Chapter 5 Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures
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CHAPTER 5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES Confidential Study of Environmental Impact of Laúca Dam Construction Project CONTENTS 5. IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ........................................................... 3 5.1. METHODOLOGY CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................................. 3 5.2. IMPACT IDENTIFICATION .................................................................................................................... 5 5.2.1. Planning Phase ......................................................................................................................................... 5 5.2.2. Implementation Phase ............................................................................................................................. 7 5.2.3. Operation Phase ....................................................................................................................................... 8 5.3. IMPACT ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................ 8 5.3.1. Planning Phase ......................................................................................................................................... 8 5.3.2. Implementation Phase ........................................................................................................................... 10 5.3.3. Operation Phase ..................................................................................................................................... 30 5.3.4. Work Conclusion Phase......................................................................................................................... 39 5.4. PROGNOSES ........................................................................................................................................... 45 5.4.1. Without The Enterprise ......................................................................................................................... 45 5.4.2. With The Enterprise .............................................................................................................................. 45 List of Table TABLE 5.1: CRITERIA AND ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS TABLE 5.2: INTERACTION MATRIX OF THE LAÚCA HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT’S EIA. TABLE 5.3: IMPACT ANALYSIS OF THE LAÚCA DAM CONSTRUCTION EIA. Confidential Study of Environmental Impact of Laúca Dam Construction Project 5. IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES This chapter describes the methodology used in the assessment of the potential impacts environmental resulting from anthropic changes applied to the environment and to the social-economic means as a result of the Laúca dam construction activities, within the territorial limits of the provinces of Malanje, Kwanza North and Kwanza South. 5.1. METHODOLOGY CONSIDERATIONS The analysis of the potential impacts and environmental risks arising from the Laúca dam construction was carried out in a multi and interdisciplinary way based on the diagnoses submitted for the studied area (in the several influence areas of the project), presented in Chapter 4 of this study, as well as the proposed enterprise activities presented in Chapter 2. This chapter emphasizes the directly affected and direct incidence areas defined in Chapter 1, pursuant the Executive Decree no. 92/12 of March 1st. Therefore, a comprehensive approach took place covering all the involved aspects and their possible interactions, so no potential impact regarding the enterprise implementation and operation phases was left without consideration. The analysis covered the enterprise actions capable of generating potential environmental and social- economic impacts; the preparation of an impact interaction matrix and the qualification and assessment of the identified impacts. The generating actions are directly related to the enterprise’s planning, implementation and operation activities, and in order to identify the impacts it is necessary to analyze the power plant characteristics. After the definition of the impact generation factors, an interaction matrix was prepared, which has as basic structure the components of two sets of variables: the necessary actions for the dam implementation and operation and the environmental components, regarding the physical, biotic and social-economic means, which can suffer the effects of these actions. By means of this matrix it is possible to associate the impacts on the studied means with their generating actions. After this, an individual assessment of the impacts was carried seeking their qualification and, when possible, their quantification. After the potential impact assessment was concluded, it was possible to establish mitigation measures and configure the necessary environmental programs to be implemented by the entrepreneur, which will ensure that the undesirable damages to the social-environmental means are Confidential Study of Environmental Impact of Laúca Dam Construction Project corrected, compensated or prevented. Additionally, actions intended to boost the positive impacts will be defined, as a means to leverage the region’s social-economic development and to bring benefits to the population. For the assessment of the Laúca dam’s potential environmental and social-economic impacts, the criteria presented in Table 5.1 were adopted, which will be transcribed to the impact identification matrix, when all impacts will be described in an individual way. Table 5.1: Criteria and Assessment of Potential Impacts Classification Criterion Qualification Phase of the enterprise Planning Phase implementation when the potential Implementation impact takes place Operation Positive Nature Impact effects Negative Undetermined Direct impact, resulting from an Form Assess how the impact takes place action Indirect impact Permanent Duration Persistence time of the impact Cyclic Temporary Assesses the capacity of the mean to Irreversible Reversibility return to its natural state after the end of the impact generation action, Reversible considering the mitigation measures Global (exceed the AH limits, the impacts take place in a specially disseminated way) Places where the impact effects are Regional (the impact also Coverage felt reflects in the AH) Localized (its occurrence area is very clear and restricted to the AID and ADA) Refers to the transformation intensity High Magnitude of the impacted environmental factor Medium regarding the preexisting situation Low Interference degree of the High Importance environmental impact over different Medium environmental factors Low The generating actions are indicated for each impact and also the respective measures to be adopted for their mitigation/correction or leverage (for positive impacts). The adoption of such measures was deemed adequate in time and space, according to the importance, intensity and duration of each one. Similarly, the compensatory measures were identified in the case of potential impacts with no possible mitigation or those actions that have their compliance mandatory by law. Confidential Study of Environmental Impact of Laúca Dam Construction Project 5.2. IMPACT IDENTIFICATION Table 5.2 presents the matrix resulting from the interaction among the potential impacts studied for the Laúca dam project. The potential impacts were quantified according to the project phases (planning, implementation and operation) and identified by means of acronyms to provide a better understanding. The first phase of the enterprise that corresponds to the project planning consists on carrying out the activities related to viability and the planning of the actions necessary for its implementation, including the environmental studies that resulted in the preparation of the present document. In the building of the interaction matrix acronyms were used according to the impacted means and environmental process. Therefore, for the processes related to the physical means, the letter F was adopted, followed by A for water, Ar for air and S for soil; the letter B is used for the biotic mean, followed by the letters corresponding to the processes related to the vegetation cover (V), land fauna (FT) and water fauna (FA); and finally, letter A was adopted for the anthropic mean, followed by the letters P (population), E (economy), OT (land classification) and PMI (historic, cultural and archeological assets). 5.2.1. PLANNING PHASE The first phase of any project corresponds to that of planning. It consists in carrying out the activities related to the viability study and to the planning of the necessary actions for their implementation, including the environmental studies that have originated the present document. The interactions identified in this phase were: • Physical, biotic and anthropic means: increase in the technical-scientific knowledge about the region under the environmental and social-economic points of view, with the formation of important collections associated to an information bank and photographic registers of the influence areas studied (FA1, FAr1, FS1, BV1, BFT1, BFA1, AE1 AOT1 and APMI1). • Anthropic means: creation of expectations within the population due to the news published about the enterprise during the performance of the environmental studies, particularly those related to employment offer, improvement of living conditions and social-economic leverage (AP1). Confidential Study of Environmental Impact of Laúca Dam Construction Project Table