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Trajectoire D'un Lieu Périurbain: La Forêt De Fontainebleau

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Trajectoire D'un Lieu Périurbain: La Forêt De Fontainebleau L’héritage touristique. Trajectoire d’un lieu périurbain : trajectoire d’un lieu périurbain : la forêt de Fontainebleau Remi Salaün To cite this version: Remi Salaün. L’héritage touristique. Trajectoire d’un lieu périurbain : trajectoire d’un lieu périurbain : la forêt de Fontainebleau. Géographie. Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2017. Français. NNT : 2017PA01H126. tel-01997928 HAL Id: tel-01997928 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01997928 Submitted on 29 Jan 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur de l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Présentée et soutenue publiquement à Paris le 6 novembre 2017 (sous réserve) par Rémi SALAÜN Sous la direction d’Edith FAGNONI L’héritage touristique Trajectoire d’un lieu périurbain : la forêt de Fontainebleau Membres du jury : en cours de constitution 1 Sommaire Remerciements………………………………………………………….........................Page 3 Introduction générale……………………………….…………………………….....................6 Partie 1 Un lieu interfacial……………………………………..………………..………….….23 Chapitre 1 : la notion de lieu, pratiques et symboliques……………………………...26 Chapitre 2 : Naturalité, tourisme et modernité………………………………………...66 Partie 2 Trajectoire des pratiques récréatives en forêt de Fontainebleau……………...109 Chapitre 3 : Concentration des pratiques récréatives……………………………....114 Chapitre 4 : Recréation des imaginaires…….…………………………………….….162 Partie 3 Territorialités et héritage touristique………………………..……………………...209 Chapitre 5 : De la villégiature au périurbain…………………..………….….………213 Chapitre 6 : Mobilisation participative…...…......…………………………………….261 Conclusion générale………….………………………………………………………………..322 Bibliographie………………….…………………………………………………………………335 2 Remerciements Mes premiers remerciements vont à ma directrice de thèse, Edith Fagnoni, pour avoir accepté de soutenir ce projet de recherche dès son début, pour ses précieux conseils, ses encouragements et son enthousiasme. Je tiens aussi à la remercier pour les opportunités scientifiques offertes durant ces années de recherche doctorales. Je tiens à remercier les membres du jury, Marc Galochet, Maria Gravari-Barbas, Micheline Hotyat, Isabelle Lefort et Monique Poulot pour l’attention portée à mon travail et leurs observations. Je remercie les chercheurs avec lesquels j’ai collaboré sur divers projets scientifiques, Julien Essers, Raphaël Lami, Emmanuelle Peyvel, Camille Rouchi et Yannick Hascoët. Ces collaborations ont permis de nourrir ma recherche par de nouvelles approches et des terrains d’études autres que la forêt de Fontainebleau, enrichissant ma réflexion sur la notion de lieu. À Fontainebleau, je remercie Jean-Claude Polton, secrétaire général de l’association des Amis de la forêt de Fontainebleau pour sa disponibilité, son accueil et sa bienveillance au cours de mes enquêtes de terrain. Je remercie Denis Bauchard, président de l’association des Amis de la forêt de Fontainebleau, d’avoir facilité l’organisation de mes enquêtes auprès des bénévoles de l’association. Je remercie l’ensemble des adhérents de l’AAFF que j’ai rencontrés lors de ce travail d’enquête pour leur disponibilité et leur générosité. Merci à Victor Avenas, chargé de projets « accueil du public » à l’agence ONF de Fontainebleau, pour m’avoir invité à participer à l’observatoire de la fréquentation sur le massif de Fontainebleau. Je remercie Paul Arnoud, Florent Besnard et Hélène Maggiori pour m’avoir convié au comité scientifique pour la candidature de la forêt de Fontainebleau au patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO. Je remercie les acteurs que j’ai rencontrés lors de la période exploratoire de terrain, Anne Marie Granet de l’Office national des forêts, Guillaume Larrère et Sylvain Ducroux de l’agence ONF de Fontainebleau, Christiane Schaeffer du Comité départemental du tourisme de Seine-et-Marne. Je remercie Charles Dereix et l’ensemble des membres du Groupe d’histoire des forêts françaises que j’ai rencontrées lors de journées d’études riches en enseignements. Mes remerciements à l’ensemble des personnes rencontrées à Fontainebleau qui m’ont permis de produire ce travail de recherche. 3 Mes remerciements vont ensuite aux membres du laboratoire EA EIREST 7337 pour leur accueil et leur attention au cours de ces années de recherches. Je remercie la directrice du laboratoire Maria Gravari-Barbas pour son soutien et sa bienveillance. Les échanges au sein du laboratoire de recherche ont été fructueux et m’ont permis d’approfondir ma réflexion sur l’objet tourisme. J’adresse ici toute ma gratitude à Linda Boukhris, Amandine Chapuis, Jean-Michel Chapuis, Francesca Cominelli, Aurélie Condevaux, Saskia Cousin, Géraldine Djamen-Tran, Sébastien Jacquot, Sophie Lignon-Darmaillac, Jocelyne Napoli, Cécile Renard et Frédéric Thomas. Un grand merci aux doctorants du laboratoire qui constituent des maillons essentiels de cette aventure humaine. J’ai une pensée particulière pour Yasmin Buchrieser, Montserrat Crivillers, Carina Amorim Dutra, Anas Sanoussi et Sairi Pineros avec qui j’ai organisé et piloté les Rencontres internationales des jeunes chercheurs en tourisme de septembre 2015. Je remercie l’ensemble des doctorants, notamment David Aboulkeir, Xavier Contreras, Soazig Darnay, Kati Dieng, Eliane Djemgou, Clotilde Kullman Aude Le Gallou, Yue Lue, Kimiya Méry, Lisa Rebolledo, Céline Tastet, Stanislas Zakarian, pour leurs encouragements, leur investissement et leur participation pour faire du laboratoire un lieu convivial propice aux échanges scientifiques. Mes remerciements vont aux collègues rencontrés lors de missions d’enseignements à l’Université Paris Ouest Nanterre, Claire Aragau et Frédéric Landy, et à l’université Paris Sorbonne, Vincent Moriniaux, Emilie Viney, Zénaïde Dervieux et Marie-Alix Molinié. Je remercie l’ensemble des collègues de l’UFR de Géographie pour les échanges conviviaux. J’adresse ma gratitude à l’ensemble des personnes que j’ai rencontré dans le cadre de mon parcours doctoral pour les échanges riches en apprentissage. Je remercie Sandrine Allard Saint-Albin, Jessica Pierre-Marie, Joseph N’Gijol, Françoise Chatillon-Pierront et Catherine Bertho-Lavenir, dont les rencontres lors de mon parcours universitaire et professionnel m’ont permis d’accumuler assez de confiance pour me lancer dans l’aventure doctorale. Mes salutations à mes camarades de Paris 3, Albéric, Annie, Carlos, Christine, Grégory, Iryna, Marie, Maria et Maxime, avec qui j’ai partagé mes premières réflexions sur la notion de tourisme. Je tiens à saluer mes collègues du CRIMIC, Nancy Berthier, Mercedes, Adrian, Itzel, Gabrielle et 4 Natalia. Je les remercie pour leur accueil et leur intérêt pour les questionnements géographiques durant mon séjour d’étude à New York qui restera un moment fort de mon parcours doctoral. Ce travail a grandement bénéficié du soutien familial, celui de ma grand-mère, de mes parents, de ma sœur et Matthieu. Je leur en suis gratifiant pour leur confiance et leur patience face à mes choix dont la précarité peut être source d’angoisse. Je remercie Bruno, Benjamin, Céline, Kevin, Marie-Alexandra, Marine, Marion et Vincent pour leurs amitiés. Merci à Annabelle pour ses relectures, sa présence et sa patience. 5 Introduction générale La forêt de Fontainebleau est ce que l’on pourrait nommer un lieu touristique ancien. Forêt royale pratiquée pour la chasse par les monarques français depuis le XIème siècle, la fin de l’Ancien Régime va amorcer un tournant dans la trajectoire de ce lieu. Dès le début du XIXème siècle, la forêt est fréquentée par des peintres de paysages et des artistes romantiques qui en font un haut lieu du sentiment de la nature. La forêt de Fontainebleau, située à une soixantaine de kilomètres au sud- est de Paris, devient pour le milieu artistique parisien un archétype accessible de la nature dite sauvage. Pendant la Monarchie de Juillet, le roi Louis-Philippe, qui n’apprécie guère la chasse, préférant la pratique de la promenade en forêt, fréquente le château de Fontainebleau à plusieurs reprises. Son avènement en 1830 entraine la fin de la restriction d’ouverture de la forêt de Fontainebleau aux publics. Louis-Philippe impulse les premiers aménagements touristiques en forêt avec la construction de nouvelles routes pour la promenade en calèche et la création de points de vue. Les routes forestières sont nommées et une signalétique est installée pour éviter l’égarement des visiteurs. Des camps de manœuvres militaires, comme le camp d’Arbonne en 1839, attirent la bonne société parisienne et favorisent la notoriété de la forêt de Fontainebleau comme espace de promenade. Plusieurs commerçants locaux profitent de cet engouement autour de la forêt pour rédiger et vendre des guides touristiques sur le château et de la forêt de Fontainebleau. Parmi ces auteurs de guides touristiques, Claude-François Denecourt acquiert une notoriété importante en aménageant des sentiers de promenade pédestre dans les sites les plus pittoresques de la forêt à partir 1842. Dans le même temps, une nouvelle génération de peintres parisiens fréquente la forêt
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