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Peering Into the Universe and Its Ele Mentary Particles from Underground

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Peering Into the Universe and Its Ele Mentary Particles from Underground A gigantic detector to explore elementary particle unification theories and the mysteries of the Universe’s evolution Peering into the Universe and its ele mentary particles from underground The planned Hyper-Kamiokande detector will consist of an Unified Theory and explain the evolution of the Universe Large-aperture photosensors order of magnitude larger tank than the predecessor, Super- through the investigation of proton decay, CP violation (the The photosensor for Hyper-Kamiokande has Kamiokande, and will be equipped with ultra high sensitivity difference between neutrinos and antineutrinos), and the a 50-cm-diameter detection area with twice improvements in sensitivity, resolutions and photosensors. The Hyper-Kamiokande detector is both a observation of neutrinos from supernova explosions. The safety as compared with Super-Kamiokande. “microscope,” used to observe elementary particles, and a Hyper-Kamiokande experiment is an international research Under international collaboration, we are “telescope”, used to study the Sun and supernovas through project aiming to become operational in 2027. developing a supplementary "compound eye" neutrinos. Hyper-Kamiokande aims to elucidate the Grand unit using multiple photosensors to detect light patterns and timing precisely with the combined use of these sensors. ↑The multi-photosensor unit ←World's largest Courtesy of Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. photomultiplier tube A megaton water tank The huge Hyper-Kamiokande tank will be used in order to obtain in only 10 years an amount of data corresponding to 100 years of data collection time using Super-Kamiokande. This Experimental Technique allows the observation of previously unrevealed The photosensors on the tank wall detect the very weak Cherenkov rare phenomena and small values of CP light emitted along its direction of travel by a charged particle violation. ejected in the collision between neutrinos and water in the tank. This Cherenkov light is emitted in the form of a cone shape or in most cases a ring as the charged particle is eventually absorbed. Cherenkov light 10 times The energy, direction and type ducial volume of neutrinos are determined neutrino using the information obtained from the photosensors, such Charged as the quantity of light and the particle in water 50,000 tons 260,000 tons ring shape. Photosensors Super-Kamiokande Hyper-Kamiokande Bringing Neutrino Research to the Next Level The discovery of neutrino oscillations in the Super- of neutrino research has opened up for further investigations detect the very weak Cherenkov light generated in the water. Kamiokande experiment in 1998, for which the 2015 Nobel and discoveries. Through the realization of the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment, Prize in Physics was awarded, led to the investigation and Based on the highly sensitive techniques for neutrino we will lead neutrino research into the future. measurement of the properties of the neutrino which observation developed by Super-Kamiokande over the years, indicate the need for an update of the Standard Model. In Hyper-Kamiokande represents a further improvement in 2001, the solar neutrino oscillation was discovered. In 2011, sensitivity. Hyper-Kamiokande consists of a cylindrical tank, Kamioka Observatory, ICRR, the T2K experiment, which used a neutrino beam from the with a height of 72m and a diameter of 68m. The fiducial The University of Tokyo high intensity accelerator J-PARC and the Super-Kamiokande volume of the tank is approximately 10 times larger than that Mail : [email protected] detector, confirmed the third neutrino oscillation. Now that of the Super-Kamiokande detector. On the tank wall, 40,000 URL : http://www.hyper-k.org/ 2021.07 all neutrino oscillation modes have been confirmed, the field ultra high sensitivity photosensors will be installed in order to The region that the present colliders can explore The origin, evolution, and future of The region that nucleon decay and neutrino experiments can explore the Universe and its particles 1016GeV 102GeV 1MeV 1keV 0.3eV 103eV Energy 2×104eV At the birth of the universe, it Baryon number Ination Remaining is thought that the four forces that production Dark Matter Electromagnetic force govern our world (the strong, weak, Weak force The Grand Mixing of neutrino Supersymmetry electromagnetic, and gravitational Unied Theory mass / the origin of theory Strong force The end of CP violation the Universe? forces) were unified in the form of a Gravity force Synthesis of single force. When temperatures fell Energy emission Human from xed stars heavy elements beings with the evolution of the universe, from supernova burst 38 this unified force separated to the four 10 sec forces. Synthesis of light elements Synthesis of heavy elements The birth of human beings Nucleon decay The Grand Unified Theory, which governed the universe 10 ©ESA and the Planck Collaboration until about 10-38 seconds after the Big Bang (1016 GeV, in 10 sec 5 10 sec 100 sec 380,000 1 billion Age of 13.8 billion terms of the energy of the universe), deals with energies too years years the Universe years 10 35 years high to inspect directly through collision experiments in an accelerator. However, the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment can A gigantic detector to confront elementary particle unification theories and directly investigate the Grand Unified Theory by exploring the mysteries of the Universe’s evolution Collaboration with the J-PARC Accelerator proton decay. If protons decaying into more light particles can be observed, it means that all matter, including human In addition to natural neutrinos such as atmospheric and beings, in the universe has a finite lifetime and will decay in solar neutrinos, a high intensity and high quality neutrino the future. Determining the Ordering CP Violation Measurement beam from the J-PARC accelerator in Tokai, Ibaraki, may be Hyper-Kamiokande will elucidate neutrino properties such as of the Neutrino Masses used for precisely studying the properties of neutrinos such the CP violation and approach the mysteries surrounding the Hyper-Kamiokande will investigate CP violation (i.e the difference Based on the observation of neutrinos oscillations, the differences as CP violation. evolution of the universe and the birth of life, through the between particles and anti-particles) by observation of oscillations between the three neutrino masses have been measured. However, Hyper-Kamiokande is expected to observe 30 times as many observation of solar and supernova neutrinos. using neutrino/anti-neutrino beam from J-PARC accelerator. it is not known whether the two masses that compose solar neutrinos as the T2K experiment after the increase of the The present universe is filled with "matter" such as stars and neutrinos are heavier or lighter than the third mass. Determining human beings, but "anti-matter" is not seen. This imbalance the ordering of the neutrino masses is an important line of J-PARC beam power. ©JAEA/KEK J-PARC Center between matter and antimatter might occur because of CP research not only because it increases the precision of CP violation violation in neutrinos. We will investigate this asymmetry. measurements, but also because it is an essential ingredient for Neutrinos and Neutrino oscillations determining whether the neutrino is a Majorana fermion, a type of particle which is indistinguishable from its antiparticle. The matter in the Universe consist of elementary particles called quarks and leptons. For example, one proton, made Kamioka-town, Hida-city, Gifu of three quarks, and one electron, which is a kind of lepton, Hyper-Kamiokande form a hydrogen atom. The neutrino is a kind of lepton Tokai-village, Naka-gun, Ibaraki without electric charge and exists in types; electron neutrino, J-PARC accelerator mu neutrino and tau neutrino. Uncover the mystery of The three types of neutrinos mix with each other and can neutrino oscillation change their type. This phenomenon is called “Neutrino oscillation” and was discovered by Super-Kamiokande in 1998. The detailed study of neutrino oscillation enables us to reveal the properties of neutrinos. Cosmic Neutrino Observation Proton Decay Searches The Standard Model, which describes the elementary Using cosmic neutrinos such as the neutrinos originating One of the important questions for the elementary International Collaboration particle system, seemed to be completed by the discovery in the Sun, our galactic center, or a supernova explosion, particle physics community is whether or not a proton we may study the stellar objects themselves. It is remains stable forever. The Grand Unified Theory, which of the Higgs boson particle. However, the information about The Hyper-Kamiokande is an international research project. expected that Hyper-Kamiokande will enable us to includes the Standard Model of particle physics, predicts neutrino mass and its mixing rate obtained by previous Many researchers from various countries are working elucidate the history that protons decay studies have a large difference from those of quarks. It is together to realize the experiment. As of April 2021, the the universe. into lighter particles. considered that a more fundamental framework is needed Hyper-Kamiokande collaboration consists of about 400 Hyper-Kamiokande will beyond the Standard Model. be the most sensitive researches from 19 countries; Armenia, Brazil, Canada, Czech, Neutrino oscillation experiments are expected to be a key detector in the world France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Poland, to address what the fundamental framework of elementary for use in proton decay Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine, USA. particles is. searches. The aim of Hyper-Kamiokande muon neutrino is to explore new horizons beyond the ©NASA Standard Model. tau neutrino electron neutrino Revealing the mystery of Universe’s origin and evolution Verification of Grand Unified Theories.
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