking,

Cheniere and Grand Isle are in Jefferson Parish and are

not part of Lafourche Parish, though most of the inhabit­

ants there consider themselves Fourchons, for the only

land-approach to the island is through Lafourche. In

fact, one must come through Raceland on US 90 if he would

reach the island.

The People. The people of Lafourche and Grand Isle are,

for the most part, French, though other nationalities are

also represented: German, Spanish, Portuguese, and Scotch-

Irish; but they are all "." It is only by family

name that one gets an inkling to nationalities other than

French, and this is not always a good guide, for many of

these have been altered or gallicized. Because of the

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. relative isolation in earlier years, the older residents

tend to be withdrawn and suspicions in the presence of

people they do not know. They were born to a different

time and language, and the ensuing Americanization and

standardization of the area has passed them by. These older

residents usually speak English to some degree, for they

have had to learn the language in self-defense. Whereas

twenty years ago it was a common occurrence to find people

who spoke only French, today it is odd to find a person who

is unable to speak at least some English. When given a

choice,.these people still prefer to speak in French. The

middle-aged people are for the most part bilinguals, but

the trend is toward a greater fluency in English, for al­

though their parents speak mainly French, education, occupa­

tion, the communicative media of television and radio, and

travel have strengthened their need to know English. These

people represent a transitional generation, and although

they themselves are bilingual, their children usually are

not, or at least not to the extent of the parents. There

has been no organized effort to retain the patois, and as

a result it is slowly dying out.

Oblivious of the fact that their communicative powers

are much greater than those of the monoglot or monolingual,

the bilinguals feel embarrassed about using French. There

is a tendency, especially in the young, to associate the

language with stupidity and rusticity. In language transi­

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tion this reaction is the norm, rather than the exception;

however, it is strange that people will forsake a natural

means of language learning and will encourage the unnatural.

These people of Lafourche are basically still simple

folk. There is no great oil center located in the parish;

therefore great numbers of migratory peoples have not set­

tled here as they have in the neighboring parishes of

Terrebonne and St. Mary. Because there has been less out­

side influence, there is still some evidence of the old

stratified Southern society which is noticeable in the

parish, especially in the agricultural section.

Selection of Informants. In the selection of informants it

was necessary to try to have represented through the infor­

mants as many speech-influencing characteristics as pos­

sible. It was decided early that the primary breakdown

would have to be one of age, and two categories were decided

on; 1) a set of older informants, 55 and older, comprising

the bulk of the informants since theirs would be the older

norm, and since many of the lexical items found in studies

of this nature are aimed at the older segment of the popu­

lation; and 2) a group of younger informants composed of

college freshmen and sophomores, 20 or younger, from various

parts of the parish to act as a control group, and through

the comparison of their responses with Group 1 to determine

change, retention, transferred, metathesis, dissimilation,

and other linguistic matters, as well as arriving at some

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 11

idea of the lexical state of the parish. Group 1, the older

informants, is represented by fifteen questionnaires; Group

2 is represented by six questionnaires, in all cases col­

lege freshmen or sophomores at Nicholls State College,

Thibodaux.

The education of an informant is an important influ­

encing characteristic of his speech, and four categories

were decided on: 1) informants with no formal education,

represented by three questionnaires; 2) informants who had

terminated their formal education somewhere between the

first and seventh grades, represented by seven question­

naires; 3) informants who had terminated their formal edu­

cation during the high school years, or who had finished

high school, represented by five questionnaires; and 4) the

control group of college freshmen and sophomores, repre­

sented by six questionnaires.

In the selection of informants by sex, it was hoped

to have half the responses coming from men, the other half

from women. Of the twenty-one questionnaires, ten represent

male responses; eleven, female responses.

It was hoped to have as informants people from many

walks of life, thus representing a cross-section of occupa­

tional experiences of the area. This purpose was achieved,

for the informants include housewives, babysitters, a

banker, a cattleman, a shrimper, a crewboat captain, a trap­

per, a grocer, a retired legislator, and the owner of a

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 12

restaurant, as well as the younger group whose interests

and job experiences are equally varied. These diverse job

areas are represented by three groups; 1) informants whose

occupation was in the home, represented by seven question­

naires; 2) informants whose occupation was out of the

house, or retired, represented by eight questionnaires;

and 3) the students, represented by six questionnaires.

Because of the unique settlement pattern discussed

earlier, there is really no great distinction, if any at

all, between the responses of city and country dwellers.

The country cannot really be called "country," nor can the

cities really be called "cities," for the "country" has a

higher-than-average population density, and the "cities,"

aside from being quite rural in aspect, also have within

their limits huge cane fields. There is no percentage

breakdown to show this point, yet to be sure that all areas

of the parish were represented, informants were sought, ac­

cording to population density, from the towns and the out­

lying areas. Starting from that point where Highway 1

enters the Parish at its northern boundary, and working

south to Grand Isle, the following informants were selected

according to place and population density: Laurel Grove

Plantation (1), North Thibodaux (1), South Thibodaux (2),

Chegby (1), Bayou Blue (1), Raceland (2), Matthews (1),

Lockport (1), Larose (2), Cut-Off (2), Galliano (2), Golden

Meadow (3), and Grand Isle (2). The only place not repre­

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 13

sented was the area around Leeville. It was not overlooked.

The whole community consists of houses owned by oil com­

panies, and the populace is mainly composed of oilfield

workers from north Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas; no

native informant could be found.

Method of Questioning. No one method of questioning has

been entirely successful with all informants. It was found

that familiarization with the questionnaire was actually

the greatest help, for it gave the author a knowledgeable

flexibility by which, under the guise of regular conversa­

tion, he could manipulate and guide the informant into the

desired areas of interest. A normal interview would start

with about thirty minutes of conversation, often more,

during which time the questionnaire was never referred to.

In addition to setting the informant at ease and allowing

the author to complete the biographical data required of

each informant, this period of unguarded speech also firmly

established the syntactical patterns of the informant, and

often turned up particular items of the questionnaire.

Because the men of this area are, for the most part, famil­

iar with the marshland and with hunting, it was found pro­

fitable to start with questions relating to these experi­

ences; likewise, if the informant was a woman, it was found

that the kitchen and cooking were the natural and comfort­

able grounds from which to start. From these beginnings,

the questions followed no particular pattern but, instead.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 14

rambled from area to area, point to point, wherever the

conversation led. This was done to keep the conversation

on as normal a plane as possible. Very often, pointing to

an object or performing an action would secure the desired

response, but this was not possible for all concepts, espe­

cially verb forms and syntactical uses. The author found

the use of key sentences and/or short stories, followed

by questions concerning them, to be particularly valuable

at such times. For instance, to elicit the response

"climbed" or a variant of this inflected verb form, one

might use the following: "Yesterday I was walking along

the street, and I saw a little boy in a tree. How did he

get there?" From this point the narrative continued to in­

clude the fact that his mother found him there and whipped

him with a switch, two more items on the questionnaire

which were easily obtainable in this manner.

In addition, pictures and drawings were also used to

evoke responses from the informants. If they spoke French,

and most informants did, sometimes the question was pre­

sented in French, and the informant was asked to give the

response in English, or the informant was asked to translate

some utterance. In other words, in light of the time and

place, the informant and the circumstance, whatever method

fitted the situation, that method was used. Only if all

else failed were answers suggested to the informant. In

all cases, the field work was done by the author.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 15

This survey is comparatively an intensive study of

a relatively small area with a fairly large number of

informants.

Reaction of Informants. In general, the informants were

gracious and tried to help in any way they could. Although

many were nervous at first, they soon lost their suspicions

and formalities. I always made it a point to tell the in­

formants of the nature of the study, for they were most

curious about it and, indeed, had a right to know. Also,

there were two things which helped to set the informant at

ease. First, when possible, I tried to use the grand­

parents of my own students. The student would arrange the

interview, and the grandparent, thinking that he was help­

ing the student in some small way, was usually much more

willing to cooperate. This method provided admittance to

homes which I am sure otherwise would have been closed to

me. Second, the informant was reassured that the material

would be treated confidentially and that his name would not

be used except in a list of participating informants.

It should also be noted that-the people of the

parish have a very suspicious nature and, in general, mis­

trust intrusions by outsiders. Since the success of such

studies is highly dependent upon the natural response of

informants, and since these natural responses can be ob­

tained only from an informant who is at ease, the veracity

and ultimate worth of the lexical material to be presented

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 6

are possible because the author himself is a native of the

area and is familiar with the patois spoken there. As soon

as it was established that the author was a fellow Cajun

and therefore was not holding up the patois as something

odd or something to be ridiculed, there was a noticeable

change on the part of the informant. Outsiders carrying

on this same investigation would have likely received a

false picture, for the informants would have shifted into

a more formal language for their response.

Tape Recordings. Some of the interviews were taped in their

entirety or in part on standard magnetic tape. It was not

intended, nor was it possible, to tape all of the inform­

ants, for many people, especially the older, less well edu­

cated, react poorly in the presence of a recorder. Because

of the necessity of placing the microphone very near the

informant, he is never allowed to forget that his voice is

being recorded. This results in a very unnatural situa­

tion, in which the informant is likely to be quite nervous

and tense, and his attention is apt to be fixed on the spin­

ning reels of the recorder or on the microphone. Either

because of the aforementioned causes or because of the fact

that tapes are permanent and might be heard by others, the

informant reacts in a formal manner, and his responses fall

into the category of what he would consider to be correct

speech. Information compiled under such circumstances is,

of course, useless to a study such as this, which, if it is

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 17

to be of value, must be based on normal responses. None­

theless, some tapes were deemed necessary in order to have

research materials on hand at all times. Also, when it was

possible, this method allowed the author to give his full

attention to the immediate task at hand, the transcription

being done whenever time permitted at a later date. The

recorder was used only with those informants who showed no

fear of it or with those whose speech patterns were not

affected in any way by its presence.

Preliminary Plotting of Results. When the fieldwork was com­

pleted, the preliminary plotting of the results was begun

for the coding of information on IBM cards. Each question

was given a number, and each variant response was assigned

a numerical counterpart, numbered zero through nine— a

maximum of ten variants. In all cases, the zero variant

represented no response on the part of the informant;

variants one through nine represented the nine most frequent

responses.

This coded material was transferred to IBM cards,

which in addition carried the biographical data of each

informant, to include age, education, occupation, and sex.

A total of five cards per informant was required to cover

the 305 concepts. The IBM cards were punched by the

Nicholls State College Computer Center, under the direction

of Mr. Gregson Payne, and the processing of the materials

was completed by Dr. E. L. Morton of the LSU Computer Center

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 18

in Baton Rouge.

In addition to the regular frequency breakdown for

percentages covering overall response, three education

groups, two age groups, three occupation groups, and two

sex groups, a program was prepared by Dr. Morton to show

the responses of all twenty-one informants for each of the

305 questions. Informants were arranged numerically, one

through twenty-one, north to south. The responses of these

informants for any given question then would appear as

numbers in a straight line. A quick glance at this arrange­

ment of figures would enable the trained eye to determine

immediately any isoglossic material. The program has worked

well for this particular study because of the nature of the

lay of the land and because of the settlement patterns

thereon; and though it probably could not be used in all

such studies, this program alone, because it worked here,

saved the author hour upon hour of laborious plotting by

hand in search of isoglosses. (See Appendix II.)

Final Plotting of Results. Before the final processing of

results could begin, all IBM data had to be decoded; per­

centages had to be compiled and listed according to overall

response, education, age, occupation, and sex for each of

the variants of the 305 questions. In the presentation of

this material (see Appendix 1), each question is represented

by its questionnaire entry number to facilitate cross refer­

encing, a complete list of the variant responses, and a

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complete breakdown of frequencies for each variant, repre­

sented by percentage grids. Much of the material is self-

explanatory, but when they appear the French words are ex­

plained and comments are given when necessary. It is from

this raw data, presented here as completely as possible,

that the conclusions are drawn concerning the speech of

Lafourche Parish and Grand Isle. Those conclusions are the

purpose of this study.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter II

History

Louisiana has figured prominently in the history of

the United States. It was because of her port city that the

nation gambled on the acquisition of a vast amount of un­

known land. The purchase of Louisiana in 1803 increased

the territorial possessions of the United States by more

than two-thirds of its former size.

Present-day Louisiana was the site of many explora­

tions and settlements prior to that purchase. In the early

decades of the sixteenth century, Spain centered her atten­

tion on the southern sectors of the United States, but her

interests waned when she found no riches.^ French explora­

tion began in Canada and continued southward through the

Great Lakes and the Valley. Permanent

settlements coincided with the travels of Pierre LeMoyne

Sieur d'Iberville at the end of the seventeenth century.

Iberville, in his early travels through Louisiana, found

the Bayougoulas Indians of the Muskogean family at the

^Alcée Fortier, History of Louisiana, I (New York, 1904), 10.

20

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2 place where a bayou flowed out of the Mississippi. This

bayou, Lafourche (the fork), extends southward from present-

day Donaldsonville, the site of the Bayougoulas village,

to the . Since the only means of transporta­

tion in these early days was by water, the settlements were

naturally along the_waterways, and concessions were granted

throughout the eighteenth century to French and Spanish

colonists who were drawn to this fertile land. From the

river, settlement moved inland, and by the turn of the

nineteenth century a settlement was already in existence at

Thibodauxville, some 34 miles from the Bayougoulas village.

The Nineteenth Century. In 1805, by an act of the governor

of the Territory of Orleans and the Legislative Council,

Louisiana was divided into twelve civil counties, one being

Lafourche. Since vaguely defined ecclesiastical parishes

constituted the only basis for organization, the exact

boundaries are unknown.^ In 1807, with redistricting of

the Territory into nineteen parishes, the settlement of

Lafourche was divided into two parishes. Assumption, near

the river, and Lafourche Interior.^ The latter consisted,

in those days, of the present-day parishes of Lafourche and

Terrebonne as well as part of St. Mary. In 1822 the parish

2 Edwin A. Davis, Louisiana, A Narrative History (Baton Rouge, 1961), p. 40.

^Ibid. , p. 169. '^Fortier, III, 52.

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of Terrebonne was created and separated from the parish of

Lafourche Interior, and the present boundaries of the parish

as we know it today came into existence.

Expansion continued through the nineteenth century

until the advent of the Civil War. The first half of the

nineteenth century was a boom period for the parish, brought

about by the commercial growth of sugar cane. The whole

area was given over to this white gold, and plantations

were established in the parish as far south as Larose.

Past this point there was not enough land to make cane-

growing profitable. Where cane was able to be grown, how­

ever, it brought wealth, great homes, and a planter aris­

tocracy who lived in them. Sugar mills and the various

industrial mechanisms associated with the sugar business

dotted the landscape. It must be remembered, however, that

any agricultural undertaking on a grand scale at this time

required a great labor force, and as elsewhere in the South,

that force was composed of slaves, who were part of the

chattel properties of each plantation. Some of the largest

plantations in the state, both in physical size and in the

number of Negroes owned, were here along Bayou Lafourche.

Although there was prosperity, the wealth was un­

evenly distributed, and the coming of the Civil War found

a top-heavy society. The war brought the eventual occupa­

tion by Union troops, and a minor battle was fought in the

parish at Lafourche Crossing, the site of a vital supply

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route from the West. Lafourche figures in the ensuing

post-war period of state history, for it was one of her

native sons, Francis T. Nicholls, who broke the carpetbag

rule and gave the state a new constitution.

Events of historical importance are few and far

between in the period from the Civil War to the turn of

the century. Since there were few reasons at that time

for outsiders to be attracted, the area and the people re­

mained largely unchanged: French, Catholic, uneducated.

Like the rest of the South, the people of the parish turned

to the job at hand— a slow rebuilding.

Twentieth-Century Trends. With the dawn of this century

came the discovery of oil in the southern marshes of the

parish. Natural deposits of oil and gas have been respon­

sible for the creation of jobs, and more recently of in­

dustries which have provided a measure of prosperity for

all, and the means of progress for the parish. With the

prosperity came the migratory peoples, and with them a new

culture. In a short time the character and the face of the

parish have been altered. The change has been one that has

affected every section of the parish, for unlike other

areas, the "foreigners" have not restricted their business

to the city, but in search of the natural resources, they

have penetrated the remotest sections.

This new-found wealth coupled with a revitalized

cane industry and a developing seafood industry of national

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importance make Lafourche one of the richest parishes in

Louisiana.

Religion. The earlier settlers, French and Spanish Catho­

lics, were at first more interested in clearing the land

than in the saving of their souls, but since cultural ties

are hard to break, it was not long before Catholic priests

set up the first ecclesiastical parish in the area.

Assumption, located in the vicinity of present-day Platten-

ville, Louisiana. In 1822, ten years after statehood was

granted to the territory, a resident pastor was assigned

to St. Joseph's Parish in Thibodaux. This ecclesiastical

parish served all of Lafourche as well as the entire parish

of Terrebonne. The predominant religious spirit manifested

in the history of Lafourche is synonymous with the work of

Father Charles Menard, who assumed his responsibilities in

1842. Ecumenical progress was evidenced in the establish­

ment of numerous parishes and parochial schools for the

next fifty years. In 1850, a church was dedicated in Race-

land, and a parish was established in Larose in 1873.

Because many of the great planters of the area came

from the east coast, especially from North and South

Carolina, there was an early influx of English and Scotch-

Irish Protestants. Among the oldest groups are the Presby­

terians, who were established in Thibodaux in 1837, and the

Anglicans, who founded their church the following year.

The latter was created through the efforts of Leonidas Polk,

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who lived near Thibodaux and who became the first Episcopal

bishop of Louisiana. Other churches contributing signifi­

cantly to the spiritual welfare of the parish are the

Methodist and Baptist. It is assumed that Lafourche Parish

is still primarily Roman Catholic, although lack of official

records makes confirmation of this fact difficult.

Education. In the earlier days of the parish, what little

education existed, existed only in the town of Thibodaux,

where the first schools were erected in 1855 and 1857.

Both were private parochial schools administered by the

Catholic Church, yet they were a start.^ Ten years before,

in the state constitution of 1845, public school education

had been incorporated into the document, and provisions were

made for the election of a state school superintendent, but

the act and the reality, as far as Lafourche was concerned,

were different matters. It was not until 1870 that

Lafourche began to follow the pattern established for public

school education which had been drafted into law twenty-

five years earlier.^

In these early days education was not thought too

important. The position of local superintendent was filled

on a part-time basis by any prominent civic leader who was

^James W. Mobley, "The Academy Movement in Louisiana," Louisiana Historical Quarterly, XXX (July, 1947), 27.

^Davis, p. 192.

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7 willing to be burdened.

By the turn of the century, schools were in operation

in all parts of the parish. Many were small one-room

schools located on or near the plantations. In his annual

report for 1904, Mr. Thomas Badeaux, the supervisor, re­

ported that there were forty-five white and ten colored

schools operating in the parish, with eighty-nine teachers

employed.

The last fifty years are characterized by consoli­

dation of the parish school systems into three areas:

Thibodaux, Raceland, and Golden Meadow. All three areas

have completed new high school facilities which opened their

doors this year. The schools are probably the most modern

in the state. To augment these physical plants, Lafourche

Parish ranks as one of the leaders in the state in regard

to the number of certified teachers as well as in regard

to the financial support given to all phases of the educa­

tional program.

Through the effort of local citizens, an act of the

Louisiana legislature established F. T. Nicholls Junior

O College at Thibodaux in 194 8. The college continued in

this capacity until in 1956 legislation was passed which

7 Jo Ann Cangemi, "Walter S. Lafargue. Superintendent, Lafourche Parish" (unpublished thesis, L.S.U., 1963), p. 16.

O Lafourche Comet, Thibodaux, Louisiana (September 23, 1948), p. 1.

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changed Nicholls into a four-year, degree-granting institu- g tion. Nicholls has grown from a junior college of 161

students to an accredited institution of over three thousand

undergraduate and graduate students.

Grand Isle. Within the boundaries of Jefferson Parish lies

one of a group of islands along the north shore of the Gulf

of Mexico known as Grand Isle. The island is approachable

by land only through Lafourche Parish, though in earlier

days much of its history is connected with the Barataria

region. The island itself is seven miles long and one-half

mile wide, and is today a noted recreation area which

abounds in good fishing.

It was not always so. In the eighteenth century,

Lafitte the pirate stored much of his booty on the island

and many of the descendants of his men live there today.

At the close of the nineteenth century, a hurricane of ter­

rible intensity all but wiped the island from the gulf.

More than 12 00 inhabitants lost their lives, and the island

has never been quite the same since.

In 1935, a continuation of from

Golden Meadow to the island made it an ideal place to locate

seafood processing plants, and following World War II, the

developing off-shore oil industry found Grand Isle to be

9 Lafourche Comet, Thibodaux, Louisiana (August 9, 1956), p. 1.

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the only feasible place to locate, the island being the

only access to the gulf by land.

With the oil companies have come a number of people

who live and work on Grand Isle, and their number has per­

mitted the erection of a grammar school and a high school.

Before 194 0, there was one teacher on the island who taught

all grades; her classroom was the local dance hall. Today

Grand Isle is incorporated, and though its position makes

it vulnerable to the hurricanes which come periodically

with the end of summer, nonetheless it continues to improve

itself.

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The Speech of Lafourche Parish and Grand Isle

The speech of Lafourche Parish and Grand Isle is a

unique amalgam of French and English with a bit of Spanish,

Indian, and thrown in to give it spice. It was

formed by the French language brought here in the 17th

century and was left to solidify and atrophy when it was

cut off from the mother country. The Spanish gave it a

dash of tabasco, the Indians gave it a pirogue, the Negro

a charbon of gumbo ; and then came the discovery of oil, and

a backward 17th-century peasantry, used to living close to

the land or to the sea, found it possessed great riches,

and the outside world came in to help mine them, ushering

in the twentieth century and the English language. This

study concerns itself with that language in relation to the

people who speak it. A lexical study in a bilingual area

such as Lafourche Parish must overcome problems which do

not manifest themselves in all studies of this., nature, for

though a study of an area such as New England necessitates

the plotting of change in the language, nonetheless it con­

fines itself largely to the English language. Here, though

the emphasis of the study is largely on English, a thor­

ough understanding of the local French is also required,

29

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for the dialect is neither wholly English nor is it French,

but rather a mixture of the two. It is a language which,

like the people who speak it, has adapted itself to the

needs at hand. Seldom sophisticated, it has met the com­

municative needs of those who use it. It has changed from

a French patois, once spoken exclusively throughout the

area, to bastardized French-English, to illiterate English,

to dialectal English. Even today, the young with all the

advantages of education, television, and travel seldom emerge

into adulthood completely free of the influences of the

dialect. For a great many people standard English will

never be a reality, but more and more are approaching that

norm. This study concerns itself with the dialect as it

manifests itself in Lafourche Parish in the mid-1960's.

The Phonemic Values. Though this study is primarily a lexi­

cal one, a few notes on the phonemic values of the dialect

are felt to be in order. The dialect, and by this I mean

the English dialect, is often characterized by a complete

transferral of the French phonemes to represent their

English counterparts. This of course gives a European vowel

system rather than the English e, i, ai, o, ju This

is perhaps the most glaring phonemic trait, but there is a

more subtle one connected with phonemic transferral. Be­

cause the vowels are so different, they stand out and can

thus be easily corrected, but the minute differences between

the French consonants and the English ones are not so

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noticeable, and therefore, these differences often remain

to give the peculiar "flat" quality, as the natives call it.

For example, the French 1 is made with the tip of the tongue

in a very forward position on the alveolar ridge/ the

English 1 is usually made further back on the alveolar

ridge and with the tip or blade of the tongue. The local

French r is sometimes trilled; the English r of course is

not. There is the quality of nasality, so prominent with

French vowels, which readily transfers to the local English.

But these are regular. There are particular problems as

well; for instance, the regular substitution of /h/ for

/]/ and in some cases for /S/ (/hu gro/ for chou gros;

hone coupant for jonc coupant). The explanation is prob­

ably one of Spanish influence, but it is not widespread.

When it occurs, it occurs only in the Larose area, and not

always there. What is needed is a complete phonemic anal­

ysis, but that is meat for another study. Suffice it to

say that the sounds of the English spoken in Lafourche are

somewhat different and that this difference is meaningful.

Morphemic variance. The morphemes do constitute a part of

the lexical properties of a language, and it is with the

morphemic structure of the dialect that the first conclu­

sions can be drawn in light of the body of information ob­

tained from the field records.

The morphemic structure of English words is altered

in the dialect only in its particular disregard for the

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standard inflectional morphemes. In the inflectional mor­

phemes of nouns, the morpheme of possession, normally called

the morpheme, written and pronounced [s], [z], or

[iz] there is little trouble, for the speaker of the dia­

lect will never say, "I went to John house." There is a

genuine feeling for the possessive, and the only variant

from the standard which manifested itself either on the

questionnaire or in the interviews was "hog head cheese" for

"hog's head cheese," though this is a standard variant, and

where the item in question is known by this name, the variant

exists. Atwood has found this particular item and its vari­

ation in southern Arkansas and throughout Texas. On the

other hand, the z^ morpheme, the regular pluralizing agent

for nouns, written 2E. and pronounced [s] , [z] , or [îz] ,

though in speech it functions just as the morpheme does,

presents particular problems. In the French language the

plural of nouns is often formed by adding to the noun,

as in English, but the is not sounded, unless elided,

and the plurality is carried by the inflected article les.

Thus, to the ear of the Frenchman there is no change in

the noun. This idea is carried over into the local English,

both in speech and in writing, and it is not odd to hear,

"We caught five bushel of crab yesterday" or "Go empty the

coffee ground," two statements which were actually uttered

during the interviews. Note also the following responses

to items on the questionnaire which illustrate this point:

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slapjack (202), leftover (232), overall, overhall, cover-

hall (261), (coffee) ground, grind (275). In all cases

except two the responses were from the older, less well-

educated group. It should be noted here, though, that this

construction is not at all unusual in rustic English.

The verb, because of its many inflections, presents

a greater problem than does the noun. The morpheme con­

cerns itself with the inflection for the third person

singular indicative verb. It operates in the same manner

concerning spelling and pronunciation as do the and Zg

morphemes for nouns. Probably because all other persons of

the indicative verb do not inflect, there is a tendency to

leave it off here also. When questioning an informant

about whom her grandchild resembled, I received the reply,

"I find he look like his daddy" (244). Other responses which

illustrate this usage are; look more like (244), take after

(244), clean up (the house) (273), (the wind) calm down

(present tense) (7). Here, as for the nouns, the frequency

breakdowns indicate that this disregard for standard English

patterning is primarily with the elderly informants; how­

ever, with that age group it seems to be widespread, for all

education groups except the college students show its usage.

The most frequent misuse of an inflectional morpheme

is the -ed affix used to form the past tense of regular

verbs. Because of the lack of a complete delineation of

past tense forms in French to match the past tense forms of

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English, one is very likely to hear, "He climb a tree" for

"He climbed a tree," or "I dream last night" for "I dreamed

last night." Unlike the aforementioned morphological units,

this inflection shows less sign of change to the standard

pattern, for in both age groups questioned, the response for

this usage was 100% among the elderly and as high as 50%

among the college students. Its frequency is also evident

in all education groups. This problem area constitutes one

of the greatest headaches for teachers of standard English

in south Louisiana. The questionnaire items which bear out

these conclusions are; climb (238), throw (240), chunk (240),

drag (243), help (270) , dream (271) , wake up (272), come out

(11). Related to this problem is the absence of the con­

ventional inflection in the adjectival use of the past

participle, and the same dialectal pattern is in evidence

and manifests itself to an even greater extent among the

college students. Note the responses barb wire (74), burn

out (251) , dress funny (258), boil shrimp (276) , stuff

crabs (277) , condense milk (278). Consider also the past

participial forms of the verb which are often handled by

the use of a preterite form of the copulative verb, which

is made to carry the entire burden of tense, plus the

present tense or infinitive form of an action verb, whose

function has been reduced to little more than semantics :

could have help (270), might have help (270), done throw

(240). Concerning the past tense of the irregular verbs.

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the more standard variations are evident, and the irregu­

larities present in this area are pretty much the same as

for any other area examined thus far. The irregular verb

is sometimes regularized, as in throw-throwed (240), wake-

waked (272), and regular verbs are sometimes made irregular

by subjecting them to one of the standard ablaut series;

climb-clam (238), dream-dram (or drem) (271). The later

examples occur only with the older informants.

The inflectional morpheme for the progressive tenses,

the affix -ing, is on occasion handled in the same manner

as the pattern for regular verb past tense (-ed). The fol­

lowing examples are from the taped materials:

They was say that man was crazy.

Him and another man was drink.

In both instances, the informant was the same, an elderly

man with no formal education. I feel that such usages

would be classified as illiterate even by the speakers of

the dialect, for aside from this isolated informant, all

other age and education groups apparently understood and

usually used -ing forms for this inflectional morpheme, as

can be attested by the following examples from the ques­

tionnaire: (the wind is) diminishing (7), (the wind is)

disappearing (7), (the weather is) clearing up (8), (the

sun is) coming up (10), was climbing (238), was dragging

(243) .

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Syntactical Variants. Because a host of major deviations

from the standard English syntax would result in the dia­

lect not being English at all and since the syntactic

structures in many instances are very similar in both

French and English, we can expect but few syntactic varia­

tions. In structures of modification one might expect

some transferral from the French language where, unlike

English, the head normally precedes the modifier. This is

not the case, and no manifestations for such variance were

ever apparent, either in the questionnaire responses, or

in the taped materials.

For variation in the structures of predication,

there are a few examples which can be cited from the taped

materials, for none-were in evidence in the worksheet

materials.

They was say that man was crazy.

Him and another man was drink.

In daytime you wasn't see none.

Although the worksheet responses of informants did not show

this point, I know that it is in existence to some degree

with the older people of the parish, as is the related

problem of pronoun-antecedent agreement. The following

example is from an interview during which the informant was

talking of her experiences during Hurricane Betsy:

Everybody was trying not to be scared and to do the best they could for the people that had got hurt.

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Of course, such matters of agreement are not restricted to

this area alone, and the examples cited are ones that are

common in other speech areas of the United States.

In the taped materials there is one odd instance of

the negative status. It is not to be thought that the

people of the area all speak this way; in fact, most use

the machinery of negation quite well. This instance is

presented here because it is thought to have peculiar

interest :

Did you never see some crawfish was measure twelve inch?

Here the negative element "never" is probably used by

analogy with "ever," which would fit quite well in this

sentence. For more normal usage of the negative status in

Lafourche see Question 242. It might also be noted here

that the use of "ain't" for "is not" and "are not" is wide­

spread and is in evidence in all age and education groups

in the parish.

In structures of complementation, the direct object

and the indirect object are handled correctly, as per the

standard usage, and in the structures of coordination, only

the simplest constructions are used, for the dialect users

are seldom sophisticated enough to cast elaborate sentences

requiring parallel construction.

The preceding syntactical elements have all dealt

with variations of standard English, and there were few; in

addition, there are also a few transferrais of French struc­

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ture which through literal translation have become a part

of the local idiom. These patterns are especially notice­

able in the responses of older, less well educated inform­

ants where, although they do not drastically change the

patterns of the English language, they alter it enough to

give certain identifying dialectal traits to it.

The first of these translations is a group of em­

phatic words tacked on to a regular sentence to strengthen

or to emphasize some element. Thus, from the French vous

positioned at the end of an utterance and employed for em­

phasis, it is common to hear the following:

What are you doing, you?

I don't care, me!

Frequently the patois has a oui or a non tacked on to the

end of a sentence to strengthen the positive or negative

element. This tendency is transplanted to English, and the

following pattern is much in evidence:

I don't care, no.

Things sure did happen fast, yes.

In translating such words as "over there" and "right there"

into English, there is a tendency to tack on an extra there,

This stems from the unaccented ]^, which has no actual

value in French. Thus:

It's right over there, there.

Just put the clothes over there, there.

One other phase of literal translation from French

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that contributes to the local English dialect stems from

the fact that the French language has grammatical gender.

When translated into the natural gender of English, strange

things happen. The following example is taken from a taped

interview:

Awh yes, I like him (courtbouillon), but you know one time i was on tne boat and I had to eat that, and I don't know, I just got sick, and I had to throw him up.

The last of these translated items are French idioms,

which sometimes sound strange to the unattuned ear:

attrapper la pluie— to catch the rain (287).

attrapper le pont — to catch a bridge (288).

Others, mainly those employing the verb faire (to make, to

do, to have, etc.), have been slightly corrupted or altered

in translation.

The Lexical Variants. As with other linguistic areas exam­

ined, the dialect is most often characterized by the words

people choose to use rather than by morphological or syn­

tactical variations. By examining lexical items that are

indigenous to an area, one can arrive at a fairly accurate

picture of the dialect. By examining the frequencies of

usage for subgroupings within any prescribed list of

variants, one can determine whether the dialect is gaining

or losing ground and which items will probably pass into

more standard usage. A common procedure in working with

dialect material is to start with a comparison of the chosen

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lexical items for study with similar responses from already

identified areas— in this case, those areas which have been

established by Kurath and his fellow workers in connection

with the Linguistic Atlas of the United States ; The North,

the Midland, and the South.

As far as can be ascertained, the following lexical

items which appear in Lafourche Parish also appear regular­

ly in Kurath's Northern speech area :

pail, bucket, comforter, picket fence, spider, gutters, fire fly, pig sty, quarter of, moo, whinny, wishbone, cling-stone peach, free­ stone peach, it wasn't me, waked up;

in the Midland speech area:

coal oil, green beans, clabber, husks, barnyard, skillet, singletree, moo, wishbone, cling-stone peach, free-stone peach, a little piece, wait on you;

and in the Southern speech area:

snack, snap beans, crackling bread, clabber, butter beans, corn shucks, lot,barn lot, gut­ ters, you all, croaker sack, come up, spider, mosquito hawk, earthworm, quarter to, single­ tree, cracklings, crackling bread, it wasn't me.

It is not to be thought that all of the words from the

three speech areas which appear above are in wide use in

Lafourche Parish. Many of the examples cited above appear

as only one or two responses for the total number of in­

formants questioned. They are listed above simply to show

that these words from other dialectal areas are known and

used to some extent here. Of the lists given above, only

the following words can be said to have great currency in

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Lafourche :

Northern— bucket, gutters, wishbone, it wasn't me; Midland— coal oil (though usually with a dif­ ferent pronunciation), green beans, clabber, singletree, moo, wishbone; Southern— snack, snap beans, clabber, butter beans, corn shucks, gutters, mos­ quito hawk, quarter to, singletree, cracklings, it wasn't me.

In addition to the above words which show wide usage

in this area, there is a fourth list to be considered, the

dialectal words which are common to all areas, those with

a national coinage, many of which have become the standard

lexical item for the language. These words which appear

in Lafourche Parish and which are shared with all the other

speech areas of the United States are;

doughnut, kerosene, kindling, living room, closet, mantel, mantelpiece, porch, paper- bag, burlap sack, see-saw, sidewalk, chick- chick, get up (to a horse), pancake, mid­ wife, bastard.

It is anyone's guess how these words from other areas first

got to Lafourche, but plausible reasons can be given for

the ways most of them were taken into the local language.

The Midland terms are often chosen over the Southern terms,

though geographically speaking we are closer to the Southern

speech area than we are to the Midland area. Here, if the

English words for the types of peaches are known, they are

usually "cling-stone" and "free-stone," rather than "press

peach" or "plum peach," the Southern terms. The reason for

the acceptance of the Midland terms here, as well as in

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other instances, is probably that many of the great nine­

teenth-century planters in Lafourche had migrated from the

Midland area. When at the end of that century the speech

of the parish began to switch from French to English, these

men and their families, now rich and influential members

of the community, provided the pattern of speech and often

the vocabulary.

Since the turn of the century, packaging and, more

recently, advertising have strengthened some of these terms

from other areas. "Butter beans," once the Southern dia­

lectal term for lima beans, has become much more in evidence

on the national level since packagers of the item advertise

their product under this name, hoping to give some of the

goodness of the "high-priced spread" to the product. "Gut­

ters," because it is the common dialectal word in the New

York area, was the official term adopted by the manufac­

turers there, and thus it has become the term usually used

by people in the building trade.^ In the search for names

which will identify a product and at the same time set it

apart from all others, manufacturers often turn to the

dialect. Consider the impact of such highly advertised

products as Aunt Jemima Pancakes and Wishbone Salad

Dressing.

^Hans Kurath, A Word Geography of the Eastern United States (Ann Arbor, 1949), p. 15.

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In some cases, the words which we share with other

speech areas are standard deviations which occur all over

America. Coal oil, originally a Pennsylvania dialect term,

has spread all over the South. This is not odd, since oil

was first discovered in that region of America, and the

product was probably originally marketed under that name.

"It wasn't me" is not only a variant that is shared with

other speech areas, but it also, along with the frequent

substitution of who for whom, shows signs of becoming the

standard American syntactical pattern. It is already felt

to be correct on the colloquial level.

The words considered thus far have been very few.

Is it to be supposed that all the remaining words form a

dialect of Lafourche Parish? No, of course not. There

are the questions that deal with the morphemic and syntactic

variances, and the responses to these questions, though they

do often show dialectism, are just as often standard usage.

In the responses to many questions there are both dialectal

and standard vocabulary items. However, because of the

nature of the questionnaire, which was compiled to elicit

dialect items, and because of the greater-than-average dia­

lect responses which are possible because of the French

and English influences, many of the remaining words are

dialectal in nature and are indigenous to Lafourche Parish

and to South Louisiana.

2 Kurath, p. 34.

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The cause for such a great number of dialectal terms,

few of which are shared with other areas, is that Lafourche

Parish, like the rest of south Louisiana, was not predomi­

nantly settled by people from the Eastern states, as were

most of the areas that surround the dialect boundaries•

South Louisiana was, for the most part, settled before the

migrations started from the Eastern seaboard. Those for­

eigners who chose to live here— the Germans, the Spanish,

the Scotch-Irish— were assimilated by the , who

made this assimilation remarkably well. After the sale of

the Louisiana territory to the United States, the fate of

the eventual language of the area was evident, and now the

Acadians began their long and arduous apprenticeship in

learning the language of a new nation. Because the area

was largely settled by people other than those from the

Eastern seaboard, the vocabulary which developed is a re­

gional one peculiar to the area. Like the people who speak

it, it is a vocabulary in a state of transition from French

to English. An idea of the state of that vocabulary today

can best be seen in the responses to the questionnaire

presented.

In order to get an idea of the more standard dialec­

tal words in the area, those words which represent the

greatest number of informants, the following list showing

the word with the highest frequency of response for each

question is presented:

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thunderstorm (38.1), shower (33.3), hurricane (57.1), ouragan______(23.8), squall (33.3), tornado (57.1) calm down (19.0), clearing up (57.1), drought (52.4), sunrise (42.9), rose (42.9), evening (61.9), Sunday after next (66.7), Sunday before last (52.4), quar­ ter to (66.7), seven-thirty (95.2), a few streets (28.6), over there (81.0), living room (71.4), utility room (33.3), pantry (52.4), attic (81.0), stucco (33.3), weatherboards (38.1), porch (85.7), gutters (85.7), shotgun house (28.6), closet (95.2), armoire (42.9), chifferobe (47.6), chest of drawers (33.3), shade (100.0), mantelpiece (38.1), fouiller (23.8), chenît (47.6), ______braise (38.1) ___ r four (28.6, ______chaudière à laver (19.0), fer à repasser (19.0), #3 tub (38.1), lunch box (42.9), bucket (85.7), bed on the floor (28.6), tester (28.6), quilt (76.2), spread (61.9), le baton (19.0), mosquito bar (42.9), pillow case (90.5), wash rag (38.1), dish towel (66.7), dishrag (47.6), (52.4), kindling (33.3), bûche (28.6), armful (42.9), chevalet (42.9), brancard (52.4), singletree (38.1), doubletree (38.1) belly band (38.1), pare (23.8), pasture (47.6), pig pen (33.3), yard (81.0), barrière (19.0), bob wire fence (38.1), crampe (42.9), cabine (47.6), chicken house (38.1), boss's house (14.3), share­ cropper (38.1), /grainig/ (28.6), /hais1^ (28.6), sugar house (33.3), bagasse (71.4), cane knife (71.4) stone (42.9), meule (33.3), herse (33.3), whoa (81.0) get up (47.6), gee (66.7), haw (33.3), stallion (33.3), snorting (9.5), whoap-whoap (23.8), call cows by name (38.1), moo (66.7), ^ (23.8), pi-pi-pi (19.0), canni-canni (61.9), sic'im (52.4), pot licker (19.0), donkey (52.4), grasshopper (76.2) ______cheval ______carosse (47.6), (47.6) , _____ fromi (23.8), red bug (52.4), wasp (38.1), mosquito hawk (57.1), lightening bug (28.6), poule doo (47.6), dos gris (90.5), plongeon (28.6), gros bec (90.5) , crapaud (33.3), grenouille (71.4), worms (38.1), pole (42.9) , /'s :(42.9), /^rxmpy (66.7), bigarneau (61.9), lamp eel, (19.0), Tour-lou-lou (61.9), pirogue (57.1), flatboat (47.6) (57.1), crevasse (52.4), flottant (61.9),batture marsh (76.2), prairie (38.1), ______latanier_ (42.9), bam- boo patch (9.5), nigger tits (23.8), pis-en-lit (47.6), (bayou) (100.0), levee (90.5), traînasse (71.4), brûlée (57.1), roseaux (66.7) , jonc coupant (57.1), paille fine (66.7) , la prele (23.8), grains _à volet (71.4), poison ivy (71.4), chinaball (61.9), chenière (42.9) , blackjack (57.1), bayou side (47.6) shoulder (42.9), pave (42.9), blacktop (100.0), sidewalk (52.4), dago (95.2), depot (61.9), nigger lover (33.3), Texians (14.3), Cadien (52.4),sabine

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(61.9), Negro (47.6), down the bayou (14.3), rela­ tives (38.1), nigger (95.2), parents (61.9), mom (47.6), pop (38.1), me-mêre (33.3), pe-pêre (38.1), n 'oncle (61.9), tante (57.1), nannan (61.9), parrain (90.5), bastard (57.1), midwife (61.9), traiteur (95.2), booger man (42.9), ghosts (57.1), placer (23.8), to stand in a wedding (71.4), charivari (85.7), danse de famille (14.3), saoul (47.6), veiller (66.7), rôdeuse (47.6), to pass (33.3), boucherie (95.2), gratons (71.4), doughnuts (95.2), pain perdu (66.7), bouillie (52.4), café au lait (81.0) clabber (38.1), cream cheese (81.0), hog head cheese (57.1), boudin (95.2), corn bread (57.1), pain de mais aux gratons (33.3), pancakes (76.2)/ beignets (57.1), fricassé (52.4), gumbo filé (42.9), okra gumbo (57.1), bisque (61.9), bouillon (42.9), court- bouillon (90.5), sauce piquante (95.2), jambalaya (61.9), corn on the cob (52.4), shucks (57.1), 'ti pois (38.1), snap beans (52.4), butter beans (71.4), un plat (47.6), pêche à jus (38.1), quitte noyau (28.6), noyau (57.1), seed (47.6), merliton (76.2), casbanane (81.0), concombre-sent-bon (42.9), shallots (52.4), calbasse (33.3), grenade (33.3), /ps'kan/ (57.1), plarine (38.1), breakfast, dinner, supper (81.0), snack (71.4), leftovers (52.4), filé (76.2), wishbone (95.2), see-saw (71.4), switch (57.1), to whip (28.6), climb (42.9), nigger shooter (47.6), threw (57.1), with you (95.2), better not (47.6), drag a leg (38.1), looks like (42.9), save this (47.6), what time is it (61.9), grimace (38.1), hey ha (14.3), maudit (28.6), mad (52.4), tired (33.3), lazy (66.7), dumb (42.9), funny (38.1), chiche (42.9), tightwad (38.1), active (19.0), souillon (19.0), papillottes (66.7), kerchief (66.7), overalls (47.6), braguette (95.2), five and ten (52.4), lagniappe (95.2) , har- monica (66.7) paper bag (71.4), sack (47.6), carry (71.4) saw (90.5), could have help (28.6), dreamed (33.3), woke up (47.6), clean up (28.6), rinse (71.4), grinds (52.4), boil (66.7), stuff (66.7), condense (90.5), bring (61.9), stoop (76.2), take (47.6), for (95.2), might be able (57.1), y 'all (61.9), at (52.4), me (85.7), it rained (47.6), cold, cold, cold (42.9), goose bumps (38.1), croup (76.2), rheumatism (71.4), cagou (19.0), bobos (95.2), malaria (61.9), hoo-doo (52.4), gris-gris (95.2), roup-garou (81.0), fifolet (33.3), lutins (57.1), trawl (57.1), palanque (42.9), plenty of (71.4), jar (38.1).

These words, then, represent the most popular re­

sponses to the 305 questions presented to each informant.

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Note the many French words that are present in this list

which represents a cross section of popular speech in the

Lafourche area. Needless to say, as a cross section, it is

somewhere between the two extremes; the extreme that

represents a high frequency of French vocabulary and that

which represents a high frequency of standard English

vocabulary.

Education as an Influencing Factor. As a rule, we might ex­

pect the less well educated to be less familiar with standard

English vocabulary and to use the dialectal forms of the

language of the area. In order to test this theory, a fre­

quency subgroup was established to show the frequencies of

responses for four education groups: 1) informants who

had no formal education; 2) informants whose educational

experience was between the first and seventh grades; 3) in­

formants who attended or completed high school; and 4) in­

formants composed of college freshmen or sophomores. The

influence of education on the informant's vocabulary is

attested by the following groupings:

1. Responses with the highest percentages in Education

Group I :

afternoon, shed, weatherboards, armoire, cedar robe, toilette, garde manger, chenit, four, fer à repasser, lit par terre, couvert, baton à lit, baire, bûche, chevalet, brancard, doubletree, sangle, parc, barrière, fil du fer à piquant, commode, poulaillier, la roulaison, bagasse, meule, herse, whoa haw, brialle, cheval carosse, fromi noire, bêtes rouges, guêpe, cigale, mouche

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à feu, poule d'eau, plongeon, crapaud, chaland, plairie, latanier, têtons de negresse, herbe à la puce, lilas, côteau, terre grasse, pave, depot, negrillier, Cadien, mont et pop, mom, pop, me-mêre, pe-pêre, n'oncle, tante, maraine, bâ­ tard, sage-femme, marcorner, saoul, veiller, rôdeuse, café au lait, gelée, fricassé, gombo filé, gombo fëvi, maïs tendre, un plat, pêche à jus, quitte noyau, noyau, shallots, calbasse, /pd'kan/, gallance, nigger shoot, throw for threw, you better not, drag for dragged, save this. What time you got?, chiche, tignon, flûte, dream for dreamed, wake up for woke up, clean for cleans, cold-cold-cold, frissons, rheumatis.

2. Responses with the highest percentages in Education

Group II :

ouragan, evening, Sunday after next, Sunday before last, armoire, chifferobe, dresser, garde manger, fouiller, braise, quilt, mosquito bar, /ko'lJi/, a load, chevalet, pasture, crampe, cabine, /grainsg/, bagâs'se, herse, get up, canni-canni, donkey, poule doo, plongeon, crapeau, nigger pole, /Swimp/, batture, flottant, plairie, latanier, pis-en-lit, poison ivy, chêniêre, blackjack, pave, banquette, station, Cadien, Negro, parents, mom, pop, n 'oncle, tante, nannan, batard, sage- femme, to stand in a wedding, saoul, veiller, rô­ deuse , bouillie, andouille, pain de maïs, pancakes, beignets, fricassé, okra gumbo, bouillon, maïs bouilli, paille, 'ti pois, un plat, pêche à jus, noyau, concombre-sent-bon, calbasse, grenade, /pa'kon/, plarine, restants, see-saw, switch, climb for climbed, nigger shoot, you shouldn't do, drag for dragged, save this, maudit, lazy, funny, chiche, tightwad, papillottes, kerchief, five and ten, paper bag, boil for boiled, stuff for stuffed, condense for condensed, y 'all, be at church, cold-cold-cold, frissons, croup, rheumatism, malaria, hoo-doo, gris-gris, fifolet, palanque, plenty.

3. Responses with the highest percentages in Education

Group III :

hurricane, tornado, clearing up, afternoon, Sunday after next, Sunday before last, a few streets or blocks, storeroom, pantry, stucco.

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weatherboards, armoire, safe, mantelpiece, chenît, braise, frying pan, bucket, quilt, spread, mosquito bar, washrag, dishrag, /ko'laz/, singletree, doubletree, bellyband, pasture, pig pen, staple, chicken house, sharecropper, bagasse, cane knife, stone, grindstone, get up, gee, haw, canni-canni, sic'um, grasshopper, redbug, mosquito hawk, fire bug, poule-doo, plongeur, /^rlmpj, flatboat, batture, crevasse, flottant, marsh, latanier, te-tete de negresse, poison ivy, chinaball, cheniere, blackjack, bayou side, shoulder, banquette, depot, nigger lover, Cadien, Sabine, colored people, papa, me-mere, pe-pere, n 'oncle, tante, nannan, bas­ tard, midwife, ghosts, to stand in a wedding, veiller, clabber, hog head cheese, cornbread, pancakes, beignets, stew, gumbo file, okra gumbo, bouillon, jambalaya, corn on the cob, shucks, snap beans, a dish, stone, seed, shallots, /pa'kan/, praline, breakfast-dinner-supper, snack, leftovers, see-saw, switch, nigger shooter, threw, better not, dragged, looks like, save this. What time is it?, grimace, mad, lazy, tight, papillottes, kerchief, overalls, dime store, harmonica, paper bag, sack, boil, stuff, condense, take, might be able, be at church, I caught the rain, very cold, goose pimples, rheuma­ tism, fifolet, trawl, plenty of.

4. Responses with the highest percentages in Education

Group IV;

thunderstorm, hurricane, tornado, clearing up, drought, dawn, the sun rose, evening, Sunday after next, utility room, pantry, chifferobe, vanity, mantel, frying pan, iron, #3 tub, lunch box, bed on the floor, quilt, bedspread, mosquito net, dish rag, kerosene, kindling, armful, horse, corral, bob-wire fence, cabine, chicken coop, tenant farmer, sugar mill, bagasse, cane knife, giddy-up, stallion, moo, sic'um, donkey, grasshopper, red bug, wasp, mosquito hawk, lightning bugs, poule-doo, frog, worm, bamboo pole, /Snmp/, eel, flatboat, bayou bank, marsh, prairie, palmetto, poison ivy, chinaball, bayou side, shoulder, concrete, side­ walk, depot, nigger lover, coon ass, Sabine, Negro, relatives, parents, mama, daddy, grand­ ma, uncle, aunt, nanny, bastard, midwife, booger man, ghosts, shacking up, to stand in a wedding.

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to visit, to pass by, hog head cheese, corn- ■ bread, pancakes, stew, gumbo, okra gumbo, broth, jambalaya, corn on the cob, shucks, string beans, un plat, peach, noyau, seed, shallots, /pakan/, breakfast-dinner-supper, snack, leftovers, see­ saw, switch, climbed, sling shot, threw, shouldn't do, resembles, put this away, What time is it?, frown, mad, tired, lazy, dumb, papillottes, ker­ chief, overalls, five and ten, harmonica, paper bag, feed sack, dreamed, woke up, boiled, stuffed, bring, I might be able, y 'all, for eight o'clock, it rained, goose bumps, croup, rheumatism, malaria, voo-doo, gris-gris, trawl, a lot of.

Note in Group I that the responses are almost entirely

standard and local French terms. There is a decrease of

such responses in each of the subsequent groups. In Group

IV there are only six items which are among the high per­

centage responses, and of these six, two are retained be­

cause there is no other name for the items in the area

(poule-doo, papillotes); one because it represents the

standard arcane word for the concept (gris-gris); and one

because the item is a taboo subject and the French word

represents a euphemism.

A comparison of Educational Groups I and IV is re­

vealing. Since Group IV represents the younger generation,

and since members of this generation do not speak as their

grandparents (Education Group I) spoke, it is safe to say

that the language is changing to a more standard idiom. We

might consider Educational Group I as providing indication

of which words of the dialect are becoming obsolete or are

considered old-fashioned.

Age as an Influencing Factor. Since the less well educated

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people are, for the most part, the older people of the

parish, a subgrouping of frequencies which relate response

to the age of the informant must also be revealing. In the

following groupings two age levels are represented; Group

I, the young informants, twenty years old or younger, and

Group II, informants who are fifty-five and over. I did not

feel it was necessary to have an intermediary age group,

for any conclusions which might be drawn will appear more

striking from a comparison of the two groups presented.

1. Responses with highest percentages among the young

(Age Group I):

thunderstorm, hurricane, tornado, clearing up, drought, dawn, the sun rose, evening, Sunday after next, utility room, pantry, chifferobe, vanity, mantel, frying pan, iron, #3 tub, lunch box, bed on the floor, quilt, bedspread, mosquito net, dish rag, kerosene, kindling, armful, horse, corral, bob-wire fence, cabine, chicken coop, tenant farmer, sugar mill, bagasse, cane knife, giddy-up, stallion, moo, sic'um, donkey, grass­ hopper, red bug, wasp, mosquito hawk, lightning bugs, poule-doo, frog, worm, bamboo pole, /Srxmpy, eel, flatboat, bayou bank, marsh, prairie, palmetto, poison ivy, chinaball, bayou side, shoul­ der, concrete, sidewalk, depot, nigger lover, coon ass, Sabine, Negro, relatives, parents, mama, dad­ dy, grandma, uncle, aunt, nanny, bastard, midwife, booger man, ghosts, shacking up, to stand in a wed­ ding, to visit, to pass by, hog head cheese, corn­ bread, pancakes, stew, gumbo, okra gumbo, broth, jambalaya, corn on the cob, shucks, string beans, un plat, peach, noyau, seed, shallots, /pa'kon/, breakfast-dinner-supper, snack, leftovers, see­ saw, switch, climbed, sling shot, threw, shouldn't do, resembles, put this away. What time is it?, frown, mad, tired, lazy, dumb, papillottes, ker­ chief, overalls, five and ten, harmonica, paper bag, feed sack, dreamed, woke up, boiled, stuffed, bring, I might be able, y 'all, for eight o'clock, it rained, goose bumps, croup, rheumatism.

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malaria, voo-doo, gris-gris, trawl, a lot of.

2. Responses with highest percentages among the old

(Age Group II):

tornado, evening, Sunday after next, Sunday before last, armoire, chenît, braise, frying pan, canopy, quilt, spread, mosquito bar, wash rag, /ko'l:iy , chevalet, brancard, singletree, doubletree, bellyband, pasture, crampe, bagasse, cane knife, get up, gee, moo, canni-canni, don­ key, grasshopper, rimp/, batture, crevasse, flottant, marsh, latanier, poison ivy, china­ ball, cheniere, blackjack, banquette, depot, Cadien, Sabine, parents, mom, pop, n 'oncle, tante, nannan, batard, midwife, to stand in a wedding, saoul, veiller, rôdeuse, bouillie, hog head cheese, pain de mais, pancakes, beignets, fricassé, gumbo file, okra gumbo, bouillon, jambalaya, shucks, snap beans, im plat, pêche à jus, noyau, concombre-sent-bon, shallots, /pa'kar^, breakf ast-dinner-supper, snack, see­ saw, switch, climb, nigger shooter, save this, mad, lazy, funny, chiche, papillottes, kerchief, harmonica, paper bag, boil, stuff, take, I might be able, y 'all, at eight o'clock, croup, rheumatism, malaria, hoo-doo, gris-gris, trawl, palanque, plenty of.

In spite of the fact that Age Group II now includes

Education Groups II and III and that this fact will pre­

clude the elimination of a number of items which were

present in Education Group I , it can be seen that the age

of the informant is signaficant, for in a comparison of

the two age groupings, it can still be seen that the older

informants use many more dialectal variants, including vo­

cabulary as well as morphological and syntactical units.

Note that the same six French words are retained by Group I

The subgrouping for age is not so significant as is the

subgrouping for education, but it does serve to strengthen

the theory propounded in the comments following the educa-

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tional groupings that the language in the area is losing

many of its dialectal words and is ever approaching the

standard idiom.

Sex as an Influencing Factor. The following groupings are

determined from percentages based on the frequency of re­

sponse in relation to the sex of the informant.

1. Responses with highest percentages among male in­

formants : a

squall, clearing up, drought, sunrise, Sunday after next, Sunday before last, frying pan, quilt, spread, dish rag, armful, chevalet, cabine, bagasse, cane knife, get up, gee, moo, canni-canni, donkey, grasshopper, cheval ca­ rosse , red bug, mosquito hawk, poule d 'eau, nigger pole, /Srxmp/, batture, crevasse, flot­ tant, marsh, poison ivy, chinaball, blackjack, shoulder, pave, depot, nigger lover, Sabine, Negro, parents, mom, nannan, bastard, midwife, ghosts, to stand in a wedding, veiller, to pass, clabber, hog head cheese, cornbread, pancakes, beignets, fricass^, gumbo file, bouillon, jam­ balaya, corn on the cob, shucks, ^ plat, noyau, shallots, gourd, breakfast-dinner-supper, snack, leftovers, see-saw, climbed, nigger shooter, threw. What time is it?, grimace, mad, lazy, papillottes, kerchief, overalls, five and ten, harmonica, paper bag, sack, boil, stuff, bring, I might be able, y 'all, at eight o'clock, croup, rheumatism, malaria, gris-gris, trawl, palanque, plenty of.

2. Responses with highest percentages among female in­

formants :

hurricane, tornado, evening, Sunday after next, pantry, armoire, chifferobe, dresser, chenît, lunch box, quilt, spread, mosquito bar, / ko'lax/, a load, brancard, bagasse, cane knife, gee, moo, sic'um, donkey, grasshopper, red bug, wasp, mosquito hawk, poule doo, /^rzmp/, crevasse, flottant, marsh, latanier, poison ivy, chinaball, cheniere, blackjack, bayou side, side­ walk, depot, Cadien, Sabine, parents, n 'oncle,

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tante/ nannan, bastard, midwife, boogerman, ghosts, to stand in a wedding, saoul, veiller, rôdeuse, bouillie, hog head cheese, cornbread, pancakes, beignets, stew, okra gumbo, corn on the cob, shucks, snap beans, noyau, seed, concombre-sent-bon, grenade,/ps'kon/, breakfast- dinner-supper, snack, see-saw, switch, climb, looks like, save this. What time is it?, lazy, funny, chiche, papillottes, kerchief, five and ten, harmonica, paper bag, woke up, boil, stuff, take, I might be able, y 'all, it rained, croup, ; rheumatism, malaria, hoo-doo, gris-gris, trawl, plenty of.

The female informants (Group II) show more conserv­

atism than do. the male informants (Group I). This is as

was expected since Group I (male informants) have more op­

portunity to mix in society, because they must leave the

home to earn a living. The retained French words in Sex

Group I deal, for the most part, with concepts that are

not well represented by words in the English of the area:

cheval carosse, papillottes, poule d'eau, palanque. This

is also true of Sex Group II, but in addition, there is a

modicum of retention which deals with words for objects of

a former age: chenît, armoire, n'oncle, tante, concombre

sent bon. These words were probably learned by the women

in their childhood, and because of the position of woman,

at least in former times, that of mother and homebody, she

was denied the experiences that would have taught her new

terms for these old concepts. Concerning the retention of

such words an n 'oncle and tante, there is a greater tendency

on the part of Group II to retain these former familial

terms. (One informant told me that the French terms "some-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 55

how mean more.") Note also that Group I has fewer morpho­

logical and syntactical variations than does Group II.

Compare "climbed" (Group I) with "climb" (Group II). Note

also "save this" in Group II and its absence in Group I.

Occupation as an Influencing Factor. As was mentioned above,

the social experiences of a person will have some effect

on his vocabulary. One manner of testing the extent of re­

tention or change which occurs because of social exposure

is by a frequency breakdown in which responses are tabu­

lated according to the informants' occupations. There are

three groupings represented: Group I) occupation in the

home; Group II) occupation out of the home; and Group III)

occupation as a full-time student.

1. Responses with highest percentages among informants

of Group I :

hurricane, tornado, evening, Sunday after next, a few streets, pantry, weatherboards, armoire, chifferobe, garde manger, chenît, lunch box, bucket, guilt, spread, mosquito bar, /ko'l^V/ a load, brancard, bellyband, pasture, bob-wire fence, crampe, cabine, chicken house, sugar house, bagasse, cane knife, stone, meule, herse, get up, gee, moo, canni-canni, grasshopper, cheval carosse, poule doo, crapaud, /5wxmp/, crevasse, flottant, latanier, poison ivy, china­ ball, cheniere, blackjack, banquette, station, Cadien, Sabine, Negro, parents^ me-mère, n*oncle, tante, nannan, batard, midwife, to stand in a wedding, saoul, veiller, rôdeuse, bouillie, hog head cheese, pain de mais, pancakes, beignets, stew, okra gumbo, bouillon, shucks, 'ti poisT snap beans, a dish, pêche à jus, noyau, concombre-sent-bon, shallots, calbasse, grenade, /pakan/, plarine, breakfast-dinner-supper, switch, climb, nigger shooter, shouldn't do, save this. What time it is?, maudit, lazy, funny, chiche,

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 56

papillottes, kerchief, harmonica, woke up, boil, stuff, take, y 'all, at eight o'clock, I caught the rain, croup, rheumatism, malaria, hoo-doo, gris-gris, fifolet, palanque, plenty of.

2. Responses with highest percentages among informants

of Group II ;

tornado, clearing up, sunrise, afternoon, Sunday after next, Sunday before last, storeroom, stucco, armoire, cedar robe, dresser, safe, chenît, braise, four, frying pan, guilt, spread, mosquito bar, wash rag, dish rag, /ko'l o ^ , buche, armful, chevalet, brancard, singletree, doubletree, bellybandT^/EâTsi^, bagasse, cane knife, grind­ stone, get up, gee, haw, whoap-whoap, cha-cha, canni-canni, sic'im, donkey, grasshopper, cheval carosse, red bug, cigale, /Jnmp/, batture, crevasse, flottant, marsh, latanier, poison ivy, chinaball, chenière, blackjack, shoulder, pave, banquette, de^ot, Cadien, Sabine, mom, pop, me-mere, pe-pere, n'oncle, tante, nannan, batard, midwife, ghosts, to stand in a wedding, veiller, rôdeuse, to pass, bouillie, clabber, hog head cheese, pain de mais, pain maïs aux gratons, pan­ cakes, beignets, fricassé, gumbo file, bouillon, jambalaya, shucks, snap beans, iim plat, quitte, noyau, noyau, concombre-sent-bon, shallots, gourd, breakfast-dinner-supper, snack, leftovers, see­ saw, climbed, nigger shooter, threw, better not, drag. What time is it?, mad, lazy, tight, papillottes, kerchief, overalls, harmonica, paper bag, sack, dreamed, clean up, boil, stuff, I might be able, y 'all, at eight o'clock, cold- cold-cold, goose pimples, croup, malaria, hoo­ doo, gris-gris, trawl, palanque, plenty of, jar.

3. Responses with highest percentages among informants

of Group III:

(This listing is precisely the same as Education Group IV.)

Here, again, the responses of the informants prove

that there is a greater conservatism among those who have

less social experience. Note in Group I (in the home),

the pronunciation /JwrmpJ^, the syntactical variant "what

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time it is?," and the uninflected "climb." Note also the

kitchen terms such as garde manger and the retention of

dialectal names of food and a concern with cultural entities

related to bygone days. Group II (out of the home) also

shows a great deal of retention of dialectal terms, but

note the number concerned with the farm and farm animals.

Compare "what time is it?" and "climbed" with Group I's

responses for these items. In both Groups I and II note

the familial terms. Group III retains none of these items

and is characterized by a more standard idiom. Note in

Group III the familial terms: "mama," "daddy," "aunt,"

"uncle," "nanny"; note "boiled" and "stuffed." The words

"dawn," "kerosene," "stallion," "tenant," "sling shot" be­

speak a sophistication lacking in the other groups.

Other Indications. In the examinations of frequencies thus

far, with percentage breakdowns for education, age, sex,

and occupation, we have dealt with groups which are not

representative of those between the ages of 20 and 55. It

seems reasonable to suggest, however, the possibility of

deriving a representative vocabulary for this group by

culling the items which appear with over 50% frequency in

all the subgroupings. Such a list would include the fol­

lowing responses :

quarter to,.seven-thirty, over there, living room, attic, porch, gutters, closet, sofa, shade, bucket, pillow case, dish towel, yard, whoa, dos gris, gros bec, grenouille, bigar-

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 58

neauy tour-lou-lou, pirogue, Pis-en-lit, bayou, levee, trennance, brulee, roseaux, jonc coupon, paille fine, graine â volet, blacktop. Dago, nigger, parrain, traiteur-euse, charivari, boucherie, gratons, doughnuts, pain perdu, cafe au lait, cream cheese, boudin, bisque, court- bouillon, ^auce piquante, butter beans, merliton, casbanane, file, wishbone, with, braguette, lagniappe, carry, saw, could have (help) , rinse, grinds, condense, bring, stoop, for, me, bobos, gris-gris, roup-garou, lutins.

Note that almost every one of these words is dialec­

tal and that these dialectal words, when English, fall into

the more standard responses of those items discovered by

Kurath as variants in the Northern, Midland, and Southern

speech areas. There are a great many retentions from the

local patois, but they begin to fall into definite patterns :

1) the names of local flora and fauna: dos gris, gros bec,

grenouille, bigarneau, tour-lou-lou, pis-en-lit, roseaux,

jonc coupant, paille fine, graine a volet ; 2) local geographi­

cal terms: traînasse, brulee; 3) local foods: gratons,

pain perdu, cafe au lait, boudin, courtbouillon, sauce

piquante, casbanane, file^; 4) social customs of the area:

boucherie, charivari, lagniappe; 5) arcane terms: gris-gris,

roup-garou, lutins. When a word appears in a composite

grouping such as this, it is safe to say that such a word

is needed by the people for communicative purposes. In

all cases, the words above represent the common term for

the concept named. In many cases, it is the only word known

in the area. This list of items represents the words which

stand a great chance of continuing as part of the dialect

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 59

for years to come. Even after the period of transition is

over and English is spoken throughout the area, these will

probably hang on as relic dialectisms.

What of the words which are not being retained? It

is possible to plot the items which are fast becoming archaic

by determining which questionnaire items received the great­

est frequencies in the "no response" category for Age Group

I, for although words may be remembered from childhood ex­

perience by Age Group II (the informants over 55 years of

age), unless the cultural and communicative needs are

manifest today, Age Group I would have little need for the

word. A list of high frequency "no response" items for

Age Group I would include the following lexical concepts :

stucco, shotgun house, armoire, safe, hearth, andirons, bank of ashes, washing pot, wooden bucket, bedstick, fire log, shafts, single­ tree, doubletree, barnyard, grindstone, harrow, gee, haw, whinny, whoap-whoap, cha-cha, steady (to cows), canni-canni, plongeon, crevasse, flot­ tant , canebrake, ^ prèle, coteau, fais-do-do, crackling bread, clingstone peach, concombre- sent-bon , gourd, maypop.

Most of the items listed here are no longer part of the

cultural scene. The fireplace with its hearth, firelog,

andirons, and ashes banked for the night has been replaced

by gas appliances even in the most backward areas. Farm

terms and the calls to farm animals have gone the way of

the fireplace, for the day has long passed when a man had

to plow his fields with horsedrawn plows and keep farm

animals to insure a supply of meat for his family. Today

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in this area the term "farmer" usually means one who is

involved in the raising of sugar cane for commercial use.

Concombre-sent-bon and "maypop" are names for wild fruit

that grow in the area, but no one is interested in them

anymore; and gourds, once used as drinking dippers, are

found only in specialty shops as decorative items. Here

is proof that as the cultural scene changes and as a know­

ledge of English increases, the younger generation is

abandoning words of French origin.

The Use of Dialectal Terms of French Origin. To the people

of this area there is nothing strange in the use of French

words in otherwise English sentences. Because of the tran­

sitional state of the language, it is not at all odd to hear

such sentences as: "Mr. LeBlanc and his family had a bou­

cherie yesterday." Although the word "butchering" is known,

it is never used, and with good reason. The French word

has sociological overtones not carried by the English word.

There are a number of reasons, such as the one just given,

why words which might be discarded are not:

1. When no English word is known for a concept, the

French word automatically fills in.

We caught fifteen sac-a-lait. He killed five poule d'eau and a gros bec.

2. When the English word is known, but the French

word is more common.

She put her clothes in the armoire.

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3. When there is a feeling that the French word "just

says it better." That is, the French word often

carries shades of meaning not conveyed by its

English counterpart.

I'm going to come to your house for a veiller, tonight. I'm feeling kind of cagou today.

4. As an expletive.

Eh ha! I'm all pooped out. Maudit 1

5. Whenever circumlocution is felt necessary, as

with taboo subjects.

Maudit! I said stop it. There used to be a cabine in the back yard.

This last reason is responsible for the retention of at

least one word in the local vocabulary— braguette (fly) for

the opening on a pair of man's pants. This is just not

something one talks about, and as a consequence the standard

English term "fly" is all but unknown in the parish.

Isoglossic Material. In light of the established dialect

variants, it remains to be seen whether there is any pattern­

ing in evidence which would set off different speech areas

of the parish. In examining the symbolic maps described

in Chapter I, I ascertained that responses to certain

questions indicated a definite linguistic division of the

area. The responses to these questions were plotted on

diagramatic maps of the parish by using different symbols

to represent the various responses. After the plotting

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of these items, it became apparent that the supposed isoglos­

ses were not really isoglosses, at least not in the true

sense of the word. The isoglossic lines were always to be

drawn somewhere south of Larose. Since this area has always

been isolated from other speech areas, this isogloss pattern,

at first, seemed very strange. Yet there was something there,

and the maps have proved very useful in establishing certain

information necessary to this study, which none of the per­

centage breakdowns indicated. These isoglossic lines set

off the areas of intense use of dialectal words of French

origin. It is possible with the use of the maps to ascer­

tain that the northern section of the parish is much more

advanced in the use of English terminology and that the

area south of Larose is very conservative and tends to use

many more French terms. Th^s is probably because south of

Raceland the parish is isolated, and any trip to or from

the area requires that the residents use Louisiana Highway 1

to Raceland, then to other points. The residents of the

northern part of the parish are on the Old Spanish Trail,

and people going east or west along the southern route must

pass through the area. This, of course, brings the resi­

dents of the north into contact with much more English

than the residents of the southern part of the parish are

exposed to.

Note that the isoglossic lines form a bundle some­

where between Lockport and Larose and indicate one of three

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things: 1) morphological variance, 2) high-low intensity

of lexical items of French origin, or 3) familiarity or

lack of familiarity with a concept. (See maps following.)

Summation. The most significant conclusions to be derived

from this word atlas of Lafourche Parish and Grand Isle

are :

1. The history of Lafourche Parish and Grand Isle and

the linguistic heritage of its people have a definite bear­

ing on the vocabulary, idioms, and structural units of its

language.

2. The French language has been one of the greatest

influencing factors in the speech traits of the inhabitants

and continues to affect the speech of the area.

3. The language of the area is now in a transitional

state.

4. The language of the area, though it contains dia­

lectal variants which also appear in the Northern, the Mid­

land, and the Southern speech areas, contains special

features which set it off.

5. There are within the speech of Lafourche a number

of inflectional morphemes which some speakers do not use,

and these form a regular part of the dialect.

6. There are within the speech a number of local

terms from the patois which will probably remain a standard

part of the dialect, for they deal with items that are

particular to this area.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 64

7. There is a degree of homogeneity in the language

traits of the inhabitants in spite of age, occupation, sex,

and education; however, these factors have a definite in­

fluence on the responses of informants.

8. There is, at present, a difference in the rate of

the assimilation of the English language between the

northern and southern areas of the parish, and this dif­

ference manifests itself in isoglossic delineation.

9. The true value of this study may be judged only

after there have been similar studies for other parishes

of south Louisiana.

Postword

The greatest influence on the vocabulary of the

people of Lafourche and Grand Isle has been education.

This was immediately evident in the frequency breakdown

for education, and no other subgroup produced such out­

standing results. If this continues to hold true, then

the Cajun as we know him cannot long remain a Cajun. For

formal education has been strengthened in the area, speed­

ing up the process of complete and undiversified Americani­

zation. I, for one, do not look forward to the day when

Lafourche and all of south Louisiana is merely like the

rest of America. How refreshing it is to retain colorful

difference. But make no mistake; the day is coming. The

proof can be seen in our classrooms daily. And as it

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comes, it is my wish that if the Cajun must lose his lan­

guage he may at least keep the joie de vivre that so charac­

terizes him yet.

Let the linguists and the folklorists hurry to claim

what still they may. The Acadians of south Louisiana were

among the first Americans, and it is important that they

leave to their heirs and to their fellow-Americans and to

history the abiding knowledge that once there was a people

in south Louisiana who spoke a dialect that was, like them­

selves, full of the joy of living.

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«I • ■CVaiUiT IT. «MM TMI IA*TUT

Hmm!

tcmuciommc i a n iih n CKAItCK Jtrm iON PARIIM / lAWIH

m s

LEGEND ROADS ...... TOWNS .... .E 23 VILLAGES. . . . . # PARISH SEAT . .jam WARD LINES . STREAMS. . . . RAILROADS . . MARSH......

LAFOURCHE PARISH COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS LOUISIANA STATE UNIV S A S M COLLEGE AND U.S.A.D. COOPERATING EXTENSION AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER

• CAUt iM MILE#

eiiic^nri

j m U S a lU IB HACAVATM

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t^fjÉETNA

':^WCA:R:D3v: WARD. ORLEANS PARSH WARD/

^-W-.A3mD.:

LEGEND ROADS TOWNS VILLAGES . PARISH SEAT WARD LINES. STREAMS RAILROADS LEVEES

LAPQURCME PARISH

PLAQUEMINES \ P A R IS H

JEFFERSON PARISH COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS LO U IS IA N A S T A TE UNIV. a A. A M. CQLLEGE AND U.SAD. COOPERATING EXTENSION AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER SCALE OF MILES I 0 I S S 4

PIKE BURDEN IF . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ■DCD OQ. C Q.g

"O CD

WC/) 3o '

3 CD ■D8 r

(O'

FIGURE 1

3. 3" CD

■DCD O THE INî’ORMANTS CQ. The numbers correspond to Oa 3 the body of numbers in ■D Appendix II. O 17 Q.CD

■D CD

(/)

§ H

CO CM C r—I

H

CM.

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■D CD

WC/) o3 ' 0 3 CD ■D8 (O'3" 1 3 CD FIGURE 3 c"n 3. 3" CD

CD ■D O 30. MORE MOÜJÏRN PIECE OF FURNITURE TO CQ. HANG CLOTHES IN Oa 3 no response ■D O chifferobe

CD Q. cedar robe

wardrobe ■D CD cedar closet (/) (/) cedar locker

o ■DCD Q.O C 3Q.

■D CD

C/)(/)

8 ci-

FIGURE U

3- 3" CD

CD ■ D O AMOUNT OF WOOD YOU CAN CARRY AT ONE Q. TÏÏ'iE IN BOTH ARMS C g. 3o no response ■o o a load

Q.CD armload

armful cO ■o CD a stack

C/) corde 3o ' rij S 72 Eh g H

•H •H

M

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•ri

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CD d H to CO C O CD o o S p4 T3 "C3 CO M CD ID CD Fl H -P H o d o d co O O o o C 0- O Ph # 0 O

pq Q

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•p

c o

00 (M

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H

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o § & n M .g k i A W o g g rO g. S § c â I H I =«= 0 o X- ^ c/-

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■D CD

C/) 3o" 0 3 CD 8

ci'3" 1 3 CD FIGURE H

3. 3" CD

■DCD O 201. BREAD MADE OF CORWl-lEAL Æl D CRACKLINGS Q. C a O 4%: no response 3 ■D O Q pain inaxs a m gratons O cornbrea'd with cracklings CD Q. ^ graton bread

■D ^ cake de maie aux gratons CD

C/) C/)

00 79

û) I c., 92 Q) CD S to c 0 o •H •H •H g R U u o n è c A A ft ÎH o 0 'A- g: w

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■D CD

C/) C/)

CD ■D8

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FIGURE lU

3"3. CD

■DCD O BOY'S WEAPON M D E OF RUBBER STRIPS Q. C ON A FORKED STICK a 3O # no response "O O O nigger shooter

CD Q. O sling shot

nigger shoot ■D CD sling shooter

(/)

CO H* 82

•H

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vO OS CM

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

Atwood, E. Bagby. The Regional Vocabulary of Texas. Austin, 1962.

Auge, Claude and Paul Auge, eds. Nouveau Petit Larousse Dictionnaire, Encyclopédique. Paris, 1949.

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. New York, 1933.

Davis, Edwin A. Louisiana, A Narrative History. Baton Rouge, 1961.

De Vere, M. Schle. Americanisms, New York, 1872.

Fortier, Alcee. History of Louisiana. 3 vols. New York, 1904.

Francis, W. Nelson. The Structure of American English. New York, 1958.

Kenyon, John S. and Thomas Knott. A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, 1953.

Kurath, Hans. A Word Geography of the Eastern United States. Ann Arbor, 1949.

Handbook of the Linguistic Geography of New England. Providence, 1939.

. Linguistic Atlas of New England. Providence, 1939,

McDavid, Raven I. and Virginia McDavid. A Compilation of the Work Sheets of The Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada and Associated Projects. Ann Arbor, 1951.

______. "American English Dialects," in The Structure of American English, by W. Nelson Francis. New York, 1958.

McWilliams, Richebourg Gaillard. Fleur de Lys and Calumet. Baton Rouge, 1953.

83

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 84

Orton, Harold. Survey of English Dialects (A); Introduc­ tion. Leeds, 1962.

_, and Wilfred J. Halliday. Survey of English Dia­ lects (B): The Basic Material. 1 vol. in 3 bks." Leeds, 1962.

Passy, Paul, George Hempl, Earle S. Randall, eds. New International French-English and English-French Dictionary. Chicago, 1948.

Read, William A. Louisiana-French. Baton Rouge, 19 31.

Wise, Claude Merton. Applied Phonetics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1957.

PERIODICALS AND PAMPHLETS

Atwood, E. Bagby and Mima Babington. "Lexical Usage in Southern Louisiana," PADS, XXXVI (November, 1961), 1-24,

"Birds of Louisiana," Bulletin of the Department of Con­ servation, XX (August, 1931), passim.

Fortier, Alcee, "The Acadians of Louisiana and Their Dialect," Louisiana Studies (1894), p. 187 ff.

Lafourche Comet, Thibodaux, Louisiana (September 23, 1948), p. 1.

______. (August 9, 1956), p. 1.

McDermott, John Francis. "A Glossary of Mississippi Valley French 1673-1850," Washington University Studies, New Series Language and Literature, No. 12 (1941).

Mobley, James William. "The Academy Movement in Louisiana," The Louisiana Historical Quarterly, XXX (July, 1947), 27 ff. "

Read, William A. "Some Louisiana-French Words," Zeitschrift fur franzosische Sprache und Literatur, LXI, No. 1-2 (1937).

Tidwell, James N. "A Word List from West Texas," PADS, XI April, 1949), 3-15.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 85

UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

Cangemi, Jo Ann. "Walter S. Lafargue, Superintendent, Lafourche Parish." Louisiana State University thesis/ 1963.

George, Albert Donald. "Some Louisiana Isoglosses." Louisiana State University thesis, 1951.

Le Compte, Nolan Philip. "A Word Atlas of Terrebonne Parish." Louisiana State University thesis, 1962.

Major, Hoguet A. and John J. Guilbeau. materials for "A Dictionary of ." Louisiana State University Department of Foreign Languages.

Parr, Una M. "A Glossary of the Variants from Standard French in Terrebonne Parish." Louisiana State Uni­ versity thesis, 1940.

Tarpley, Fred A. "A Word Atlas of Northeast Texas." Louisiana State University diss., 1960.

Wise, Claude Merton and Claude L. Shaver. Field Records for "The Dialect Atlas of Louisiana," based on The Southern Atlas Workbook for the Dialect Atlas of the United "States and Canada, Hans Kurath, director, Louisiana State University Department of Speech, 1935-1966.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A P P E N D IX I

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 87

The materials found in this appendix represent the

body of lexical information derived from the worksheets.

Each item of the questionnaire is presented, and all of the

various responses are listed. For each variant response,

there is a frequency breakdown to include:

OV.— overall response, representing the frequency of

this response as compared to the whole.

Education I— no formal education, representing the responses of 3 informants. (8, 11, 20).

Education II— grades 1 through 7, representing the responses of 7 informants. (2, 4, 5, 6, 13, 15, 16) .

Education III— grades 8 through 12, representing the responses of 5 informants. (1, 7, 10, 12, 19).

Education IV— college freshmen or sophomores, rep­ resenting 6 informants. (3, 9, 14, 17, 18, 21).

Age I— informants 20 and younger, representing 6 in­ formants. (3, 9, 14, 17, 18, 21).

Age II— informants 55 and over, representing 15 in­ formants. (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20).

Occupation I— occupation in the home, representing 7 informants. (2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 15, 20).

Occupation II— occupation outside the home, repre­ senting 8 informants. (1, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 19).

Occupation III— student, representing 6 informants. (3, 9, 14, 17, 18, 21).

Sex I— male, representing 10 informants. (3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19).

Sex II— female, representing 11 informants. (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 17, 20, 21) .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 88

The Frequency Breakdown ;

The following tables list the frequency breakdown

for each group and show the percentages, followed by the

representative number of informants.

OV.— 4.8 (1 informant); 9.5 (2); 14.3 (3); 19.0 (4) ;

23.8 (5); 28.6 (6); 33.3 (7); 38.1 (8); 42.9 (9) ;

47.6 (10); 52.4 (11); 57.1 (12); 61.9 (13);

66.7 (14); 71.4 (15); 76.2 (16); 81.0 (17);

85.7 (18); 90.5 (19); 95.2 (20); 100.0 (21).

Education 1 — 33.3 (1); 66.7 (2); 100.0 (3).

Education II— 14.3 (1); 28.6 (2); 42.9 (3); 57.1 (4);

71.4 (5); 85.7 (6); 100.0 (7).

Education III— 20.0 (1); 40.0 (2); 60.0 (3); 80.0 (4) ;

100.0 (5).

Education IV— 16.7 (1); 33.3 (2); 50.0 (3); 66.7 (4);

83.3 (5); 100.0 (6).

Age 1— 16.7 (1); 33.3 (2); 50.0 (3); 66.7 (4); 83.3 (5) ;

100.0 (6).

Age II— 6.7 (1); 13.3 (2); 20.0 (3); 26.7 (4); 33.3

(5); 40.0 (6); 46.7 (7); 53.3 (8); 60.0 (9) ;

66.6 (10); 73.3 (11); 80.0 (12); 86.7 (13); 93.3

(14); 100.0 (15).

Occupation I— 14.3 (1); 28.6 (2); 42.9 (3); 57.1 (4);

71.4 (5); 85.7 (6); 100.0 (7).

Occupation II— 12.5 (1); 25.0 (2); 37.5 (3); 50.0 (4);

62.5 (5); 75.0 (6); 87.5 (7); 100.0 (8).

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 89

Occupation III— 16.7 (1); 33.3 (2); 50.0 (3); 66.7

(4) ; 83.3 (5); 100.0 (6).

Sex I — 10.0 (1); 20.0 (2); 30.0 (3); 40.0 (4); 50.0

(5); 60.0 (6); 70.0 (7); 80.0 (8); 90.0 (9);

100.0 (10).

Sex II — 9.1 (1); 18.2 (2); 27.3 (3); 36.4 (4); 45.5

(5); 54.5 (6); 63.6 (7); 72.7 (8); 81.8 (9);

90.9 (10); 100.0 (11).

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■ D O Q. C 8 Q.

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Ww- lo STQRM WITH RAIN AND THITJDER AND UGHTNING 3o' 0 OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION RF.Y I 11 5 ill IV I II I II III M F CD no response oO ------■ ■D8 thunderstorm 38 cl - L2.9 Lo.o 50.0 50.0 33.3 L2.9 25.0 50.0 30,0 (O' L5.5 3" ouragan 19,0 - 20,0 1 IL.3 33,3 33.3 13.3 - 25,0 33,3 30.0 9.1 3 CD a storm 1L,3 33.3 IL.3 20,0 - - 20.0 1L,3 25,0 - 20,0 9,1

a bad weather 9,$ - 28,6 - - - 13,3 28,6 - -- 18,2

CD a shower - - "O 9.2 20,0 16.7 16,7 6.7 IL.3 - 16,7 — 18,2 O Q. lightning storm C L ,8 33,3 - - - - 6,7 - 12,5 - 10,0 Oa 3 tonnerre orage Lo8 33,3 ---— ■D 6,7 12.5 10,0 O

§ O u ra g a n (hurricane) is much in evidence in both French and English. Read points out that this

^ Standard French word is derived from the Carib hurakan (Eouisiana-French, p. ILL). By extension, C ■g ouragan has come to mean any particularly violent storm. Tonnerre orage is Standard French for

thunderstorm.

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C/) C /i § 2, VERY HEAVY RAIN THAT COMES SUDDENLY HJT DOESN'T LAST LONG 2, OV. EDUCATION AGE I II Ill IV I II I II III M F 8 no response - — ------(O'3" a shower 33.3 33.3 L2.9 20.0 33.3 33.3 33.3 28.6 37.5 33.3 30.0 36.I4 i3 CD downpour 9.5 - lU.3 - 16.7 16.7 16.7 - 12.5 16.7 10.0 9.1

"nc deluge ■ 9.5 - Ü1.3 - 16.7 - - 3. 16.7 6.7 1)^.3 16,7 18.2 3" CD summer shower ’ 9.5 33.3 llu3 -- - 13.3 lii.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 ■DCD O a storm a .8 - lit.3 - - - 6.7 iit.3 - - - 9.1 CQ. a o squall U.8 -- 20,0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - 3 ■D O a pourdown U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 IU.3 - - 9*1

CD orage a .8 - - Q. - 20.0 - 6.7 lit.3 - - 9.1

grand a pic h.Q 33.3 -- - - 6,7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

■D a rain - - - - CD . L .8 16.7 16.7 -- 16.7 10,0 -

C/)(/) 'tit pluie ho8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 -

tourasse ho6 - — 20.0 —— 6.7 - 12.5 10.0

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C/) C/) Grand\ pic is from the Standard French \ pic, meaning "steep or vertical," probably in reference

to the rainfall. The Standard French pluie is pronounced ^ i 7 in Lafourche Parish. Bourasse 8 ■D is from the Standard French bourrasque, "a strong wind."

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3. 3" CD

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C/) C/)

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C/)W 3o" 3o A TROPICAL STORM WITH VERY HIGH WINDS O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M F ■D8 no response' — - hm ------(O'3" hurricane 57 el 33.3 28.6 80.0 83.3 83.3 1x6.7 57.1 37.5 83.3 1+0 oO 72,7 i 3 CD ouragan 33 o3 33 o3 57.1 20,0 16.7 16.7 hO.O 1+2.9 37.5 16.7 1+0.0 27.3

storm - - - - - 3. 33.3 6.7 12.5 — 10.0 - 3" CD tropical storm U.8 — lii.3 — —_ 6.7 _ 12.5 10.0 "OCD O Q. g. For ouragan^ see comment for #1* O

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WC/) o" 3 Uo SUMMER STORMS WITH WIND AND RAIN O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II •III IV I II III Ill MF no response Ü1.3 • — lit.3 20.0 16.7 16.7 13.3 lit .3 12.5 16.7 20.0 9,1 ci'3" ouragan 23.8 - 57.1 20.0 - - 33.3 28.6 37.5 - 30.0 18,2 i 3 CD storm 19.0 33.3 - 20.0 33.3 33.3 13.3 lit.3 12.5 33.3 30,0 9.1

3. summer shower 9.5 33.3 lit.3 - - - 13.3 IU.3 12.5 - 10,0 3" 9.1 CD a shower it.8 - - - - CD lit.3 6.7 lit.3 - - - ■D 9,1 O Q. a rain it.B - - 20.0 - - C 6.7 - 12.5 -- 9,1 a O lent weather it.8 - 3 - 20.0 - - 6.7 lit.3 - - - 9.1 ■D O ouragan pluie lt.8 33.3 -- - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10,0 -

CD Q. squall lt.8 - -- 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 — 9.1

deluge it.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 - 9.1 ■D CD thunder shower it.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 - 9.1 3 WC/) o " For ouragan and ouragan pluie , see comment for #1 and 2 . CD ■a o Q. c g Q.

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o ' 3 5. THE WEATHER WHICH PRECEDES A HURRICANE O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX III •III IV I III II Ill MF "O8 '< no response Ü1.3 33.3 - - 33.3 33.3 6.7 - 12.5 33.3 30.0 - (O' squall 28,6 o 33.3 33.3 40.0 33.3 33.3 33.3 - 62.5 33.3 50.0 18.2 3 CD / v a l ^ 9.$ 33.3 lb.3 - - - 13.3 14.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1

3. a had weather 9.5 - lk.3 20.0 - - 13.3 14.3 12.5 • ■ - - 18.2 3" CD hurricane 9.5 - - 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 14.3 - 16.7 - 18.2 ■DCD O Q. temps ouragan ^ U.8 - -- C IU.3 - 6.7 14.3 - - - 9.1 a O sloppy weather U.8 - - -- 3 lh.3 6.7 14.3 - - - 9.1 "O o a storm lt.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 14.3 - - - 9.1

CD Q. front it.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10,0 -

a disturb li.8 - IU.3 - — -- 14.3 — 9.1 ■D CD For ouragan, see comment for #1. The response /val^ is apparently dialectal; no etymology (/) could be foundo

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(/) o ' 3 6o A STORM VJITH CIRCüLARLr BLOWING WINDS O OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II •III IV I II I II III M F ■D8 no response ’ — — — — ------(O'3" tornado 57.1 66.7 U2.9 60.0 66.7 66.7 52.3 57.1 50,0 66.7 ko.o 72.7 i 3 CD twister 19.0 33.3 lk.3 ko.o - - 26.7 lk.3 37.5 - 30.0 9.1 cyclone - 3. lit.3 28.6 - 16.7 16,7 13.3 lk.3 12.5 16.7 20.0 9.1 3" CD tourbillon li.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - -- 16.7 10.0 - ■DCD O Q. a twist iio8 - lk.3 - -— 6.7 lk.3 — _ C 9.1 Oa The Standard French tourbillon /turbiji^ was pronounced /todi^j^. O

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WC/) 3o" 7. AFTER VERY HARD BLOWING, THE WIND BEGINS TO 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no response — ------ci'3" calm down 28,6 - U2«9 UOoO 16.7 16.7 33.3 U2.9 25.0 16.7 20.0 36«k i 3 CD die down 19.0 - - ko.o 33.3 33.3 13.3 - 25.0 33.3 20.0 18,2 calmer '■ - - -- 3. 9.^ 33.3 IU.3 13.3 lk.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 3" CD diminish 9.$ - lli.3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 ■ 10.0 9.1 "OCD O - - Q. stop 9.5 IU.3 16.7 16.7 6.7 lk.3 - 16.7 10.0 9.1 C a O go down L .8 -- - - - 3 33.3 6.7 12,5 - 10.0 - "O O disappear U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 lk.3 - -- 9.1

CD -- Q. cease U.B - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 -

subside li.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

"O be over Uo8 — -—— •• CD 11; .3 6.7 lk.3 9.1 3 C/) o' Calmer is standard French for "to calm."

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I 80 CLEARING UP AFTER A PERIOD OF BUD WEATHER 3 O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I III II III M F 8 no response — "" — - - - - — — - - ■D (O'3" clearing up 37.1 33.3 28.6 60.0 100.0 100.0 hOoO 28.6 30,0 100.0 70.0 k3.3

3i calm (down) 9.3 33.3 lkc3 - - -■ 13.3 IU.3 12.3 10.0 9.1 CD beau temps 9.3 - lk.3 20.0 - - 13.3 lk.3 12.3 - 18.2 3. 3" clearing CD 9.3 33.3 Ü 1.3 - — - 13.3 - 23.0 20.0 -

CD ■D slàcking off li.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 — — - O lk.3 9.1 CQ. weather is over - a U.8 1U .3 * -- 6.7 lk.3 — — - 9.1 3O ■D making clair U.8 - 1U .3 - — 6.7 lk.3 — —- O 9.1

CD Q. Although beau temps (:nice or fair weather) would probably be understood by most people of the

g" parish, few would use it in speaking English. Unlike many of the other words listed, beau temps has

m not become a part of the natural English idiom of the area. Making clair is an example of retention or

w transferralj this is a common practice in the patois.

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C/) C/) 9. LONG PERIOD OF DRY WEATHER

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX ■D I II -III IV I II I II III M F '< no rosponss —

o drought (th) 52.L 33-3 42.9 UO.O 83.3 83.3 UO.O 42.9 37-5 83.3 60.0 45»5

? dry spell 28.6 33.3 28.6 40.0 16.7 16.7 33.3 28.6 37.2 16.7 20.0 36.4 -n i. secheresse 19.0 33.3 28.6 20.0 - - 26.7 28.6 22.0 • - 20.0 18,2

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■DCD O Secheresse is standard French for "drought" or "state of dryness." Q. C a 3O "O O

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C/) C/)

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o" 3 10. TIME WHEN THE SUN COMES UP O 1 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F ■D no response — — — — — ------(O'3" sunrise 12.9 6 6 .7 . Ii2.9 liO.O 33.3 33.3 Ii6,7 Ii2.9 50.0 33.3 50.0 3 6 .li i 3 CD dawn 23.8 - - 20.0 66.7 66.7 6.7 - 12.5 66.7 30.0 18.2 "n c 3. daybreak 9.5 - 28.6 - - - 13.3 28.6 --- 18.2 3" CD sun-up li.8 - lli.3 -- - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - ■DCD O Q. the sun is out li.8 - - 20.0 - - - - - C 6.7 12.5 9.1 a O - 3 the sun is corning up li.8 -- 20.0 - - 6.7 lli.3 - - 9.1 ■D O the sun comes up li.8 33.3 ---- 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0

CD - Q. l'heure du jour li.8 lli.3 - -- 6.7 lli.3 -- - 9.1

L^heure du jour is dialectal and is figurative for “dawn." ■D CD (/)

o" 3

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C/) o"3 O 11. AT SIX ÜI THE MORNING ÏESTERDAY, THE SUN (RISED; GAME UP; COME UP)

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I IIIII IV IIII IIIII MF no response ------■ - - - ci'3" rose U2.9 33.3 28.6 20.0 83.3 83.3 26.7 28.6 25.0 83.3 UO.O U5.5 i 3 CD rised 19.0 - 28.6 UO.O - - 26.7 26.6 25.0 - 20.0 18.2

3. rise lU.3 - - - - 25.0 - 20.0 - 3" 33.3 13.3 CD

CD came up - 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 16.7 10,0 ■D 9.^ IU.3 9.1 O Q. C went up lt.8 ■ — 1U.3 -- - 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 a O 3 come out U .8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - - "O 9.1 O se lever U .8 33.3 --- - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

CD Q. was up U .8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 _— — 9.1

■D Se lever, is the Standard French reflexive for "rise." CD

C/) C/)

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k I CM r- r^ CM

H rr\ H CO lA UN S m g >o VO • H CO CM

OA c^ H S i I rA H I • P CA CO

OA S o§ o o o o I CM CO I: OA H I OA OA OA

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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C/) C/) 13. A WEEK FROM NEXT SUNDAY

m OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I I I I I I M F 5 no response cq' Sunday after next 66.7 33.3 71.U 100.0 50.0 50.0 73.3 71.L 75.0 50.0 60,0 72.7

two weeks from 9.5 - - - 33.3 33.3 - . - - 33.3 20.0 Sunday 3. the second Sunday 1^.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10,0 3" CD Sunday coming U .8 - lU.3 - - 6.7 lU.3 - - 9,1 ■DCD O Q. Sunday a week U .8 33.3 - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 C a 3O next Sunday . U .8 - - - 16,7 16.7 - - 16.7 - 9.1 "O O the third Sunday U .8 - lU.3 - - 6.7 lU.3 - - 9.1

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C/iW o" 3 lU. A WEEK FROM lAST SUNDAY O OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX III III IV I III II III MF ■D8 no response ■ - . — ------CQ'3" Sunday before last 52.L 66.7 57.1 60.0 33.3 33.3 60.0 U2.9 75.0 33.3 70.0 36.U i 3 CD two weeks ago 19.0 - lU.3 20.0 33.3 33.3 13.3 28.6 - 33.3 10.0 27.3

3. Sunday a week (ago) U.8 33.3 - - -- 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - 3" CD Sunday a week U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - - 9.1 ■DCD O Q. two Sundays ago U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 - C Oa 3 last Sunday U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 -- - 16.7 - 9.1 ■D O second Sunday before U.8 - IU.3 - -- 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1

CD -- - _ Q. a week Sunday U .8 lU.3 6.7 IU.3 9.1

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C/) C/)

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 0 6

k 1 O 1 • 8 1—1 w S 1 o o e 0 O q 0\ f—1

H 1 o t H e ao H qO 5 I—i •at H 1 XOi 1A• c- CJ CO t—1 8 H 1 o 1 o s

H 1 rn c— H cn o § On O 1 Ô S

> 1 o 1 H i o o s H ' • O H o o CO CVJ

B H • o 1 O o H 3 H 1 o 1 §

® 1 C\J 00 > 9 • O % ~ = t

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) 3o" 17. A UTTLE DISTANCE: A LONG DISTANCE

3 OV. EDUCATION AGE CD OCCUPATION SEX 8 III.HI IVIII I II i n M F ■D no response 1*.8 33.3 — - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - CQ'3" few streets 28.6 - 28,6 60.0 16.7 16.7 33.3 57.1 12.5 16.7 20.0 36.4 i 3 a (little) piece -- CD lit .3 33.3 28.6 20.0 20.0 14.3 25.0 - 20.0 9.1

a (little) ways lii-3 - - 20.0 - 3. 33.3 33.3 6.7 12,5 33.3 10.0 18.2 3" CD not too far 9.5 33.3 - - 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16,7 10.0 9.1 ■DCD - O over there 9.5 lU.3 - 16.7 - Q. 16.7 6.7 14.3 16.7 10.0 9.1 C

a - O not very far it.6 - 14.3 - - 6.7 14.3 - - - 3 9.1 ■D a (little) bit J+.8 - - - - - O 6.7 - 12.5 - - 9.1

- - - CD a (little) distance it.8 - - - - Q. 14.3 6.7 12.5 10.0

*iiit distance koB --- 16,7 16.7 — — _ 16.7 10.0

■D CD *Tit, the clipped form of petit, is used freely in the French and English of the area as a C/) C/) diminutive prefix.

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C/) C/) 18. SOME DISTANCE AWAY, BUT STILL IN VIEW

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV i n I II III M F ;o8 no response

over there 81.0 100.0 57.1 100.0 83.3 83.3 80.0 ?l.it 8?.5 83.3 80.0 81.8

la-bas 9.5 - lU.3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 1^.3 - 16.7 10.0 9.1

there 1;.8 _ 1^.3 - - 6.7 11^.3 - - 9.1 3. 3" CD over yonder 1;.8 - lij..3 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 ■DCD O Q. C La-bas is the Standard French for "over there." a 3O "O O

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WC/) 3o" 0 19e. ROOM AT FRONT OF HOUSE WHERE GUESTS ARE ENTERTAINED 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEK "O8 I II III IV I II I II Ill M F no response —— — — CQ'3" living room 71.4 66.7 57 cl 80.0 83.3 83.3 66.7 71.k 62.5 83.3 70.0 72.7 1 3 CD parlor lUo3 - lk.3 20.0 16.7 16.7 13.3 25.0 16.7 20.0 9.1 "n c 3. front room 9.5 33.3 lk.3 - - - - 12.5 - 10.0 3" 13.3 lk.3 9.1 CD

- - - - —_ * CD sitting room it.8 lk.3 "O 6.7 lk.3 9.1 O Q. OC o' The response "parlor" was felt to be old fashioned by many informants. ■D O

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C/) C/)

O V£> 7J ■DCD O Q. C g Q.

■D CD (/) 3o ' O 20o ROOM FOR STORING ARTICLES AND EQUIPMENT NOT IN USE OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II 'Ill IV I II I II Ill M F no réponse — — ci-3" utility room 33 o3 , 33.3 28.6 20,0 50.0 50.0 26.7 28.6 25.0 50.0 30.0 36.U i 3 CD shed 23.8 : 66.7 28.6 - 16.7 16,7 26,7 28.6 25,0 16.7 20,0 27.3

3. storeroom 19.0 - IL.3 60.0 - - 26.7 - 50,0 - 30.0 9.1 3" CD

- - CD storage room l h o 3 lU.3 20,0 16.7 16.7 13.3 28.6 16.7 10,0 18,2 ■D O CQ. washroom h o d - lb .3 -- - 6.7 11; .3 - - - 9.1 g. o 3 le shed h o d ——-- 16.7 16.7 - -- 16,7 10,0 ■o o

Q. Le.shed is from the English "shed,” but the informant who gave this response said that it formerly g ^ referred to the outdoor ladder (usually on the front porch) which went to the attic. ■D CD

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(/)W o" 3 21. SMALL ROOM OFF THE KITCHEN TO STOREFOOD, PANS, ETC. 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 III III IV I II I II Ill M . F no response ------CQ'3" pantry 52 ,U - U2.9 60.0 83.3 83.3 Uo.o 57.1 25.0 83.3 30.0 72.7 1 3 CD utility room 9.5 33.3 - 20.0 - - 13.3 IU.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1

3. dépense U .8 33.3 - - -- 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - 3" CD storage room U .8 - IU.3 - -- 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 ■DCD O Q. grocery room U .8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - C a O dispensary U .8 - - - 3 20.0 - 6,7 12.5 - 10.0 - ■D O supply room U .8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10*0 -

CD closet - Q. U .8 33.3 - -- 6.7 - 12.5 10.0 -

utility closet ■ U .8 - T - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 -

■D storeroom - - - — _ CD U .8 IU.3 6,7 IU.3 9.1 3 WC/) o" Dépense is the Standard French term for "a storage facility." :xj CD ■o 0 Q.1

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C/)

o ' Z5 22. UNFINISHED SPACE AT TOP OF HOUSE

g- OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F

HO I*G5p0H80 .## '## » ^ mm mm mm mm wm mm mm a attic 81,0 66.7 71.U 80,0 100.0 100,0 73.3 8^,7 62,5 100.0 70.0 90.9

loft 9.^ - li;o3 20.0 - - 13.3 lh»3 12,5 - 10,0 9.1

grenier 9.5 33.3 14.3 - - 13.3 - 25.0 • - 20,0

CD

■o Grenier is Standard French for "attic," g aC §■ ■o 0 3"1

cO %

C/) CO 3o '

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WC/) 3o" 0 23. HOUSE THAT IS FINISHED WITH PLASTER ON THE OUTSIDE 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II •Ill IV I II I II III M F ■D no response 5%.4 100.0 U2.9 83.3 83.3 Uo.o U2.9 37.2 83.3 60.0 U2.2 CQ'3" stucco 33.3 - 28.6 80.0 16.7 16.7 Uo.o 28.6 20.0 16.7 30.0 36.U 1 3 CD plaster ii.8 - lU.3 - - - 6,7 lU.3 - - - 9.1 "n c 3. cement U.8 - 1U.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 - - 9.1 3" CD -- - - CD masonry U.8 20.0 6.7 12,2 10.0 ■D O Q. C Because there are no houses made of this material south of Raceland, the term "stucco" is not in Oa 3 ■D O evidence in the southern part of the parish. The later innovation of cinder block or cement block construction is much in evidence, and informants gave these terms readily. CD Q.

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U) ■OCD O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) o"3 2k» OVERLAPPING BOARDS ON OUTSIDE OF HOUSE 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II •Ill IV , I II . I II III M F "D no response 9.2 , — 1U.3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 lU.3 16.7 18.2 CQ'3" weather boards 38,1 66.7 28.6 60.0 16.7 16.7 U6.7 27.1 37.2 16.7 30.0 U2.2 1 3 CD siding 19.0 - 28.6 - 33.3 33.3 13.3 IU.3 12.2 33.3 20.0 18.2 "n c 3. voliche 9.2 - 28.6 --- 13.3 lU.3 12.2 - 10.0 9.1 3" CD ship-lap U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.2 - 10.0 - ■DCD O Q. drop siding U.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.2 - 10.0 - C a O overalls U.8 ------3 - 16.7 16,7 16.7 10.0 ■D O shingles U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 - 9.1

CD --- _ Q. clapboards U.8 —- 20.0 12.5 10.0 »

Vollche is Standard French for "weather boards."' ■D CD

C/) C/)

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C/Î 3o ' 2^, PORCH

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II -III IV I II I II III M F 5 no response CO ^ porch 85.7 66.7 71.U 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 85.7 75.0 100.0 80.0 90.?

p gallery lii.3 33.3 28.6 - - 20.0 lit.3 25.0 - 20.0 9.1

- n â • . ■ • 3- "Porch" is currently the most popular expression for this concept, and is usually used in a

■o generic sense. There are still some informants who prefer the older word "gallery"; however, â ^ gallery, to many, has taken on a specialized meaning of a large porch, with railings, usually Ô ■o encircling the house. Other informants restrict the use of "porch" to mean a screened-in porch, 0 3" CT 1 ë C ■o CD I. . • C/Î o ' 3

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(/) C/) 26. TROUGHS TO TAKE WATER OFF THE ROOF

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 0 I II .III IV I II I II III M F ■a no response 1 gutters 8^*7 66.7 8^.7 100.0 83.3 83.3 86.7 85.7 87.5 83.3 80.0 90.9

dalle 9.5 33.3 - - 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 20.0

Zg^JiI§7 ^.8 - l4.3 - - - 6.7 li;o3 - - - 9.1 3. 3" CD

^ Dalle is the local French expression used in place of the Standard French gouttiere.

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C/) C/)

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(AC/) O 3 27. A LONG HOUSE ONE ROOM VJIDE, OF W O OR THREE ROOMS. 0 5 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 III .III IV I II I II III M F ■D no response 38.1 66.7 lU.3 20.0 66.7 66.7 26.7 - 50.0 66.7 50.0 27.3 3. (O3" shotgun house 28.6 33.3 28.6 UO.O 16.7 16.7 33.3 28.6 37.5 16.7 Uo.o 18.2 1 3 CD straight house 9.5 - IU.3 20.0 - - 13.3 28.6 - - - 18,2 "n c 3. long house 9.5 - - 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 • 16.7 10.0 9.1 3" CD gun-shot house U.8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 1U.3 - - - 9.1 ■OCD O Q. maison longue. U.8 - lU.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 - - - C 9.1 a O tin house - -- - _ •• 3 U.8 1U.3 6.7 lU.3 9.1 TD O

CD Q.

O C "O CD

C/) C/Î

M h-* '-J 118

I 0\ H O Os Os

c o S I o 3

H • o 8 8 s a ' °. ■ s § O H I ® à

H 1 >. H n-\ vO Os H 1 o 1 o 3 o 1 !> I H § o 1 H 1 a H o O H q H • H Ej O H 1 0^ to H » g . j

H 1 o 1

i

• 1 CM CO t> s O % a § E-i m ^ g o A SO m 43 ÎH 0 (U

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) 3o" 0 29o A TALL, MASSIVE PIECE OF FURNITURE FOR CLOTHING /l^ITH OR WITHOUT DRAWERS/ 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEK I II III IV I II I II III M F ■D8 no response .14.3 — — 50.0 50.0 — — 50.0 30.0 ë'3" armoire 42.9 66.7 71.4 20.0 16,7 16.7 53.3 71.4 37.5 16.7 30.0 54.5 1 3 CD armoire 33.3 33.3 28.6 80.0 - - 46.7 28.6 62.5 40.0 27.3

3. chifferobe 9.5 — M m m 33.3 33.3 - 33.3 — 18.2 3" CD

■S The standard French armoire (cupboard) is pronounced or /T^rmÿT’ in the English of the O Q. area. For further comments see Read, Louisiana French, p. 2. 5' 3 ■D O 3" CT I—H CD Q.

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C/) C/)

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C/) C/) 30. A SMALLER, MODERN PIECE OF FURNITURE TO HANG CLOTHES IN

OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX ■D8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no rcsponsB * — —

chifferobe 1^7.6 - 71.L 1|0.0 50.0 ^0.0 U6.7 71.U 25.0 50.0 lO.O 5U.5

cedar robe 38.1 100.0 lli.3 UO.O 33.3 33.3 W . O 1^.3 62.5 33.3 W . O 36.1;

3. ■wardrobe I4..8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 ■ - 10.0 3" CD

CD cedar closet U .8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - 16.7 10.0 ■D O Q. C cedar locker I4..6 - li;.3 - - 6.7 II4..3 - - 9 .I a 3O "O o

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C/) C/)

K3 o 121

^ I -d- -CÎ 0Ü 1 1—1 NO NO ON m a •

So o 1 o O O CD o 4 s CM 3

(A >- 1 M CA I R - CM B f n CA 5 H ü H 1 NO c x fA 1 m CO CM 7^ 7^

1=1° (A o >- O m Ô NO NO CM CM 3

I H 1 (A m 1 R a R

& ■ a o IH' CNI â s

O n rr\ m CNJ _cr 7i H * R

rn 1 A o ■Lf\ S R 7^ O n O n

0) I CO I tH 0 0 P 0 I m +S -P -p 0 •s CO m m 0 ra I—1 0 0 u 0 § 1 •§ M

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) 3o ' 32. A SMALL TABLE EQUIPPED WITH A MIRROR AMD USUALLY WITH DRAWERS ON EACH SIDE 0 3 CD OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II .III IV I III II III M F no response -— —-— ------ci'3" dresser 1+2,9 33.3 57.1 1+0,0 33.3 33.3 1+6,7 1+2.9 50.0 33.3 30,0 51+.5 1 3 CD vtmity 23.8 - li+,3 20,0 50,0 50.0 13.3 H+.3 12,5 50,0 30,0 18,2

"n c toilette - - 3. 9.5 66,7 - - 13.3 - 25,0 - 20,0 - 3" CD wash stand i+,8 - - 20,0 - - 6,7 H+.3 - - - 9.1 ■DCD O Q. bureau U,8 - IU.3 - -- 6,7 - 12,5 - 10,0 - C a O dressing table U.8 - - 20.0 -- - - 3 6,7 H+.3 - 9.1 ■D O tableau ii,8 - - - 16,7 16,7 -- - 16,7 10.0 -

CD — — — — — Q. vanity table i+,8 1U,3 6,7 H+.3 9.1

Tableau is Standard French for "vanity," There is a Standard French toilette, but it refers to ■D CD a different piece of furniture which reseniHes a commode or a nightstand. C/) C/)

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C/) C/) 35. lONG PIECE OF FURNITURE TO SIT OR LIE ON

OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II -III IV I II I II III M F no z*6spons6 — ^ ci' sofa 90.5 100.0 85.7 100.0 83.3 83.3 93.3 85.7 100.0 83.3 100.0 81.8

couch 9.5 - lU.3 - 16,7 16.7 6.7 lii.3 - 16.7 - 18.2

3 3" CD

■DCD O Q. C a 3O "O O

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WC/) o " 3 3U. PIECE OF KITCHEN FURNITURE FOR KliEFING FOOD, DISHES, ETC. 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 II ^III ■D I II Ill I M no response 19.0 20.0 50^0 50.0 12.5 50.0 30.0 9.1 (O'3" garde manger 38.1 66.7 57.1 20.0 16.7 16.7 U6.7 57.1 37.5 16.7 30.0 45.5 1 3 CD safe 38.1 33.3 12.9 60.0 16.7 16.7 46.7 42.9 5o.o 16.7 30.0 45.5

"n 3.c cabinet U.8 —- - 16.7 16.7 -- .16.7 10.0 - 3" CD

■S Garde manger is Standard French for "a screened cabinet." Cabinet is Gallicized"cabinet." O O. C Oa 3 ■D O

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(/)

t o 125

pt. I O a o a

K a H a S h o o o a o H I ao

H § I H I ao

§ o I - ’ a la ■ H 3 H I aO

a I m to § & ■ S "LA M § CO

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ■OCD O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) 3o" 360 SHELF OVER. FIREPLACE 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPA.!ION SEX 8 I II •Ill IV I II I II III MF '<■D no response U.8 • — I U .3 - - - 6.7 I U .3 - - 9.1 (O'3" mantlepiece 38.1 33.3 I U .3 60.0 50.0 20.0 33.3 28.6 37.5 20.0 30.0 U2.2 1 3 CD cornuche 19.0 33.3 28.6 20.0 -- 26.7 28,6 22.0 - 20.0 18.2 "n 3.c mantle 19.0 - I U .3 - 20.0 20.0 6.7 IU.3 - • 2o.o 20.0 18,2 3" CD tablette 9.^ 33.3 I U .3 - - - 13.3 - 22.0 - 20.0 - ■DCD O - - - Q. tribune Uc8 IU.3 - — - 6.7 IU.3 - 9.1 C a O shelf U.8 - — — — — 3 20,0 6.7 12.2 10.0 "O O Tablette is the standard French term for "board" or "shelf"; tribune is probably related to the CD Q. standard French tribune (elevated stand or platform); and comuche is an extended dialectal use of

the standard French corniche (comice). "D CD

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WC/) 3o" 37. FLOOR. OF THE FIREPLACE 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I II Ill IV 8 I II I II Ill M F lid response h2.9 33,3 lU.3' Uo.o 83.3 83.3 26.7 28.6 25.0 83.3 Uo.o U5.5 ci' 3" fouyer 23,8 - 57.1 20,0 - - 33.3 28,6 37.5 - 30.0 18.2 1 3 CD four 31; .3 33.3 28.6 - -- 20.0 28.6 12,5 - 10,6 18,2

hearth - 20.0 16.7 16.7 13.3 - 25,0 16.7 20.0 9.1 3. lb.3 33.3 3" CD fireplace U.8 - - 20.0 -- 6.7 lU.3 - - - 9.1 "OCD O Q. a Fouyer (fireplace, hearth) is a variant from the standard French foyer; four is Standard French o ■a for "oven.'* O

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•LPl 1 r4 1 VO On À ca CO S O o O O o o •• • r4 O o o OO CM -= i CM H H

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^ H 1 o O 1 O S H • 0 o O H o O O VO CM CM g ■ I 1 1 1 n oo 1—1 H CM c- I H I o- fA 1 1 » O CO >- 0\ ON CM -=f iH g

cd co •H o (Q g CQ î Q) h a i CO O J m a I s I

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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C/) o"3 39. ASHES IN A FIREPLACE BANKED FOR THE NIGHT O OF. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 III •III IV I II I II III M F ■D no response 23.8 IU.3 20o0 66.7 66.7 13.3 IU.3 12.2 66.7 30.0 27.3 CQ'3" braise 38.1 33.3 57.1 60o0 - - 53.3 U2.9 62.2 ~ UOoO ï 36 oU 3 CD bank 9.^ 33.3. - - 16.7 16.7 6.7 . - 12.2 16.7 10.0 9.1

3. braisier U.8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 lU.3 - -- 9ol 3" CD la cendre U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 1U.3 - - - 9.1 ■DCD O Q. le butte U.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - - 10.0 - C 12.2 a O charbon U.8 - - 3 - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 - ■D O /Iiaets J U.8 - IU.3 --- 6.7 IU.3 « _ 9.1

CD Q. All French responses are in standard usage; braise (ember), braisier (brazier, coal pan), cendre

(cinder), butte (hill, mound), charbon (coals). ■D CD I WC/) o "

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(OC/) 3o" liOo HEAVY IRON PAN USED FOR FRYING /WITH LEGS/ 0 5 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I II .III IV . I II I II III MF 8 ■D no response IU.3 lU.3 20.0 16.7 16.7 13.3 IU.3 12.5 16.7 10.0 9.1

CQ' 3" four 28.6 66.7 U2.9 20.0 - - Uo.o 28.6 50.0 - 30.0 27.3 1 3 •ti poêlon 9.$ - 20.0 - - CD 1U.3 13.3 IU.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 "n - c frying pan U.8 lU.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 - — - 9.1 3. 3" CD spider U.8 33.3 --- - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10,0 - ■DCD O 'tit four U.8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 - - - Q. 9.1 C aO stew pan U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - 3 ■D O fourneuse U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 1U.3 - -- 9.1

CD skillet U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - -- 16.7 10.0 - Q.

skillett U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10,0 -

■D dutch oven . U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 - CD iron kettle U.8 - C/î -- 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 - 9.1 C/)

kettle U.8 — - — 16.7 16.7 — — _ 16.7 9.1

For four, see comment to #37. Foumeuse, a diminutive of fourneau, is Standard French for "furnace" I w or "oven," as is poêlon for "saucepan." ^ CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) o" 3 Itl. HEAVY IRON PAN USED FOR FRYING /WITHOUT LEGS/ O 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II . Ill IV I II I II n i MF 5 no response Cû' O frying pan 53.3 28.6 75.0 66.7 70.0 U5.5

ÇD skillet 28,6 - U2.9 33.3 U2.9 25.0 16.7 20.0 36.U

3. four li.8 - lUo3 6.7 lU.3 —- - - 9.1 3" CD bonrnie \ frier U.8 - - - l6.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 - ■DCD O Q. fry pan U.8 - lU.3 - __ C 6,7 IU.3 9.1 Oa 3

"D O For four, see comment to #37. Bomme d'eau is the dialectal form for kettle. This response is

CD probably an extension of that usage. Q.

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WC/) 3o" 0 il2, UTENSIL USED TO BOIL CLOTHES' IN 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX ■D8 I II III IV • I II I II Ill M F no response 23.8 - 20.0 66.7 66.7 6.7 - 12.5 66.7 30.0 18.2 CQ'3" chaudière a lave 19.0 - U2.9 20.0 - - 26.7 U2.9 12.5 - 10,0 1 27.3 3 CD la bailie 9.5 33.3 - - 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 20.0 - "n c 3. terrine 9.5 - IU.3 20.0 -- 13.3 12.5 - 10.0 3" lU.3 9.1 CD

CD (big) kettle 9.5 - IU.3 20.0 - - 13.3 12.5 - - 18.2 ■D IU.3 O Q. C grand chaudière lt.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - Oa 3 iron pot Iii.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 ■D O batteuse u.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 10.0 -

CD Q. washpot U.8 - IU.3 --- 6.7 - 12,5 - 10.0 -

a boiler U.8 - -- 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 - 9.1 ■D CD battoire U.8 - IU.3 -- - 6.7 IU.3 - — - 9.1 (/) C/) .Ghaudiere à lave (a boiler for washing) is standard French and is a descriptive or self-explaining

term. Bailie and terrinej both standard French, refer to "large wooden vessels" and to "earthenware U) containers^" respectively* Batteuse and battoir^ related standard terms from the same root form, are w ■o I s Û.

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CO(/) o" 3 extensions and noun derivations of the verb "to beat." This is not as odd as it would seem, for the

clothes were kept in motion as they boiled, by the use of a wooden paddle. The first term refers 8 5 to a "threshing or beating," the second to the "bat of the washer woman." co'

i 3 CD

? p. 3" CD 3 ■o Ic Oa 3 ■o 0 3" CT 1

CO ■o CD

CO CO 3o"

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WC/) o" 3 i;3. DEVICE /NOT ELECTRIC/ TO SMOOTH CLOTHES AFTER WASHING 0 3 CD OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II •Ill IV I II I II III MF ■D8 no response - — ------CQ'3" fer a repasser 19.0 66,7 IU.3 20.0 - - 26,7 IU.3 37.5 - 30,0 9.1 1 3 CD iron 19.0 - 1U.3 - 50.0 50.0 6,7 - 12.5 50,0 20,0 18,2 "n 3.c black iron IU.3 - IU.3 UO.O - - 20.0 28.6 12,5 - 27.3 3" CD hand iron 9.5 - 28,6 -- - 13.3 28,6 - - - 18,2 ■DCD O Q. sadiron 9.5 33.3 - 20,0 - - 13.3 - 25,0 - 20,0 - C Oa 3 flat iron 9.5 - - 20,0 16,7 16,7 6.7 - 12,5 16,7 20,0 - ■D O wood iron li,8 - IU.3 -- - 6,7 IU.3 - - - 9.1

CD Q. 'ti fer U.8 - 1U.3 - - - 6,7 IU.3 - - - 9.1

old iron U.8 - - - 16,7 16,7 - - - 16,7 10,0 -

■D — _ •• CD hot iron U.8 16.7 16.7 16,7 9.1

C/) C/) Fer is Standard French for iron.

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WC/) 3o" i;!;. GALVANIZED TUB USED IN WASHING CLOTHES OR FOR BATHING 0 3 OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I II 8 .III IV I II I II Ill M F ■D no response • — — — — — —— — - -- CQ'3" #3 tub 38,1 33.3 28.6 20,0 66,7 66,7 26,7 28.6 25.0 66,7 Uo.o 36,U 1 3 CD wash tub 23.8 - — U2.9 Uo,o - - 33.3 U2.9 25.0 - 10.0 36.u "n c washing tub - 20.0 - - 10,0 3. 9.^ 1Ù.3 13.3 IU.3 12.5 9.1 3" CD tub 9.5 - 20,0 16,7 16,7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 10,0 9.1 ■DCD O - - Q. galvanized tub U .8 33.3 - -- 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 C a O U .8 - -- - - 12,5 - 10,0 - 3 bailie à laver 33.3 6.7 ■O O grosse baille U .8 --- 16,7 16,7 - - - 16.7 10,0 -

CD - - - Q. baignoire U .8 - 1U.3 - - 6.7 IU.3 - 9.1

The term #3 tub derives from ■D the manufacturer's mark stamped in the center of the tub to CD indicate a standard size. For bailie, see comments for Baignoire is standard French for C/) C/) "bath tub,"

w i n 7) "OCD O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) o " 3 U5. M T A L CONTAINER FOR CARRYING DINNER OR LUNCH O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II Ill IV I II I 11 Ill I II ■D8 no response U.8 33.3 - - - - 6,7 - 12.5 - 10,0 - C3" û ' lunch box U2.9 — 71 .U 20.0 50.0 50.0 Uo.o 57.1 25,0 50.0 30.0 5U.5 i 3 CD lunch kit 19.0 - IU.3 UO.O 16,7 16.7 20.0 1U.3 25,0 16.7 30.0 9.1

3. lunch pail IU.3 33.3 - 20.0 16,7 16.7 13.3 - 25.0 16.7 10,0 18,2 3" CD

lil pail U.8 ------CD IU.3 6,7 IU.3 - 9.1 ■D O Q. 'ti bassain U.8 - - - - C 33.3 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - Oa lunch bag U.8 -- 20.0 - - - 3 6.7 IU.3 - 9.1 "O O boite U.8 - -- 16.7 16.7 ——— 16.7 10.0

CD Q. Bassain is standard French for “round pail," boite for "box."

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C/) C/) § hs. FiETAL VESSEL FOR WATER o OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II M 8 III F ■D no response - - — — ------CQ'3" bucket 85.7 100,0 71.U 100.0 83.3 83.3 86.7 71,U 100.0 83.3 90.0 81.8 3i CD pail U.8 - lU.3 - - - 6.7 lU.3 - -- 9.1 "n c foot tub U.8 - lUo3 - -- 6,7 - - 3. 1U.3 - 9.1 3" CD tub U.8 - 16.7 16.7 — 16.7 10.0 ■DCD O Q. C The "foot tub," the small #1 size tub, is often used as a bucket in this area. Oa 3 ■D O

CD Q.

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C/) C/)

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WC/) 3o" O kl» WOODEN VESSEL FOR WATER (D OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I ■D8 II i n IV I II I II Ill M . F no response 19.0 ■- - - 66,7 66.7 - - - 66.7 10.0 27.3 CQ'3" bucket 38.1 - U2.9 60.0 33.3 33.3 Uo.o 57.1 25.0 33.3 Uo.o i 36.U 3 CD wooden bucket 19.0 33.3 IU.3 Uo.o - - 26.7 lU.3 37.5 - 20.0 18.2

3. baquet 9.5 - 28.6 - - - 13.3 12.5 - 10.0 3" IU.3 9.1 CD

CD cedar pail ii.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10,0 - ■D O Q. seau boire - C h.Q 33.3 —- - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - a O - - 3 wood bucket U.8 IU.3 - - 6.7 1U.3 - 9.1 ■D O

CD Seau a boire.is standard French for "wooden bucket"j baquet, the generic term for "tub" or Q. "bucket,"

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WC/) o" 3 W . BEDDING SPREAD ON THE FLOOR 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 1 n .111 IV 1 11 1 11 111 M F no response li.8 - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 - 9.1 CQ'3" bed on the floor 28.6 - 42.9 - 50.0 50.0 20.0 28.6 12.5 50.0 20,0 36.4 1 3 CD nique 23.8 - 28.6 40.0 16.7 16.7 26,7 42.9 12.5 16.7 20.0 27.3 "n c 3. lit par terre 11.3 66.7 14.3 - - - 20.0 14.3 25.0 - 20.0 9.1 3" CD mattress on the 14.3 - 14.3 40.0 - - 20.0 14.3 25.0 - 10.0 18.2 ■DCD floor O Q. bunk 4.8 - -- - C 33.3 - 6.7 12.5 - 10.0 - a O 3 une blanquette 4.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 - ■D O pallet 4.8 - 20.0 - - 6.7 — 12.5 i . 10.0

CD Q. Nique, standard French "nest," is apparently a dialectal, figurative usage in this respect.

Lit par terre is a literal translation of "bed on the floor," and banquette is the Gallicized ■D CD English "blanket." C/) C/)

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WC/) 3o" 0 U9. CANOPY OVER A BED 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II -Ill IV . I II III III M F no response . 33.3 IU.3 - - - 13.3 - 25.0 - 20.0 - CQ'3" tester 28.6 33.3 U2.9 UO.O - - Uo.o U2.9 37.5 - 30.0 27.3 1 3 CD canopy 28.6 - - Uo.o 66.7 66.7 13.3 IU.3 12.5 66,7 10.0 U5.5 "n c 3. ciel 9.5 33.3 IU.3 - - - 13.3 IU.3 12.5 mm 10.0 3" 9.1 CD ciel de lit 9.5 - 28.6 - - - 13.3 28.6 - - 18.2 ■DCD O Q. ceiling li.8 - - 20.0 - C - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - a O 3 a canvas U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 - ■D O overhead piece U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 —_ 16.7 10.0

CD Q. Ciel de lit (ceiling of the béd) is standard French for "tester." Tester /EfiS'W/, a standard

-Q American word, is pronounced /bistÿ^ in Lafourche Parish, CD

C/)(/)

O CD ■ D O Q. C 8 Q.

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C/) C/) So. HEAVY ffiD COVER /HOT BLANKET/

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II . III IV I II I II III H F 8 ^ HO PGSpOnSO — mm- " ^ mm. mm

CQ' g quilt 76.2 33.3 71.U 80.0 100.0 100.0 66.7 85.7 50.0 100.0 60.0 90.9 g 8 couvert 1^.3 66.7 lU.3 - - 20.0 - 37.5 - 30.0

Q comfort 9.5 - lH.3 20.0 - - 13.3 lL.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1

■Dg Couvert is standard French for, "cover." O Q. C g 3O "O O

CD Q.

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C/) C/)

I-" M :xj ■oCD O CQ. g Q.

■o CD (/) I 51. FANCY DAYTIME COVER FOR BED

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I II . Ill IV I II I II Ill M F 8 no response — ------“ —

CQ' spread 61.9 66.7 57.1 100.0 33.3 33.3 73.3 71.U 73.0 33.3 70.0 5U.5 o 3 bedspread 28.6 CD 33.3 33.3 66.7 66.7 20,0 IU.3 25.0 66.7 30.0 36.U

C plumeux • U.8 - IU.3 - — 6.7 1U.3 - - - 9.1

■oCD O Plumeux is standard French for "comforter." CQ. a 3o ■o o

CD Q.

CO ■o CD (/)

o ' 3

M N) :x) CD ■o O CQ. g Q.

■o CD

C/) C/) o' 5 2 . LONG STICK USED IN MAKING BEDS AND IN SMOOTHING BED CLOTHING

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I II III IV I II I II i n MF 8 no response U7.6 60.0 100.0 100.0 26.7 28.6 25.0 5 Ü1.3 100.0 40,0 54.5 S' le baton 19.0 42.9 2O 0O - - 26.7 42.9 12.5 - 10.0 27.3 o

=5 baton lit 19.0 20.0 - CD 66.7 14.3 - 26,7 14.3 37.5 - 30,0 9.1

C bed stick 9.^ 33.3 14.3 - - - 13.3 - 25.0 20.0 -

the stick lt.8 — 14.3 - - — 6.7 14.3 9.1 CD ■o O CD. Most older informants remember such, an instrument for smoothing and shaping featherbeds, once Oa =5 very popular in this area; however, in most cases they knew no particular word or name associated ■o O with it, just "the stick" (baton) as the "bed stick" (baton a lit). &

co ■o CD

(/)C/) o' =5

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C/) C/) 53. f i n e t h i n c l o t h t h a t l e t s AIR IN AND KEEPS MOSQUITOES AND OTHER INSECTS OUT

CD OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II . Ill IV I II I II III M 5 no response

mosquito bar k2»9 31.3 57.1 80.0 - - 60.0 71.4 50.0 - 30.0 54*5

baire 28.6 66.7 42.? 20.0 - - 40,0 28.6 50.0 - 40.0 18.2

3. mosquito net 28.6 - - - 100.0 100.0 - - - 100.0 30.0 27,3 3" CD

CD 1 Baire stems from the standard French barre (cross-bar). See Read, Louisiana-French, p, 3«

Q. C a 3O "O O

CD Q.

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C/) C/)

4^ . 145

PA I 00 % CO a r—I

oo s o s

> I » s

■LTV XA • O- o co M I o• o Q

(A H ' o vO % cn -c 0 S

> I C^ H p

o O o oo CM H •

| k • § H I O o» a s

I 1A g i ON

0)CQ 0) % g 0 I & 2 § 1 I

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. "DCD O Q. C g Q.

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C/) C/) § ^5. CLOTH FCR WASHING FACE OR BATHING o OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I 8 II Ill IV I II I II III M F ■D no response - - - — - - - - —- - CQ- 3" washrag 38.1 33.3 h2c9 80.0 - - 53.3 k2.9 62,5 - iiO.O 36.U 3i CD face towel lUo3 33.3 lU.3 - 16.7 16.7 13.3 Hi .3 12.5 16.7 10.0 18,2 "n c face rag 9.5 - - 16.7 - 3. IU.3 16.7 6,7 1U.3 .16.7 10.0 9.1 3" CD 'tib serviette 9.5 33.3, ia.3 - - - 13.3 - 25.0 - 20,0 - ■DCD O wash cloth - - Q. 9.5 - 20,0 16.7 16.7 6.7 Hi .3 16,7 - 18.2 C a O towel 9.5 - lil.3: - 16.7 16.7 3 6.7 Hi.3 16.7 10.0 9,1 ■D O face cloth 9.5 - -— 33.3 — — 33.3 10,0 9.1

CD Q. Serviette is standard French for "small towel" or "napkin."

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C/) C/)

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C/) C/) 56. CLOTH FCH DRYING DESHES

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no rospons© — — — » — — — — — ci' dish towEl 66.7 33o3 71.U 60.0 63.3 83.3 60.0 85.7 37.5 83.3 50.0 81.8

dish rag 19.0 - 28.6 20.0 16.7 16.7 20.0 18.3 25.0 16.7 20.0 18.2

3 dish cloth 9»5 33*3 — 20.0 —- 13.3 — 25.0 • — 20.0 — 3" CD lavette 8.8 33*3 — — — — 6.7 — 12.5 — 10*0 - "OCD O Q. a Lavette is standard French for "dish cloth." o ' — — . ■D O

CD Q.

■D CD

C/) 3o" 148

^ 1 - d ’ TA 1 1 f H (—i vO TA a (A -d O v O v

s 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 • q ■ VO CO q i H f H

0 (A >- t J e 1 0 1 . 1 M 0 A VO M A i H TA .

H 1 TA 0 1 H • TA 1 1 CO T A a üI CO VO CO O rH O H 1 VO O v 1 a • 1 A A CO cvi • 0 CJ -=!• 7#

A 1 t— [— HÜ 1 0 0 v O A 0 VO vO -C f A VO

I H 1 0 A 1 1 0 1 • 0 A q TA A f H

C— > i 0 A M • 1 1 1 0 A 'Â TA A

H 1 0 0 H 1 1 1 1 H 0 0 VO -=r g VO Ü 1 o \ H • 1 1 A A CO 00 « a § CO 7#

H 1 CÂ A • A 1 1 1 o (A A • -p (A AA A g

1 VO A 00 CO oo 00 o s C- 0 0 0 0 I« - d - A - d - - d - _d A 0)Q> CQ S «\ I 0) g 0) (34 fH 1 ■ë S I § k S & u +5 Io o rH % CD o •ra w TA § I •-ë •d I

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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C/) C/) § 28. INFIAMMABLE OIL: FORMERLY BURNED IN LAMPS 2, 3= OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II .Ill IV I II I II Ill M F T3 . ■ — — — — »< no response — — - — — — “ -

CQ' 3" Æ o ' i a ÿ 22 oU 33.3 71.4 60.0 33.3 33.3 60.0 71.4 20.0 33.3 30.0 72.7 3i CD kerosene 28.6 33.3 14.3 - 66.7 66.7 13.3 14.3 12.2 66.7 4o.o 18.2 "n c 14.3 33.3 14.3 20.0 - - 20.0 - 37.2 - 30.0 - 3. ^ol'3ii7 3" CD ^ o l 4.8 -- 20.0 -- 6,7 14.3 - - - 9.1 ■DCD O Q. C The pronunciation ^o'lar/ and /ko'la*!/ are probably due to a switch in syllabification at the Oa 3 ■D low point of sonority, coupled with dissimilation of the final 1 as a result of the medial 1. O

CD Q.

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C/) C/)

VO CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) o" 3 59. WOOD USED TO START A FIRE 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II -III IV I II I II III M ■D8 F no response 1.8 Ü1.3 -- - 6.7 11+.3 - - - 9.1 ë'3" kindling 33.3 - 28.6 1+0.0 50.0 50.0 26.7 11+.3 37.5 50.0 30.0 36 .1+ 1 3 CD des eclats 19.0 33.3 L.2.9 - - - 26.7 28.6 25.0 - 20.0 18.2

3. shavings ' 9.5 33.3 - 20.0 - - 13.3 11+.3 12.5 — 10.0 9.1 3" CD chips 9.S - - 1+0.0 - - 13.3 11+.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 ■DCD O Q. ribes de Ibois. U .8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - C a O 'lil chip's It.8 -- - 3 lii.3 - 6.7 H+.3 - - - 9.1 ■D O morceaux de bois hoQ - - - 16.7 16.7 - “ - 16.7 10.0 -

CD Q. splinters U .8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - 16.7 ■ 10.0 -

sticks ii.8 --- 16.7 16.7 - — 16.7 9.1 ■D CD

/ C/) C/) Eclats and ribes de bois are standard French words for "kindling" or "chips of wood," Morceaux

de bois (pieces of wood), if it is to mean "kindling," is not standard, and must be|classed as a

dialectal, self-explaining utterance. in o 73 ■DCD O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) o'3 0 60. LA.RGE LOG BURNED AT BACK OF FIREPLACE 5 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II III M F "O no response 28.6 28.6 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 28.6 12.2 20.0 Uo.o 18,2 3. CÛ3" buche 28.6 66.7 U2.9 20.0 - - UO.O 28.6 20.0 - 30.0 27.3 1 3 CD log 19.0 - 1U.3 20.0 33.3 33.3 13o3 IU.3 12.2 33.3 10.0 27.3

3. souche lh.3 - IU.3 Uo.o - - 20.0 28.6 12.2 - 10.0 18,2 3" CD

fire log U .8 33.3 - --- 6.7 - 12.2 - 10.0 - ■DCD O Û. backlog U .8 — - — 16.7 16.7 - - 16.7 — C 9.1 aO 3 ■D Buche is standard French for "log." Souche /su3/, standard French for "stump," is pronounced O in Lafourche Parish, CD Q.

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Ln H* ■o

Ic g û .

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(gC/) O 3 6 1 . AMOUIir OF WOOD YOU CAN CAURY AT ONE T11ÎE O m ov.OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX g I IIn IIIi n IV I II I II III M F 3 no response - • — - - — c5' S armful O 12.9 33.3 28,6 UO.O 33.3 lU.3 30.0 66.7 30.0 36.U

I a load 3Ü.138.1 33.3 71.U - 33.3 Uo.o 71.U 12.3 33.3 20.0 3U.3 -n C p. armload 9.^ 33.3 - 20.0 13.3 - 23.0 « 20.0 - 3" CD a stack it.8 - - 20.0 6.7 - 12.3 - 10.0 - ■OCD I le cordé U.8 - - 20.0 6.7 1U.3 - C 9.1 aO 3 ■o Cordé is standard French, and is related to English "cord," as in "cord of wood," o

& o c ■g

(gc /) 3o'

in ■OCD O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) 3o ’ 62, WOODEN DEVICE TO HOLD LOGS FOR SAWING 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II -III IV I II I II III M F no response — • — •• — — ------CQ'3" chevalet h2.9 66.7 71 .U Uo.o - - 60.0 U2.9 75.0 - 50.0 36.u 1 3 CD horse 23.8 - 1U.3 20.0 50.0 50,0 13.3 28.6 - 50.0 - U5.5 "n c3. sawhorses 9.5 - - - 33.3 33.3 - - - 33.3 20.0 - 3" CD trusties i;.6 - - 20.0 - - - CD 6,7 1U.3 - - 9.1 ■D O Q. see-saw . U .8 - - - 16.7 16.7 -- - 10.0 - C 16.7 g O wood horse - 3 U .8 - IU.3 - - 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 ■D O saw dog U .8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10,0 -

CD - - - _ Q. buck horse U .8 33.3 - 6.7 12.5 10.0

■D Chevalet is the standard French word for "sawbuck," CD

C/) C/)

wi n CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) 3o ' 0 63. WOODEN RACK FOR SAWING PLANKS 5 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 II •in IV I II I II Ill M F no response U .8 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 ■ - ci-3" chevalet 33.3 20.0 16,7 16.7 Uo.o 1U.3 62.5 16.7 50.0 18.2 13 CD horse 23.8 20.0 50.0 50.0 13.3 28,6 - 50.0 - U5.5 c"n sawhorses 20.0 - 3.3" 1U.3 33.3 33.3 6.7 - 12.5 •33.3 30.0 CD

CD scaffold 9.5 33.3 llt.3 - -- 13.3 IU.3 12,5 10.0 ■D - 9.1 O CQ. tréteau U .8 - lit.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 a o 3 trusties U .8 20.0 -- 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 ■D O wood horse U .8 - lii.3 - _ — 6.7 lU.3 - - 9.1

CD Q. Treteau is standard

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(/)

Ln CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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(/)C/) §' 61;. WOODEN POLES /OF A BUGGY/ BETWEEN WHICH THE HORSE STANDS 0 3 OV. EDUCATION CD AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II Ill M F no response 23.8 - 20.0 66.7 66.7 6.7 lU.3 - 66.7 20.0 27.3 3" brancard 52 .U 66.7 100.0 UO.O - - 73.3 85.7 62.5 - UO.O 63.6 31 CD shafts IU.3 33.3 - Uo.o - - 20.0 - 37.5 - 30.0 —

harnessing poles Uo8 - - - l6o7 16.7 - -- 10.0 - 3. .16.7 3" CD harness i|.8 - - — 16.7 16.7 — —— 16.7 9.1 "OCD O Q. Brancard is standard French for "shafts." O 3 "O O

CD Q.

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C/) C/)

Ln Ln CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) 3o" 65* BAR TO WHICH A SINGLE HORSE IS HITCHED. O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD 8 III .Ill IV I II I II III M . F no response 28.6 lli.3 83.3 83.3 6.7 Hi .3 83.3 20.0 36oli CQ'3" singletree 18.1 33.1 U2.9 80.0 - - 53.3 k2o9 62.5 ■ - liO.O 36.U i 3 CD bacul lli.3 33.3 28.6 - - - 20.0 Hi.l 25.0 — 20.0 9.1 "n c flèche li.8 - Hi.3 - - - 6.7 Hi.3 - - - 3. 9.1 3" CD crossbar ii.8 - - - 16.7 16,7 - - — 16.7 10.0 - ■DCD O charrue U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 ~ - Q. Hi.3 - 9.1 C a O doubletree li.8 33.3 - -— _ 6.7 12.5 10,0 3 ■D O Flèche is standard French for "singletree”j charrue, for'"plowshare." Bacul is a standard CD Q. French term, but it does not mean "singletree" or "plowshare," but rather "bhat piece of wood which

is behind the thighs of harnessed animals, especially of oxen," ■D CD

C/) C/)

Ln

cI 8 a.

■o CD

C/) 66o ÏAR TO WHICH TWO SINGLETREES ARE HITCHED 3o ' O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I II III IV I II I II III M F 8 no response 33.3 - 1U.3 20.0 83.3 83.3 13.3 lU.3 12,5 83.3 30.0 36.U 5 cB' doubletree 38.1 66.7 U2.9 60 oO - - 53.3 U2.9 62.5 - UO.O 36.U O -- 3 bacul 1L.3 33.3 28.6 - 20.0 IU.3 25.0 , - 20.0 9.1 CD a double U.8 - - 20.0 - - - - C 6.7 1U.3 - 9.1 p. 3" CD cross’bar U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - -- 16.7 10.0 - 0 ■o flèche U.8 - 1U.3 --- 6.7 IU.3 »» _ 9.1 1c Oa 3 For bacul and flèche, see comment for //6^, ■o O

&

co % (/) CO o ' 3

i n CD ■ D O Q. C 3 Q.

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WC/) 3o" 0 67. b a n d t h a t h o l d s t h e s a d d l e on 3 CD OV. EDUCATIONAGE OCCUPATION SEX ■D8 I II -in IV I II I II III M F no response Uo8 - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 - 9.1 CQ'3" belly band 38.1 - 12.9 100.0 - - 53.3 57.1 50.0 - 30.0 1 U5.5 3 CD la sangle 19.0 66.7 28.6 — -- 26.7 28.6 25.0 - 20.0 18.2 "n c 3. belt - 16.7 16.7 - 10.0 3" 9.5 II4.3 - 6.7 IU.3 16.7 9.1 CD

CD cinch 9.5 - — 33.3 -- - 20.0 - ■D 33.3 33.3 O Q. C strap 9.5 - lii..3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 10,0 9.1 Oa 3 saddle strap L.8 - — — 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 - 9.1 ■D O girth h.8 33.3 _ — —— 6.7 — 12.5 m. . 10.0

CD Q. Sangle is standard French for "cinch."

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C/) C/)

Ul 00 CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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C/) 3o" 68o PLAGE WHERE HORSES ARE ENCLOSED 0 3 EDUCATION AGEOCCUPATIONSEX CD OV. 8 I II .III IV I II III III M F no response U.8 ■ — 20.0 - 6.7 - 12.5 — 10.0 — CQ'3" EHS 23.8 66.7 28.6 - 16.7 16.7 26.7 IU.3 37.5 16.7 Uo.o 9.1 1 3 CD corral 23.8 - lU.3 20.0 5o.o 50.0 13.3 lU.3 12.5 50.0 10.0 36 oU

19 oO 60.0 - 26.7 12.5 . - id.o 3. ^ u ' r a * ^ - IU.3 - U2..9 27.3 3" CD pasture. IU.3 - 3Ji.3 - 33.3 33.3 6,7 IU.3 - 33.3 10.0 18.2 ■DCD O - — - 12.5 - 10.0 - Q. paddock U.8 33.3 - 6.7 C a O horse pen U.8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 1U.3 - - - 9.1 3 ■D O lot U.8 — IU.3 - -- 6.7 - 32.5 - 10,0 9.1

CD Q. ^ u ' r a i ^ is probably Gallicized "corral." No standard source can be found for this1 item.

Parc* on the other hand, is a standard French word for this concept, and it seems to be the generic

■g term in this area.. 3 wC/) o"

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WC/) 3o" 69. PIACE WHERE COWS ARE ENCLOSED O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II -Ill IV I II I II III M F ■D8 no response — ■ — — - -— — -- -- - CQ- 3" pasture lt?o6 - 57,1 80.0 33,3 33,3 53,3 71 .U 37,5 33,3 30,0 63.6 i 3 CD pare 19,0 33,3 28.6 - 16,7 16.7 20,0 1U,3 25.0 16.7 30.0 9,1

3. corral 9,5 33.3 -- 16,7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 20.0 - 3" CD cow pen 9,5 - 1U,3 20.0 - - 13,3 1U,3 12.5 - 10.0 9,1 ■DCD O Q. meadow 9.5 - - - 33.3 33,3 - - — 33,3 - 18.2 C a O savane U.8 33,3 ------» 3 6.7 12.5 10.0 ■D O For pare, see comment for #68. According to Read, savane in Louisiana signifies "pasture land" CD Q. ( Louisiana -French, p. lij.9)« For the etymology of the word see Read; also McDermott, Mississippi

Valley French, p. 137. ■D CD 3 WC/) o" CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) 3o" 70, YARD OR ENCLOSURE ABOUT THE BARN 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD 8 I II .III IV I II I II III M F no response 33 c3 lli.3 liO.O 66.7 66.7 20,0 28.6 12-.5 66,7 20,0 CQ'3" pare 23.. 8 66.7 28.6 - 16.7 16.7 26.7 28.6 2^.0 16.7 30.0 18.2 1 3 CD yard 9o$ - Hi.3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 Hi.3 - 16.7 10.0 9.1 "n c lot 20.0 - - 12.5 - - 18.2: 3. 9o5 - Hi .3 13.3 lli.3 3" CD tnimp lot 1#.8 33.3 - - -- 6.7 - 12,5 - 10.0 - ■DCD O - 20.0 - Q. pen li.8 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - C a O karn lot li.8 - - -- - 12.5 - 10.0 - 3 Hi.3 6.7 ■D O small pen li.8 - Hi.3 - - - 6.7 lli.3 - - - 9.1

CD barnyard Q. li.8 20.0 6,7 12.5 10.0

For pare, see comment for #68, ■D CD

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WC/) 3o" 71. MGLOSURE FOR PIGS OR HOGS O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II Ill M F ■D no response — -- —------CQ'3" pigpen 33.3 - 1)4.3 100.0 16.7 16.7 ilO.O 12.9 37.5 16.7 30.0 36.il i 3 CD pare 19.0 33.3 28.6 - 16.7 16.7 20.0 lii.3 25.0 16.7 30.0 9.1

hog pen lil. 3 33.3 28.6 - - - 20.0 lii.3 25.0 - 20.0 3. 9.1 3" CD pare "a cochon lii.3 33.3 111. 3 - 16.7 16.7 13.3 lii.3 12.5 16.7 10.0 18.2 ■DCD O Q. pig sty 9.5 - - - 33.3 33.3 - - - 33.3 10.0 9.1 C a O cochoniere ii.8 - li|.3 - - - 6.7 lii.3 - - - 7.1 3 ■D O pen ii.8 —-- 16.7 16.7 — — — 16.7 9.1

CD Q. For parc, see comments for //68. Cochonière, though it follows a regular pattern of extension

(-ière)j is an odd response. The -ière suffix means "place of ______Cf. pigeonniere. garconiere. ■D CD

C/) C/)

ON to CD "D O Q. C g Q.

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C/)W 3o" O 72, ENCLOSUHE AROUND THE HOUSE

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II -III IV I II I II III M F ■D8 no response - - - — ------CQ'3" yard 81.0 66,7 82.7 80,0 83.3 83.3 80.0 71.U 87.2 83.3 80.0 81,8 i 3 CD parterre it.8 - lU.3 - - - 6,7 1U,3 - - 9.1

3. lawn U.8 - - 20,0 - - 6,7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 3" CD pare a fleur U.8 - CD 33.3 - — - 6,7 - 12,2 - 10,0 ■D O Q. garden U.8 -- - — C 16,7 16,7 16,7 10,0 Oa 3 ■D O Parc k fleur is an interesting variation of the use of parc. Parterre, a standard French t erm

CD for a formai garden, has come to be a specialized word in the jargon of landscape architecture. Q.

T3 CD

(/)

H» w 73 ■DCD O Û. C g Q.

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WC/) o3 ' 73O FENCE m D E OF WOODEN RAILS. O OV.EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 1 II •III IV I 11 III Ill M F ■D no response 23.8 IU.3 Uo.o 33.3 33.3 20.0 28.6 12.5 33.3 U5.5 3. CÛ3" barrière 19.0 66,7 28.6 - - - 26.7 lU.3 37.5 - 30.0 9.1 i 3 CD rail fence lit.3 33.3 - 20.0 16.7 16.7 13.3 - 25.0 16.7 30.0 -

- n c - 3. picket fence IU.3 - IU.3 33.3: 33.3 6.7 - 12.5 •33.3 20.0 9.1 3" CD fil ^ a l t ^ U.8 - 1U.3 -- - 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 ■DCD O Q. post fence U.8 - 1U.3 --- 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 C a O - 20.0 - 3 wood fence U.8 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - ■D O bannistre U .8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1

& wooden fence U.8 -- - 16.7 16.7 - - 16.7 10.0 -

O picken fence U.8 - 1U.3 ■ --- IU.3 - - - 9.1 C

■o CD ■ Barrière is the stanciard French generic term for this concept, meaning any "barrier." Bannistre, (gC/) o" 3 standard French "bannister," is probably used by extension. For fil dalton, see comment for

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WC/) o" 3 71;. FENC3 M D E FROM WIRE WITH SPIKES'ON IT 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I ■D8 II I II III M F no response — — - - - CQ'3" bob wire fence 38.1 - U2.9 Uo.o 50.0 50.0 33.3 57.1 12.5 50.0 30.0 U5.5 1 3 CD fil du fer \ 19.0 66.7 ll;.3 20.0 -- 26.7 28.6 25.0 - 20.0 18.2 "n piquant 3.c barb wire 19.0 - li;.3 20.0 33.3 33.3 13.3 - 25.0 ■33.3 10.0 27.3 3" CD barbed wire fence 9.5 - - 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 20.0 - ■DCD O Q. fer a piquante 1.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - C a O - 3 fil / d a l t V L.8 - lU.3 -- 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 ■D O fil a piquant fence li.8 - Ü1.3 - - - 6,7 - 12.5 - 10,0 —

CD Q. Fil du fer a piquant, an American invention, was named after the French arrived in Louisiana.

■D As is typical, the noun is seli'-explaining (a pricking iron wire). Fil /dalt^, used by one in­ CD formant, eludes identification. It should, however, be classed as a dialectal variant, for none C/) C/) of the standard French works consulted lists this word, or a variation thereof.

H m Ü1 CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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enC/) o" 3 7^. U-SHAPED NAIL USED TO .ATTACH BARBED VJIRE O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II ■III IV I II I II Ill MF ■D8 no response 19,0 28,6 - 33.3 33.3 13.3 28.6 - 33.3 - 36.U ë'3" crampe k2,9 66,7 57.1 Uo.o 16,7 16.7 53.3 71.U 37.5 16,7 Uo.o U5.5 i 3 CD staple 23.8 33.3 IU.3 60,0 - - 33.3 - 62,5 - UO.O 9.1

3. cramps 1,8 - - - 16,7 16.7 - -- 16,7 10,0 - 3" CD clou crochet li,8 - - - 16,7 16,7 - -- 16,7 10.0 . - ■DCD O Q. a crook U.8 - — — 16.7 16,7 ——— 16,7 9.1 C Oa 3 "D Crampe is a derivative of standard French cramponnet (staple). Clou crochet is a dialectal, O self-explaining compound, and literally means "hooked nail." Staple is pronounced /step^/ in CD Q. Lafourche Parish,

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C/) C/)

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WC/) 3o' 76. OUTDOOR TOILET 0 5 CD OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II •in IV I II III Ill M F no response — . — ' — —— ------<5-3" cabine U7.6 3 3 . 3 57.1 liO.O 50.0 50.0 46.7 57.1 37.5 50.0 50.0 45.5 1 3 CD commode lU.3 66.7 lli.3 - - - 20.0 lli.3 25.0 - 20.0 9.1

outhouse - 20.0 3. lii.3 - 33.3 3 3 . 3 6.7 - 12.5 33.3 10.0 18.2 3" CD outdoor toilet . 9.^ - - ItO.O - - 13.3 - 25.0 - 10.0 9.1 ■DCD O toilet li.8 Q. - lli.3 -- - 6.7 lli.3 - - - 9.1 C a O commode li.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 3 16.7 10.0 - ■D O lieu dehors li.8 - lli.3 -- - 6.7 lli.3 — — 9.1

CD Q. Cabine is the familiar, commode the standard French form for "outhouse?^ lieu dehors (the place

outside) is a euphemism for ifhat mar^y of the older informants considered a taboo subject. ■D CD

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WC/) 3o" 77. PLAGE WHERE CHICKENS ARE KEPT

OV. EDUCATION AGE CD OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II .III IV I II I II Ill M F ■D no response 4.8 — - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 - 9.1 CQ'3" chicken house 38.1 - U2.9 60.0 33.3 33.3 liO.O Ii2.9 37.5 33.3 liO.O 36.li i 3 poulailler CD 28.6 100.0 li2.9 - - - liO.O 28.6 50.0 - liO.O 18.2 "n c chicken coop 23.8 -- liO.O 50.0 50.0 3. 13.3 lli.3 12.5 • 50.0 20.0 27.3 3" CD coop li.8 - lli.3 - -- 6.7 lli.3 — _ 9.1 ■DCD O Q. C .Poulailler is standard French for poultry house. Many of the older informants explained that Oa 3 ■D poulailler refers only to the house where chickens lay. The regular place where chickens roost they O called a .jouquoir, a local variant from the standard French juchoir. CD Q.

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C/) CO 3o " O 78o MAIN PLANTATION HOUSE

^ OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEXL 0 ■D I II III IV I II I II III M F no response . 28.6 33b3 U2.9 33.3 33.3 26.7 28.6 25.0 33.3 20.0 36.U CQ' 3" boss's house lU.3 - IU.3 Uo.o - - 20.0 28.6 12.5 - 10.0 18.2 1 3 CD maison de boss 9.5 33.3 IU.3 - - - 13.3 1U.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1

3. overseer's house 9.5 - - Uo.o - - 13.3 12.5 - - 18.2 3" IU.3 CD

CD mansion 9-5 - IU.3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 10.0 ■D 9.1 O Q. C plantation house 9.5 - 1U.3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 1U.3 - 16,7 10.0 9.1 Oa 3 big house U.8 33.3 - - -- 6,7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - ■D O big wheel's house U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - -- 16.7 10,0 -

CD Q. owner ' a house U.8 - - - 16,7 16*7 - - - 16,7 10, 0

main house U.8 — 20.0 _ — 6.7 12.5 10,0 ■D CD

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WC/) 3o ’ 79. IS THE INFORMANT ABLE TO SPEAK KNŒLEDGEABLY ABOUT SUGAR CANE CULTURE 0 3 OV. CD EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M F ■D8 no 28.6 33.3 28.6 20.0 33 o3- 33.3 26.7 11^.3 37.5 33.3- 30.0 27.3 (O'3" yes n . h 66.7 71.U 80.0 66.7 66.7 73.3 85.7 62.5 66.7 70.0 72.7 1 3 CD -p The responses to this question were too diverse, running from the most technical to the "I C 3. g" heard it called" responses. The percentages shown indicate only whether the informant was able

■S to speak intelligently about cane and the products of cane, or not. This is a useful bit of 0 Q. information^ for cane culture stops at Larose-Cut Off. From this point south the main industry 5' 3 -o is "seafood, cr1 I—H CD Q.

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C/) 3o ' 80 o FARMER WHO WORKS ON SHARES 3" CD • OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II -Ill IV I II I II Ill M F ■ D no response 111.3 33.3 28.6 -- - 20,0 111 .3 25.0 - 20,0 9.1 CD3" sharecropper 38.1 - 28.6 80.0 33.3 33.3 6.7 ii2.9 37.5 33.3 30.0 U5.5 i 3< (D tennant farmer 23.8 33.3 111.3 - 50.0 50.0 13.3 - 25.0 50.0 30.0 18.2 ■n c plant by the share I1.8 - IU - - - 6.7 - — 3 . .3 Ill .3 9.1 m working on a share I1.8 - IU .3 - - -- H 1.3 - - - 9.1 (D

O • a Q. working on a U 08 20.0 6.7 H 1.3 9.1 C a /padna/ship o' habitait l i e 8 ------3 33.3 6.7 12.5 10.0 T 3 3"O half-share farmer ii.8 --- 16.7 16.7 iiOoO —— 16.7 10,0

CD Q. Habitant is standard French for "resident."

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(gC/) d = 3 81o THE SEASON WHEN CANE IS CUT O

CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II • Ill IV I II I II III M F 5 no response 9.5 m . 3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 14.3 - 16.7 - 18.2 cB' /graznig/ 28.6 - — O 57.1 Uo.o - ho.o 42.9 37.5 - 20.0 36.4 = 3 CD la roulaison 19.0 66.7 28.6 -- - 26.7 28.6 25.0 - 20.0 18.2

harvest lU.3 33.3' - 20.0 16.7 16.7 13.3 25.0 16.7 20.0 9.1

grinding time ll|.3 - 20.0 33.3 33.3 6.7 - . 12.5 33.3 2.0.0 9.1 ■OCD I winter time it.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 14.3 - - - 9.1 C a O autumn U.8 - - - -- 10.0 = 3 16.7 16.7 - 16,7 - ■O O fall koQ —— — 16.7 16.7 —_ 16.7 10.0

& La roulaison is the standard French word for this concept# o c

(gc/) o' = 3

M to CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) o" 3 82. CRANE LIKE APPARATUS FOR LOADING CANE 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGEOCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no response , m . 3 • — lit.3 - 33.3 33.3 6.7 lU.3 - 33.3 - 27.3 ci'3" /halst/ 28.6 66.7 28.6 UOoO - - Uo.o 28.6 50.0 - Uo.o 18.2 1 3 CD hoist 23.8 33.3 Ü1.3 20.0 33.3 33.3 20.0 IU.3 25.0 33.3 30.0 18.2

3. crane 19.0 - 28.6 - 33.3 33.3 13.3 28,6 - •33.3 20.0 18.2 3" CD cane loader 9.5 - - bo.o - - 13.3 IU.3 12.5 - 18,2 ■DCD O — —_ Q. loader Uo8 IU.3 6.7 12.5 •• 10.0 C a O 3 ■D O

CD Q.

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C/) C/)

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C/) o" 3 83. P U G E WHERE JUICE IS PRESSED OUT OF SUGARCANE AND MANUFACTURED INTO SUGAR O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II - i n IV I II I II ■D8 Ill M F no response . #* — — — —— — - - - -

sugar house 33.3 33.3; U2.9 60.0 - - U6.7 57.1 37.5 - 20.0 U5.5 i sugar mill 28.6 - lU.3 Uo.o 50.0 50.0 20.0 lU.3 25.0 50.0 Uo.o 18.2

3. sugar factory lli.3 33.3 - - 33.3 33.3 6.7 12.5 33.3 10.0 18.2 3" CD (sugar) refinery lii.3 33.3 28.6 - - - 20.0 IU.3 25.0 - 20.0 9.1 ■DCD O Q. sugar plant Uo8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 - C a O la fanerie du sucre U.8 - - - - — 3 1U.3 6.7 IU.3 9.1 ■D O

CD In fanerie du sucre, the word fanerie is a dialectal variant of standard French raffinerie Q. (refinery).

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C/) C/) 8U. THE RESIDUE OF SUGARCANE AFTER THE JUICE HAS BEEN PRESSED OUT

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II .III IV I II I II III M F ;o no response

bagasse 71.U 33.3 U2.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 60.0 57.1 62.5 100.0 70.0 72.7

CD bagasse 28.6 66.7 57.1 - - 1+0.0 1+2.9 37.5 - 30.0 27.3

3"3. CD

"OCD O Q.

3O "O O

CD Q.

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C/) C/)

•vj cn ■o o cÛ. g û .

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(£(/) O 3 8S. SÏRUP MADE FROM SUGARCANE /DO THEY DISTINGUISH/

m OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II -III IV I II I II III M F no response ?•$ ' — 33*3 33*3 - - — 33*3 - 18,2

CQ yes 90.3 100,0 100,0 100,0 66,7 66.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.7 100.0 81,8 3 CD The ususal.responses to this question were cane syrupj molassesj and 3a cuite, a very heavy p. m syrup of the consistency of caramel. For further comments see Read, Louisiana-French, p. 33.

CD ■D O Q. C a o 3 ■D O

CD Q.

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C/) C/) 86. TOOL, HELD IN ONE HAND, USED FOR CUTTING CANE, GRASS OR WEEDS

m OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX o I II .III IV I II I II III M F

■D no X*6SpOIXS6 ^ ^ ' mm 0m mm mm mm mm mm 0m m m

caneknife 71.1 66.7 57.1 80.0 83.3 83.3 66.7 57.1 75.0 83.3 80.0 63.6

sabre 23.8 33.3 29.6 20.0 16.7 16.7 26.7 28.6 2^.0 I6.7 20.0 27.3

3. sxclclo lio8 .3 ^ 6.7 *1 )| .3 « . » 9.1 3" CD

'a Sabre is standard French for "saber" or "long knife," O Q. C a 3O ■D O

CD Q.

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■O CD (/) o ' 3 87. FLAT PIECE OF STONE TO O

CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II .III IV I II I II III M F v<■O no response 9.5 - - - - - 33o33 33.3 - - 33.3 - 18,2 ë ' stone it2.9 ■» - 28.6 100.0 33.3 33.3 U6„7 57.1 37.5 33.3 Uo.O U5.5 3i CD pierre 19.0 33.3 h2o9 - - - 26.7 28.6 25.0 - 20.0 18.2

C file p. 9.5 - lit.3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 lU.3 - ■ 16.7 10.0 9.1 whetstone lt.8 33.3 — •— 6.7 — I2..5 10.0 — ■OCD O hone Q. lt.8 33=3 — — 6.7 — 12.5 — 10.0 — C a O sharpening stone it.8 — lit.3 — — — 6.7 — 12.5 — 10.0 — 3 ■O O filing block it.8 — - 16.7 16.7 — — —- 16,7 — 9.1

CD Q. Pierre is standard French for "stone," and hy extension "whetstone," O C ■O CD (/) o ' 3

M 00 ■o 1 s û .

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œC/) 3o O 88. ROUND STONE THAT REVOLVES TO SHARPEN AXES

CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II ■Ill IV I II I II Ill M F ■O8 v< no response 23.8 28.6 — $0.0 $0.0 13.3 28.6 - $0.0 10.0 36.U ë '

o meule 33.3 66.7 57ol 20.0 — - U6.7 $7.1 37.$ - 30,0 36.U 3 CD grindstone 33.3 33.3 IU.3 80.0 16.7 16.7 Uo.o liio3 6 2 .$ 16.7 Uo.o 27.3

C p. stone Uo8 - . -- 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 - 3" CD grinding wheel U .8 —— » 16.7 16.7 — •• 16.7 10.0 ■OCD O Q. ^ Meule is standard French for "grindstone." 5' ■O O

CD Q.

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C/) C/)

•-J VO 73 ■OCD O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) o3 " 89. IMPLEMENT FOR LEVELING OFF NEWLY PLOWED GROUND O 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II •Ill IV I II I II III M F TD8 '< no response 23.8 • — iU.3 - 66.7 66.7 6.7 1U.3 - 66.7 20.0 27.3 (O'3" herse 33.3 66.7 57.1 20.0 - ' - U6.7 57.1 37.5 - 30,0 36.U

ï3 CD harrow 28.6 33.3 iu.3 Uo.o 33.3 33.3 26.7 IU.3 37.5 33.3 30.0 27.3

3. rateau L .8 - lU.3 - -- 6.7 1U.3 - - 9.1 3" CD yâe U .8 - - 20,0 - - 6,7 - 12.5 - 10,0 - "OCD O _ — —— — Q. drag U .8 20.0 6.7 12,5 10,0 O 3 "O Herse /her§7 is standard French for "harrow," but it is pronounced / n a r ^ in Lafourche Parish, O Bateau is standard French for "rake."

CD Q.

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k 1 00 CVI• r4 CO CO H 1 S É o O o d CO CJ

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H 1 CA >- H 0 • tA SO M Os O 0 O• O o ir\ XA

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1w 0 0 E-t co g & 0 1 u rt o o o o Os o A

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 182

k I CVIe VO CO Ov cn

CO S I O « o Q o VO CM CM

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 73 ■OCD O Q. C 3 Q.

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C/) C/) g 92 o CALL TO HORSES TO GET THEM TO TURN RIGHT 2, ^ OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II .III IV I II I II III M Y no response 23.8 - - - 83.3 83,3 - - 83.3 20.0 27.3 a gee 6 6 , 7 1 0 0 . 0 8 2 , 7 1 0 0 , 0 - - 9 3 * 3 8 2 . 7 1 0 0 . 0 - 7 0 , 0 6 3 . 6 W I (pull reigns) 9.5 - IU.3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 lL.3 - 16.7 10.0 9.1

Ug ■ ■ CD

■oCD I I O 3 •

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C/) C/) O 0 93. CALL TO HORSES TO GET THEM TO TURN LEFT 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II 'III IV I II I II Ill M F no response . 23.8 ■ «• ci- — — 83.3 83.3 - - - 83.3 20.0 27.3 3" haw 33.3 33.3 U2o9 60.0 - - U6.7 U2.9 50.0 - Uo.o 27.3 31 CD whoa haw 28.6 66.7 U2.9 20.0 - - Uo.o 28.6 50.0 - 30.0 27.3

3. ' 3" (pull,reigns) - IU.3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 lU.3 - • 16.7 10.0 9.1 CD

-_ — ■DCD ho U.8 20.0 -— 6.7 IU.3 —•• 9.1 O CQ. a o 3 ■D O

CD Q.

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C/) C/)

00 CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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C/)

o" 3 9h» M L E horse /EUPHEÎ4ISM AND NICKNAMES/ O OV. EDUCATIONAGE OCCUPATION SEX I II 8 •III IV I II ^11 III M F no response 28.6 33.3 U2.9 33.3 33.3 26.7 28.6 25.0 33.3 30.0 27.3 ci' 3" stallion 33o3 33.3 - itO.O 66.7 66.7 20.0 - 37.5 66.7 itO.O 27.3 i / 3 CD cheval lk.3 - 28.6 20.0 - - 20.0 42.9 - - 27.3

3. étalon 9.5 33.3 lit.3 - - - 13.3 - 25.0 - 20.0 - 3" CD (just a) horse lt.8 - lit.3 - - - 6,7 llt.3 - - - 9.1 ■DCD O Q. stud lt.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - C a O mule -- -- - mm 3 it.8 20.0 6.7 lit.3 9.1 ■D O / Etalon and mule are standard French for "stallion" and "mule" respectively. CD Q.

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o"

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C/) 3o" O 9^. GENTLE KOISE MADE BY A HORSE AT FEEDING TIME /GET VERB/ OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F 5 no response k47.67.6 -- 71.4 20.0 66.7 66.7 40.0 71.4 12 .^ 66.7 30.0 63.6 ci-3" snorting 9.5 33»3 — 20.0 — — l3o3 — 2^.0 — 10.0 9.1 3i CD nakle 9.5 33.3 14.3 - - 13.3 14.3 12.5 10.0 9.1 "n c whinny 9.5 3"3. - - - 33.3 33.3 - - 33.3 10.0 9.1 CD whine 4.8 CD - *• 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 — 10.0 - ■D O Q. hargon 4.8 33.3 — — _ — 6.7 — 12.5 — C 10.0 - a O 3 whistle 4.8 — l4«3 — — - 6.7 - 12.5 — 10.0 - ■D O hanni 4.8 — — 20.0 — — 6.7 14.3 — ~ - 9.1

CD Q. neigh 4.8 “ "* 20.0 — — 6.7 — 12.5 ~ 10.0

■D Nakle is a dialectal CD the nose). Hanni is from standard French hennir (whinny). Harmon, given as a response by one C/) C/) informant, is neither standard French nor a widespread dialectal term.

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WC/) 3o" 96, CALL TO HORSES IN PASTURE /TO GET THEI'Î HOME/ O OV. EDUCATION CD AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 1 11 •111 IV 1 11 1 11 Ill M F ■O no response llt.3 — — $0.0 $0.0 -- - $0.0 20.0 9.1 CQ'3" whoap, whoap 23.8 33.3 28.6 Uo.o -- 33.3 llt.3 $0.0 - 30.0 - i 3 CD name 23.8 33.3 28.6 ItO.O - - 33.3 U2.9 2$.0 - 20.0 27.3

"n c whistle lit .3 - - - 18.2 3. llt.3 33.3 33.3 6.7 1 2 .$ 33.3 10.0 3" CD quoap lt.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.$ - 10.0 18.2 ■DCD O whoa hoy lt.8 - - Q. - llt.3 - - 6.7 llt.3 - - 9.1 C a O come on horse lt.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 llt.3 - - - 9.1 3 ■D O here hoy lt.8 - - 16.7 16.7 --- 16.7 10.0 -

CD CO-CO-CO lt.8 — — _ — — Q. Ut.3 6.7 llt.3 9.1

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WC/) o ’ 3 97. CALL TO GCWS IN PASTURE /TO GET THEM HOME/ 0 5 OV. CD EDUCATION • AGE OCCUPATION SEX 1 11 .111 IV 1 11 1 11 111 M F ■D8 no response 23.8 • -— 83.3 83.3 - - - 83.3 20.0 27.3 CQ’ 3" ly name 38.1 - 57.1 60.0 16.7 16.7 U6.7 71.U 25.0 16.7 20.0 5U.5 1 3 CD cha-cha-cha 23.8 33.3 U&.9 20.0 - - 33.3 lii.3 50.0 - Uo.o 9.1 -n c come on 3. 9.5 33.3 - 20.0 - - 13.3 lU.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 3" CD whooo-ip U .8 33.3. - - — - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 ■DCD O CQ. The response "cha-cha," to my knowledge. is not used in other speech communities. though it is Oa ■o widespread in this area, not only as a call to cows, but also as a call to dogs. O

CD Q.

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00 CO 189

1-• - rH• 1 1 oo CSJ O s r4 c^ CO S 1 o••O O #•o o o o q s o H CSJ iH

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) 3o" 0 99, CALL TO CCWS WHILE MILKING /TO GET THEÎ4 TO STAND/ 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 1 11 111 IV 1 11 1 11 i n M F no response IU.3 • — - - 50.0 50.0 - - - 50.0 10.0 18.2 CQ'3" Ù 23.8 - U2.9 UO.O - - 33.3 28.6 37.5 - 20.0 2-7.3 1 3 CD place-toi 9.5 - 28.6 - - - 13.3 28.6 - - - 18.2 "n c 3. laisse tranquille 9.5 33.3 lU.3 - - - 13.3 - 25.0 20.0 - 3" CD keep still CD 9.5 - - 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 IU.3 - 16.7 - 18.2 ■D O Q. hold it U.8 .. - C 33.3 - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - a O 3 pied U.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - ■D O (slap them) U.8 -- 20.0 — - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

CD Q. keep quiet U.8 -- 20.0 - 6.7 IU.3 -- - 9.1

whoa you S.O.B. U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 - ■D CD steady U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 -

C/) C/) stop your noise U.8 - IU.3 —— — 6.7 lU.3 9.1

la (there), laisse tranquille or reste tranquille (keep quiet), and pied (stand) are all

standard French, place-toi the familiar for "steady" or "s^and."

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WC/) o" 3 100. CALL TO CHICKENS 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE ' OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II i n IV I II I II III M F no response - •— ——— — — — - - - - ci'3" pi-pi-pi- 19.0 33.3 1U.3 20.0 16.7 16.7 20.0 IU.3 25.0 16.7 30.0 9.1 i 3 CD chick-chick 19.0 - - UO.O 33.3 33.3 13.3 - 25.0 33.3 10.0 27.3

3. kitti-kitti 1U«3 - 28.6 20.0 - - 20.0 28.6 12.5 — 10.0 18.2 3" CD pouli-pouli 1U.3 33.3 lU.3 - 16.7 16.7 13.3 IU.3 12.5 16.7 20.0 9.1 ■DCD O Q. pitti-pitti - 16.7 - 25.0 20.0 C lit.3 33.3 IU.3 16.7 13.3 16.7 9.1 a O 3 chi-chi-chi 9.^ - 1U.3 20.0 - - 13.3 28.6 - - - 18.2 ■D O cluck-cluck U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 -

CD - Q. ki-ki-ki- U.8 - IU.3 - - 6.7 1/4.3 9.1

■D All responses to this question were onomatopoetic words except pouli-pouli, a construction CD based on poule, French for chicken. C/) C/)

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x i LA 1— 1 » s o LA O s Os X t

1 O O• O o CO CM

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c - O r - # o sO O s o sO I CO O r - (A H • O s o fA 1A H fA

r - O fA• O s q À LA H fs’L O o I O•• o O o CSJ SO CSI

i r S 1 & :d (U è Ih o g a I ’â

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C/) C/) § 102. CALL TO DOG TO HAVE HIM CHASE SOMETHING o 3= OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV 8 I II I II Ill M F no response - . — — — — — — - — — - -

CQ' 3" sic 'im 52 oil 66.7 28,6 60.0 66.7 66.7 U6.7 U2.9 50.0 66.7 Uo.o 63.6 i3 CD get 'urn 23.8 - 28.6 20.0 33.3 33.3 20.0 28.6 12.5 33.3 30.0 18.2

c"n get him 33.3 IU.3 - - - 13.3. - 25.0 - 20.0 - 3. 9.5 3" CD get it u .8 - — 20.0 -- 6.7 IU.3 - -- 9.1 ■DCD O cha-cha-cha U.8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 — — 12.5 - 10.0 - CQ. a - — — » — _ o skit up U .8 1U.3 6.7 IU.3 9.1 3 ■D O

CD For comment on "cha-cha j* see //97« Q.

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WC/) 3o" 0 103. A WORTHLESS DOG 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no response - CQ'3" pot-licker 19.0 —28.6 iiO.O - - 26.7 Hi.3 37.5 - 20.0 18.2 1 3 CD a no good dog Hi .3 — 28.6 20.0 - - 20.0 li2.9 - _ 27.3 "n c 3. chien bon rien 9.5 33.3 lli.3 - - 13.3 - 25.0 - 20.0 3" CD

CD mutt 9.5 — lli.3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 Hi.3 - 16.7 - 18.2 ■D O Q. bon \ rien C li.8 — lli.3 — — — 6.7 lUo3 — — — 9.1 a O 3 mongrel li.8 33.3 — — — — 6.7 - 12.5 — 10.0 — ■D O cayoodle li.8 — — 20.0 ~ — 6.7 — 12.^ — 10.0 —

CD Q. a trash li.8 — — 20.0 — — 6.7 lli«3 — — — 9.1

chien pas bon ii.8 33*3 — — — — 6.7 — 1 2 .^ — 10.0 — ■D CD heinz 57 variety li.8 — — — 16.7 16.7 — — — 16.7 10.0 —

C/) C/) half-breed li.8 — — — 16.7 16.7 — — — 16.7 10.0 —

garbage can dog li.8 — — — 16.7 16.7 — — — 16»7 10.0 —

stray li.8 — — —- 16o7 16.7 — — — 16*7 - 9 ol M taïaut I4.8 — —- — 1 6 .7 16.7 — — — 160 7 — 9ol CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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C/) C/) Chien bon rien (good for nothing dog), bon a rien (good for nothing), and chien pas bon (no­

good dog) are all self-explaining. Tarant in standard French is "the cry of the hunter during the 8 ■D hunt to animate the dogs." Cf. "tally-ho."

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WC/) o ' 3 lOlu A FARI^ ANIMAL SMALLER THAN A MULE OR HORSE 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II Ill M F "D no response — ------(O'3" donkey 52 .L 66.7 57.1 Uo.o 50.0 50.0 53.3 U2.9 62.5 50.0 5o.o 5U.5 1 3 CD jackass 28.6 - 28.6 Uo.o 33.3 3 3 . 3 26.7 U2..9 12.5 33.3 30.0 27.3

"n 3.c jack U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 3" CD bonrlqnet U.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - ■DCD O Q. burro U.8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - C a O ass U.8 - - . 3 - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 - 9.1 ■D O Bouriquet is standard French for "a small donkey .11 CD Q.

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C/) 3o" 10^. HOPPING INSECTS THAT DESTROY CROPS O OV. EDUCATION ACE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV III I II III M F ■D8 no response ------— — — - ci'3" grasshopper 76.2 66.7 U2.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.7 71 .U 62.5 100.0 70.0 81.8 i 3 CD sauterelle 19.0 33.3 U2.9 - - 26.7 28.6 25.0 20.0 18.2

locust - -— 3. U.8 IU.3 6.7 12,5 10.0 3" CD

■DCD O Sauterelle is the local variant for "grasshopper." For further comment, dealing especially Q. C aO with Lafourche Parish, see Read, Louisiana-French, p. 33» 3 ■D O

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WC/) o" 3 106. BIG BLACK GRASSHOPPERS WITH RED WINGS 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 IIIIIIIVIII III III M F no response U .8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 - 9.1 ci'3" cheval caresse U7.6 66.7 71.U UO.O 16,7 16.7 60.0 57.1 62.2 16.7 20.0 U2.5 1 3 CD grasshopper 1U«3 33.3 1U.3 - 16.7 16.7 13.3 - 22.0 16.7 20.0 9.1 "n 3.c graveyard hopper U .8 -- 20.0 - - 6.7 1U.3 - -- 9.1 3" CD black spider U .8 -- 20.0 - - 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 ■DCD O Q. big black grasshopper U.8 - -- 16.7 16.7 - -- 16.7 10.0 - C a O 3 des caresses U .8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 - ■D O flying grasshopper U .8 -- - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 - 9.1

CD Q. breaking head U.8 - lU.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 --- 9.1

devil's horse U .8 20.0 _ 6.7 «m. 12.2 10.0 ■D CD The head of this grasshopper is said to resemble that of a horse, hence cheval caresse (carriage C/) C/) horse). The response "breaking head" was explained by the informant as her own teimi which sprang

from the belief that if the grasshopper bit a person, its head would break off in the person's

flesh and fester there. Actually, these grasshoppers do not bite. VO 00 CD ■ D O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) 3o" 107. b i g BLACK ANTS THAT STING 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II i n IV IIII 11 I l l M F ■D no response ii.8 - - 20.0 -- 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - (O'3" fromi 2,3.8 - U2.9 - 33.3 33.3 20.0 U2.9 - 33.3 20.0 27.3 1 3 CD ants 19.0 - lU.3 20.0 33.3 33.3 13.3 - 25.0 33.3 20.0 18.2 "n c (big) black ants - 20.0 - 3. lU.3 - 33.3 33.3 6.7 IU.3 33.3 - 27.3 3" CD fromi noir 9.5 66.7 - - - - 13.3 - 25.0 - 20.0 - ■DCD O fromi piquante - Q. 9.5 28.6 - - - 13.3 IU.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 C a O piss ant it.8 33.3 - -- - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - 3 ■D O flying ant l+o8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

CD poison ant - - 20.0 - - - - - Q. k.Q 6.7 IU.3 9.1

big ant ■ U.8 — IU.3 — — — 6.7 lU-3 -— — 9.1 ■D CD Fromi /"'fromi/ (ants), fromi noir (black ant), and from! piquante (stinging ant) are variants (/) (/) of the standard French fourmi /'furmi/.

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C/) 3o" 108, SMALL INSECT. TJIAT BORES INTO THE SKIN /MAKES RED, ITCHY SPOTS/ O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 III Ill IV III I II Ill M F ■D no response ii.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - -- 16.7 10.0 (O'3" red bug 52 - U2.9 80.0 66.7 66,7 U6.7 U2.9 50.0 66.7 50.0 5U.5 i 3 CD bêtes rouge 28.6 66.7 57.1 - - - Uo.o U2.9 37.5 - 30.0 27.3

chigger' - - - 3. 9.5 33.3 16.7 16,7 6.7 12,5 16.7 10.0 9.1 3" CD des /subleur/ U .8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 IU.3 — ' - 9.1 ■DCD O Q. C Bêtes rouge is standard French for "red bugs." Des /subleus/ is probably a personal or family aO 3 ■D term. O

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C/)W 3o" 109. INSECTS THAT BUILD MUD NESTS O 5 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I 8 II III IV I II I II Ill MF ■D no response — — - — - - - - —- -- - (O'3" wasp 38.1 - U2.9 20.0 66.7 66.7 26.7 U2.9 12.5 66.7 20.0 5U.5 ï 3 CD guêpe 26.6 66.7 U2.9 20.0 - - Uo.o U2.9 37.5 - 30.0 27.3 mud. dauber IU.3 - - Uo.o 16.7 - 25.0 3. 16.7 13.3 16.7 20.0 9.1 3" CD dauber wasp U.8 33.3 - -- — 6.7 - 12.5 “ 10.0 - ■DCD O waps U.8 - - 20.0 - - Q. 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - C a O black jacks U.8 - - - 16.7 16,7 - - - 16.7 10.0 3 ■D O dauber U.8 — IU.3 — — — 6.7 IU.3 — 9.1

CD Q. Guêpe is standard French for wasp.

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C/) C/) = 110. DRAGON FLY 0 1 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX o I II III IV I II I II III M F 5 no rospons© — — — — — — — »»- — — — — cq' 5 mosquito hawk $1.1 - U2.9 60.0 100.0 100.0 U.0.0 hZ,9 37.5 100.0 50.0 63,6

^ cigale 33.3 66.7 i|2.9 i;0.0 - - U6.7 h2,9 $0.0 - Uo.O 27.3

3 dragon fly U.8 33*3 — — — — 6.7 — 12.5 — 10.0 — 3" CD hirondellq U .8 - 11^.3 - - 6.7 lii.3 - — 9.1 "OCD O Q. a Cigale is standard French for "grasshopper," Hirondelle is standard French, but it refers to 3O "O O the swallow. It is possible that the one informant who gave this response misunderstood.

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WC/) o" 3 111. FLYING BUG THAT GLOWS AT NIGHT 0 3 CD OV* EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II III M F no response ii.8 - lU.3 - -- 6.7 Hi.3 - - - 9.1 ci'3" lightning bugs 28.6 - 1U.3 20.0 66.7 66.7 13.3 1)4.3 12.5 66.7 30.0 27.3 31 CD firebug 23.8 - 111.3 60.0 16.7 16.7 26.7 1U.3 37.5 16.7 20.0 27.3

light bug 19.0 - 28.6 20.0 16.7 16.7 20.0 12.9 - 16.7 10.0 3"3. 27.3 CD

mouche a feu 19.0 66.7 28.6 - - - 26.7 l)i.3 37.5 - 30.0 9.1 ■DCD

O - Q. firefly h.8 33.3 - —- 6.7 — 12.5 ». 10.0 C a 3O ■D o Mouche a feu is the standard French word for 'firefly."

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C/) C/) g 112. A DUCKLIKE BIRD THAT IS OFTEN HUNTED IN DUCK SEASON o 5 ■ OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I 11 Ill IV I II I II IIIM F ■D8 no response — ——— — - — — —— — -

(O' 3" poule doo h i.6 - 37.1 60.0 30.0 30.0 hS.l 37.1 37.3 30.0 30.0 63.6 i 3 20.0 30.0 30.0 bo.o CD poule d'eau U2.9 66,7 U2.9 U2.9 37.3 30.0 30.0 3 6 .il

coot - 9.S 33.3 — 20.0 — 13.3 — 25.0 _ 20.0 3. 3" CD

■o The coot (fulica americana Geml.) is usually referred to as poule d'eau in Louisiana. Due to

Q. ^ substratum influences, d'eau has become doo, (Read, Louisiana-French, p. 61; DeVere, Americanisms, O "O p. 109). O

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WC/) o" 3 113 O THE COMMON GRAY COLORED DUCK OF LOUISIANA 0 3 CD OV o EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II Ill MF ■D no response — — — " •• •" -— — CQ'3" dos Kris 90.3 100,0 83.7 80.0 100.0 100.0 86.7 83.7 87.3 100.0 90.0 90,9 1 3 CD gray duck U*8 “ - 20.0 - 6.7 - 12.3 — 10.0 ■ -

"n 3.c /o*to7 L 8 - lii.3 — M — 6.7 H u 3 —— 9.1 3" CD

CD "O Dos Kris (gray duck) is one of the common names given to the scaup (Fulix Marila nearctica O Q. g. or Fulix affinis). /o#tq/ is a dialectal term for "gray duck." o ' ■D O

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C/)

o" 3 llU. THE DUCKLIKE BIRD THAT IS ABLE TO DIVE BELOW THE WATER AND REMAIN SUBMERGED FOR LONG PERIODS O OF TIME

8 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I n III IV I II I II Ill M F

CQ' no response - 50.0 - 3" 19.0 IU.3 - 50.0 6.7 IU.3 50.0 10.0 27.3 ï plongeon • 28.6 66.7 57.1 - - - UO.O - 30.0 3 U2.9 37.5 27.3 CD plongeur 19.0 - 1U.3 60.0 - - 26.7 28.6 25.0 - 20.0 18.2 3. 3" CD hell diver 9.^ 33.3 - 20.0 - - 13.3 - 25.0 - 20.0 -

CD ■D dive dipper U .8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 -- 9.1 O Q. C a dip diver U .8 - - - 16.7 16.7 -- - 16.7 10.0 - O 3 ■D sac a plomb U .8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 1U.3 - - - 9.1 O diver U .8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - -- 16.7 - 9.1 CD Q. diving duck U .8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - -- 16.7 10.0 -

■D CD In Louisiana the Horned Grebe is usually referred to as a plongeon or plongeur. For variations I C/) and interesting folk beliefs connected with this bird see Read, Louisiana-French, pp. 1^2, 60* This

bird also goes by the name sac \ plomb (bag of lead) because it can dive as swiftly as a bag of lead

can sink. O G\ ■o 1 Û.s

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(gC/) o" 3 112. TliS BLACK C m # E D NIGHT HERON /HAS THIGK, HEAVY BILL/

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SES o I II III IV I II I II III M F ■O no response ------

CD gros bec 90.2 66.7 82.7 100.0 100.0 100,0 86.7 100.0 7^.0 100,0 80.0 100.0 3 CD heron 9*2 33.3 lii.3 - — - 13'V3 - 22.0 — 20.0 -

C p. CD Gros ^ is a literal translation of "big beak"; heron is standard French for heron. ■OCD OÛ. C Oa 3 ■O O

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C/) C/) 116. DRY-IAND ANIMAL THAT HOPS / SUPPOSED TO CAUSE MARTS/

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M 8 -o no response i crapaud 33.3 66.7 57.1 20.0 - - hô.J -57.1 37.5 - 30.0 3ô,h

frog 33.3 - lU.3 W.O 66.7 66.7. 20.0 28.6 12.5 66.7 20.0 ii5.5

toad 19.0 33.3 - 20.0 33.3 33.3 13.3 - 25.0 33.3 Uo.o 3. 3" CD toad frog 9.5 l U .3 20.0 - - I3.3 - 25.0 - 10.0 9.1 ■DCD O grenouille U - l U - - l U - _ Q. .8 .3 6.7 .3 9.1 C a 3O "O Crapaud is standard French for frog. For grenouille. see comment for #117. O

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(£(/) O 3 117. FROGS T M T GHIRP AFTER RAIN O

CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II Ill M F no response 9.^ - - 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 14.3 - 16.7 - 18.2 c5' O grenouille 71.4 66.7 85.7 80.0 50.0 50.0 80.0 71.4 87.5 50.0 70.0 72.7 3 CD frogs 9.^ - -- 33.3 33.3 - -- 33.3 20.0 -

p.C rain frog 4.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

rainette 4.8 - 14.3 - -- 6.7 14.3 -- - 9.1 ■OCD O Q. C a Grenouille is identified by Read as any "small green frog," but not the bullfrog," See Read, o 3 ■O O Louis iana-French, p. i;3. Rainette is standard French for "green frog."

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WC/) 3o" 118. W0M4 USED FOR FISHING BAIT 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION ■ SEX CD 8 '..I II III IV I II I II III M F ■D no response CQ'3" worms 38.1 33.3 h2.9 33.3 U2.9 25.0 50.0 Uo.o 36.U 1 3 CD earthworms 28.6 - Ü1.3 26.7 IU.3 37.5 33.3 30.0 27.3

28.6 25.0 - 3. lèche 19.0 33.3 12.9 26.7 20.0 18.2 3" CD vers Uo8 33.3 - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - "OCD fishing worms 4.8ii.8 - - 20.0 6.7 IU.3 - -- 9.1 a O shiners iu8 — - 16,7 16.7 —— 16.7 9.1 ■D O Both l$che and vers are standard French for "worm." "Shiners" usually refers to "minnows" rather

CD Q. than to "worms."

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C/) C/) § 119 o FISHING POLE MADE OF BAMBOO AND STRING 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I 8 II III IV I II I II Ill M F no response — — —

(O' 3" nigger pole k2.9 33.3 57.1 Uo.o 33.3 33.3 U6o7 28.6 62.5 33.3 50.0 36.u 31 CD canuche 19.0 33.3 28.6 20.0 -- 26.7 U2.9 12.5 - 10.0 27.3 c"n bamboo pole llt.3 - - - 50.0 50.0 - - - 50.0 10.0 18.2 3. 3" CD fishing pole 9.5 -- uo.o - - 13.3 IU.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 ■DCD O bambo i*.8 33.3 --- - 6.7 12.5 - 10.0 - CQ. a o cane pole k.Q - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10,0 - 3 ■D O canne U.8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 - - - 9.1

CD Q. Canuche is a variant of the standard French canne (cane).

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C/) C/) 120, N M E THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF EDIBLE FRESH WATER FISH

OV. EDHCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no response lL.3 - - - $0.0 $0.0 - - $0,0 - 27«3

CQ' yes 8$,7 100.0 100.0 100.0 $0.0 $0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 $0.0 100.0 72.7

The percentage grid shown indicates only whether the informant showed the ability to identify 3 3" fresh water fish. The fish named, and their percentages of occurrence are as follows: CD

■DCD catfish, 66.7; perch, $7.1; trout, i;7.6; sac-a-lait, 3Ü.1; bass, 23.8; choupigue (bowfin), O Q. C 23.8; green trout, 23.8; patassa (sunfish), 19.0; garfish, lU«3; gaspergou (fresh water drum), a O3 "O b.8; buffalo, U.8; striped bass, U.8; green bass, U.8; blue gill, U.8; goggle-eye, U.8; bream, U.8. O

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C/) C/) 121. i.NAtlE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF EDIBLE SALT WATER FISH

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX o I II III IV I n I n i n M F ■D no response 9.5 - - - 33.3 33.3 - - 33.3 - 18,2

yes 90.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.7 66.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.7 100.0 81.8

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a The percentage grid shovm indicates only whether the inforrrant showed the ability to identify

1 salt water fish. The fish named, and the percentages of occurrence are as follows : redfish, 95.0; c Q. speckled trout, 71.U; flounder, 6 1 .9 ; drum, 23.8 ; red snapper, 23.8 ; lemon, 19.0 ; sheephead, 19 .0 ;

mullet, 19.0; white trout, lit.3; catfish, 9.5; Spanish mackerel, 9.5; pompano, 9.5; gaspergou

(sheephead), ij..8 ; robal (kingfish), U.8 .

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C/) C/) 123. NAME THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHRIMP /GET PRONUNCIATION/

^ OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX o I II III IV I II I II III M F ^ no p6sponsG ^ ^ — — (B- , g /Srimp/ 66.7 66.7 28.6 80.0 100.0 100.0 53.3 12.9 62.5 100.0 70.0 63.6

B ■ /Swimp/ 33.3 33.3 71.1; 20,0 - - i;6.7 57.1 37-5 - 30,0 36.I;

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WC/) 3o" 12U. AN EDIBLE, DEEP SEA SNAIL O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX • I II i n IV I II I 8 II Ill M F 5 no response 28.6 33.3 lU.3 60.0 16.7 16.7 33.3 U2.9 25.0 16.7 20.0 36.U 3 , CD bigarneau 61.9 66.7 Uo.o 66.7 60.0 75.0 70.0 O 71.U 66.7 U2.9 66.7 5U.5 m colimaçon U.8 ------r ----- J— IU.3 - 6,7 lU.3 9.1 oyster drill U.8 _—_ 3. 16.7 16.7 16.7 10.0 3" CD

Bigarneau is a variant of the standard French bigorneau. Standard French colimaçon /kolimas^

a is pronounced /&alima$8/ in Lafourche Parish, O 3 "O O

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WC/) 3o " 0 125. A SNAKB LIKE CREATURE WITH FOUR TINY LEGS /USUALIY FOUND IN DITCHES AFTER A HEAVY RAIN/ 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II Ill M ■D8 F no response 33.3 33.3 1+2.9 20,0 33.3 33.3 33.3 1+2.9 25.0 33.3 20.0 1+5.5 CQ'3" lamp eel 19.0 33.3 11+.3 1+0.0 - - 26.7 H+.3 37.5 - 20.0 18.2 1 3 CD an eel 19.0 33.3 11+.3 - 50.0 50.0 6.7 11+.3 - 50.0 20.0 18.2 "n 3.c congo 1L.3 - - 1+0.0 16.7 16.7 13.3 - 25.0 16.7 30.0 - 3" CD congre 9.5 - H+.3 -- — 13.3 11+.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 ■DCD O Q. anguille li.8 - - -- 6.7 Ü+.3 -- - 9.1 C 11+.3 Oa In Lafourche Parish the •word congre is used to describe the Amphiuma. Cong is a clipped form of

3" S congre. I use here the standard French spelling, though Read uses congo. Anguille is standard

Q. % French for "eel".

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WC/) o " 3 126« SMALL CRAB WITH ONE PINCER SMALLER THAN THE OTHER 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II Ill M F ■D no response li.8 — — 20.0 - - 6.7 IU.3 - - 9.1 CQ'3" tour-lou-lou 61.9 66,7 71.U 60.0 50,0 50,0 66.7 57,1 75.0 50,0 60o0 63.6 1 3 CD endormi 9.5 - 28,6 - - - 13.3 28.6 - - - 18.2

"n 3.c fiddler crab 9.5 - - 20,0 16,7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16,7 20.0 - 3" CD sand fiddler L .8 33.3 -- -- 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - ■DCD O Q. toodle-loo U .8 - - - 16,7 16.7 - - - 16,7 10.0 - C a O U — — _ •• 3 lou-lou .8 16,7 16,7 16,7 9.1 ■D O Tour-lou-lou, according to Read, is corrupted from French tourlourou (foot soldier). Endormi CD Q. (to be asleep) is a common name for the sand or fidd].er crab.

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C/) C/) 127. SMALL BOAT, POINTED AÏ BOTH ENDS / USED ESPECIALLY IN HUNTINC/

CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F ^ no response

pirogue ^7.1 100,0 57.1 UO.O $0.0 50.0 60.0 U2.9 75.0 50.0 70,0 U5.5

pirogue ii2.9 - k2,9 60.0 50.0 50.0 W . O 57.1 25.0 50.0 30.0 5^.5

3"3. CD Pirogue is a Louisiana French word derived from Spanish piragua. For interesting notes on

■DCD this word, see Read, Louisiana-French, P.II4.6 , O Q. C a 3O "O O

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WC/) 3o ' 0 128. S M L L ,FLA.TBOTTOMED, RECTANGUIAR BOAT 3 CD • OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCm^ATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II Ill M F no response - - - - - — — — •• (O'3" flatboat k7.6 - h2.9 60.0 66.7 66.7 i;0.0 h2.9 37.5 66,7 ho.o 51:.5 1 3 CD chaland 23.8 66.7 h2,9 - - - 33.3 28.6 37.5 - 30.0 18.2 c"n 3. skiff lU.3 33.3 - - 33.3 33.3 6.7 - 12.5 33.3 20.0 9.1 3" CD # 20.0 - - 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 CD jo boat 9.5 m . 3 13.3 IU.3 ■D O Q. - - - C un barge li.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 IU.3 9.1 a o 3 ■D O Chaland is standard French for "flatboat," Barge ^ standard French for "barge", is pronounced /Bardj7 in Lafourche Parish, CD Q.

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H o H H E-t H I | M O oÜ 3 H O 3

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C/) C/) ° 130, SHORE OF A STREAM, VJHICH AF CERTAIN SEASONS OF THE YEAR MAY BE COVERED WHOLLY OR a PARTIALLY BY WATER 3 o OVo EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX ■D I II III IV I II I II Ill M F - - - - - (O' no response U .8 - 16.7 16.7 - 16.7 3" 9.1 Ï batture 57.1 100.0 U o k 80.0 - - 80.0 71.U 87.5 - 70.0 U5o5 g bank 23.8 -- 20.0 66.7 66.7 6,7 - 12.5 66.7 20.0 27.3 c"n 3. 3" bayouside - - 16.7 - 10,0 CD 9.5 IU.3 16.7 6.7 Ü1.3 16.7 9.1

CD ■D submerger li.8 - lii.3 -- - 6.7 lh.3 - -- 9.1 O CQ. a 5' Batture is derived from battre (to beat), and refers to the inner shore of a bayou which is

0 built up by the action of the current. All infoririiants in Lafourche pronounced this response as g § /ba ' ti(f/, but in the New Orleans area, this word has come into English as / btotj^/. Submerger g. g- is standard French, C 1 I (/)

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C/) C/) 131 o EMBANKMENTS OF EARTH BY A RIVER, CREEK, OR BAYOU TO PREVENT FLOODS

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M F ■D no x*6spons6 ^

levee 90.5 66.7 85.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 86.7 100.0 75.0 100.0 SO.O 100.0

da.in [)..8 33.3 - — — — 6.7 — 12.5 — 10.0 —

3. rebutton i|.8 - Ii;.3 - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 3" CD

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WC/) 3o" 132, BREAK IN THE LEVEE 0 5 OV. EDUCATION CD AG OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II III M • F ■D no response 36.1 - li;.3 Uo.o83.3 83.3 20.0 h2,9 - 83.3 30.0 45.5 (O'3" crevasse 52.Il 66.7 71.1 60.0 16.7 16.7 66.7 57.1 75.0 16.7 50.0 54.5 1 3 - CD coupe it.8 - li;.3 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

casse' • U.8 - - -- 6.7 - - - 3. 33.3 12.5 10.0 3" CD

"OCD O Crevasse (break in the levee) is standard French, and. is the specialized word for this concept. Q.

O The word has cone into English with no change. Coup (cut) is also standard French, and is used ip 3 ■D O place of crevasse in the St, Martinville area. Casse (break),though standard French, is seldom heard used for this concept. CD Q.

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WC/) 3o" 0 3 133, A VERY SMALL, SHALLOW CANAL THROUGH THE MARSH CD 8 OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II . III M F ci' — — 3" no response k.Q - - 20.0 9 - 6.7 lU.3 9.1 1 50.0 80.0 75.0 50.0 70.0 72.7 3 traînasse 71.U 66.7 85.7 80.0 50.0 85.7 CD

"n - - - 50.0 50.0 - - - 50.0 10.0 18.2 c canal IU.3 3. 3" - CD slough L.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0

CD "O — - - - - 10.0 - O coulee hoQ lU.3 - 6.7 12.5 Q.

Read glosses tramasse as "a trail made through the marsh grass for the passage of canoes"

~ (Louisiana-French, p. 7ij.), These small canals are usually dug by hunters to get to their blincb, I—H CD ^ For notes on the word coulee see Read^ p*l66.

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C/) C/) g 13h» SOFT PRAIRIE WITH WATER UNDERNEATH O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II Ill IVI II I II 8 III MF ■D no response 23.8 - - 20.0 66,7 66.7 6.7 11.3 - 66.7 10,0 36.U (O'3" flottant 61.9 66,7 85.7 60,0 33.3 33.3 73.3 71.lt 75.0 33.3 70,0 5lt.5 i 3 la boue moue - - CD koQ lii.3 - - 6.7 Ht.3 — - - 9.1 "n c trembling marsh lt,8 - - 20,0 - - 6.7 - 12,5 - 10,0 - 3. 3" CD marsh prairie lt,8 33.3 —— — — 6.7 — 12,5 10,0 "OCD O Q. a Great areas of the southern section of the parish are dotted with lakes and "floating prairies" o' g (flottant), land-like masses in the process of being built up by the vegetation which they support* O This loose formation of solid particles quakes when any pressure is applied on itj thus, "trembling"

and"quaking" are used as descriptive terras. Accounts of the prairie tremblante appear in most of

the early literature of the area. See McDermott, Mississippi Valley French,pp, 127-128. la boue moue,

literally translated means "soft mud". (/) (/)

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WC/) 3o " 0 135. WET, SPONGY LAND WITH GRASSES BUT NO TREES 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no response - — — — — - — - — - - — ci'3" marsh 76.2 100.0 28.6 100.0 100,0 100.0 66.7 ii2.9 87.5 100.0 90.0 63.6 1 3 CD plairie 19.0 — 57.1 — — - 26.7 12.9 12.5 10.0 27.3

"n c 3. swamp L .8 - lUo3 - — - 6.7 1U.3 mm wm - 9.1 3" CD

"OCD O ■Plairie is a case of dissiraJation. This sound change often takes place in both English and Q. a French in the area. O ■D O

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t o t o 228

k H OJO C\J On NO 00 O n O n m p H 3 g CO S O O O H â ni S S

H I > - 1 1 • NO NO

o UN 1 0 1A UN C ^ H CM (A

NO NONO I • OO 00 OO CM CM CM

C ^ l A < A C^ > - • • 0 NO l A (A nO NO H H CM (A rH

C ^ 1 1 > - S.. 0 O 9 «

•V 0 NO NO 1 o sh| â (M S

< r\ O n NO "LTi oo i CNJ H

H I CA r - g R «H

H UN lA o o UN oo 00 O n oo (A O n H O < A CNJ O n 1 0 0 ra ü0

0 1 Ui â g i S* I 0 s NO o I(ü G II A

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C/) C/) § 137 • OPEN PIACE IN SWAMP, GENERALLY RESULTING HOM DESTRUCTION OF TREES W FIRE o OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SiSX I II Ill IV I II I II Ill M F 8 ■D no response 38.1 66*7 U2.9 - 5o.o 50,0 33.3 28.6 37.5 50.0 1+0.0 36.1+

(O' 3" brtile 57.1 33.3 57.1 80.0 50.0 50.0 60.0 57.1 62.5 50.0 60.0 5U.U i 3 —- —— ...— CD bruley U.8 20,0 6.7 IU.3 9.1

c"n 3. 3" CD Brule (burned place) is standard French# In English this word is pronounced /bruit/ and ■DCD O is spelled either "bruley" or "brusley#" CQ. Oa 3 ■D O

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WC/) 3o" 138. REEDS OR CANE REEDS WHICH GROW IN THE MARSH 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I II III IV I II, I II III M F ■D8 no response 23.8 - 28.6 - 50.0 50.0 13.3 ' 28.6 — 50.0 10.0 36.4

(O'3" roseaux 66.7 100.0 57.1 80.0 50.0 50.0 73.3 42.9 100.0 50.0 90,0 45.5 1 3 cane reeds h.Q - - 20.0 - - 6.7 14.3 - - 9.1 CD

/inogiAje/ hoB - lii.3 — — - 6.7 14.3 - 9.1 3"3. CD

■a Read identifies roseaux as the common reed-grass (Phragmites phragmites L,) (Louisiana-French, o — — — Q. O p* 180), /kogiXje/ could not be identified*

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WC/) o" 3 139. p l a n t ¥ETH fan SHAPED LEAVES /USED TO ROOF HOUSES/ 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no response lit .3 - 14.3 - 33.3 33.3 6.7 14.3 - 33.3 10.0 18.2 ci'3" latanier 42.9 66.7 57.1 60.0 - — 60.0 71.4 50.0 30.0 54.5 31 CD palmetto 33.3 - 28.6 40.0 50.0 50.0 26.7 14.3 37.5 50.0 40,0 27.3 "n c /pæ la *mij.»7 9.5 33.3 m m mm 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 20.0 3"3. CD

■DCD O Standard French latanier refers to the palmetto# Q. C a 3O ■D O

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C/) W lilOo PLACE WHERE BAMBOO GROWS THICK 3o" 0 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION 3 SEX CD I II III IV I II I II i n M F no response l+O.O 100.0 100,0 60.0 50.0 100.0 70.0 ■D8 71.U 33.3 85.7 71.b 72.7 (O'3" bamboo patch - lii.3 20.0 - - 13.3 lii.3 12.5 10,0 9,1

1 - - 3 des caniche U,8 - 20.0 - 6.7 - 12.5 - 9.1 CD

a ridge ii.8 -- 20.0 -- 6,7 lii.3 — — - 9.1 3. 3" CD coteau ii.8 33.3 -- - - 6.7 - 12,5 10.0 -

CD ■D _ ••_ _ _ O canebreak li.8 33.3 6,7 12.5 10.0 Q. C Oa 3 Caniche is standard French for "canebreak", coteau for "ridge"^ however, coteau is used to describe ■D O any ridge of high land in the marsh.

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WC/) 3o" Illl, CUT GEASS O 3 OV.. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD g I II III IV I II I II Ill M F 5 nono responseresponse 23.823.8 - 11:.3 66,7 66,7 6.7 lU.3 - 66.7 10.0 36.U ci- jonc coupant 16.7 16.7 72.0 16.7 60.0 O 27.1 73.3 71.U 2U.2 (D cuncut grassgrass 1|.8 n.o 33.3 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.2 16.7 20.0 -

rushes■ U.8 - - - - 10.0 - 3. - lli.3 6.7 12.2 3" CD jonc — - U.8 - 111.3 6.7 lU-3 9.1 "OCD O Q. a Jonc coupant (eut grass) belongs to the family of rushes, O ■D O

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C/) C/) o (FAILLE FINE)

^ OV» EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no rosponso 33»3 — - 20,0 100,0 100,0 6,7 lit-«3 “ 100,0 30,0 36»U CÛ paille fine 66,7 100,0 100,0 80*0 — — 93*3 65*7 100,0 — 70,0 63,6

Paille fine (Panicnm), which grows profusely in the Louisiana marshes, is an excellent fodder 3"3. CD for cattle. Read lists paille .jaune as a variation. ■DCD O Q. C a 3O "O O

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(nC/) o" o ll;3o (PIS-EN-LIT)

OV, EDUCATION ACE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II Ill MF no response lU.3 - 28.6 - 16.7 16.7 13.3 28.6 — 16.7 — 27.3 ë'3" pis-en-lit kl.6 100.0 h2o9 60.0 16.7 16.7 60.0 U2.9 75.2 16.7 60.0 360I4. 3i CD pis-au-lit 33.3 - Hi.3 UOcO 66.7 66.7 20.0 IU.3 25.0 66,7 Uo.o 27.3

3. - - -- 6.7 lli.3 - - - 9.1 3" railroad daisy k .8 lli.3 CD

■DCD O Pis-en-lit means, literally, "urinate in the bed." This awlcward name is given to one of the more Q. C a O beautiful wild flowers which grow profusely in South Louisiana. The name stems from the legend that 3 "D O if a child picks the blossoms, he will wet the bed that nighto Feif people pick them.

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C/) C/) O o m t . BLACK EYED SUSANS

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEE 8 ■D no response 23.8 - U2.9 - 33.3 33.3 20.0 U2.9 - 33.3 10.0 36.u (O'3" nigger tits 23.8 - 28.6 20.0 33.3 33.3 20.0 IU.3 2^.0 33.3 30.0 18.2 3i CD têtons de negresse 19.0 66.7 28.6 -- - 26.7 lU.3 37.5 - 30.0 9.1 "n c 3. - 3" te-t'été de neeresse 111.3 - - 60.0 -- 20.0 lU.3 25.0 10.0 18.2 CD

■DCD vi.Riix car cons U .8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 H+.3 - - - 9.1 O Q. C g p y U .8 33.3 - --- 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - Oa 3 prairie daisies -- 16.7 16.7 ■ — - - 16.7 10.0 ■ ’ - ■D U.8 - O black eyed susans U.8 - --- 16.7 16.7 --- 16.7 - 9.1

CD Q. Tetons de Negrasse (Nigger tits) and te-tete de Negresse (Nigger heads) are reduplicativeo

Vieux gainons (bachelors) usually describes the cornflower* The response /hu g r ^ is from the French "O ' “*~73r

(/) dhou gros (fat cabbage). (/)

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C/) C/) ° AN HERB WHICH LOOKS LIKE MINIATURE BAJiBOO, THE SHOOTS OF THIS FIANT ARE USED 2, TO MAKE TEA

8 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX ■D I II Ill IV I II I II Ill M F 66,7 (O' no response 57.1 66.7 57.1 Uo.o 66,7 66.7 53.3 57.1 50.0 50.0 63.6 3"

la prele 23.8 33.3 U2.9 20,0 - - 33.3 28.6 37.5 - 10.0 27.3 3i CD horse tails 9.5 - - - 33.3 33.3 -- - 33.3 20.0 c"n 3. 3" mauve U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 CD

CD "O sassafras U.8 -- 20.0 - - 6.7 IU.3 - - — 9.1 O Q.

§ Prele is the local French utterance for "horsetails". Sassafras /sasafra/ is standard French,

§■ but it is pronounced /sasafr^ in Lafourche Parish, Mauve is not the plant in question. Mauve is CT I—H Q. used in making a tea for colds; prele, a tea for the kidneys.

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WC/) 3o" 0 lii6« THE SEEDS OF TPIE WATER LOTUS 3 CD OV. EDUCATIONAGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV ■D8 I II I II III M F no response 28.6 - 20,0 83.3 83.3 6.7 Ht.3 - 83.3 30.0 27,3 (O'3" grain© à volet 71.lt 100,0 100.0 80.0 16.7 16,7 93.3 85.7 100,0 16.7 70,0 72.7 1 3 CD

I Graine à volet (flying seeds) are so named because they pop with great force from the ripe CD

CD lotus seed pod. ■D O Q. C Oa 3 ■D O

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WC/) 3o" O 1U7« POISONOUS P U N T OF THREE LEAVES THAT MAKES THE SKIN BREAK OUT

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no response — — — ------ci' 3" poison ivy 71.U 33.3 71.U 60.0 100.0 100.0 60.0 71.1; SO.O 100.0 60.0 81,8 i 3 CD poison ivry lii.3 - 28.6 20.0 - 20.0 lii.3 25.0 - 20,0 9.1

3. herbe a la puce 66,7 - — — - 13.3 — 25.0 - 20.0 - 3" CD ii.8 CD poison oak - - 20.0 - 6.7 lii.3 - -- ■D 9.1 O Q. C a "Poison ivry" is attributed to folk etymology. Herbe a la puce (flea grass) was so named. in O 1 all probability, due to the similar effects of both agents.

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C/)W 3o" O 1U8. CHINABERRY TREE

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 "D no response li.8 - lli=3 — - - 6.7 lli.3 - - - 9.1 (O'3" chinaball 61.9 33.3 li2o9 100.0 66.7 66.7 60.0 57.1 62,5 66.7 70.0 i 51i.5 3 CD lilas lli.3 66.7 lli.3 - - 20.0 - 37.5 - 30.0 -

3. chinaberry tree 9.^ - — - — - - - - 3" 33.3 33.3 33.3 18,2 CD

- CD lilas parasol ii.8 - lli.3 - 6.7 - - ■D lli.3 9.1 O Q. graine de lilas li.8 - -- — C lli.3 6.7 Hi.3 9.1 aO 3 "D O Read, identifies the lilas as "lilac" because of the similarity of the flowers of the plants in question. Lilas parasol refers to the shape of this tree, which often resembles an opened CD Q. umbrella, and graine de lilas to the seed or "chinaball," much sought after by children for use

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WC/) o" 3 lltP. CLUMP OF OAK TREES GROWING IN OPEN COUNTRY 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 1 11 Ill IV 1 11 1 11 Ill MF ■D8 'C no response 28.6 - lii.3 - 83.3 83.3 6.7 lii.3 - 83.3 30.0 27.3 (O'3" cheniere h2.9 - Tl.li 80.0 - - 60.0 57.1 62,5 - iiO.O ii5.5 1 3 CD coteau 9.$ 66.7 - - - - 13.3 - 25.0 - 20.0 -

3. oak grove li.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - 3" CD savane ii.8 - lii.3 -- - 6.7 lii.3 - - - 9.1 ■DCD O Q. côteau chêne li.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 lli.3 - - - C 9.1 a O grove li.8 - - - 16.7 — - — 3 16.7 16.7 9.1 ■D O

CD Cheniere is standard French for "oak grove." C&tean chehe literally translated means a Q. "ridge of oaks."

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WC/) o" 3 1^0, HEAVY BLACK SOIL VJHIGH TENDS TO CLOD WHEN ïffiT AND IS VERY M R D WHEN DRY 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I n III M - F no response - - - 33.3 33.3 - - - 33.3 - 18.2 ci'3" blackjack ^7.1 33.3 57.1 100.0 33.3 33.3 66.7 71.U 62.5 33.3 60.0 ^U.5 1 3 CD terre grasse 19.0 66,7 28.6 — -- 26.7 lU.3 37.5 - 30.0 9.1 "n c 3. ^türh/ U.8 - lU.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 3" CD boue grasse U .8 - — — 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 - ■DCD O —_ Q. dirt U.8 - — — 16.7 16.7 _ 16.7 C 9.1 a O ■a Terre grasse (heavy earth) and boue grasse are dialectal terras for "blackjack" or "gumbo," O 3" No source can be found for /tur^« CD Q.

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C/) 3o' O 1^1. LOCATION OF A HOUSE BETWEEN THE ROAD AND BAYOU OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M F "O8 no response U .8 - 11|.3 - - - 6.7 1U.3 - - 3. - 9.1 CÛ3" bayou side U7.6 - U2.9 60.0 66.7 66.7 Uo.o U2.9 37.5 66,7 30.0 63.6 i 3 CD bayou bank 9.5 33.3 lU.3 -- - 13.3 - 25.0 - 20,0 -

3. side of the bayou 9.5 33.3 - - 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 20.0 - 3" CD on the batture 9.5 - Uo.o - - 13.3 28.6 - - - 18.2 ■DCD O D. bord du bayou U.8 - - - C IU.3 - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - a O -- 3 côte du bayou U.8 - IU.3 - 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 ■D O chemin le bayou U.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12. 5 - 10.0 -

CD Q. on the levee U.8 -- - 16.7 16.7 -- - 16.7 10.0 -

For batture. see comment for #130. Bord (side). (Æte (side). chemin (road. ■D way) are ail CD 3 standard French* C/) o'

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C/) C/) § 152. STRIP OF LAI'ID BORDERING THE HIGBfAT,. o 5 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II Ill M F 8 no response ------ci'3" shoulder h2.9 66,7 - 60.0 66.7 66.7 33.3 - 62.5 66.7 60.0 2 7 . 3 i 3 side of the road CD 19.0 - IU.3 20.0 33.3 33.3 13.3 28.6 - 3 3 . 3 10.0 27.3 "n c bord du chemin IU.3 33.3 28.6 - - - 20.0 28.6 12.5 - 10.0 18.2 3. 3" CD side 9.5 - 28.6 - - - 1 3 . 3 1U.3 1 2 . 5 - 10.0 9.1 ■DCD O cûte du chemin U.8 - - -- - Q. IU.3 6.7 12.5 - 10,0 - C a O shell road U.8 - - 20.0 -- 6.7 1U.3 - - - 9.1 3 ■D O the shells U.8 IU.3 - -- 6.7 IU.3 — » 9.1

CD Q. For c~Ste du chemin^ see comment for

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C/) 3o ' O 153. HARD-SURFACED ROAD M D E OF CONCRETE. OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 "O no response "" (O'3" (le) pave h2.9 66.7 57.1 20.0 33.3 33.3 U6.7 U2.9 50.0 33.3 50.0 36.4 i 3 CD concrete 23.8 33.3 lli.3 - 50.0 50.0 13.3 U . 3 12.5 50.0 30.0 18.2

3. pavement 9.5 - - 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 - 18.2 3" CD paved 9.5 - lit.3 20.0 - - 13.3 - 25.0 - 20.0 - "OCD O Q. - llO.O - - 28.6 - - - C cement 9.5 - 13.3 18.2 Oa 3 pave road U.8 - lii.3 - -- 6.7 14.3 - -- 9.1 "O o The response "pave" is used both in French and English. CD Q.

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C/) C/) I5il. HARD-SURFACED ROAD MADE OF BITUI-ilNOUS SUBSTANCE

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M F ■D no response ------_ _ _

(le) blacktop 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

The response "blacktop" is used both in French and English. 3. 3" CD

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5- 155 o PLACE TO WALK AT THE SIDE OF THE STREET

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M F O ^ no response ë' sidewalk $2,h 33.3 12.9 UOcO 83.3 83.3 kO,0 U2.9 37.5 83.3 50.0 51: .5

I banquette L7.6 66.7 57.1 60.0 l6.7 16.7 60.0 57.1 62.5 16.7 50.0 ^5.5 c All informants who gave the response "banquette" used the English pronunciation Z^bænket/. CD

■og One hears "banquette" as frequently as "sidewalk" in Lafourche Parish. For further comment, see o cQ. Read, Louisiana-French, p. 3. a o3 ■o o

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WC/) 3o" 157. WHAT DO YOU CALL A WHITE MAN WHO ASSOCIATES WITH NEGROES 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD 8 ■D no response 23.8 - 42.9 33.3 33.3 220.0 28.6 12.5 33.3 10.0 36.4

(O' 3" nigger lover 33.3 - 28.6 60.0 50.0 50.0 33.3 28.6 37.5 50.0 50.0 27.3 1 3 CD negriller 23.8 66.7 28.6 20.0 - - 33.3 28.6 37.5 - 30.0 18.2

"n c a damn fool - - 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 14.3 - 16.7 - 18.2 3. 9.5 3" CD nigger man 4.8 33.3 — — - — 6«7 - 12.5 - 10.0 ■DCD O Q. C Negriller is a local patois expression for this concept. Oa 3 ■D O

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WC/) 3o" 0 159o NORTH LOUISIANIANS. 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II Ill M F no response 61.9 66.7 85.7 60.0 33.3 33.3 73.3 100.0 50.0 33.3 30.0 90.9 ci'3" Texians IU.3 - - 20.0 33.3 33.3 6.7 - 12.5 33.3 20.0 9.1 1 3 CD 9.5 33.3 - 20.0 - - 13.3 - 25.0 - 20.0

3. 1^.8 - 14.3 - - - - 10.0 3" 6.7 - 12.5 CD

- - CD stump jumpers 4.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - • 16.7 10.0 ■D O Q. — — — — C damn 4.8 16.7 16.7 16.7 10.0 a O Texians (Texans) is a local term meaning "foreigner" or "one from outside the area." While o it is true that many north Louisianians are currently working in the oilfields, the name came CD Q. about in the early days of the oil industry when Texans first came to show the Louisianians

how to mine their "black gold," Thus, any foreigner, even a person from Mississippi, would be ■D CD i. called a Texian. This response, however, occurs only south of Lockport*

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C/) I 160. ACADIAN FRENCH O

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX ■D8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no response —— — — — —— — — — (O'3" Cadien 52.1; 66.7 71.4 60,0 16.7 16.7 66.7 85.7 50.0 16,7 40.0 63.6 3i CD coonass 23.8 33.3 14.3 - 50.0 50.0 13.3 - 25.0 50.0 30,0 18.2

3. - 3" cajun 23.6 14.3 40.0 .33.3 33.3 20.0 14.3 25.0 33.3 30,0 18,2 CD

o Cadien from standard French Acadian (Acadian), is pronounced in Lafourche C §■■ Parish, "O O

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C/) o" 3 l6l. DO "THEY DISTINGUISH BETl’JEEN CREOLE AND GAJUÎJ?

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no response ------

same 71.U 66.7 85.7 100.0 33.3 33.3 86.7 100.0 75.0 33.3 60.0 81.8

different 28.6 33.3 lU.3 — 66.7 66.7 13.3 - 25.0 66.7 UO.O 18.2

For years a controversy has raged over the meanings of these two words. In Lafourche Parish,

"OCD for the most part, the two are used interchangeably. A few informants restricted the use of Cadien O Q. to the people of Acadia and Creole to the mixture of French and Spanish, but in reality, they were

5 ' ^ just as likely to call themselves Creoles in one statement and Cadiens in another. If anything, a O specialized meaning for Creole is becoming noticeable, i.e., the use of word as an adjective to mean

"excellent" or "old fashioned" or "like mother used to make." Cf. Creole cream cheese. Creole

onions. Creole cooking. Creole pralines. For further conments, see Read, Louisiana-French, p. 32; ■D CD McDermott, Mississippi Valley French, p. 60. C/) C/)

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WC/) 3o" 0 162o SABINE 3 CD 07. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II Ill M F ■D no response ii.8 -- - 16.7 16.7 - —— 16.7 — 9.1 (O'3" sabine 61.9 66.7 L2.9 80.0 66.7 66.7 60.0 57.1 62.5 66.7 70.0 5U.5 1 3 CD sauvage IU.3 33.3 28.6 -- - 20.0 11;.3 25.0 - 20.0 9.1 "n 3.c mulâtre 9 6 - 28.6 -- - 13.3 28.6 - -- 18.2 3" CD hLue U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - ■DCD

O _ •• — -- - — Q. Indians U.8 16.7 16.7 16.7 9.1 C Oa ■a The "sabine," and no one seems to know why these people are called by this name, is a mixture O of Indian, Negro, and white. Sauvage is standard French for "Indian"; and mulâtre is standard CD Q. French for "mulatto," but this word usually.applies to a light-skinned Negro. "Blue" translated

from les blues is a dialectal term found only in Lockport. ■D CD

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WC/) o" 3 163-A n e g r o : POLITE N M E 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II III M F ■D no response - - -- - —— - — - - — (O'3" Negro U7.6 33.3 57.1 Uc.o 50.0 5o.o U6.7 57.1 37.5 50.0 50.0 U5.5 1 3 CD colored people 30.1 - 28.6 60.0 5o.o 50.0 33.3 28.6 37.5 50.0 30.0 1)5.5 1 "n c - - - 10.0 3. Negre 9.5 33.3 11).3 13.3 IU.3 12.5 9.1 3" CD colored folk U.8 33.3 — — — — 6.7 - 12.5 — 10.0 — "OCD O Q. O Negre is standard French for "Negro," O 3 ■D O

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WC/) o" 3 161).. SOMEBODY FROM THE COUNTRY MIO DOESN'T KNOVJ MUCH 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II Ill IV I II I II III MF ■D8 no response li;.3 33.3 - - 33.3 33.3 6.7 - 12.5 33.3 10.0 18.2 (O'3" dovjn the hayou. 11+.3 . - 28.6 20.0 - - 20.0 28.6 12.5 - 10.0 18.2 1 3 CD ignorant 1U.3 - U2.9 - -- 20.0 IU.3 25.0 - 20.0 9.1 "n 3.c Cadien - - Uo.o - - 13.3 28.6 - - - 18.2 3" CD green horn . lt.8 33.3 - - -- 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - ■DCD O / / Q. gue-gue U.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - C a O country jinx a.8 - 20.0 -- - 12.5 3 - 6.7 - 10.0 - ■D O /dS'jS/ U.8 - IU.3 --- 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1

CD Q. slob li.8 - -- 16.7 16.7 -- - 16.7 . 10.0 -

gui-gui U.8 . - - - 16.7 16,7 -- - 16.7 - 9.1 ■D CD greasie U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 -- - 16.7 10.0 -

(/) (/) dumb ass U.8 — - - 16.7 16.7 --- 16.7 10.0 -

couillon U.8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1

cap-cap U.8 — — 20.0 _ — 6.7 — 12.5 —_ 9.1

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C/) C/) Ignorant (an ignorant person) is standard French, as is couillon (wretch). All other French

forms are dialectal: Cadien, see //l60j gue-gue, a form of gui-gui, (see below); /d)j^, a local 8 expression, exact meaning unknown, but definitely derogatory; gui-gui. Read lists "old sport," ci' but in Lafourche Parish it is used in a derogatory manner; and cap-cap "an illiterate Acadian

of low social standing."

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WC/) 3o" 0 165o PEOPLE 'fflAT ARE RELATED TO YOU 3 CD OV. EDUGATICN AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 1 11 111 IV 1 11 1 11 IV MF no response - - - —— — — ci'3" relatives 38.1 33.3 U2.9 20.0 50.0 50.0 33.3 28.6 37.5 50.0 Lo.o 36.L 1 3 CD relations 23.8 - IL.3 Lo.o 33.3 33.3 20.0 IL.3 25.0 33.3 30.0 18.2 "n c 3. family 9.^ 33.3 IL.3 - - - 13.3 lL.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 3" CD parents 9.5 - 28.6 - - - 13.3 iL.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 ■DCD O Q. kin people it.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 IL.3 - - - 9.1 C a O - 3 my people it.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 iL.3 -- 9.1 ■D O cousins ii.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

CD ——— - - - - Q. kins 1;.8 16.7 16.7 16.7 9.1

■D Parents and cousins are standard French for "relatives" and "cousins," respectively. CD

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C/) C/) 166o GENERAL TERM FOR SOMEONE’S MOTŒR AND FATHER

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX o I II III IV I II I II III M F -g no response »< ci' parents 61.9 33.3 71.U hO.O 83.3 83-3 S3.3 7b.l37.S 83.3 SO.O 72.7

mom and pop li;.3 - IU.3 liO.O - - 20.0 II4.3 25.0 - 10.0 18.2

mom et pop lli.3 66.7 lit.3 - - 20.0 - 37.5 - 30.0 3. 3" CD relatives i|..8 — — 20.0 — — 6.7 lU.3 — — — 9.1 ■DCD O folks h.Q - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10,0 Q. C a 3O ■D O

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C/) C/) 169. GRAND-MOTHER / USUAL TERM OF AFFECTION /

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX

o I II III IV I II I II III M ^ no response

me-mère 33.3 66.7 1^.3 80.0 - - lj.6.7 28.6 62.5 - èO.O 27.3

CD grandma 28.6 33.3 28.6 - $0,0 $0.0 20.0 lU.3 25.0 50.0 UO.O 18.2

CTandmère 19.0 - l2.9 - 16.7 16.7 20.0 28.6 12.5 16.7 20.0 18.2 3. 3" CD maw-maw 9.5 - - - 33.3 33.3 — - - 33.3 - 18.2 ■DCD O grandmother è..8 - - 20.0 - - l6.7 1U »3 - - - 9.1 Q. C c a gram I4..8 — lU.3 — — — 6.7 lli.3 — - — 9.1 3O "O O

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WC/) o" o 170o GRANDFATHER / USUAL TERM OF AFFECTION/

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX ■D8 I II Ill IV I II I II Ill M F no response — — — — •* — (O'3" pe-pere 38.1 66.7 28.6 80.0 -- 53.3 h2,9 62.5 - Uo.o 36.u 3i CD grandpa 23.8 33.3 28.6 - 33.3 33.3 20.0 lUo3 23.0 33.3 30.0 18.2

3. - 3" grandp'ere IU.3 — h2.9 -- 20.0 28.6 12.3 - 10.0 18.2 CD

CD ------20.0 - ■D pa-pa 9.5 33.3 33.3 33.3 O CQ. paw-paw 9.^ - - - 33.3 33.3 - - - 33.3 - 18.2 Oa 3 grandfather ij..8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 H -- - 9.1 ■D 1.3 O

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CO(/) 3o ' ° 171 o UNCLE

o OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION , SEX I II III IV I II I II III ' M F c5' no response ------S n'oncle 61.9 66.7 85.7 8O.O - - 8O.O 85.7 75.0 - 50.0 63.6 3 CD uncle 380I 33.3 lb.3 20.0 100.0 100.0 20.0 lii.3 25.0 100.0 50.0 36.it c p. N 'oncle is standard French for "uncle." This response is often heard in English conversation. ■oCD cI a 3o

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C/) C/) 172. AUNT OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M 8 ;o no response es­ tante ^7.1 66.7 8^«7 80,0 — — 80.0 8^.7 75*0 — 50*0 63*6 I g aunt it2.9 33.3 I U .3 20.0 100.0 100.0 20.0 lU-3 25.0 100.0 50.0 36.U c ^ Like n'oncle, standard French tante (aunt) is often heard in English. CD

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WC/) 3o" 173. GODMOTHER 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD 8 I II III IV I II I II III H F ■D no réponse -

(O' 3" nenaine 61.9 - 100.0 80.0 33.3 33.3 73.3 100.0 $0.0 33.3 50.0 72.7 31 CD marraine 19.0 )o0 — 20.0 — — 26.7 “ 50.0 “ 1|0.0 “

nanny IU .3 - - - 50.0 50.0 - - 50.0 10.0 18.2 3"3. CD aunt U.8 - — — 16.7 16.7 “ *■ — 16 «7 — 9.1 "OCD O Q. a Nenaine is a childish or pet word which probably stems from the standard French marraine O (godmother).

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C/) C/) 17b. GODFATHER

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F - o no response 1- parrain 90.5 100,0 100.0 100.0 66.7 66.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.7 90.0 90,9

uncle 9.5 - - 33.3 33.3 - - 33.3 10.0 9.1

3. 3" Parrain is standard French for "godfather.". CD

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C/) I ,175o illegitimate c h i l d o OV. EDUCATIONAGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M F 8 no response - — ------ci' 3" bastard 57.1 33.3 28.6 60.0 100.0 100.0 Lo.o h2.9 37.5 100.0 60.0 5L.5 i 3 bâtard 38.1 66.7 71.k 20.0 — - 53.3 57.1 50.0 30.0 L5.5 CD

a natural child U.8 - - 20.0 — 6.7 12.5 10.0 3. 3" CD

CD Bâtard is standard French for "bastard," ■D O Q. C a O 3 ■D O

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C/) C/) = 176. ¥ O M N TOO HELPS AT CHILDBIRTH

Ë OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F < no response. 9.^ - 33.3 33.3 - - - 33.3 20.0

CÛ midwife 61.9 33.3 L2.9 100.0 66.7 66.7 60.0 Ï7.1 62.5 66.7 50.O 72.7

sage-femme 28.6 66.7 57.1 - - UO.O 1^2.9 37.5 - 30.0 27.3

m Sage-feimae /sa^— fam:%/ is standard French for midwife, but is pronounced ^a s - f a m ; ^ in "OCD O Lafourche Parish. Q. C a 3o "O o

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C/) C/) § 177. PERSON WHO TREATS WARTS. ETC. o f • OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX o I II III IV I II I II III M F 5 no response - - _

(O' g traiteur-euse 95,2 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 83.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 100.0 90.9

CD quack li.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - 16.7 - 9.1

3. • o Traiteur-«euse stems from the standard French verb traiter (to treat). ■DCD o CQ. a 3O "O o

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WC/) o" 3 178. AN IMAGINARY PERSON THAT GETS LITTLE CHILDREN IF THEY ARE NOT GOOD 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I ■D8 II III M F no response U .8 — — 20.0 — — 6.7 — 12.5 —■ 10.0 — (O'3" booger man 1+2.9 - 1+2.9 1+0.0 66.7 66.7 33.3 28.6 37,5 66.7 30.0 51+o5 1 3 CD boo-boo 19.0 33.3 28.6 20.0 - - 26.7 1+2.9 12.5 - 10.0 2 7.3

"n c - 3. boogie man — - 33.3 33.3 - - 33.3 20.0 - 3" CD the devil i|.8 - 11+.3 - -- 6.7 H+,3 - - - 9.1 ■DCD O Q. bug bear 1+.8 33.3 — ■ - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - C a O i - - ■ - - - - 10.0 - 3 Santa Glaus +,8 11+.3 6.7 12.5 ■D O fortune teller Uo8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 11+.7 - - - 9.1

CD Q. bétail 1+.8 33.3 - - -- 6,7 - 12.5 — 10.0 -

Detail is standard French for "demon." ■D CD

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WC/) 3o" 0 179. "THINGS'* THAT SOMETIMES STAY OR LIVE IN OLD DESERTED HOUSES 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I n Ill IV ■D8 I II I II Ill M F no response - — — — ——— — - - - - (O'3" ghosts 57.1 33.3 28.6 80.0 83.3 83.3 i|6.7 28.6 62.5 83.3 60.0 5U.5 1 3 CD spooks IU.3 33.3 lit.3 - 16.7 16.7 13.3 - 25.0 16.7 30.0 -

"n c 3. des bêtes 9.5 - 28.6 - -- 13.3 28.6 - - - 18.2 3" CD

- --- CD spirits U .8 ll;.3 6.7 lii.3 - - - 9.1 ■D O Q. - C hoodoos U .8 - 1U.3 - -- 6.7 111.3 - - 9.1 Oa 3 an espirit U .8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - ■D O booger man U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 Hi.3 - - - 9.1

CD Q. Betes and espirit are standard French words for "beasts" and "spirit. " respectively.

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WC/) 3o" 0 180. TO LIVE TOGETHER IrTITHOUT BENEFIT OF CLERGY 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M F ■D8 no response L.8 - llt.3 -- - 6.7 - 12,5 - 10.0 - (O'3" placer 23.8 33.3 h2,9 20.0 - - 33.3 h2,9 25.0 - 10.0 36 .il 1 3 CD shacking up 23.8 -- 20.0 66.7 66.7 6.7 - 12.5 66.7 30.0 18,2 "n c 3. macorner lU.3 66.7 lit.3 - -- 20.0 - 37.5 - 30.0 - 3" CD common law - 20.0 - CD - 16.7 16.7 6.7 12.5 16.7 10.0 9.1 ■D O Q. take up - 20.0 - C IU.3 - 13.3 28.6 - - - 18.2 Oa 3 jump the broom i;.8 - li;.3 - - - 6.7 liio3 - - - 9.1 ■D O hook up a .8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 lii.3 - - - 9.1

CD Q. illegitimate marriage i)..6 --- 16.7 16.7 - - • M 16.7 10.0

■D Placer is a dialectal extention of the standard French verb placer (to lodge ). McDermott gives CD

(/) as its meaning, "to keep a mistress." Macorner (to live together) is a dialectal word. (/)

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C/) C/) ° 181. TO BE A BRIDESMID OR GROOMSMN /GET VERB/ 0 1 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 0 I II III IV I II I II III M F 5 no response — — — — — — — — — — — — ci' - to stand 71.U 33.3 71.L 100.0 66.7 66.7 73.3 82.7 62.2 66.7 20.0 90.9 1 m serve lU.3 - 28.6 - 16.7 16.7 13.3 lU.3 12.2 16.7 20.0 9.1

3 sign I4..8 33.3 — — — — 6.7 — 12.2 — 10.0 — 3" CD notice 1|.8 33.3 — — — — 6.7 ~ 12.2 — 10.0 — ■DCD O Q. witness I4..8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - 16.7 10.0 C Oa -O Notice is standard French for "witness." o 3" CT I—H CD Q.

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WC/) 3o" 182. NOISY BURLESQUE SERENADE AFTER A Ï'IEDDING /DESCRIBE/ 0 3 OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I II III IV I II 8 I II III M F ■D no response lU.3 - - - $0,0 $0,0 - $0,0 10.0 18,2

(O' 3" charivari 85o7 100,0 100,0 100.0 $0,0 $0,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 $0,0 90,0 81,8 1 3 CD The charivari is particularly associated with hazing of a person marrying for a second time, "n 3.c 3" Shivaree is the Americanized form. For more information see McDermott, Mississippi Valley French, CD

■DCD p. U8, There is a town ordinance in Larose which stipulates that the charivari must cease at O Q. C midnight, but it may be resumed the following day. The hazing continues, often for days, until Oa 3 ■D the married couple invite the merrymakers in for refreshments. O

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WC/) 3o" 183. LARGE COUNTRY DANCE WHICH ALL THE MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY ATTEND 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II i n IV I II I II III M F no response 23.8 - 28.6 - 50.0 50.0 13.3 28.6 - 50.0 10.0 36.u ci' 3" danse de famille :i;.3 33.3 lU.3 20.0 - - 20.0 28.6 12.5 - 10.0 18.2 1 3 CD fais-do-do lli.3 - IU.3 20,0 16.7 16.7 13.3 lU.3 12.5 16.7 10.0 18.2 - - 3. bal 9.5 33.3 1U.3 - 13.3 IU.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 3" CD assemblé 9.5 33.3 IU.3 -- - 13.3 - 25.0 - 20.0 - ■DCD O - Q. shindig 9.5 - - 33.3 33.3 -- - 33.3 20.0 - C a O - - - - - 3 danse publique U .8 IU.3 - 6.7 12.5 10.0 - ■D O parti U .8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - - 9.1

CD Q. assembly U .8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

soiree • U .8 -- 20.0 -- 6.7 1U.3 -- - 9.1 ■D CD |. Danse de famille (family dance), bal (ball), assemble (assembly), danse publinue (public

dance), parti (party), soiree (evening party) are all standa.rd French. The most interesting

response, though not much used in this area, is the dialect word fais-do-do (go to sleep), from

the lullaby to the children, who accompanied their parents to the dance and often slept there

as the adults danced the night away, «-j 278

vO I H >- On CM

CO S O o o o o CD CM

1 CA 1 1 P- c ^ > - P - e CA NO nO NO NO CA H 1—i 1— T H

•LA ■LA O •LA i 1 1 1 S b 'o A- CM •LA CM o8 Si CA fH CM iH - p- IH CA >- 1 1 1 I H • NO NO nO A NO H NO H 53 s H 1 1 CA 1 1 p- A- P ^ p- 1 CA NO NO q NO -P CA H 1—i H H CO I > 1 I CA 1 1 P- P-- P- r O H CA NO NO nO NO CA H 1—i HH u M O o O 1 o 1 1 “ r 1 S H • OHO CO O o H CM j - CM CM I g O H 1 o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O H Q o I H q H è H 1 CA 1 >- 1 1 1 1 1 CA NO CA NO

• CO NO CA •LA CO CO CO CO CO !> • Iw o P- - = t ON _ d - -CÏ - B f - c f - B f I _ = r H 1 è 0 I i I a tJ 1 & CO uo r - 1 W) I 00 1 I I ■p jH § W ta 3 +3 I to

Reprotjucetj with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproctuction prohibitect without permission. CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

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C/) C/) ° 185. TO GO TO SEE IJEIGHBORS, FRIENDS, OR RELATIVES 0 —h . 1 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F 5 no response - - - * -

veiller 66.7 100.0 85.7 60.0 33.3 33.3 80.0 85.7 75.0 33.3 80.0 5U.5

visit 33.3 - lii.3 iiO.O 66.7 66.7 20.0 lL.3 25.0 66.7 20.0 1^5.5

3. 3" CD Veiller is a dialectal intransitive verb meaning "to sit up with" or "to pass the evening with," ■DCD O This word has come into the English of the area. Q. C g. 3o "O o

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C/) C/) g 186, EXPRESSION USED TO DESCRIBE A PERSON WHO IS CONSTANTLY VISITING o 5 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I 11 III IV I II I II Ill M F 8 ■D no response - — ------

(O' 3" rôdeuse U7.6 66,7 57.1 Uo.o 33.3 33.3 53.3 57.1 50.0 33.3 UO.O 5U.5 i 3 19.0 UO.O - - CD rodailler 33o3 IU.3 26.7 IU.3 37.5 - 30.0 9.1 "n c a pest 9.5 - -- 33.3 33.3 -- - 33.3 - 18.2 3. 3" CD courseuse U .8 - IU.3 - -- 6.7 ll;.3 - - - 9.1 ■DCD O /dgufgrant/ U .8 - - 20,0 - - 6,7 - 12.5 - 10,0 - CQ. Oa busybody U .8 - - - 16,7 16,7 - - - 16,7 10,0 - 3 ■D O roup-garou U .8 - -- 16,7 16,7 - - - 16,7 10,0 -

foot in the road — - - - — «• CD U.8 - IU.3 6.7 IU.3 9.1 Q.

Rodailler is a dialectal variant of roder (to roam, ramble). While courseuse is not standard, ■D CD it is formed from the standard French course (the act of running a race), ^ g ^ & r a n ^ is definitely (/) (/) dialectal, but its exact meaning is unknown. For roup-garou, see #299.

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(/)W 3o" 187o TO PASS BY ONE'S HOUSE 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II n i M F ■D no response 33.3 - - 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 10.0 9.1 (O'3" to pass 33.3 33.3 28.6 80.0 - - U6.7 IU.3 75.0 - 50.0 18.2 1 3 CD to pass by 28.6 - U2.9 - 20.0 50.0 20.0 U2.9 - 50.0 30.0 27.3 "n c - 28.6 - 3. to make a pass lU.3 33.3 IU.3 20.0 - 20.0 12.5 10.0 18.2 3" CD to stop in 9.S - - - 33.3 33.3 - - - 33.3 - 18.2 ■DCD O — —— - - — Q. make a trip U.8 IU.3 6.7 lUo3 - 9.1 C Oa 3 ■D O

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C/) C/î 188. A GATHERING OF TITO OR MORE FAMILIES TO BUTCHER A PIG

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I II III IV I II I II III M F 8 ■O no response li.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - 16.7 10.0 3 . CÛ boucherie 95.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 83.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 90.0 100.0

Boucherie is standard French for "butchering." 3"3. CD

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C/) C/) 189. HOG SCRAPS GUT UP AND FRIED

I OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 0 I II III IV I II I II III M F no response — - — — — — — — — — — — cQ- g gratons 71.U 100.0 71.4 60.0 66.7 66,7 73.3 8^.7 62.5 66.7 70.0 72.7

1 cracklings 28.6 - 28.6 40.0 33.3 33.3 26.7 14.3 37.5 33.3 30,0 27.3

3. 3" Read glosses gratons as a corruption of standard French cretons (tallow scraps), CD

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C/) C/) = 190. FRIED CAKE IVITH HOLE IN CENTER

m OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 . I II III IV I II I II III M F 5 no response ------_ _ _ _

Q doughnuts 9^.2 100.0 85.7 100,0 100.0 100.0 93.3 8^.7 100.0 100,0 100.0 90.9 g S • croquignole L.8 - li;.3 - - 6.7 lii.3 - - - 9.1

"n c m standard French croquignole /krd'kipa]/ is pronounced /krok'sipîl/ in Lafourche Parish.

CD I C a 3O * "O O 2" cr

CD ' Q.

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WC/) 3o" I9I0 BREAD SLICES DIPPED IN A MIXTURE OF BEATEN EGGS, SUGAR AND MILK AND THEM FRIED 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD 8 I II III IVI II I II III M F ■D no response — —— — — •• — — - — -

CQ' 3" pain perdu 66.7 100.0 85.7 60.0 33.3 33.3 80.0 85.7 75.0 33.3 50.0 81.6 1 3 CD French toast 19.0 - - ho,o 33.3 33.3 13.3 lit.3 12.5 33.3 30.0 9.1 "n c French bread -- - 33.3 33.3 -- - 10.0 3. 33.3 9.1 3" CD lost bread ii.8 IU.3 -—— 6.7 «• 12,5 10.0 ■DCD O Q. C Standard French pain perdu translates literally as ."lost bread." Oa 3 ■D O

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WC/) 3o" 0 192. VAWILU CUSTARD 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III ■D8 MF no response ^ - CQ'3" bouillie ^2 .U 60,0 57.1 62,5 33,3 Uo.o 63,6 1 3 CD custard 1 9 . 0 13.3 Hi.3 12.5 33.3 20,0 18,2 "n c 3. pap lii.3 20.0 Ü1.3 25,0 20,0 9.1 3" CD pudding - - - - 33.3 33.3 - - - 33.3 20,0 - ■DCD O Q. bouillie au lait l i . 8 C - lL.3 - - - 6,7 lU.3 - - - 9.1 Oa 3 Bouillie is standard French for "pap," bouillie au lait a milk custard or "milk pap."

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WC/) 3o" 193. St'JïïET LIQUID SERWED WITH CAKE OR PUDDING /POURED OVER IT/ O 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II Ill. IV I II I II III M F ■D8 no response 19.0 — lIt.3 20.0 33.3 33.3 13.3 - 22.0 33.3 20.0 18.2

CQ' bouillie ItO.O O 12.9 66.7 57.1 16.7 16.7 53.3 27.1 20.0 16.7 30.0 2U.5

(D tarte a bouillie 9.5 33*333.3 H+.3II+.3 --- - 13,313.3 - 2^.0 - 20,0

3. icing ■ 9.5 - - 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 1U.3 - 16.7 10.0 9.1 3" CD pudding 9'^ - - - 33.3 33.3 - - 33.3 20.0 ■DCD O - - - Q. gâteau a la bouillie U.B H+.3 - 6.7 IU.3 “ — — 9.1 C a O sauce It.8 —- 20.0 _ 3 6.7 1^.3 — — — 9.1 ■D O For bouillie, see comment for #192. CD Q.

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C/) C/) = 19ho COFFEE SERVED WITH BOILED MILK 0 1 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX g . I II III IV I II I II III M F 5 no response — — — — — — — — — — — — c q ' - cafe au lait 81.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 50.0 ^0.0 93.3 8^.7 100.0 $0.0 90.0 72.7 i ^ coffee milk 19.0 - - 20,0 50.0 50.0 6.7 H:.3 - 50.0 10.0 27.3

3. / 3" CD Cafe au lait is standard French for "coffee milk."

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WC/) 3o" 0 19$. MILK THAT HAS SOURED AND THICKENED 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX ■D8 I II Ill IV I II I II Ill M F no response U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 - CQ'3" clabber 38.1 33.3 28.6 60.0 33.3 33.3 Uo.o 28.6 50.0 33.3 50.0 27.3 1 3 CD lait caille^ 28.6 33.3 28.6 Uo.o 16.7 16.7 33.3 U2.9 25.0 16.7 10.0 U5.5 "n c 3. caillé 19.0 33.3 U2.9 - -- 26.7 28.6 25.0 - 20.0 18.2 3" CD

- CD sour milk U.8 - -- 16.7 16.7 - - 16.7 - 9.1 ■D O Q. curdled milk - - - — — — C U.8 16.7 16.7 16.7 10.0 Oa 3 ■D Lait caille and caille are standard French words for "sour milk" or "clabber," O

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WC/) 3o" 0 196. HOMEMADE CHEESE MADE OUT OF MILK CURD 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II ■D8 III M F no response — — — — - — — - - - - - CQ' 3" cream cheese 81.0 66.7 85.7 80.0 83.3 83.3 80.0 85.7 75.0 83.3 70.0 90.9 1 3 CD lait egoute 9.5 33.3 - 20.0 - - 13.3 - 25.0 - 20.0 - "n c 3. caillé U .8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 - -- 9.1 3" CD cottage cheese U .8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - 16.7 10.0 - ■DCD O Q. C Lait egoute is standard French1 for “cream cheese" or "cottage cheese. " Goute is from the Oa ■o verb gouter, meaning “to drain," a process in separating the curds from the whey. For caille, see O comment for #195» CD Q.

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WC/) 3o" 0 197. PRESSED îffiATLOAF MADE OF HOG'S JOVÏLS 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M F ■D8 no response -- - — ------CQ'3" hoghead cheese 57.1 - b2.9 100.0 66.7 66.7 53.3 57.1 50.0 66.7 50.0 63.6 1 3 CD gelee 28.6 66.7 h2.9 16.7 16.7 33.3 42.9 25.0 16.7 20.0 36.4 "n c 3. fromaee m . 3 33.3 llt.3 16.7 16.7 13.3 » 25.0 16.7 30.0 3" CD "OCD O Gelée (jelled, congealed) and fromage (cheese, also specifically hog-head cheese) are both Q. a standard French words, O 3 ■D O

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C/) C/) 198. BLOOD SAUSAGE

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M F o ° no response U.e - - - 16.7 16,7 - - 16.7 10.0

boudin 9^,2 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 83.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 90.0 100.0

There are two types of boudin : boudin rouge (blood sausage), made with blood as one of its

^ ingredients, and boudin blanc. In the preparation of boudin, the less valued cuts of meat are CD

■DCD chopped and prepared with rice, onions, spices, etc., and are stuffed into cleaned and washed O Q. C hog's intestines to form a sausage. For an interesting account of an l8th century cook's Oa preparation of boudin, see McDermott, Mississippi Valley French, p. 32.

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"O CD (/) C/) § 199. AMDOUILLE o OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I II III IV I II I II III M F 8 "O no response 33.3 33.3 lU.3 83.3 83.3 13.3 Ü+.3 12,5 83.3 30.0 36.U

CQ' 3" andouille 66.7 66,7 8^.7 100,0 16.7 16.7 86,7 85.7 87.5 16.7 70.0 63.6 3i CD Andouille is standard French for a smoked sausage made of tripe, intestines, and sometimes ■n 3 of meat. The andouille is used specifically for gumbo in Lafourche Parish, CD ■DCD O Q. C Oa 3 ■D O

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O)C/) 3o" 200, BREAD MADE OF CORNMEAL. 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II III M F ■D no response ------CQ'3" cornbread 57.1 33.3 lit.3 80.0 100.0 100.0 itO.O 12.9 37.5 100.0 60.0 5U.5 1 3 CD pain de maïs 38.1 33.3 85.7 20.0 - - 53.3 57.1 50.0 30.0 45.5 "n c - - - - 3. cake dé maïs 1.8 33.3 — 6.7 12.5 10.0 — 3" CD

■oCD Mais /ma:is/ is standard French for ’*com," but the word is pronounced ^îna:i/ in Lafourche o Q. g Parish, o' 3 ■D O

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C/) C/) § 201. BREAD Î4ADE OF GORMEAL AND CRACKLINGS o ov. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F T3 no response $2.h 33.3 28.6 iiO.O 100.0 100.0 33.3 28.6 37.5 100.0 60.0 15.5 i ' 3" pain jfnais aux 33.3 33.3 71.b 20.0 - 16.7 k2.9 50.0 30.0 36.1; i gratons 3 cornbread with U .8 - CD - 20.0 - 6.7 llt.3 — — - 9.1 cracklings graton bread h .8 - - 20.0 - 6.7 — — - 3. 11;.3 9.1 3" CD cake de mais aux U .8 33.3 - M —— 6.7 — 12.5 10.0 -o gratons o Q. a For Triais j see comment for §2001 gratons ^ §1&9» O ■D O

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WC/) o" 3 0 202. FLAT CAKE OF WHEAT FLOUR COOKED ON A GRIDDLE 3 CD OV. e d u c a t i o n a g e OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I . II III M F' "O no response — - - — ■ — ------(O'3" pancakes 76.2 33.3 71.4 80.0 100.0 100.0 66.7 57.1 75.0 100.0 80.0 72.7 1 3 CD crepes llt.3 33.3 28.6 - - - 20.0 28.6 12.5 - 10.0 18.2 "n c 3. hotcakes U.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - 3" CD slapjack L.8 - - 20.0 - _ CD 6.7 14.3 9.1 ■D O Q. C Crepes is standard French for "pancakes," Oa 3 ■D O

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WC/) 3o" 0 203. FRIED BREAD DOUGH. 3 CD OV, EDUCATIONAGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 II ■D Ill IV I II I II III F no response k.8 lii.3 -- - 6.7 lit. 3 - - 9.1 (O'3" beignets 57.1 85.7 60.0 33.3 66,7 50.0 63,6 1 ■ 33.3 71.lt 62.5 33.3 3 CD fritters 9.5 33.3 -- 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 10.0 9.1 "n c 3. - 3" pâte frite 9.5 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 20.0 - CD

CD - ■D pate de pain it.8 33.3 - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - O Q. C crapaud li.8 - 20.0 - - 6.7 llt.3 - - - 9.1 Oa 3 doughnuts lio6 - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 - ■D O fried bread dough k.8 —— 16.7 16.7 — — _ 16.7 9.1

CD Q. Beignets is standard French for "fried dough" or "cruller." In the response pate frite and

■D pâte de pain ^ pate is standard French for "dough," thus "fried dough" and "bread dough." Crapaud CD

(/) is standard French for "toad," perhaps because the beignets resemble puffed-up toads. (/)

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WC/) 3o" 205. A BRCWN SOUP OF CHICKEN, SHRIMP, ETC., THICKENED WITH I'HiLE 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION . SEX 8 I II III IV I III II III MF ■D no response — — - —— — - -— - - - (O'3" gumbo file h2.9 33.3 h2.9 80.0 16.7 16.7 53.3 28.6 75-0 16.7 50.0 36.lt 1 3 CD gombo file 19.0 66.7 lU.3 20.0 - - 26.7 28.6 25.0 - 20.0 18.2 "n c gumbo 3. 19.0 - lii.3 - 50.0 50.0 6.7 llt.3 - 50.0 20.0 18.2 3" CD file gombo 9.5 - llt.3 - 16,7 16,7 6.7 llt.3 - 16.7 - 18.2 ■DCD O Q. creole gumbo lie 8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - -- 16.7 10.0 - C a O gombo Uo8 — - - — _ _ 3 llt.3 6.7 llt.3 9.1 ■D O Gumbo, from the African quingombo, originally referred to the okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.). CD Q. The term is now applied to any thick soup containing okra (gombo fevis), or a powder prepared from

sassafras leaves (gombo filé). Gombo de champ (garden, field) perhaps refers to gombo des herbs ■D CD or gombo verte (green gumbo). See Read, Louisiana-French, p. 122; McDermott, Mississippi Valley (/) (/) French, p. 81.

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C/) C/) § 206. THE SAME WITH OKRA 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD 8 I II III IV I II I II III MF ■D no response - — — — — — — - — - - -

(O' 3" okra gumbo 37.1 - 57.1, 80.0 66.7 66.7 53.3 71.4 37.5 66.7 40.0 72.7 31 CD gombo fevi 19.0 66.7 14.3 - 16.7 16.7 20.0 - 37.5 16,7 30.0 9.1

okra gombo 9.^ 33.3 14.3 - - - 13.3 14.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 3. 3" CD gombo de champs it.8 -- 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - ■DCD O gumbo Ù.8 - -- 16.7 16.7 -- - 16.7 10.0 - Q. C a O gombo 4.8 - 14.3 - -- 6.7 14.3 -- - 9.1 3 ■D O See comment for #205j also. Read, Louisiana-French, p. 38. CD Q.

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C/) 3o" O 207, CLEAR SOUP MADE WITH BEEF OR CHICKEN STOCK ^ OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F 5 no response — — — — — — — — — — —

3 " bouillon k2o9 33.3 71.U 60.0 - - 6 0 . 0 57.1 62.5 - 50.0 36.li 1

3 CD broth 2 8 . 6 33.3 - 20.0 66.7 66.7 13.3 - 25.0 66.7 20.0 36.U "n c - - 20.0 - 20.0 3 . chicken soup IU.3 33.3 3 3 . 3 6.7 lii.3 33.3 9.1 3 " CD soupe de malade 9.5 3 3 . 3 m . 3 -- - 13.3 llt.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 CD

O Q. soup U.8 - lli.3 - - - 6.7 lli.3 - - - 9.1 C Oa "8 Boni 11 on is standard French for "beef broth"; soup de malade, translated literally, means O "soup for the sick." CD Q.

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C/) o" 3 208. TOMATO GRAVY MADE IVCTH STUFFED CRAWFISH O 3 CD OV. EDUCATIONAGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 1 11 111 IV 1 11 1 11 111 M F T»< 3 no response 38.1 66.7 U2.9 20.0 33.3 33.3 10.0 U2.9 37.3 33.3 UO.O 36.ii

CQ' 3 " bisque 61.9 37.1 80.0 66.7 66.7 60.0 O 33.3 37.1 62.3 66.7 60.0 63.6

3. Bisoue is standard French for "a thick soup, made especially of crawfish," 3" CD

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C/) C/) 209. HIGHLY SEASONED TOMATO GRAVY MADE WITH FISH/ REDFISH/

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no response 9.^ - lU.3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 lU.3 - 16.7 10.0 9.1 ci' courtbouillon 90.5 100.0 85.7 100.0 83.3 83.3 93.3 85.7 100.0 83.3 90.O 90.9

Courtbouillon is a standard French culinary term. 3 3" CD

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C/) C/) 210. HIGHLY SEASONED TOMATO GRAVY MADE WITH MlCAT OR FOWL

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX ■D8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no rosponso — — — — — — — — — — — —

sauce piquante 9^.2 100.0 100.0 80.0 100.0 100.0 93-3 100.0 87.5 100.0 90.0 100.0

tomato gravy i;.8 - - 20,0 - - 6.7 - 12,5 - 10.0

3. 3" CD Sauce piquante is literally a "hot sauce." ■DCD O Q. C a 3O "O O

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C/) C/) § 211. A CREOLE DISH MADE OF RICE AND SOME OTHER IMPORTANT INGREDIENTS SUCH AS SHRIMP, OYSTERS, o OR SAUSAGE

8 ov. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX ■D I II III IV I II I II Ill M F no response - — — - - - (O' — - - - - - 3" jambalaya 61.9 66.7 U2.9 100.0 50,0 50.0 66.7 U2.9 50.0 80.0 3i 87.5 U5.5 CD jambalaya 28.6 33.3 U2.9 33.3 33.3 26,7 U2.9 12.5 33.3 ' 20.0 . 36.U c"n 3. 3" dirty rice it.8 - — — 16.7 l6o7 - - l6.7 - CD 9.1

"OCD galimatcha U .8 - lUo3 - - — 6.7 IU.3 — 9.1 O Q. a o The source of "jambalaya" is unknown. The response "dirty rice," though sometimes used for'

■o §. this concept, more often refers to the Creole rice dressing. The standard French .galimasia g ^ /galimasia/ (a mixture) is pronounced /galimat^a/ in Lafourche Parish.

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C/) C/) 212o FRESH CORN SERVED ON THE GOB

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M F % no response

corn on the cob ; 52.U - 42.9 60.0 83.3 83.3 40.0 42.9 37.5 83.3 50.0 54,5

-maïs bouilli 28.6 66.6 57.1 - - 40.0 42.9 37.5 - 30,0 27.3

maïs tendre 9.5 - - 20.0 16.7 15*7 6.7 - 12,5 16.7 10.0 9.1 3. 3" CD roasting ears 4.8 33.3 - - — - 6,7 - 12.5 - 10.0 ■DCD O boiled corn 4.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 14.3 - - 9,1 Q. C a 3O "O Tendre (tender) and bouilli (boiled) are both standard French. O

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WC/) 3o" 0 213, OUTER, LEAFY COVER OF EARS OF CORN 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I 11 I II Ill M F ■D no response 1+.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 — — — 16.7 10.0 CQ'3" shucks 57.1 33.3 U2.9 80.0 66.7 66.7 53.3 57.1 50.0 66.7 50.0 63 o6 1 3 CD paille 28.6 33.3 57.1 20.0 - - Uo.o U2.9 37.5 - 30.0 27.3

"n c 3. feuille ii.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - 3" CD husks li.8 •• — — 16.7 16.7 _ - - 16.7 - 9.1 ■DCD O Q. C Faille is standard French for "shucks"; feuille, standard French for "leaves," Oa 3 ■D O

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■o CD (/) 3o ' O 2lU. SMALL GREEN PEAS GRCWN IN SPRING GARDENS (D OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II III M F no response — — — — — ------(O' 3 o ' ti pois 38.1 33.3 71.U 20.0 16.7 16.7 U6.7 57.1 37.5 16.7 Uo.o 3 6 .u 3 CD sweet peas 19.0 - 1U.3 20.0 33.3 33.3 13.3 - 25.0 33.3 10,0 27.3

petits pois lU.3 - IU.3 - 33.3 33.3 6.7 IU.3 - 33.3 10.0 18.2

CD fresh peas - - Uo.o - - 13.3 28.6 -- - 18.2 ■o O CQ. green peas - - 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 20.0 - a o 3 English peas h.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12 o5 - 10,0 - ■o o des pois U.8 33.3 — --- 6.7 - 12.5 10.0 CD Q. Pois is standard French for "peas." O C

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CQ' snap beans 3" 33.3 U2.9 100.0 33.3 33.3 60.0 57.1 62.5 33.3 Uo.o 63,6 i string beans 19.0 - - 5o.o 50,0 3 lU.3 6.7 1U.3 - 50.0 20,0 18.2 CD green beans li|.3 - 28.6 - 16.7 16.7 13.3 1U.3 12.5 16.7 20,0 9.1 3. 3" -- CD pole beans U.8 33.3 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

CD ■D bean vert U .8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 - - - O 9.1 Q. C des haricots de rame U.8 33.3 ---- 6.7 — 12.5 10.0 Oa ■D O Des haricots de rame is dialectal for "pole beans,"

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WC/) 3o" 216. LARGE FLAT BEANS, USUALLY WHITE 0 3 OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD 8 I II Ill IVI II I II Ill MF ■D no response — — — — ————— — - —

CQ' 3" butter beans n.h 66.7 85.7 80.0 50.0 50.0 80.0 85.7 75.0 50.0 60.0 81.8 1 3 - CD fevre platte 19.0 14.3 20.0 16.7 16.7 20.0 14.3 25.0 16.7 20.0 18.2 "n c lima beans 9.5 33.3 —— 33.3 33.3 - — - 20.0 — 3. 33.3 3" CD

■DCD O Fevre platte is standard French for "lima bean." Q. C Oa 3 ■D O

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WC/) 3o" 0 217. EîîOUGH BEANS OR ANYTHING FOR ONE MEAL 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II IIIM F ■D8 no response — — — — — — —— — - — - CQ'3" un plat h7.6 100.0 57.1 - 50.0 50.0 U6.7 U2.9 50.0 50.0 50.0 U5.5 31 CD a dish 28.6 - 28.6 80.0 - - Uo.o 57.1 25.0 - 10.0 U5.5 "n c a portion 9.^ - lli.3 20.0 - - 13.3 - 25.0 - 20.0 - 3"3. CD enough to cook 9.S - - - 33.3 . 33.3 - - - 33.3 10.0 9.1 ■DCD O » m. — — _ Q. a mess 1^.8 16.7 16.7 16,7 10.0 C a o 'a Plat is standard French for "a dish." 3" CT I—H CD Q.

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C/) C/) § 218. PEACH WHOSE lŒAT STICKS TO THli SEED. o 5 ■ ov. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I 11 Ill IV I II I II III M F 8 ■D no response 23.8 - 28,6 - 50,0 50,0 13.3 IU.3 12,5 50,0 UO.O 9.1

CQ' 3" ïAche a jus 38.1 66,7 57.1 Uo.o -- 53.3 71.U 37.5 - 30,0 U5.5 i 3 peach 23.8 - 20,0 50,0 50,0 CD IU.3 13.3 1U.3 12.5 50,0 10.0 36.U

"n clingstone Uo8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12,5 - 10,0 - 3.c 3" CD pêche à cochon L.8 - - 20,0 - - 6.7 - 12,5 - - 9.1 ■DCD O cling ii,8 -- 20,0 - - 6,7 — 12.5 - 10.0 — Q. C Oa 3 Pêche a .jus is standard French for "clingstone," Pêche \ cochon translates as "pig peache^" ■D O perhaps because they cannot be eaten as delicately.

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WC/) 3o" 219o PEACH WHOSE MEAT DOESN'T STICK TO THE STONE 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II III M F ■D no response 19.0 - U . 3 - 50.0 50.0 6,7 lli.3 - 50.0 30.0 9.1 CQ'3" quitte noyau 28,6 66.7 12,9 20.0 -- liO.O lli.3 62.5 - liO.O 18,2 1 3 CD peach 19.0 ' lli.3 20.0 33.3 33.3 13.3 lli.3 12.5 33.3 10.0 27.3 "n c pêche a quitte noyau 11^.3 - - 3. 28,6 20.0 - 20,0 li2.9 - - - 27.3 3" CD quit stone 9.S 33.3 - - 16.7 16,7 6,7 - 12,5 16.7 10.0 9.1 ■DCD

O - - — — •• Q. free stone 9.5 liO.O 13.3 lli.3 12.5 10.0 9.1 C Oa Quitte is from the standard French quitter (to be free of); no?/au is standard French for O "fruit stone," CD Q.

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1 vO OJ OJ 1 * OO CO CO vO rH rH w S CO S 1 O O O o o o q o u o OA rH 1—i

H 1 o I OA n a H o OA v q o OA rH H E-i ^ H 1 o O 1 1 P h M !=> o o Ü t o T-A o

H 1 - c t. OA OA 1 «• iH O- l i l i

H 1 O OA c ^ 1 H e O OA VO M \ o OA O

H 1 o 1 OA 0 - o OA v q •LA OA rH

> 1 O 1 OA H • • o OA v q l A OA rH

1—1 1 O OO 1 a M o H O Q O H OJ VO CM EH O H I o - OA 1 1 a H Q l A - d ’ OO rH w 5 CVJ H I 0 - OA 1 1 vO OA VO OA I g OO m c o o • I g r— m OJ o ü 0 3 0 3 CO i (D I g I S’ § 0) P=H C Td o o 03 OJ +3 0) S OJ § ra co PL,

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WC/) 3o" 0 221. HARD CENTER OF A CHERRY 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I 11 III M F ■D8 no response ii.8 -- - 16.7 16.7 - ~ - 16,7 10.0 - CQ'3" seed ii7.6 - ii2.9 60.0 66.7 66,7 iiO.O ii2.9 37.$ 66,7 iiO.O 5U.5 1 3 CD stone 23.8 33.3 28,6 iiO.O - - 33.3 28.6 37.5 - 30.0 18.2

3. noyau 19.0 66,7 lii.3 - 16.7 16.7 20.0 lii.3 25.0 16.7 20.0 18.2 3" CD ii.8 - - - - - CD graine lii.3 - 6.7 lii.3 9.1 "O O Q. a o' Graine is standard French for "seed." For noyaUj see comment for //219. ■D O

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WC/) o" 3 222. GRÏÏEN OR WHITE PEAR-SHAPED VEGETABLES WHICH GROT ON VINES O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II Ill M F no response — 19.0 lii.3 - 50.0 50.0 6.7 lii.3 - 50.0 10.0 27.3 C3" Q merliton 76.2 100.0 85.7 80.0 50.0 50.0 86.7 71.ii 100.0 50.0 90.0 63.6 I CD vegetable pear - - — ii.8 - 20.0 - 6.7 lii.3 •• 9.1

3. 3" CD Merliton (Sechiuia edule Sw. ) is the fruit of a West-Indian vine. In Spain and Mexico, as well ■DCD O as in certain parts of the United States, this same plant is called chayote. Q. C a O 3 ■D O

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■D CD I C/î 5' 223. URGE, CUGUÎ'iBER-SimPED VEGETABLE/USUALLY PRESERVED/ O 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I II Ill IV I II I II III M F no response ■D8 9.^ — — — 33.3 33.3 — - - 33.3 10.0 9.1

CQ'3" cassebanane 81.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 50.0 50.0 93.3 100.0 87.5 50.0 70.0 90.9

ï3 Brazile U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - CD

"n banane U.8 -- - 16.7 16.7 _ — _ 16.7 10.0 3.c 3" CD

"Om Although the English word "cassabanana" is very close to its French counterpart cassebanane, O Q. it is seldom used in Lafourche Parish, O 3 ■D O

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WC/) o" 3 22h» SMALL, SŒET-SMELLING, WILD GUCUI®ERS 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I 11 111 IV 1 11 1 II 111 M F ■D8 no response h2,9 - 28.6 Uo.o 83.3 83.3 26.7 28.6 25.0 83.3 50.0 36.U CQ'3" concombre-sent-bon h2,9 66.7 57.1 Uo.o 16.7 16.7 53.3 57.1 50.0 16.7 30.0 5U.5 1 3 CD pomme d'amour 9.5 33.3 - 20.0 - - 13.3 1U.3 12,5 - 10.0 9.1 "n 3.c odor melon h-8 - li;.3 - - — 6.7 — 12.5 10.0 3" CD

"OCD o The concombre sent bon (sweet-smelling cucumber) has some importance as a love charm in the

folk beliefs of the people of the area, thus pomme d'amour (love apple). "O O

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(AC/) O 3 225. green onions. BOTH THE ROOT AND TOPS ARE EDIBLE O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II Ill IV I II I II III M F ■D8 no response ll.8 - IU.3 - - — 6.7 lii.3 - - - 9.1 CQ'3" shallots 52.L 33.3 k2,9 80.0 50.0 50.0 53.3 28.6 75.0 50.0 60.0 ii5.5 i 3 CD shallots 28.6 66.7 U2.9 20.0 - — I4.0.0 57.1 25.0 - 20.0 36.ii

3. onions 9.5 - - - 33.3 33.3 - - 33.3 10.0 9.1 3" CD onion tops lt.8 - -- 16.7 16.7 _ « 16.7 10.0 "OCD O Q. ^ The English "shallots" derives from, the standard French shallots. 5 ' ■D O

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WC/) o ' 3 226, GOURD. 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II i n IV I II I II III M F ■D8 no response 38.1 - lU.3 ko.o 83.3 83.3 20.0 28.6 12.5 83.3 20.0 54.5 (O'3" calebasse 33.3 66.7 5:7.1 20.0 - - 46.7 5:7.1 37.5 - 30.0 36.4 31 CD gourd 28.6 33.3 28.6 llO.O 16.7 16.7 33.3 14.3 50.0 16.7 50.0 9.1 c"n 3"3. CD Calebasse is the standard French word for "gourd."

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C/) 3o ' O 227. FRUIT OF THE PASSION FLOTrJER. OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II Ill IV I II I ■D8 II III M F no response 33.3 - 28.6 W .0 20.0 20.0 26.7 28.6 23.0 30.0 liO.O 27.3 (O'3" grenade 33.3 - 27.1 20.0 33.3 33.3 33.3 27.1 12.2 33.3 10.0 3U.3 i 3 CD maypop 23.8 33.3 lU.3 Uo.o 16.7 16.7 26.7 lit.3 37.2 16.7 30.0 18.2

3. grenade française U .8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.2 - 10.0 - 3" CD U .8 33.3 - - - - - 12 .3 - CD grenade maronne 6.7 10.0 ■D O Q. C In standard French grenade signifies the pomegranate. Standard French grenadllle is the name Oa 3 ■D O for the fruit of the passionflower^ but this term is unknown in the parish; thus, the adjective française (French) and maronne (wild) are used to differentiate the two. CD Q.

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1 iH 1 rH H • CM O n O n On

CO O O O O 1 1 0 O o O o -c t (A I—i CM

> - l>- 1 1 1 » NO NO NO g NO r—1 H

1A O LA o 1 1 > . ■LA CM LA ! (A CM iH CM o J- 1 1 1 CA CA 1—1

CA cA CA r — C^ CA CA CA nO H NO nO I l A H vO VO

>- I I I vO vÔ vO g 1 I I O ü3 S CM

t—! CA l C A ( A I lA CA I m y

(A lA TA CO CO g >- ON On A -d" I 1A 7?

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WC/) o3 ' 229. ROUND FIAT PATTY OF PECAN CÂNDY /GET PRONUNCIATION/ 0 3 CD OV, EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II III M F ■D no response U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - -- 16.7 . 10.0 - (O'3" plarine 38,1 33.3 57,1 UOoO 16.7 16.7 U6,7 57.1 37.5 16.7 ho.o 36.U 1 3 CD plarine 28.6 33.3 h2.9 - 33.3 33,3 26.7 28.6 25,0 33.3 20.0 36.1i

3. praline 28.6 33.3 - 60.0 33.3 33.3 26.7 llt.3 37.5 33.3 30.0 27.3 3" CD

■o Praline is the standard French word for nuts cooked in a burnt sugar. In English and French, O O. the tendency is to pronounce the word "plarine"— an excellent example of metathesis in this area, 5 ' "O O

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C/) C/) 5 230. LIST THE MEA.LS OF THE DAY 0 f ■ OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no rGspons© « •••••••• — c q ' - . breakfast, dinner 81.0 33.3 85.7 100.0 83.3 83.3 80.0 85.7 75.0 83.3 70.0 90.9 1 ^ supper ^ . déjeuner, diner, lU-3 66,7 1^.3 - - 20.0 lU.3 25.0 - 20,0 9,1 supper c brealcfast, lunch U.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - 16,7 10.0 3- dinner, supper

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WC/) 3o" 231. FOOD EâTEN BETIrffiEN MEâLS 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION 3SX CD 8 I II Ill IV I II I II III M F ■D no response k-Q - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10 .0 - CQ'3" snack Uok 66.7 U2.9 100.0 83.3 83.3 66.7 i|2.9 87.5 83.3 80 .0 63.6 1 3 CD a bite 9.5 - 28.6 - - - 13.3 28.6 - - - 18.2 "n c a lunch i|.8 - lh.3 - -- 3. -- 6.7 11.3 - 9.1 3" CD grillauter i|.8 - 11;.3 - - - 6.7 llt.3 - -- 9.1 ■DCD O manger de bouche U.8 -- - - - Q. 33.3 - 6.7 12.5 - 10 .0 C Oa 3 ■D The standard French RriRnoter /grôyhote/ (snack) is pronounced /gri5te/ in Lafourche Parish. O The response manner de bouche is a coined expression. CD Q.

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(/)W 3o" 232. FOOD FROM A PREVIOUS MiSAL 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III MF ■D no response — — — . — . — — •• — — - — - CQ'3" leftovers >2.a 33.3 28.6 60.0 83.3 83.3 Uo.o 28.6 20.0 83.3 60.0 U2.2 1 3 CD restants 28.6 - 27.1 20.0 16.7 16.7 33.3 U2.9 22.0 16.7 20.0 36.a "n c leftover 20.0 - 20.0 28.6 3. IU.3 33.3 ia.3 - 12.2 10.0 18.2 3" CD , / reste U .8 33.3 ---- 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - "OCD O Q. §. Restants is standard French for "leftovers." Reste is literally "remainder." 5 ' 3 ■D O 3" CT I—H CD Q.

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WC/) 3o" 233. POVffiER MADE FROM THE DRIED LEAVES OF THE SASSAFRAS TREE (FILE) 0 3 OV. CD EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II III M F ■D no response it.8 - - - 16,7 16,7 - - 16.7 10,0 CQ'3" file 76.2 100,0 85.7 80.0 50,0 50.0 86,7 100,0 75.0 50,0 50.0 100,0 1 3 CD file gombo 11;.3 - 1U.3 - 33.3 33.3 6.7 - 12.5 33.3 30,0 "n 3.c gumbo filé Uo8 tm- — 20.0 6,7 - 12.5 10,0 3" CD

■DCD O F-ilftj standard French "thread" or "filament" refers to the thickened gumbo which drips from Q. C a lifted spoon in "strings." See also the comment for §20^, Oa 3 ■D O

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C/) C/) o 23k. CHICKED! BONE THAT CHILDREN PULL APART

^ ,0V. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX o ■ I II III IV I II I II III M F

3 , no i*6spons6 — — CQ wishbone 95.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 83.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 100.0 90.9

wishing bone U.8 - - - 16,7 16.7 - - 16.7 - 9.1

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WC/) o" 3 235* BAUKGED BOARD FOR CHILDREN TO PLAY ON 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I . II III IV I II I II III ■D8 M F no response — — - — — ------CQ'3" seesaw 71.a 33.3 57.1 80.0 100.0 100.0 60.0 U2.9 75.0 100.0 80.0 63.6 1 3 CD galance 23.8 66.7 28.6 20.0 - - 33.3 U2.9 25.0 20.0 27.3 "n 3.c swing U.8 - 1U.3 - - - 6.7 liu3 — _ .. 9.1 3" CD

■DCD O Galance is a dialectal variant of standard French balance (seesaw). extension, galance Q. C has come to mean swing, slide, or any other playground contrivance. Oa 3 ■D O

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C/) C/) § 236. SWITCH FOR PUHISliING CHILDREN o OV. EBUCATIDE AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III F 8 ■D no response k.8 -- - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 - . 9.1

CQ' 3" switch 57.1 - 57.1 60.0 66.7 66.7 53.3 71.5 37.5 66.7 50.0 72.7 i 3 branche - 16.7 CD Id. 3 20.6 - 16.7 16.7 13.3 28.6 10.0 18.2 "n c baleine 9.5 33.3 15.3 - - 13.3 - 25.0 - 20.0 - 3. 3" CD whip 33.3 - — - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - ■DCD O gale it.8 33.3 - -- 6.7 - 12.5 - 10. G - Q. C a O limb 5.8 — 20.0 —— 6.7 — 12.5 10.0 * _ 3 ■D O Branche is standard French for "branch" or "switch," The standard French word baü.eine usually CD Q. refers to an "umbrella rib," though it is easy to see this usage by extension of meaning, Galei

in the standard idiom means "to scratch or claw." ■D CD

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WC/) o" 3 237. TO m i P SOUNDLY 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F ■D no response CQ'3" to whip 28.6 - ii2.9 20.0 33.3 33.3 26.7 11.3 37.5 33.3 30.0 27.3 1 3 CD to beat 23.8 - 1^.3 ilO.O 33.3 33.3 20.0 28.6 12.5 33.3 30.0 18.2 "n 3.c to spank IU.3 - - J4O.O 16.7 16.7 13.3 llt.3 12.5 16.7 10.0 18.2 3" CD to whale the tar 9.^ 33.3 a. — 16.7 16.7 6.7 12.5 16.7 10.0 9.1 ■DCD out of O Q. fouetter 9.5 33.3 11.3 - -- 13.3 14.3 12.5 - 10.0 C 9.1 a O ramas - - 3 h.B - 1)4.3 - 6.7 14.3 - - - 9.1 ■D O taper 1.8 33.3 - -- - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10,0 -

CD 2 t.8 - -- Q. pele 14.3 6.7 14.3 - — •• 9.1

■D The response "to whip" was often followed by such expressions as; "good," "their ass," %he CD

C/) daylights out of." Though fouetter (to beat) and taper (to strike, hit, slap) are standard C/) French, ramas and pele are dialectal.

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■D O Q. C g Û.

■D CD

C/) C/) 239, BOY'S VJEAPON MADE OF RUBBER STRIPS ON A FORKED STICK

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M 5 no response

nigger shooter U7.6 - U2.9 100.0 33.3 33-3 33.3 37.1 30.0 33.3 30.0 U3.3

nigger shoot 28.6 66.7 37.1 - - UO.O ii2.9 37.3 - 30.0 27.3

3. slingshot 23.8 33.3 - - 66.7 66.7 6.7 - 12.3 66.7 20.0 27.3 3" CD

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fH CO lA CO CO § rc\ 0\ -d' K CM

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0 \ 1— I O o s Os t«! CO S 1 o 1 o Q t— i

H 1 rc\ 2 1 H s q O CO r~i H EH Si H I O 1 CD O q o r—i H 1 o 1 qCD i H

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k I ■LTi XA 1 1 3 à M S I O o o o O o ITi o(—1 o H

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Pm I -ct • H r- o\ vOm (M CO a S 1 o OO• o o o 1—1q oCO

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■D CD

C/) C/) 2UU. HE HESEv^îBLES HIS FATHER IN APPEARANCE

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M ;o8 no response

looks like k2,9 33.3 28.6 60.0 ^0.0 50.0UO.O U2.9 37.5 50.0 30.0 55.5

resembles 19.0 - 15.3 • - 50.0 50.0 6.7 - 12.5 50.0 30.0 9.1

take after 9.5 - 28,6 - - 13*3 28.6 - - - 18.2 3. 3" CD look like 9.5 33.3 15.3 - - 13.3 15.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 ■DCD O Q. favors 9.5 - 15.3 20. 0 - 13.3 15.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 C a look more like 5.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 ' - 3O "O O takes after 5.6 — — 20.0 — — 6.7 — 12.5 — 10.0 —

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WC/) 3o" 0 2U5. PUT THIS AWAY 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M F ■D8 no response U.8 - - 20.0 ■ - - 6.7 - 12.5 -- 9.1 CQ'3" save this U7.6 66.7 57.1 60.0 16.7 16.7 60.0 85.7 37.5 16.7 30.0 63,6 1 3 CD put this away 28.6 33.3 IU.3 20.0 50.0 50.0 20.0 - 37.5 50.0 50.0 9.1

3. pick this up 19.0 - 28.6 - 33.3 33.3 13,3 llf.3 12.5 33.3 20.0 18.2 3" CD

■DCD O Q. C Oa 3 ■D O

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% p P p NO-d* CM B ■ 1

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

WC/) 3o" 0 2it7. A LOOK OF DISPLEASUi'îE 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX ■D8 I II III IV I II I 11 III M F no response U .8 - - 20,0 - 6,7 - 12,5 — — 9.1 CQ'3" grimace 38.1 - U2.9 60.0 33.3 33.3 Uo.o U2.9 37.5 33,3 50.0 27.3 1 3 CD frovm 23.8 33.3 lU.3 - 50,0 50.0 13.3 - 25.0 50,0 30.0 18.2 "n c 3. frimousse 9.5 - 28.6 - - - 13.3 28,6 --- 18,2 3" CD figure ii,8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12,5 - 10,0 - ■DCD O Q. - - ■ - - - - C ugly face 1,8 - 20,0 6.7 IU.3 9.1 Oa 3 making big eyes 1.8 33.3 - - - - 6,7 - 12,5 - 10.0 - ■D O bouder U .8 - - - 16,7 16,7 - - - 16,7 - 9.1

CD Q. babine U .8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1

■D CD Grimace (wry face, grimace) babine (pout) , figure (face ), and bouder (pout) are standard Frendi

C/) C/) words. Frimousse is a popular French word for "face" or "mug,"

00 CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

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C/) C/) 2U8. expressions o f m i l d d i s g u s t

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX

o ■ • 5 no response

hey-ha lU«3 - 28.6 20.0 - - 20.0 U2.9 - - 27,3

shit IU.3 33.3 - - 33.3 33.3 6.7 - 12.5 33.3 30.0

3. maudit lito3 - 28.6 20.0 - - 20.0 28.6 12.5 -, 10.0 18,2 3" CD goddamn 9.5 - ll|.. 3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 20.0 - ■DCD O Q. darn 9.5 — — I4.O.O — — 13.3 — 25.0 — 20,0 — C a 3O shucks 9.5 - - - 33.3 33.3 - - 33.3 - 18.2 "O O drigail ^.8 - lit.3 - - 8.7 lit.3 ~ - - 9,1

CD Q. it.8 — lit, 3 — — - 6,7 lit ,3 - — - 9.1

dammit it.8 33*3 — — — — 6.7 — 12.5 — 10.0 — ■D CD cher lx>n Dieu it.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - - 9.1

C/) C/) doggone it.8 33*3 ~ - - - 6.7 - 12,5 - 10.0 -

awh it.8 — — — 16.7 16o7 ~ — — 16 .7 — 9.1

Maudit- (cursed) and cher bon Dieu (dear God) are standard French. Drigaille is dialectal for w KJ "baggage." ■o o Q. C g û .

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œC/) o 3 2U9. EXPRESSION/ CURSE/ USED TfJHEN ONE IS VERY EXASPEBATED O

CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M F ■O8 no response L)..8 — — 20.0 — — 6.7 - 12,5 - 9.1 ë ' maudit 28.6 20.0 - - UO.O o 33.3 57.1 57.1 25.0 - 20.0 36 oU 3 CD goddammit 23.8 33.3 28.6 - 33.3 33.3 20.0 1U.3 25.0 33.3 Uo.o 9.1

C - p. dammit 9.^ - 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 IU.3 - 16.7 - 18.2 3" CD goddamn SOB 9.^ 33.3 - - 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 20.0 - ■OCD O Û. shit 9.^ - - - 33.3 33.3 - - - 33.3 - 18.2 C a O drigail U .8 - - - - 3 IU.3 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 ■O O shocks U .8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

CD -- —— _ Û. damn U .8 20.0 6.7 12.5 10.0

O C For maudit and drigail., see comment for #2^8. ■o CD

WC/) o ' 3

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> I O C ^ 1 CA H o MO CA 1 A rH CA

H I O o O 1 a M O H Q O O H MO CM CM

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 73 CD ■a o Q. c g Q.

■D CD (/) o' 3 251. TIRED Q ov. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II III III M F no response ------cq ' tired - Q 33.3 lii.3 Uo.o 66,7 66.7 20.0 1U.3 25.0 66.7 ko,o 27.3 3 CD fatigue 28.6 33.3 U2.9 20.0 16.7 16.7 33.3 h2.9 25.0 16,7 20,0 36.1 C 3. pooped (out) • 9 .5 - lU .3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 llt.3 - 16.7 - 18.2 3" CD

tired out 1.8 - Hi.3 - - - - . CD 6.7 li;.3 - - 9 .1 ■o O Q. dog tired U.8 - - C 33.3 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - a o b u m out 3 U.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - ■o o fagged out 1.8 - - 20.0 - - 6,7 Hi.3 - -- . 9.1

CD Q. all in L 8 - Ht.3 - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

worn out ■ ii.8 — - 20.0 _ » _ CO 6.7 12.5 10.0 ■g Fatigue is standard French for "tired." C/) o ' 3

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WC/) o' 3 . LA.ZY 0 252 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III MF ■D no response — ———— — — — —— — CQ'3" lazy 66.7 66o7 57ol 80.0 66.7 66.7 66.7 71.U 62.5 66.7 70.0 63.6 1 3 CD paresseuse 23.8 33.3 28.6 20.0 16.7 16.7 26.7 IU.3 37.3' 16.7 20.0 27.3 "n 3.c bon (pas) rien 9 .^ — lU-3 - 16.7 16.7 6,7 IU.3 - 16.7 10,0 9.1 3" CD

■oCD Paresseuse is standard French for "lazy." For bon pas rien, see comment for #103, O Q. C Oa 3 ■D O

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C/) W 253o STUPID 3o" 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I II III IV I II I II Ill M F 8 no response — — — - — - - - - — - ci' 3" dumb b.2.9 - 28.6 bOoO 83.3 83.3 26.7 h2,9 12.5 83.3 UOoO 1:5.5 1 bête 19.0 3 - 28.6 Uo.o - - 26.7 28.6 25.0 - 20.0 18.2 CD stupid - lli.3 20.0 - - 13.3 lit.3 12.5 - - 18.2 3. 3" CD goofy 1+.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

CD ■D gauche O it.8 33.3 --- - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - Q. C a crazy L.8 33.3 - - - - - 12.5 - 10.0 O 6.7 - 3 ■D moron ii.8 - - - - O IU.3 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - couillon - -- 16.7 l6o7 - -- 16.7 - CD 9.1 Q. craqué L.8 - lli.3 - -- 6.7 IL.3 - _ 9.1

Bête is the popular French word for this concept. Gauche (left, socially wrong), couillon -■ / w (wretch), and craoue (cracked, broken) are all standard French.

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WC/) o ’ 25U. EASILY OFFENDED 3 O 5 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD Î II Ill IV I II IIIIII M F ■D8 no response U.8 33.3 -- - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

(O’ funny - 3" 38.1 57.1 Uo.o. 33.3 33.3 UO.O 71.U 12.5 33.3 20.0 5U.5

Ï3 touchy 23.8 - 28.6 20.0 33.3 33.3 20,0 IU.3 25.0 18,2 CD 33.3 30.0 sensitive - c"n 9.5 - - 33.3 33.3 - - - 33.3 10.0 9.1 3. 3" CD easily hurt U.8 - IU.3 - - - 6,7 1U.3 -- - 9.1 ■DCD O miffed in a hurry U.8 33.3 -- - - 6,7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - CQ. a mal patient U.8 -- - - O 33.3 — 6.7 12,5 - 10.0 - 3 ■D O peculiar U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - - 9.1

prompt U.8 - - 20.0 —— — CD 6.7 12.5 10,0 Q.

Fial patient is a standard French expression to convey "touchy" or "temperamental." ■D CD

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

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C/) C/) § 256. A STINGY PERSON o OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M FF no response — — —— — — — — — — - CQ'3" tightwad 38.1 - 57.1 Uo.o 33.3 33.3 UO.O U2.9 37.5 33.3 Uo.o 36 .U i3 CD miser Ik .3 -- 20.0 33.3 33.3 6.7 lU.3 - 33.3 - 27.1

"n c tightass k .8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 - 3. 9.1 3" CD holder k.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 - ■DCD O U .8 - - - - - Q. chiche 1U.3 6.7 IU.3 -- 9.1 C a O Jew U .8 -- 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - 3 ■D O chichetesse U .8 33.3 -- - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

CD green persimmon U .8 -- - - 6.7 - - 10.0 - Q. 33.3 12.5

tight thing • U .8 33.3 - --- 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.6 -

■D tight man U .8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - CD

C/) stingy person U ------C/) .8 16.7 16.7 16.7 9.1

crab U .8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9«1

Chichetesse is chiche plus the noun affix -tesse (one who is) w (tight) 9 Ü1 o CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) 3o" 257. SHE'S) EtVELY /OF AN OLD PERSON/ O 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD 8 ■D no response ------c q ' active 19.0 - U2.9 20.0 - - 26.7 28.6 25.0 - 20.0 18.2 O 3$ CD lively 9.5 - - 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 12.5 16.7 20.0 - "n c young for her age 9.5 - IU.3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 IU.3 - 16.7 10.0 9.1 3"3. CD got a lot of life it.8 -- 20.0 - - 6.7 - 12.5 - - 9.1 Q ■D O got some life L.8 - - -- 6.7 - - - Q. IU.3 IU.3 9.1 1. sure gets around. U.8 -- - 16.7 16.7 -- - 16.7 10.0 - 3O ■D ------3"O vif U .8 - IU.3 6.7 IU.3 9.1 1CT—H (D energetic U .8 -- - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 - 9.1 CL g 3"1—H she's a good ole girl U .8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - -- 16.7 - 9.1 O T3 plein la vie U .8 33.3 - -- - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - (D

3 . ------10.0 - (/) •well kept U .8 33.3 6.7 12.5 3o' in good shape U .8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

enfant U .8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - 16.7 - 9.1

U) full of energy U .8 — - 20.0 - - 6.7 lU.3 --- 9.1 en CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

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C/) C/) full of life li.8 - ll;.3 - - - 6.7 - 12o5 - 10.0

plenty of courage U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 lUo3 - - 9ol ■D8 Vif (active), enfant (child), and plein la vie (plenty of life) are all standard French.

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C/) C/)

W Ul N> 3 5 3

I CNJ H r—I rH rH « CO 0\ C\ o\ Os Os 1—I Os Os Os Os o o o 1 1 1 O0 o o o o o O CVJ CM rH rH 1— 1 H

cn C ^ I 1 1 t^ H ' • cn SO \q SO rn M H rH rH 1 ■CA O 1 1 1 1 1 A ITi I I I !=> csj in CSI 1 A CJ CM CM rH CM rH L: m 1 1 m cn 1 1 I cn on rn H 7^ H

O m c^ on r- >- 1 1 0- r- >- C-- >- H": • • 0 • • • • • so o on so on so so so sO so M3 sO CM rH rH

I H I >- m 1 1 1 r- C^ e 0 SO on SO so SO rH on rH rH rH

>- on 1 1 >- ^ ' •• 1 « 0 SO on so SO SO rH on rH rH rH

O 1 O o 1 I 1 1 5 K ' q O o O O g cvl CM CM CM CM on on I o n SKO # -ct § a ■Â

H I tn on on on on on on on on

OO on m m co O O O O OO c o c o OO OO OO g • • a Os Os -=t -=f -j- -oj -ci- -oï g O g +3 H ^ ■Ü m O W O M co § s » ; g ■g § I a + 5 TO rH 0) g •H I ■Si I a CO 3 l o cti 0) rt I i CM c i I +3 Ph’ rO S A 1ü I 'm

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

C/) C/) Souillon (dirty), couillon (wretch), pas de gout (not in good taste), pas\ la mode (not

in style), and bel-belle (a toy, a doll) are all standard French» The last item, bel-belle.

g also means "bric-a-brac" and "useless articles" in Lafourche Parish.

3. 3" CD

■DCD O Q. C a 3O "O O

CD Q.

■D CD

C/) C/)

CO Ln CD ■D O Q. C 8 Q.

■D CD

C/) C/) g 259. haïr set with PAPER CURMHS o OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II Ill IV I II I II Ill M F ■D8 no response lit .3 33.3 llt.3 - 16,7 16.7 13.3 lit .3 12,5 16,7 20,0 9.1 ë' 3" papillottes 66,7 33.3 7i.lt 80,0 66.7 66.7 66.7 7i.lt 62,5 66,7 50.0 81.8 i 3 frisettes lit .3 33.3 llt.3 20,0 - - 20.0 25.0 - CD llt.3 20.0 9.1

noeuds lt.8 --- 16.7 16.7 --- 16,7 10,0 3. 3" CD

CD • A U three responses, papillottes (a piece of paper to roll the hair), frisettes (curls), and "O O ^ des noeuds (knots) are all standard French, Q O ■D O

CD Q.

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C/) C/)

W Ul Ul CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

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C/) I 260. A KERCHIEF o ov. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II Ill M F ■D8 no response — — —— - -- — — - - -

CQ' 3" kerchief 66.7 - 71.U 80.0 83.3 83.3 60.0 71.U 50.0 83.3 50.0 81.8 i 3 tignon 19.0 66.7 - 16.7 16.7 20.0 25.0 CD 1U.3 IU.3 16.7 30.0 9.1

turban i;.8 33.3 - - -- 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - 3. 3" CD a scarf U.8 - - 20.0 -- 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - ■DCD O mouchoir de tête U.8 - IU.3 -—- 6.7 IU.3 .. 9.1 Q. C Oa 3 ■D Tignon /td^-no/ is pronounced in Lafourche Parish, and is the familiar for the standard O French chignon. Mouchoir de tete translates as "handkerchief for the head."

CD Q.

■D CD

e n e n

ÜJ Ln 3 5 7

I 1 A f A f A 1 1 e 0 e ■LA r - > - -=} CVJ CVJ O O• 1 o• o• O o o q UN < A r4 I—I

o r^ (A 1 1 R ' • # o vq fA ■UN r4 f A

O O l A XA • 1 o lA CVJ CVJ o 1 A CVJ H H

H I O v O n f A 1 1 • • CVJ 7 $

C^ >- C^ « ' o • VO cn VO vO VO

IH I Oo a H

O I I • O ir\ R I I ' HgS

O n O v I I B R ‘ # M i H I • rf\ o 0^ m

vO VO 00 00 o • g >- OO -=t CVJ

03«0) § 03 I g O c IÜ I I Io

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

C/) C/) 3 262. THE ZIPPERED OPENING ON A PAIR OF PANTS 0 1 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX o I II I H IV I II I II III M I ^ no response — ------

CQ' g braguette 95«2 100.0 100.0 100.0 83,3 83.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 90.0 100.0

CD fly ii.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0

3. 3" CD Braguette is standard French for "fly." It once meant the "codpiece" of the medieval costume.

■oCD and Penicaut in his Journals extends the term to mean the "breach cloth" of the Indians. O Q. C a 3O "O O

CD Q.

■D CD

C/) C/)

w Ul 00 CD ■D Q.O C g Q.

■D CD

WC/) 3o" 263 o STOEE WHERE ALL KINDS OF CHEAP THINGS ARE SOLD 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I IV 8 II III I II I II i n M F ■D no response — — —— — — — — — — — —- CQ' 3" five and ten $2,h 33.3 57.1 20,0 83.3 83.3 Uo.o U2.9 37.5 83.3 50.0 5U.5 1 CD3 dime store m.3 - - 60.0 - - 20.0 IU.3 25.0 - 10.0 18.2 "n c variety store - 20.0 - - 13.3 - 25.0 — 20.0 - 3. 9.5 33.3 CD3" teni cents store U .8 - IU.3 -- — 6.7 IU.3 - - ■ - 9.1 CD i ■D Q.O notions store U .8 33.3 -- - 6o7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - C Oa bon marche U .8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 3 ■D O a dollar store U .8 -- - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 -

CD general store U .8 - -- - 6.7 -- - Q. IU.3 IU.3 9.1

Bon marche is standard French for "bargain," ■DCD

C/) C/)

00 on OO CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

C/) C/) 26Uo BONUS OR GIFT GIVEN WITH A PURCHASE OR WHEN A BILL IS PAID

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M F o no response

CQ lagniappe 9^.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 83.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 100.0 90.9 9 3 Bonus il-. 8 — — “ 16.7 16.7 — — —* 16.7 “ 9ol

? • 1 ' 3 . For the derivation of the word lagniappe, see Read, Louisiana-French, p. lq.2.

CD

■DCD O CQ. a 3O "O O 3" CT

Q.

■D CD

C/) C/)

U) cr> o CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

WC/) 265. HARMONICA 3o" 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD III III IV I II I II i n M F no response — — — —— —— ■D8 —— - - - CQ'3" harmonica 66.7 33.3 k2.9 80.0 100.0 100.0 53.3 57.1 50.0 100.0 60o0 72.7 1 3 flûte 19.0 66.7 28.6 -- - 26.7 IU.3 37.5 - 30.0 9.1 CD "n harp 9.5 - Hi.3 20.0 - - 13.3 IU.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 3.c 3" CD musique à bouche i;.8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 - -- 9.1 "OCD §■ Musioue a bouche and fl^te are both standard French, but the latter refers to a "flute" a i rather than to "harmonica." "O O

CD Q.

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C/) C/)

w CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

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C/) C/) g 266. PAPER CONTAINER FOR GROCERIES 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SüX CD 8 I II III IV I II I II Ill M F ■D no response — — — — — — — —- - - - CQ'3" paper bag 71.1; 66.7 57.1 80.0 83.3 83.3 66.7 U2.9 87.5 83.3 90.0 5U.5 1 3 bag CD 19.0 33.3 lU.3 20.0 16.7 16.7 20.0 28.6 12.5 16.7 10.0 27.3 "n c poche a papier U.8 - 1U.3 -- - - - 3. 6.7 lU.3 - 9.1 3" CD paper sack U.8 - 1U.3 -- - 6.7 IU.3 — 9.1 "OCD O Q. g. Poche a papier (a paper pocket) is definitely dialectal, yet it is an interesting coinage. O 3 ■D O

CD Q.

■D CD

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WC/) 3o" 267. LARGE SACK MADE OF BURLAP 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II Ill M F ■D no response — — —— — —- —- - - - CQ'3" sack L7.6 33.3 28.6 80.0 16.7 16.7 U6.7 28.6 62.5 16.7 50.0 15.5 1 3 CD sac a peat lli.3 33.3 28.6 - 16.7 16.7 20.0 28.6 12.5 16.7 10.0 18.2 "n c burlap sack 1L.3 - -- - . - 3. 33.3 Hi.3 13.3 25.0 - 30.0 3" CD feed sack lL.3 - IL.3 20.0 50.0 50.0 IU.3 28.6 - 50.0 10.0 18.2 ■DCD O oyster sack — — — Q. 9.5 IU.3 16.7 16.7 6.7 IL.3 16.7 l8o2 C Oa V Sac a peat is the usual dialectal word for "burlap sack," O

CD Q.

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C/) C/)

w cn w CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

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WC/) 3o" 268. TO CARRY SOUTHING HEAVY, AS A BUNDLE OR SACK OF POTATOES 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATIONSEX CD I IIIII IV I II I II Ill M F 8 no response — — — — —— — - - - —

CQ'3" carry 71.U 100.0 57.1 80.0 66.7 66.7 73.3 57.1 87.5 66.7 80.0 63.6 1 3 tote lU.3 - IU.3 - 33.3 33.3 6.7 — 12.5 33.3 20.0 9.1 CD

"n haul ii.8 - lU.3 - - - 6.7 lU.3 - - - 9.1 c3. 3" CD pack U.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 IU.3 - -- 9.1 ■DCD O apporter U.8 - IU.3 - -- 6.7 1U.3 - -- 9.1 Q. C a O 3 carry. II ■D Apporter is standard French for "to O

CD Q.

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C/) C/)

W 365

k I O On r4 a O n

CO S I O O n

H I o o 3 ■LTV # tA C^ h ' CO 5

#

n ' NO I 00 3 H I o• o o

> I o 3 o 3 OI” H I' NO t—i CO r CM H I O 3

UN ■LA O n &

1

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

WC/) 3o" 2.70. HE) MIGHT (HAVE) HELPED (ME. 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 1 11 111 IV 1 11 1 11 111 M F ■D no response U .8 33.3 -- -- 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - CQ'3" could have help 28.6 33.3 U2.9 Uo.o - - Uo.o U2.9 37.5 - 20.0 36.U 1 3 CD could of helped 19.0 - - Uo.o 33.3 33.3 13.3 IU.3 12.5 33.3 20.0 18.2

"n c - - - 3. might have helped lU-3 33.3 33.3 33.3 6.7 12.5 33.3 10.0 18,2 3" CD could have helped IU.3 -- 20.0 33.3 33.3 6.7 - 12.5 33.3 30.0 - ■DCD O Q. help 9.5 - 28.6 --- 13.3 28.6 - - - 18.2 C a O could 'a help U .8 - - - - 6.7 - -- 3 lU.3 IU.3 9.1 ■D O might have help U .8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 — 12.5 — 10,0 . —

CD Q.

■D CD

C/) C/)

U) a\ a\ 367

1 -cj CM CM rH • o so CO OO O s 0\ O s rc\ rH rH

w a CD O O 0 » CD O o O rH (A CM

CD - U\ O H CM CM

CA vO m rr\ OO 4 CM

H >- c— o M • t \o so CD vO SO sO so CM CM CM g o• CA o (A lA CA

> 1 O CA H • 0 o CA lA CA

b k ' â S B M ^ s O• CO CM

H I m

OO CA 0 0 OTA COCO • • • s CA C A lOs O s -=f CA CM rH

Q) CO g tj g* 93 0) !H O 93 I I a I I

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 368

I c - CO 1 1 :—1 1 0 • CVJ (O 0 \ rH

O O O 1 o CO S O e os O O O O q à CO ; CM c \ 1— i 1— I

H I 1 1 c - 1 1 e C\ \ q g " CO 1— I

1 1 A ■ L A 1 1 1 A • > - > - CO (A H § " H I (n 0 r 4

(A > - O 1 • f A s o O \0 o f A CO CO

( A 1 1 C- c: * CA s O CO rH

( A 1 1 C- C A q CO rH

o O 1 1 o O o | 0 ' -o f ~ = i CO

O s s o 1 1 cn • COCO 1=3 ~ = i CM H I 1 1 o 1 o o 1— 1

I OO s o o ( A CO OO CO 9 * « 9 0 § > - O s -ct -Of -of H rH 5

0) O (0 :s § H & §* g^ o h Pi o I t CVJ G § I I § 1 bo

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

WC/) o" 3 273o SHE CLEANS UP THE HOUSE. 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II III M F ■D no response — — — — — — — ——— — CQ'3" clean up 28.6 100.0 IU.3 Uo.o - - Uo.o 28.6 50.0 - 30.0 27.3 1 3 CD cleans 19.0 - U2.9 - 16.7 16.7 20.0 28.6 12.5 16.7 20.0 18.2 "n 3.c cleans .up 19.0 - 26.6 - 33.3 33.3 13.3 1)4.3 12.5 33.3 20.0 18.2 3" CD straighten up 1U.3 - - uo.o 16.7 16.7 13.3 IU.3 12.5 16.7 10.0 18.2 ■DCD

O - - - Q. nettoyer 9.5 - 1U.3 16.7 16.7 6.7 lU-3 16.7 18,2 C a O is cleaning U.8 - - 20.0 - - - - 10.0 - 3 6.7 12.5 ■D O airs out U.8 _ — 16.7 16,7 • — 16.7 10,0

CD Q. Nettoyer is standard French for "to clean."

■D CD

C/) C/)

w

■D CD

C/) 5- 21k. WASH OFF DISHES IN CLEAR WATER 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I II III IV I II I II Ill M F ■D8 no response — •• —— — - - — - - - - (O'3" rinse 71 .U 66.7 37.1 80.0 83.3 83.3 66.7 U2.9 87.5 66.7 80.0 63,6 1 3 /rintS/ 23.8 33.3 28.6 20.0 16.7 16.7 26.7 k2.9 12.5 26.7 20.0 CD 27.3

- - — c"n rincer 1+.8 - 11: .3 - - 6.7 11;.3 6.7 9.1 3. 3" CD Rincer is standard French for "to rinse." ■DCD O CQ. Oa 3 ■D O

CD Q.

■D CD

(/)

w 'j o CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

I 21$o SHE Ei^ïPTIES THE OOFrEE (GROÜNDS/GRINDS )

wC/) OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 3o ' I II III IV I II I II Ill M F 0 no response — — — - — - -- - - — - 3 CD grinds 52.k 33.3 57.1 60.0 5o.o 50.0 53.3 U2.9 62.5 50.0 50.0 54.5 ■D8 grounds 28.6 Lo.o (O' 33.3 IU.3 33.3 33.3 26.7 28.6 25.0 33.3 30.0 27.3 3" 1 ground 9.5 33.3 lU.3 - - - 13.3 lU.3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 3 CD grind lt.8 “ - - 16.7 16,7 - -- 16.7 10.0 - "n 3.c 3" marc de cafe U.8 - IU.3 --- 6.7 14.3 —— — CD 9.1

■DCD O ^'îarc de cafe' is standard French for "coffee grounds," Q. C Oa 3 ■D O

CD Q.

■D CD

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0 0 3 7 2

k I \0

O n"\

r— rn M ' \Q s

«aj H I 1A u\ I M 0 l>- O CO H 8 H 1 >-

0^ H ' * vO CM CO

I H I CM 0 \Q CM CO

CM H o ‘ â S S H ' o H s H I o 8

CM \0 vO R

to0) §

H H u •H O '•ê fl rO

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

C/) C/) 277o DO YOU KNOT HOfrJ TO PREPARE (STUFF/STUFFED) CRABS.

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX ■D8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no responss — — — — — — — — — — —

stuff 66.7 100.0 ioo.o 60.0 16.7 16.7 86.7 85.7 87.5 16.7 70,0 63.6

stuffed 33.3 - - bO.O 83.3 83.3 13.3 lii.3 12.5 83.3 30.0 36.1+ 3. 3" CD

■DCD O Q. C a 3O "O O

CD Q.

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C/) C/)

w "J w CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

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C/) C/) 278. DURING THE WAR SOME PEOPLE USED (CONDENSE/CONDENSED) MILK TO SïrJESTEN THEIR COFFEE.

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no response Uo8 - - - 16.7 16,7 - - 16,7 10,0 ci' condense 90.^ 100,0 100.0 100,0 66,7 66,7 100,0 100.0 100,0 66.7 90,0 90,9

condensed I4.08 - - - 16,7 16,7 - - 16,7 - 9ol

3 3" CD

■DCD O Q. C a 3O "O O

CD Q.

■D CD

C/) C/)

w

JS>. 3 7 5

k I 1A lA H o s

O O 03 I—I

o (A > - 0 o > A M 3 l A t n iH H H I O 0 1 1 | h O oO 8 H M3 CA H *•H C O r— CM l A rH

>- >- r- H ' 0 s 0 SO SO M3 M3 CM

I H I O cA t>- 0 0 0 O fA SO V\ (A r-l

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Os M3 1A 0 o CO Os s CM

m M R o A to 0) bO R . 3 O R I R -P

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

C/) C/) = 280. TO SQUAT DO^JN m OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F 5 no response

stoop 7 6 . 2 6 6 . 7 57.1 100.0 83.3 83.3 73.3 71.1 75.0 83.3 70.0 81.8

s ' accrouprir 1 9 . 0 3 3 . 3 U2.9 - - 2 6 . 7 2 8 . 6 25.0 - 20,0 18.2

3. squat 1^.8 — — — 16.7 16.7 — — — 16.7 10.0 — 3" CD

■o S'accrouprir is standard French for "to stoop," O Q. C a 3O "O O

CD Q.

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C/) C/)

W a\ CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

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C/) C/) g 281. I WILL (BRING/TAKE) YOU HOME IN MI CAR. 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD I II III IV I II I II Ill M F 8 no response ■D — — - — ------(O'3" take h7.6 33.3 U2.9 80.0 33.3 33.3 53.3 57.1 50.0 33.3 ilO.O 5U.5 1 3 bring 38.1 66.7 28.6 20.0 50.0 50.0 CD 33.3 IU.3 50.0 50.0 50.0 27.3 "n c (both) 9.g - lli.3 - 16.7 16.7 6.7 IU.3 - 16.7 10.0 3. 9ol 3" CD ride ii.8 - lU.3 - -- 6.7 IU.3 — — 9.1 ■DCD O Q. C "Bring" and "take" are not used in the conventional sense, that is to differentiate between Oa 3 ■D a direction to and a direction from some place. Both directional meanings are included in both O verbs. Some informants used "take"’ exclusively, others "bringi'

CD Q.

■D CD

(/) 378

I O s H a o O O s O s

KJ S I O0 O H

H I O I 5 : 8 o , è " o’

I H I a rn 0 0

m so M O s

H I O I a O H

8

8 S ' 8 o’ H 00 CM rc3 H I Io I H I O I 8

5 O I CM C O ^ <£ ^ J I O O s

I I0) CM ^ k % § ^ 8

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

WC/) o" 3 283o I) m i g h t b e a b l e (TO DO IT. 0 3 CD OV. EDUCATION . AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV III III Ill M F no response ii.8 - lU.3 - -- 6.7 IU.3 - - - 9.1 ci'3" might be able 27.1 33.3 U2.9 80.0 66,7 66.7 23.3 28.6 72.0 66.7 60,0 2U.2 1 3 CD maybe I could. 19.0 - 28.6 20.0 16,7 16.7 20.0 U2.9 - 16.7 10,0 27.3 "n c - - 3. I will try to U.8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 - 9.1 3" CD might succeed in U.8 33.3 - - —- - 6.7 - 12.2 - 10,0 - ■DCD O Q. I'll try U.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.2 - 10,0 - C a O - — - — — — 3 think I can U.8 16.7 16.7 16.7 10.0 ■D O

CD Q.

■D CD

C/) C/)

W V£) 3 8 0

p q I CSI » s O s H

CO oo o O O CM

H Oo

■LTV lA h o 1A 8 H CM H I SO H CO CM

n ' SO so so SO CM

I H I O O o O 1A a

o ^ ‘ o 1

o 1 o ' o §3 â so i.. r- 1 cn M 7^

H I r- m 1 sO so à

CN 0 H H

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 381

h I i r \ - L T \ •U>J -lT v • O n

C O S I o o o N O CVJ CM

c ^ C- IH o T H ' S H ipi . O 'UN

HH o8 H I H NO (*N o o > - CO ■UN CM

H I >- O H o • • H ^ S H

H I >« - > - • > - • vO NO vO H NO H

fcc! > : >- iH >- O H « » • O N O O N O H H NO H CO Ô ^ H I O O I H O H O (O g H NO ^ MH P H I >- I m P H • • Q -UN g W CO H

H I cfN• cn • 0^ • •aj nN nN nN m cr\ PN ë i - P c n ON 0 • o o o Ia B St R # g- i» g I ■ a s ^ I >

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. . 3 8 2

GO OJ CO s

o o\

H • o SH s l A

è H O

H H O

I H O •LA a

> « M o LA

O 1“ O IB' H § M I

VO CA S

(0 i & u VO CO cvJ § i H

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 383

PTH I VO 1 1 m VÛ VO m

C O S I o o o o • . • o o o Q .cn H

M I 1 1 m V O CO H

I o 1 A O m

v \ > - 1 A CM CM CM iH

0 \ H 1 1 > 0 CM Cv- ir\

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m 1 r - 1 v q CO H

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O - ~=t «

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■O CD

WC/) 3o" 288 « TO CATCH A BRIDGE /Ï-EANINO/ 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX CD 8 I II III IV I II I II III MF ■D no response U.8 — — 20,0 6.7 - 12.5 - - 9.1

(O' 3" open to water trsuCl'ic 61.9 33 o3 85«7 20,0 83,3 23.3 57.1 50.0 83.3 60.0 63.6 1 3 CD route is over bridge 33*3 66,7 1U»3 60,0 16.7 UO.O U2,9 37.5 16.7 Uo.o 27.3

g- "To catch the bridge" is an example of direct translation from the French attrapper le pont. It

■o can mean two things which can be distinguished only in context. Here in South Louisiana, there are O Q. C many bridges spanning the ever-present bayous, and most of them are constructed in a manner which Oa 3 ■D does not allow for simultaneous boat and vehicular traffic. If the bridge is opened to boat traffic O and closed to vehicular traffic, then one has "caught the bridge."

CD Q.

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u 00 CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

WC/) o " 3 289. VERY COLD O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F ■D no response - (O'3" cold, cold, cold 42.9 66.7 57.1 20.0 33.3 33.3 46.7 33.3 40.0 45.5 i 3 20.0 CD very cold 28.6 — Hi.3 80.0 16.7 16.7 33.3 16.7 36.4

— 6.7 14.3 - — 9.1 3. ice cold 4.8 — 11|.*3 — — 3" CD pretty damn cold 4.8 33.3 - - - 6.7 - 12,5 - 10.0 - ■DCD O 16,7 10.0 - Q. damn cold 4.8 — — — 1 6 .7 16.7 C a o — — — 16 • 7 16.7 10.0 - 3 tres froid 4.8 16.7 T3 O real cold 4.8 — — — 16.7 16.7 16.7 10.0 -

(D - 6,7 9.1 Q. trop froid 4.8 — IU.3 — - 14.3

Très froid (very cold) and trop froid (too cold) are standard French,

T3 (D i W(/) o '

OJ 00 In CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

WC/) 3o" 290. S m L L BUMPS THAT APPEAR ON THE SKIN WHEN A EERSON HAS CHILIS 0 3 ■ OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEJC CD 8 I II Ill IV I II I II Ill M F no response —— ------— ci'3" goose bumps 38.1 - IU.3 20.0 100.0 100.0 13.3 1U.3 12.5 100.0 30.0 U5.5 1 3 CD frissons 28.6 66.7 57.1 - - - Uo.o U2.9 37.5 - 30.0 27.3 goose pimples 23.8 60.0 - - 50.0 - 3. 33.3 1U.3 33.3 1U.3 Uo.o 9.1 3" CD peau de canard U .8 - IU.3 - - - 6.7 IU.3 — - - 9.1 ■DCD O goose skin U .8 -- 20.0 -- - •• Q. 6.7 IU.3 9.1 C & O Peau de canard is standard French for "duck skin."

3" CT I—H CD Q.

■D CD

C/) C/)

U> 0 0 o\ CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

C/) C/) 291 A SEVERE CASE OF HOARSENESS

g" OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX o I II III IV I II I II III M F ;o no response ------_ _ _ _ _ CQ- g croup 76,2 100.0 100.0 i^O.O 66.7 . 66.7 80.0 85.7 75.0 66.7 80.0 72.7

m laryngitis 9.5 20.0 16.7 16.7 6,7 - 12.5 16.7 - 18.2

? hoarse 9.5 - - kO.O - - 13.3 lU.3 12.5 - 10,0 9 .I

mal de gorge ij..8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16.7 10.0 ■DCD O Q. i- Ëâi ^ gorge is standard French for "sore throat." 3O "O O

CD Q.

■D CD

C/) C/)

w 00 CD ■D I 8 Q.

■D CD

292o ACHING BONES AND JOINTS m OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II III IV I II I II III M F "D ^ DO PGSpODS© " " mm mm m» mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

CQ' 5 rheumatism 71»U - 8$o7 80.0 83.3 83.3 66.7 100.0 37.5 83.3 50.0 90.9 3 CD arthritis 19.0 33-3 lU.3 20.0 16.7 16.7 20.0 - 37.5 16.7 30.0 9.1 C 3. rhumatisme 9.5 66.7 - - — — 13.3 - 25.0 - 20.0 -

CD Rheumatisms is standard French for "rheumatism." âc ------oa 3 ■o 5 3" CT r-H 6 cO % o 3

w 00 00 3 8 9

k I r 4 H r H rH rH H I—I H 0 CN O n 0\ O n O n O n O n O n O n O N On

O O0 Q Q

H 1 > - 1 1 1 1 i>- IN- 1 1 1 1 1 H 0 S H NO m NONONO O 1—1 HH H a " < H 1 o ■UN 1 "LA UN UN 1 1 1 UN 1 1 •UN 1 Ë? H 0 fo 1 A CM CM CNJ CNJ CM CM OCM H rH H 1—I H r—1 o H 1 c c \ CO 1 cn 1 1 1 1 i i (*N * 0 7 ^ 7$ 7$

H I o ON 1 ON 1 [N- c^ H # • • o 0 e o ONON NO NO nO nO nO nO nO I CM H 1—1 H I C ^ 1 ON 1 > -

NO ONNO rH ON 1—1

> I [ ~ - 1 ON 1 >- I I I H NO ON NO rH ON 1—1

O O 1 1 1 I 1 O • ' o O o o §S CM CM CNJ CM

sÜ H I r r \ ON I ONON I CC\ I m# I" 7 ? 7 # 1 # à ■â H I 1 1 ON 1 m I I pq rc\ ON m ON ON en

O UN ■UN ■UN UN oo oo GO CO oo oo oo oo OO •• 0 • • • o e § O n O n ON ON ON A - e t A -=(■ -=t -Oï A -ot IS 1—1 I SI m i c Tf OJ Q) t s O •rl M ci O p ba § CO % o o cti ol "w EH & o § 3 •H •p ci O f—1 p g a w O p c CO O a 0) o (D O (d CNJ a Ü (H a CO I- G I 1 Al I

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

C/) C/) Sent pas bien (not feeling •well); cotiime ci, comme ca (so, so); pas bon (not good); pas de

courage (no courage) are ail standard French. Cagou is familiar and corresponds to English ■Q8 pxiny. cû'

3. 3" CD

■DCD O Q. C a 3O "O O

CD Q.

■D CD

C/) C/)

w VO o CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

I 29ho k CHILD USUALLY REFERS TO A SORE AS A

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX

CD I II III IV I II I II III M F 3 no response ■D ë bobos 9 5 o2 100.0 100.0 80.0 100.0 100.0 93.3 100-0 87 .3' 100.0 100.0 90.9

50T6 i|.8 — — 20.0 — — 6-7 " 12 — — 9 o l

3. 3" Bobos is a familiar form used by children, or in speaking to them. CD

■DCD O Q. C a 3O "O o

CD Q.

■D CD

C/) C/)

CO CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

WC/) 3o " 29^, WiAT DO YOU CALL THE FEVER WtttCH IS USUALIY SPREAD BY THE BITE OF A MOSQUITO? O OV. EDUCATION AGE CD OCCUPATION SEX 8 1 11 Ill IV 1 11 1 11 111 M F ■D no response 9i^ — 28.6 - - - 13.3 28.6 - - - 18.2 CQ'3" malaria 61,9 66.7 57.1 40.0 83.3 83.3 53.3 57.1 50.0 83.3 70.0 54.5

ï3 CD typhoid - - 4o.o - - 13.3 - 25.0 - 10.0 9.1

- - - - 3. fievre de malaria 9.5 33.3 lii.3 13.3 14.3 12.5 10.0 9.1 3" CD yellow fever 9.5 ~ - 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 — 12.5 16.7 10.0 9.1 "OCD O Q. a Fievre de malaria is standard French for "malaria."

■D O

CD Q.

■D CD

3 WC/) o "

w KO to CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

C/) C/) 296. A NEGRO RELIGION OF SORCERY AND THE PERSON WHO PRACTICES THIS RELIGION

OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II III IV I II I II III M F 8 no x*6spons6 ^ —

CQ' hoo-doo 5 2 .1; 100.0 8^.7 1:0.0 - - 73.3 71.U 75.0 - 50.0 5^.5

voo-doo L.2.9 - 11: .3 1:0.0 100.0 100.0 20.0 lU.3 25,0 100.0 ^0.0 36.U

grls-Kris 1:.8 - - 20.0 - - 6.7 1h»3 - - 9.1 3 3" CD ■§ For comments on gris-gris, see Read, Louisiana-French, p. 122. O Q. a O ■D O

CD Q.

■D CD

C/) C/)

CO LO CO 3 9 4

H O s 0\ d O s I S I o s

H • H^û S s

H I I H o o 8 H I §

H 1 o H d q H H s q H CO

# \ q H 0 3

O s H ' O H d H q r—1

Q H 1 O to H • « O H H H 1 O

• C O CM > » 0 o _d- %

0 ) t o a t o o • r l A a w M o 1 a t o >- • r l O s o k CM R b D

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 9 5

CO H r4 k I r4 O n cr> CO

COo

M I § XA 1 = 3 CMH Ü CA CA • •

M >- tA cr\ M3 M3 H H

IH I §

oo o H O b H O O CM CM c«- CA 1= lA0 CO

H I O e O S

g CO lA CO O'.

0 CO m CO 0) CO § CO (d 0 g & '& I, -§ e CO 1 CO O I O n o o o CM fi 1 .Cl

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

C/) 3o ' 299. A TCEIffiNTED SOUL IN THE BODY OF AN ANIMAL O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 I II Ill IV I II I II III M F no response U.8 — - 20,0 - — 6,7 - — — 10.0 (§■3" roup-garou 81.0 66.7 85.7 60.0 100.0 100,0 73.3 85.7 62,2 100.0 70,0 90,9 i 3 CD loup-garou 9.5 33.3 Hi.3 - - - 13.3 IU.3 12.2 10,0 9.1

visions it.8 -- 20.0 - - 3. — 6,7 12.2 10.0 3" CD

■DCD O Roup-Karou is a variant of standard French loup-garou (werewolf). Vision is standard French CQ. a for "apparition," o 3 ■D O

CD Q.

■D CD

C/) C/)

u> VO

■D CD

WC/) 3o ' 300. A FIREY BALL SEEN IN THE SKY AT NIGHT 0 3 OV. EDUCATION AGE CD OCCUPATION SEX 8 III Ill IV I II I II Ill M F no response 23.8 — lit.3 itO.O 33.3 33.3 20.0 28.6 12.5 33.3 20.0 27.3 ci'3" fifolet 33.3 - 57.1 60.0 - - 46.7 57.1 37.5 - 20.0 45.5 1 3 feu de Dieu -, CD lU.3 lit.3 - 33.3 33.3 6.7 lit.3 - 33.3 10,0 18.2

feu folet - - 3. 9.5 33.3 lit.3 - 13.3 - 25.0 - 20.0 - 3" CD fox fire a.8 33.3 - - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 ■DCD O roup fait It.8 - - - Q. 33.3 - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 - C a O marsh gas it.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - — - - 3 16.7 10.0 ■D O falling star it.8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - — — 16.7 9.1

CD Q. Fifolet is a corruption of the standard French feu folet (will-o'-the-wisp). Feu de Dieu

translates as the "fire of God. " Roup fait is a variant of loup fait ivojy but the final ■D CD i. element in this phrase is unlcnown, C/)

o "

CO VO ■oCD Q.3 C g Û.

■O CD

g o =5 301. A CREATURE OF THE NIGHT THAT SPOOKS HORSES O

CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX 8 IIIIII IV III I II Ill M F ■o no response 38.1 - 28.6 ' 20.0 83.3 83.3 20.0 lk.3 25.0 83.3 50.0 27.3 C5- lutins 57.1 100.0 71.U 60.0 16,7 16.7 73.3 71.4 75.0 16.7 50.0 63.6 o

=5 CD a spirit 4.8 —- 20.0 —- 6.7 14.3 -- - 9.1

^ Lutin is standard French for "goblin,elf "OCD 3 CQ. Oa =5 ■o 3

CD Û.

Co ■O CD

8 O =5

w VO 00 CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

WC/) 3o " 0 302. TO CATCH FISH OR SHRIMP IN A U R G E BAG tlET PULLED BEHIND A BOAT 3 CD OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX ■D8 I II III IV I II I II III M F no response Uo8 - - 20.0 - — 6.7 15.3 - - - 9.1 (O'3" trawl 57.1 66.7 h2.9 60.0 66.7 66.7 53.3 28.6 75.0 66.7 60.0 55.5 1 3 CD troll 33.3 33.3 52.9 20.0 33.3 33.3 33.3 52.9 25.0 33.3 50.0 27.3 "n c 3. troller . U.6 - 15.3 - - 6.7 15.3 - - — 9.1 3" CD

■o Troller is Gallicized English "troll," O O. C Oa 3 ■D O

CD Q.

■D CD

(/) (/)

CO CD CO CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

C/) C/) § 303o STATIONARY FISHING LINES, USUALLY CHECKED ONCE A DAY o OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II Ill IV I II I II IIIM F 8 ■D no response 19.0 IU.3 20.0 33.3 33.3 13.3 28.6 - 33.3 - 36.k

(O' 3" palanque U2.9 66.7 7i.il. 20.0 16.7 16.7 53.3 57.1 50.0 16.7 50.0 36 .Il i 3 trout line 19 oO - 40.0 16.7 16.7 2 0.0 - -30.0 CD 14.3 37.5 16.7 9.1

"n trot line - 20.0 - c 9.5 33.3 - 13.3 11.3 12-.5 - 10.0 9.1 3. 3" CD catfish line ho8 - - - 16.7 16.7 - - - 16,7 10.0 - ■DCD O crab line ii.8 - -- 16.7 16.7 - — — 16.7 9.1 Q. C Oa ■a Palanque is the dialectal response for "trot-line." O

CD Q.

■D CD

(/) (/) 4 0 1

k I o C A 1—i 1 O s C\J

CO S3 I o 1 o o 0 o o o CO H H

H I O O I I H • •

<3 H I O I lA U\ gj H » 5 \ A CV CM O > - H rH o H I I ( A I

H I o I fA... r>._ M « ' O C A v O H C O H

H I O O I I C5 CD V \ V \

o o lA \A

I"' § ' ' Or H I 3 >- I CA HI CA I CA PA ( A C A C A ( A C A C A

• I -Zf (A %A CO t> 0 0## O H _Z1- CN _;}

H g

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CD ■D O Q. C g Q.

■D CD

C/) C/) g 30^0 CULVERT OR DRAINPIPE IN THE GROUND O OV. EDUCATION AGE OCCUPATION SEX I II 8 III IV I II I II III M F ■D no response k.o — m . 3 - - 6.7 llt.3 - - - 9.1

(O' 3" jar 38.1 66.7 U2.9 ItO.O 16.7 16.7 16.7 28.6 62.5 16.7 llO.O 36 .li i 3 culvert - - CD 9.5 li+.3 16.7 16,7 6.7 111 .3 - 16.7 10,0 9,1 "n pipe - c 9.5 llt.3 20.0 -- 13.3 11, .3 12.5 - 10.0 9.1 3. 3" CD drainpipe 9.5 - - 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 lli.3 - 16.7 10.0 9.1 ■DCD O a drainage 9.5 - - 20.0 16.7 16.7 6.7 - 16.7 - 18.2 Q. 111 .3 C Oa dalle 9.5 - -- 33.3 33.3 - -- 33.3 10.0 9:1 3 ■D O drainage tile i+.8 33.3 -- - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 10.0 -

CD des jarres L.8 - lit .3 - - - 6.7 - 12.5 - 1 0 . 0 - Q.

standard French for "earthenware culvert." Dalle is standard French for "gutters"; jarre. ■D CD

(/) (/)

O M "S

APPENDIX II

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4 0 4

The material in this appendix- is arranged in a linear

manner to facilitate the identification of linguistic iso­

glosses. The numbers in the left-hand margin represent the

questionnaire item numbers, arranged chronologically, 1

through 305.

The numbers which appear at the top of the page, 1

to 21, represent the informants, arranged north to south

according to their locality in the parish as they appear

on the map.

The body of numbers, then, represents the response

of each informant for each worksheet item. These numbers

correspond to the responses found in Appendix I.

A starred number indicates a young informant in his

freshman or sophomore year in college.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4 0 5

•X rH CNrHt—lO '^ r H C H tH r H C H r H r H rH CH CN rH CM H

O rHrHrHO(TlinCMVOiHOOOOrHr^S-CMrHin CM H

CMCOCMrHi-HCMrHrH CMrHCMCMrHCMrHrHH rH * 00 C M rH C M O O ’^inrHrHH'S'HCMCMCMrHcyi rH rH * m cn- rHO\rHrHr4rHCMrHrHCMr4rH(nrHCr| rH

VO VOrHCnCMOCMVOrHCMrHcnrHcnMrHrH'f rH

in H'^CMCOCMrHHCMCMHtnH'^rHrHHCM rH •X rH I—I I—IC M O r H C M r H i —IC M r H r H r H r H i —I rH rH rH

CO CMrHCMrHrHCOrHrHCO^CMrHrHrHCMrHCM rH

CM Tl'inrHTl'COrHr^COCMCOrHrHrHCMrHrHrH rH

rH r^CT\CMr~CMrHOO'^rOr^r^CMir)rHCMCMO rH

O I—I CM I—lO r H r H C N r H i —I CM rH CM i—I rH i—I rH CO rH rH

■X rHCNrHOOrHrH*5j*rHrHCMrHrHVOVOrHrHCO

00 r O ^ i —I CO I—I rH I—I CM I—I rH rH CM rH i—I i—l i —I CM H

rHCOCMrHLnrOrOrHCOrHrHrHrHrHrOrHVO

VO COCM^rHrH(MTPTl

Vn "îl'rHCMrHCOrHlOr^rHrOCMrHi—lOOrHrHrH

TP COOOrHVOTPrHminCOin'^CMrHCMrHrHrH

•X 00 rHOrHCMOOCOOi-Hi-HCMi-HrHCMinHrHin rH rH

CM inr'HCMr^CMOOHHrHCMCMHHHrHH

rH rHrHrHinrOrHCMOOCMinvOrHrH'^OOrHr^

CMOO'3'LOVDt^OOOVOrHCMOO-^inVDr' rHrHrirHrHrHrHrH

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4 0 6

* iH HrHCNHHOCNHHOHHCNCNiHCNCN CN

O rHi IC N O i H O i —IrHrO'^iHrHrHrOi—I i—I CN CN rH

CTi rHCNcnCOCNH''«S

HiHCNCNHOtHHHOHHCNOmrHH

I—Ir H r H i —I I—lO r O i H i —IL D iH i—I rH I—I i—i i —I i—I rH •K ^ HH'^J'HiHOCNrHHrOHOHHCNiHO

cn tH rH rH c n rO rH O O rH iH iH rH C N iH i—li—li—Ii—1

CN HH’ tD'^HcnHHHCNHHHinHrHCN H

H rHcnCNOOrOOincNCNOtHHCNOniHH

O i H i H r O i —I i—l i —I 00 rH I—I i—I rH CN rH iH CN i—I CN * iHrHH rHrHiHt^iHiHOiHCOCNrH .CNiHO

00 rH rH I—I cn I—lO r H r H i H i H i H C N C N H ^ i —I i—I CN

cnH-^HCNCNCNHHH'HHHHCNeHH

H’CNcnt^iHrHCNCNrHOiHCNCNOLnHCN

in CNcnCNrHiHOOCNtHrHCNiHinCNOOCNH

'5jr iHiHtHCNrHiHiHiHrHCNrHCNrHCN'3'tHCN

* cn tHiHiHiHrHOHtHtHOrHO'^H'CNrHO

CN rH rH ^ I—I i—I rHrHrHrHrHrHCNCNCNLOrHrH

I—I 1-4 rH cn I—I rH rH rH I—I i—IC O i —IC N C N i —I i—I i—I CN

OOCTlO rH CNCn'Ü’ iniOt^OOCnOrHCNCnH' rHrHCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCncncncncn

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4 0 7

* H HnOOOOHOCMHHHOHCNiHCN CM

CN H

CTi I— ! * 00 HHoovocTi^cNr'jr^r^'îi'O'jDr^i-irH r4 * HHOOOCNHCnCNHnHOrHCNHCN rH rH

VD rHCNOi-HHrHrHinrHVOOrHinnOCNrH rH

LO rHOrHrHrHOCNjrHOOiH'NPrHrHrH'ïffHîH iH -K ^ rHCOOOOOrHO'^HrHrHHrHCNrHCN rH rH rO i-H'ît^rHrHrHCNlrHrHrHrHrHrHrOCNrHfNCNl H

CN H^CNOOLOHror-'CNrHrOH^^rHtH rH

rH rHLnCNrHLOrHHr^rHrH'^HCNCOrOCNrH rH

O rHrHrOCNOOrHOVDOOrHrHrHr^rHrHrH rH * / en rHrHC^mCNrHrHOO'^HrHOOCNrHCN rH rH 00 rHrHnCNCN'^rHCNininrOrH'^inrHrHCN

r~ rHfNCNrHC^nC0rHN

CO rHCNrHiHrHrHCNOOCNCNCNrHCNrHOrHH

LO rHOOOOrHrHCN'^OOCNrHrHrHCNrHrHCN

TP HCNsfrH'^CNH'^rHHLOHHCNCNrHrH

* en rHCOOfnOOOCNOCnrHCNrHrHCNVDrHi-H

CN rHrHOrHrHr^CNrHrOCNCNrHCNCNrH rHH

H HHOHHHCN-^nCNrOHCN-^CNHH

invor'Cocnoi-HCNn'ci'in^Di^oocnorH

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4 0 8

* r-f- (X OnHr'cHCNHrHCNHCXCN’^O O O C X

o 'HrHHHCNinHrHrHCNVDt^rHHrHCN'^ fX

2 CXCXHHHCXH'^n'^rHOCXiHrHrHCn

* œ ocoH'ûH'^cxr'OHiDrHoooni-i * l> OrOHCMrHCXrHCTlCXCXCXCXOOOin'a' I— I

^ fXCXHX

in CXiHrHCXrHiHrH'.DOCXi— * onHr'CXrHcxooocxrooorosf'^’^i'cx H

M HCXiHX

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cxrO'^inuJi^cocyiOHcxfn'a'tnvDp'CO LnininmLntnininvDvnmiovoioioiom

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4 0 9

* I—1 inoinHoroocDooocNo o m H o CN

O -»[^cnr4(T^CNHt^r400C30C3lOCNr4 CN

2 '3'LOHHCOrHCNMHHOHmHCNHH * œH cM^cvirHOOiH '^HHOOHt^CDninHrH * i> Ho-^HOHiOHnoocNnonH. o rH

VO VOrHCNrHHiniHHCNOOOCNHCOCNH I— I

VO rH rH I—I CN VO rH I—l^ r H i —I rH i—li —Ir H ^ i —li —I rH * nCNlOlOOO'CfHrHHVOHCNI^COCNrHrH

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rH CNrH«^'3'rHCNHCNCNCNrHVDCNrH'3'CNrH rH

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in rHfOTTrHOrHCOCNTPinrHrHrHrOrHCNrH

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CN rHOrHrHOrHrHrHC0rHrHrHrH*Vt*CNrHrH

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4 1 0

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INDEX OF WORDS AND PHRASES

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active, 351 barnyard, 161 afternoon, 102 barrière, 164 airs out, 369 bass, 212 all in, 345 bastard, 269 andirons, 128 bâtard, 269 aridouille, 293 baton, 143 angry, 344 baton a lit, 143 anguille, 217 batteuse, 132 ants, 199 battoire, 132 apporter, 364 batture, 222 armful, 152 bayou, 221 armload, 152 bayou bank, 243 armoire, 119 bayou side, 222, 243 armoire, 119 bean vert, 309 arthritis, 388 beat, 331 ass, 196 beau temps, 98 assemblé, 277 bed on the floor, 139 assembly, 277 bedspread, 142 at, 381 bed stick, 143 attic, 112 beignets, 297 aunt, 266, 267 bel-belles, 353 autumn, 172 bellow, 189 awakened, 368 belly band, 158 awh, 342 belt, 158 be over, 97 betail, 272 babine, 341 bëte, 347 backlog, 151 bêtes, 273 bacul, 156, 157 bêtes rouge, 200 bad weather, 90, 95 better not, 336 bag, 362 big ant, 199 bagasse, 175 bigarneau, 216 bagasse, 175 big black grasshopper, 198 baignoire, 135 big house, 169 bailie, 132 big wheel's house, 169 bailie à laver, 135 bisque, 302 baire, 144 bit, 107 bal, 277 bite, 325 baleine, 330 black ants, 199 baiT^o, 211 black iron, 134 bamboo patch, 232 blackjack, 242 bamboo pole, 211 black jacks, 201 banane, 317 black spider, 198 bank, 129, 222 blacktop, 246 bannistre, 164 blanquette, 139 banquette, 247 blue, 254 baquet, 138 blue gill, 212 barbed wire fence, 165 bobos, 391 barb wire, 165 bob wire fence, 165 barge, 220 boil, 372 barn lot, 161 boiled, 372

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boiled corn, 306 butter beans, 310 boiler, 132 by, 381 boite, 136 bomme a frier, 131 bon à rien, 194 cabine, 167 bon marché', 359 cabinet, 124 bon (pas) rien, 346 Cadien, 252, 257 bonus, 360 caf^ au lait, 288 boo-boo, 272 cagou, 389 booger man, 272, 273 caillé% 289, 290 boogie man, 272 cajun, 252, 253 bord du bayou, 243 cake de mais, 294 bord du chemin, 244 cake de mais aux gratons, 295 boss's house, 169 calebasse, 320 boucherie, 282 calm down, 97, 98 bouder, 341 calm/, 97 boudin, 292 came up, 101 boue grasse, 242 canal, 225 boue moue, 226 canebrake, 232 bouillie, 286, 287 caneknife, 177 bouillie au lait, 286 cane loader, 173 bouillcSn ,~30ir cane pole, 211 bouriquet, 196 cane reeds, 230 bourassëT 91 caniche, 232 bowfin, 212 canne, 211 braguette, 358 canni-canni, 192 braille, 189 canopy, 140 braise,~ 129 canuche, 211 braisier, 129 canvas, 140 brancard, 155 cap-cap, 257 branche~7 330 caresses, 198 Brazile', 317 carr%, 364 breakfast, 324 casse, 224 breaking head, 198 cassebanane, 317 bream, 212 catch a bridge, 384 bring, 375, 377 catfish, 212, 213 broth, 301 catfish line, 400 brule, 229 caught in the rain, 383 bruley, 229 caught the rain, 383 bûche, 151 cayoodle, 194 bucket, 137, 138 cease, 97 buck horse, 153 cedar closet, 120 buffalo, 212 cedar locker, 120 bug bear, 272 cedar pail, 138 bunk, 139 cedar robe, 120 bureau, 121, 122 ceiling, 140 burlap sack, 363 cement, 113, 245 burn out, 345 cendre, 129 burro, 196 cha-cha-cha, 188, 193 busybody, 280 chaland, 220 butte, 129 charbon, 129

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charivari, 276 coffee milk, 288 charrue, 156 cold, cold, cold, 385 chaudië~re 'k lave, 132 colimaçon, 216 chemin le bayou, 243 colored folk, 255 chênière, 241 colored people, 255, 256 chënit~ 128 come on, 188 cher bon Dieu, 342 come on horse, 187 chest, 121 come out, 101 Chester drawer, 121 come up, 182 chest of drawers, 121 comfort, 141 cheval, 185 comme si, comme ça, 389 cheval caresse, 198 commode, 167 chevalet, 153, 154 commode, 167 chiche, 349, 350 common law, 274 chichestesse, 350 concombre-sent-bon, 318 chi-chi-chi, 191 concrete, 245 chick-chick, 191 condense, 374 chicken coop, 168 condensed, 374 chicken house, 168 Congo, 217 chicken soup, 301 congre, 217 chien bon rien, 194 coonass, 252 chien pas bon, 194 coop, 168 chifferobe, 119, 120 coot, 204 chigger, 200 corde, 152 chinaball, 240 cornbread, 294 chinaberry tree, 240 cornbread with cracklings, 295 chips, 150 corn on the cob, 306 choupique, 212 cornuche, 126 chunk, 334 corral, 159, 160 ciel, 140 côteau, 232, 241 ciel de lit, 140 côteau chêne, 241 cigale, 202 cdte du bayou, 243 cinch, 158 c6te 3u chemin, 244 clabber, 2 89 cottage cheese, 290 clam, 332 couch, 123 clapboards, 114 couillon, 257, 347, 353 cleans, 369 could help, 366 cleans up, 369 could have helped, 366 clean up, 369 could of helped, 366 clearing, 98 coulee, 225 clearing up, 98 country jinx, 257 climb, 332 coupe, 224 climbed, 332 courseuse, 2 80 cling, 312 courtbouillon, 303 clingstone, 312 cousins^ 259 closet. 111, 118 couvert, 141 clou crochet, 166 coveralls, 357 cluck-cluck, 191 coverhall, 357 coal oil, 149 cow pen, 16 0 cochoni&re, 162 crab, 350 C O - C O - C O , 187 crab line, 400

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cracklings, 28 3 dip diver, 2 06 crampe, 166 dirt, 242 cramps, 16 6 dirty rice, 3 05 crane, 173 disappear, 97 crapaud, 208, 297 dish, 311 craqué,' 347 dish cloth, 147, 148 crazy, 347 dish rag, 147, 148 cream cheese, 290 dish towel, 147, 148 creole, 253 dispensary. 111 creole gumbo, 299 distance, 107 crepes, 296 disturb, 95 crevasse, 224 dive dipper, 206 crook, 166 diver, 206 croquignole, 284 diving duck, 206 crossbar, 156, 157 doesn't know how to dress, 353 croup, 387 doggone, 342 culvert, 402 dogs, 128 curdled milk, 289 dog tired, 345 custard, 286 dollar store, 359 cut grass, 233 done throw, 334 cyclone, 96 donkey, 196 dos gris, 205 double, 157 dad, 2 62 doubletree, 156, 157 daddy, 262 doughnuts, 284, 297 dago, 250 downpour, 91 dalle, 116, 402 down the bayou, 256 dam, 223 drag. 180, 337 dammit, 342, 343 dragged, 337 damn, 343 dragon fly, 202 damn cold, 385 drainage, 402 damn fool, 249 drainage tile, 402 damn , 251 drainpipe, 402 danse de famille, 277 dram, 367 danse publique, 277 dream, 367 darn, 342 dreamed, 367 dauber, 201 drem, 367 dauber wasp, 2 01 dremp, 367 dawn, 10 0 drempt, 367 daybreak, 100 dressed funny, 353 dejeuner, 324 dresser, 121, 122 déluge,~91, 94 dressing table, 122 dépense. 111 drigail, 342, 343 depot, 248 drop siding, 114 devil, 272 drought, 9 9 devil's horse, 198 drowsy, 389 die down, 97 drug, 337 dime store, 359 drum, 212, 213 diminish, 97 ^ dry spell, 99 diner, 324 dumb, 347 dinner, 324 dumb ass, 257

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durn, 342 filing block, 178 dutch oven, 130 firebug, 203 firefly, 203 fire log, 151 earthworm, 210 fireplace, 127 easily hurt, 348 fishing pole, 211 eclats, 150 fishing worms, 210 eel, 217 five and ten, 359 endormi, 218 flatboat, 220 energetic, 351 flat iron, 134 enfant, 351 flèche, 156, 157 English peas, 308 flottant, 226 enough to cook, 311 flounder, 213 espirit, 273 flute, 361 étalon, 185 fly, 358 evening, 102 flying ant, 199 flying grasshopper, 19 8 folks, 260 face cloth, 146 foot in the road, 2 80 face rag, 146 foot tub, 137 face towel, 14 6 for, 335, 378, 381 fachet, 344 fortune teller, 272 fagged out, 345 ^ fouetter, 331 fais-do-do, 277 fouiller, 127 fall, 172 four, 127, 130, 131 falling star, 397 fourneuse, 130 family, 259 fox fire, 397 fanerie du sucre, 174 free stone, 313 father, 2 62 French bread, 2 85 fatigue, 345 French toast, 285 favors, 338 fresh peas, 308 feed sack, 363 fricasse, 298 feeling bad, 389 fried bread dough, 2 97 fer a piquante, 165 frimousse, 341 fer ^ repasser, 134 frisettes, 355 feu de Dieifji J97 frissons, 386 feu folet, 397 fritters, 297 feuille, 307 frog, 208, 209 fëvre p'iatte, 310 fromage, 291 few streets, 107 fromi, 199 fiddler crab, 218 fromi noir, 199 fievre de malaria, 392 fromi piquante, 199 fifolet, 397 front, 95 fifteen to, 105 front room, 109 figure, 341 frou-frou, 353 ‘ fil a piquant fence, 165 frown^ 5Tl fIT Tdaltq/, 164, 165 frying pan, 130, 131 fil du fer a piquant, 165 fry pan, 131 file, 178 full of energy, 351 file, 327 full of life, 352 file gombo, 299, 327 funny, 348

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galance, 329 grandmother, 263 gale, 330 grandpa, 264 galimatcha, 3 05 grandpere, 264 gallery, 115 grasshopper, 197, 198 galvanized tub, 135 graton bread, 295 garbage can dog, 194 gratons, 283 garde manger, 124 graveyard hopper, 198 garden, 163 gray duck, 205 garfish, 212 greasie, 257 gaspergou, 212, 213 green bass, 212 gateau à la bouillie, 287 green beans, 309 gauche, 347 green horn, 257 gee, 183 green peas, 308 gelee, 291 green persimmon, 350 general store, 359 green trout, 212 get him, 193 grenade, 321 get it, 193 grenade française, 321 get 'urn, 193 grenade maronne, 321 get up, 182 grenier, 112 ghosts, 2 73 grenouille, 208, 209 giddy up, 182 grill, 128 girth, 158 grillauter, 325 go, 182 grimace" 341 goddam, 342 grind, 371 goddammit, 343 grinding time, 172 goddam SOB, 343 grinding wheel, 179 go down, 9 7 grinds, 371 goggle-eye, 212 grindstone, 179 gombo, 299, 300 gris-gris, 393, 394, 395 gombo de champ, 300 grocery room. 111 gombo feyi, 3 0 0 gros bec, 207 gombo filé', 299 grosse baille, 135 good ole girl, 351 ground, 371 good piece, 4 01 grounds, 371 goofy, 347 grove, 241 goose bumps, 386 grunting, 189 goose pimples, 386 gué-gué, 257 ' goose skin, 386 guêpe, 201 got a lot of life, 351 gui-gui, 257 got some life, 351 gumbo, 299, 300 got up, 368 gumbo filé, 299, 327 gourd, 320 gun-shot house, 117 graine, 315 gutters, 116 graine à volet, 238 graine de lilas, 240 gram, 263 habitant, 171 grand a pic, 91 half-breed, 194 grand chaudière, 132 half past seven, 106 grandfather, 264 half-share farmer, 171 grandma, 2 63 hand iron, 134 grandmère, 263 hanni, 186

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hargon, 186 iron pot, 132 haricots de rame, 309 is cleaning, 369 harmonica, 361 it rained, 383 harness, 155 I will try to, 379 harnessing poles, 155 harp, 361 harrow, 18 0 jack, 196 harvest, 172 jackass, 196 haul, 364 jambalaya, 305 haw, 184 jambalaya, 305 hearth, 127 jar, 402 hainz 57 variety, 194 jarres, 402 hell diver, 206 Jew, 350 help, 366 jo boat, 220 herbe V puce, 239 jonc, 233 here boy, 187 jonc coupant, 233 heron, 207 jump the broom, 274 herse, 180 hey-ha, 342 ■■ ■ .v,« high, 278 keep quiet, 190 hillbilly, 251 keep still, 190 hirondelle, 202 kerchief, 356 ho, 181, 184 kerosene, 149 hoarse, 387 kettle, 130, 132 hoghead cheese, 2 91 ki-ki-ki, 191, 192 hog pen, 162 kinda bad, 389 hoist, 173 kindling, 150 holder, 350 kingfish, 213 hold it, 190 kin people, 259 hone, 178 kins, 259 hoo-doo, 273, 393, 395 kitti-kitti, 191 hook up, 274 horse, 153, 154, 185 horse pen, 159 la, 190 horse tails, 237 Ta-bas, 108 hot cakes, 296 Tagniappe, 360 hot iron, 134 laisse tranquille, 19 0 hurricane, 93, 95 lait caillë, 289 husks, 307 lait égouté, 290 lamp eel, 2’17 laryngitis,387 I, 382 last Sunday, 104 ice cold, 385 latanier, 231 icing, 287 lavetteT 147, 148 ignorant, 257 lawn, 163 ' illegitimate marriage, 274 lazy, 346 I'll try, 379 lèche, 210 Indian, 254 leftovers, 326 in good shape, 351 lemon fish, 213 iron, 134 lent weather, 94, iron kettle, 130 levee, 223

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1 'heujtv du jour, 100 malaria, 392 lieu dehors, 167 mal de gorge, 387 light bug, 203 mal patient, 348 lightning bug, 203 mama, 2 61 lightning storm, 90 manger de bouche, 325 lilas, 240 mansion, 169 lilas parasol, 240 mantel, 126 'lil chips, 150 mantelpiece, 12 6 'lil pail, 136 marc de cafe, 371 lima beans, 310 marraine, 267 limb, 330 marsh, 227 lit, 278 marsh gas, 397 lit par terre, 139 marsh prairie, 226 lively, 351 masonry, 113 living room, 109 mattress on the floor, 139 load, 152 maudit, 342, 343 loaded, 278 mauve, 237 loader, 173 maw-maw, 263 locker, 118 maybe I could, 379 locust, 197 maypop, 321 loft, 112 me, 382 log, 151 meadow, 160 long house, 117 medium size piece, 401 look more like, 338 me-mere, 263 looks like, 338 merliton, 316 lost bread, 285 mess, 311 lot, 159, 161 meule, 179 lot of, 401 midwife, 270 lou-lou, 218 miffed in a hurry, 34 8 loup-garou, 396 might be able, 379 lousy, 389 might have helped, 366 low, 389 might succeed in, 379 lunch, 324, 325 miser, 350 lunch bag, 136 m o m , 261 lunch box, 136 mom and pop, 2 60 lunch kit, 136 mom et pop, 260 lunch pail, 136 mongrel, 194 lutins, 398 moo, 189 morceaux de bois, 150 moron, 347 macorner, 274 mosquito bar, 144 mad, 344 mosquito hawk, 202 main house, 169 mosquito net, 144 mais bouilli, 306 mother, 261 maison de boss, 169 mouche a feu, 203 maison longue, 117 mouchoir de tête, 356 mais tendre, 306 mud dauber, 201 make a pass, 281 mulâtre, 254 make a trip, 281 mule, T85 making big eyes, 341 mullet, 213 making clair, 98 musique a bouche, 361

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mutt, 194 overhall, 357 my people, 259 overhead piece, 140 overseer's house, 169 over there, 107, 108 nakle, 186 over yonder, 108 nanny, 267 owner's house, 169 natural child, 269 oyster, 214 N&gre, 255 oyster drill, 216 nègriller, 249 oyster sack, 363 Negro, 255 neigh, 186 nenaine, 267 pack, 364 nettoyer, 369 paddock, 15 9 next Sunday, 103 pail, 137 nigger, 256 paille, 307 nigger lover, 249 paille fine, 234 nigger man, 249 pain de mais, 294 nigger pole, 211 pain mais aux gratons, 295 nigger shoot, 333 pain perdu, 2 83 nigger shooter, 333 palanque, 400 nigger tits, 236 pallet, 139 nique, 139 palmetto, 231 noeuds, 354 pancakes, 296 no good dog, 194 pantry. 111 n 'oncle, 265 pap, 286 no pep, 389 pa-pa, 264 notice, 275 papa, 262 notions store, 359 paper bag, 362 not too far, 107 paper sack, 362 not too good, 389 papillotes, 355 not very far, 107 pare, 15 9, 160, 16"1, 162 noyau, 314, 315 pare à cochon. 162 parc fleur, 163 parents, 7FÜ oak grove, 241 parents, 259 odor melon, 318 paresseuse, 346 okra gombo, 300 parlor, 109 okra gumbo, 300 parrain, 268 old iron, 134 parterre, 163 on, 378 parti,~ 2 l l onions, 319 la mode, 353 onion tops, 319 EonT - J W ~ on the batture, 243 'courage, 389 on the levee, 243 pas 3ë goût, 353 orage, 91 pass, 2FI oughta not, 33 6 pass by, 2 81 ouragan, 90, 93, 94 pasture, 159,. 160, 228 ouragan pluie, 94 patassa, 212 outdoor toilet, 167 pâte de pain, 297 outhouse, 167 pâte frite, 297 overalls, 114, 357 pave, 245 .

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paved, 245 plongeon, 206 pavement, 245 plongeur, 207 pave road, 245 plowed under, 278 paw-paw, 264 plumeux, 142 peach, 312, 313 poche a papier, 362 peau de canard, 386 pois, 308 pecan, 322 poison ant, 199 pêche k cochon, 312 poison ivry, 239 pêche a jus, 312 poison ivy, 239 pêche ¥ quitte noyau, 313 poison oak, 239 peculiar, 34 8 pole beans, 309 pelé, 331 pomme d 'amour, 318 pen, 161, 162 pompano, 213 pe-p&re, 264 pooped, 345 perch, 212 pop, 262 pest, 280 porch, 115 petits pois, 308 portion, 311 picken fence, 164 post fence, 164 picket fence, 164 pot-licker, 194 pick this up, 239 poulailler, 168 piece, 107 poule d'eau, 204 pied, 190 poule doo, 204 pierre, 178 pouli-pouli, 191 pig pen, 162 pourdown, 91 pig sty, 162 prairie, 228 pillow case, 145 prairie daisies, 236 pillow slip, 145 praline, 323 pipe, 402 prèle, 237 pi-pi-pi, 191 pretty damn cold, 385 pirogue, 219 prompt, 348 pirogue, 219 pudding, 286, 257 pis-au-lit, 235 put a ourse, 395 pis-en-lit, 235 put this away, 339 piss ant, 199 pissed off, 344 pit, 314 quack, 271 pitti-pitti, 191' qua-qua-qua, 192 placer, 274 quarter of, 105 place-toi, 19 0 quarter to, 105 plain, 228 quilt, 141 plairie, 228 quitte noyau, 313 plairie, 227, 228 quit stone, 313 plantation house, 169 quoap, 187 plant by the share, 171 plarine, 323 plarine, 323 rail fence, 164 plaster, 113 railroad daisy, 235 plat, 311 rain, 91, 94 plein la vie, 351 rain caught me, 383 plenty, 401 rainette, 209 plenty of courage, 352 rain frog, 209

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ramas, 331 sauce piquante, 304 rateau, 180 sauterelle, 197 real cold, 385 sauvage, 254 rebutton, 223 savane, 160, 228, 241 red bug, 200 save this, 239 redfish, 213 saw, 365 redneck, 251 saw dog, 153 red snapper, 213 sawhorses, 153, 154 refinery, 174 scaffold, 154 relations, 259 scarf, 356 relatives, 259, 260 seau boire, 138 resembles, 338 secheresse, 99 restants, 326 second Sunday before, 104 resté, ~326 second Sunday, the, 103 rheumatism, 388 seed, 314, 315 rhumatisme, 388 seen, 365 ribes de bois, 150 seesaw, 153, 329 ride, 377 se lever, 101 ridge, 232 sensitive,348 rincer, 370 sent pas bien, 389 rinse, 370 serve, 275 rise, 101 seven-thirty, 106 rised, 101 shabby, 353 roasting ears, 306 shacking up, 274 robal, 213 shade, 125 rodailler, 280 shafts, 155 rôdeuse, 280 shallots, 319 rose, 101 shallots, 319 roseaux, 230 sharecropper, 171 roulaison, 172 sharpening stone, 178 roup fait /rS/, 397 shavings, 150 roup-garou, 280, 396 shed, 110 rushes, 233 shed, 110 sheephead, 213 shelf, 126 Sabine, 254 shell road, 244 sabre, 177 shells, 244 sac-a-lait, 212 shindig, 277 sac a p e a t , 363 shiners, 210 sac a plomb , 206 shingles, 114 s'accrouprir, 376 ship-lap, 114 sack, 363 shit, 342, 343 saddle strap, 158 shocks, 343 sadiron, 134 shotgun house, 117 safe, 124 shoulder, 244 sage-femme, 270 shouldn't do, 336 sand fiddler, 218 shouldn't have done, 336 sangle, 158 shower, 90, 91, 94 Santa Claus, 272 shrimp, 215 saoul, 278 shucks, 307, 342 saoulard, 278 sic 'im, 193 sassafras, 237 sickle, 177 sauce, 287 side, 244

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side of the bayou, 243 stew pan, 130 side of the road, 244 stick, 143 sidewalk, 247 sticks, 150 siding, 114 stingy, 349 sign, 275 stingy person, 350 singletree, 156 stone, 178, 179, 314, 315 sitting room, 109 stoned, 278 skiff, 220 stoop, 376 skillet, 130, 131 stop, 97 skillett, 130 stop in, 281 skit up, 193 stop your noise, 190 slacking off, 98 storage room, 110, 111 slapjack, 296 storeroom, 110, 111 (slap them), 190 storm, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95 slingshot, 333 straighten out, 369 slob, 257 straight house, 117 sloppy, 353 strap, 158 sloppy weather, 95 stray, 194 slough, 225 string beans, 309 Slovenish, 353 striped bass, 212 sluggish, 389 stucco> 113 small pen, 161 stud, 185 snack, 325 stuff, 373 snap beans, 309 stuffed, 373 snorting; 186 stump jumper, 251 sofa, 123 stupid, 347 soiree, 277 submerger, 222 sore, 391 subside, 97 souche, 151 sugar cane culture, 170 souillon, 353 sugar factory, 174 soup, 301 sugar house, 174 soupe de malade, 301 sugar mill, 174 sour milk, 289 sugar plant, 174 Spanish mackerel, 213 summer shower, 91, 94 spank, 331 sun comes up, 100 speckled trout, 213 Sunday after next, 103 spider, 130 Sunday a week, 103, 104 spirit, 398 Sunday before last, 104 spirits, 273 Sunday coming, 103 splinters, 150 sunfish, 212 spooks, 273 sun is coming up, 100 spread, 142 sun is out, 100 squall, 91, 94, 95 sunrise, 100 squat, 376 sun up, 100 stack, 152 super, 324 • stallion, 185 supper, 324, stand, 275 supply room. 111 staple, 166 sure gets around 351 station, 248 swamp, 227 steady, 190 sweet peas, 308 stew, 298 swing, 329

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switch, 330 toilet, 167 syrup, 176 toilette, 12 2 tomato gravy, 304 tonnerre orage, 90 tableau, 122 toodle-loo, 218 tablette, 126 tornado, 96 tacky, 353 totally out, 278 talaut, 194 tote, 354 take, 375, 377 touchy, 348 takes after, 238 tourbillon, 96 take up, 274 tour-lou-lou, 218 tally-ho, 195 towel, 146, 148 tante, 266 traînasse, 225 taper, 331 traiteur, 271 tarte k bouillie, 287 trash, 194 temps ouragan, 95 trawl, 399 tenant farmer, 171 trembling marsh, 226 ten cents store, 359 tres froid, 385 terre grasse, 242 trbteau, 154 t e m n ë l 132 tribune, 126 tester, 140 troll, 399 te-tête de negresse, 236 troller, 399 tl’tons de negresse, 236 trop froid, 385 Texians, 2FI tropical storm, 93 there, 108 trot line, 400 think I can, 379 trout, 212 third Sunday, 103 trout line, 400 threw, 334 trump lot, 161 throw, 334 trusties, 153, 154 throwed, 334— tub, 135, 137 thunder shower, 94 turban, 356 thunder storm, 90 twist, 96 'ti bassain, 136 twister, 96 'ti fer, 134 two Sundays ago, 104 tight, 349 two weeks ago, 104 tightass, 350 two weeks from Sunday, 103 tight man, 350 typhoid, 392 tight thing, 350 tightwad, 350 tignon, 356 ugly face, 341 tin house, 117 uncle, 265, 268 'ti poelon, 130 under the weather, 381 * ti pois, 308 utility closet. 111 tired, 345 utility room, 110, 111 tired out, 345 'tit distance, 107 'tit four, TJO vanity, 122 'tit pluie, 91 vanity table, 122 'tit serviette, 146 variety store, 359 toad, 2oS vegetable pear, 316 toad frog, 208 veiller, 279

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vers, 210 woke up, 368 very cold, 385 wood bucket, 138 vieux garçons, 236 wooden bucket, 138 vif, 351 wooden fence, 164 visions, 396 wood fence, 164 visit, 279 wood horse, 153, 154 voliche, 114 . wood iron, 134 voo-doo, 3 93 w op, 250 working on a /padna/ship, 171 working on a share, 171 wake up, 368 worms, 210 waked up, 368 worn out, 345 waps, 201 wardrobe, 120 was climbing, 332 y 'all, 380 was dragging, 337 yard, 161, 163 wash cloth, 146 yellow fever, 392 washing tub, 135 you, 380 washpot, 132 you all, 380 washrag, 146 young for her age, 351 washroom, 110 wash stand, 122 wash towel, 14 8 /ae:ra/, 180 wash tub, 135 /•d3j5/, 257 wasp, 2 01 /d3Üferanty, 280 was up, 101 /gaxisy, 116 ways, 107 /grainrgy, 172 weather boards, 114 /haisty, 173 weather is over, 98 /liaersy, 129 week Sunday, a, 104 /hu gr%/, 236 well kept, 351 /ka'Suty, 353 went up, 101 /ku'raiy, 159 whale the tar out of, 331 /m&giXjeÿ, 230 whetstone, 178 /5).t5/, 205 whine, 186 /pae 1* mi,L^, 231 whinny, 186 /rintjy, 370 whip, 330, 331 /subleu^y, 200 whistle, 186, 187 /turby, 242 white trout, 213 /val%7, 95 whoa, 181 #3 tub, 135 whoa boy, 187 whoa haw, 184 who ap-whoap, 187 whoa you S.O.B., 190 whooo-ip, 188 winter time, 172 wishbone, 328 wishing bone, 328 with, 335 witness, 275 woke, 368

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ^ VITA

Nolan Philip Le Compte, Jr. was born in Houma,

Louisiana, August 21, 1935, the son of Nolan Philip

Le Compte, Sr. and Hazel Boudreaux Le Compte. He received

his elementary and secondary education in the parochial

and public schools in Terrebonne Parish. He was graduated

from Terrebonne High School, June, 1953.

He spent three years in the United States Army, and

was trained at the Army Language School, Presidio, Monterey,

California, as a Hungarian translator.

He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Nicholls

State College, Thibodaux, Louisiana, in June, 1960, and his

Master of Arts degree in Linguistics from Louisiana State

University, Bato^ Rouge, Louisiana, in January, 1962.

In 1963, he was the recipient of a grant from the

American Council of Learned Societies for summer study in

Linguistics at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and

in the summer of 1966, he was a special lecturer in Lin­

guistics at the NDEA Institute held at Northwestern

Louisiana College.

For the past three years, he has been employed at

Nicholls State College, where he is currently an assistant

professor in the department of English.

438

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. EXAMINATION AND THESIS REPOET

Candidate: Nolan P h ilip Le Compte, Jr.

Major Field: L in g u istics

Title of Thesis: ^ Word A tlas of Lafourche Parish and Grand I s le , Louisiana

Approved:

, l/éiAÆ Major Professor and Chayman

Deân of the Graduate School

EXAMINING COMMITTEE: & (Àllhk

Date of Examination:

May 11. 1967

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.