NAT'L INST. OF STAND & TECH NIST REFERENCE AlllOt OOTbMb PUBLICATIONS NISTIR 6838
PHYSICS LABORATORY Annual Report 2001
Katharine B.Gebbie, Director William R. Ott, Deputy Director Ph xsics Laboratory
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce
.U56 #6838 2002
NISTIR 6838
PHYSICS LABORATORY Annual Report 2001
Katharine B.Gebbie, Director William R. Ott, Deputy Director Physics Laboratory
January 2002
U.S. Department of Commerce
Donald L. Evans, Secretary
Technology Administration
Phillip J. Bond, Under Secretaryfor Technolog}’
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Arden L. Bement, Jr., Director DESCRIPTION OF COVER ILLUSTRATION
The Physics Laboratory is assisting the U.S. Postal Service in the treatment of mail contaminated with anthrax at postal facilities in Washington, DC (Brentwood) and Trenton, NJ. Working with an interagency task force set up by the Office of Science and Technology, NIST has designed test boxes of mail with NIST reference dosimeters to establish the radiation dose delivered from industrial electron beam facilities. Tests have been carried out at an electron accelerator in Lima, OH and an electron cyclotron in Bridgeport, NJ. NIST measurements, shown here as dose maps with radiochromic film, indicate that the mail is receiving the dose required to inactivate bacillus anthracis. PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
v Agenda
vii Charge to the Panel from the NIST Acting Director
1 Message from the Physics Laboratory Director
3 Introduction
5 Organization and Personnel
9 Rosters of Division Staff
1 7 List of NIST Associates
40 Summary of Staff by Type of Appointment
41 Program Planning
59 Physics Laboratory Offices
59 Fundamental Constants Data Center
61 Office of Electronic Commerce in Scientific and Engineering Data
63 Electron and Optical Physics Division
73 Atomic Physics Division
87 Optical Technology Division
103 Ionizing Radiation Division
117 Time and Frequency Division
131 Quantum Physics Division
Appendices
145 A. Awards and Honors
147 B. Publications
173 C. Invited Talks
187 D. Technical and Professional Committee Participation
199 E. Sponsored Workshops, Conference, and Symposia
201 F. Journal Editorships
203 G. Industrial Interactions
211 H. Other Agency Research and Consulting
217 1 . Calibration Services and Standard Reference Materials
227 J. Acronyms
239 K. Panel Roster
iii Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this report in order to specify the experimental procedure adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
IV
PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT
DRAFT AGENDA - 12/16/01
Meeting of the Panel for Physics February 19-21, 2002 Boulder, CO
Tuesday, February 19
7:00 p.m. Reception at the Broker Inn, American Room, Boulder, CO
Wednesday, February 20- Room GC-402, NOAA Building
8:00 a.m. Executive Session, including NRC discussion of panel balance and composition (Panel, NRC Staff)
8:45 a.m. Welcome and Introductions - Janet Fender, Chair, Panel for Physics
9:00 a.m. Director's Welcome and Charge to Panel - Arden Bement, Director, NIST
9:30 a.m. Laboratory Overview - Katharine B. Gebbie, Director, Physics Laboratory
10:25 a.m. Discussion
10:45 a.m. Break
1 1:00 a.m. Physics Laboratory contributions to NIST Strategic Focus Areas:
1 1:00 Nanotechnology - Robert Celotta, NIST Fellow, Leader, Electron Physics Group
1 1:30 Quantum Information Program - David Wineland, NIST Fellow, Leader, Ion Storage Group
12:00 noon Lunch - GB-124, NOAA Building
1 :()() Health Care - Bert Coursey, Chief, Ionizing Radiation Division
1 :30 p.m. Poster Session
3:00 p.m. Laboratory Tours (3 tours for each of 3 groups)
4:00 p.m. Executive Session (Panel, NRC staff)
6:30 p.m. Cocktails and Dinner - Boulder Cork (Please place your dinner selection ticket at your seat to aid the wait staff in meat distribution)
Thursday, February 21 - Room GC-402, NOAA Building
8:00 a.m. Executive Session (Panel, NRC staff)
1 1:00 a.m. Feedback Session with Laboratory Managers
12:00 noon Adjourn
V
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899- OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR
NOV 3 0 2001
MEMORANDUM FOR Board on Assessment of NIST Programs and Its Panels r From: Karen H. Brown Acting Director
Subject: Charge to the National Research Council Board on Assessment of NIST Programs for the FY 2002 Evaluation
I am extremely grateful to the members of the Board on Assessment and its panels for the time, effort, and expertise that all of you devote to evaluating the technical quality of the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s (NIST’s) laboratory programs. Your findings are a central component of our performance evaluation system and help NIST remain a top-quality science and technology agency serving the nation’s measurement needs. NIST highly values your hard work and insights in assessing our laboratory programs, and we look forward to working closely and productively with you in FY 2002.
NIST’s mission is to develop and promote measurement, standards, and technology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, and improve the quality of life. The NIST Laboratories conduct research to anticipate future metrology and standards needs, to enable new scientific and technological advances, and to continuously improve and refine existing measurement methods and services.
For FY 2002, 1 ask that the Board on Assessment continue your longstanding focus on assessing the technical merit and relevance of NIST’s laboratory programs. I also ask the Board to continue your focus on assessing the relevance of NIST work to the needs of our customers, a focus first emphasized last year. Potential demand for NIST measurement and standards will always exceed our limited resources. We ask the Board to continue to help us maximize the impact of our laboratory programs by focusing on the most significant needs of our customers.
In summary, I ask the Board on Assessment to focus its FY 2002 assessment of the NIST Laboratories on four factors:
• the technical merit of the laboratory programs relative to the state-of-the-art worldwide; • the effectiveness with which the laboratory programs are carried out and the results disseminated to their customers; • the relevance of the laboratory programs to the needs of their customers; and
NIST • the ability of the Laboratories’ facilities, equipment, and human resources to enable the
Laboratories to fulfill their mission and meet their customers’ needs.
With its mix of experts from industry, academia, and government agencies, the Board is well positioned to help NIST evaluate its laboratory programs on each of these factors. As in past years, your findings will be valued not only by NIST but also by the Department of Commerce, the Administration, and Congress as they strive to ensure an optimal return on the public’s investment in NIST. The Board’s reports, statements, and briefings—based on independent and comprehensive expert peer review—are a cornerstone of NIST’s performance evaluation system and are featured prominently in our reports to the Administration and Congress under the terms of the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA). The Board’s annual published assessment is a thorough and comprehensive document of great value to NIST and our stakeholders. I would also like to discuss the opportunity for the Board to provide a brief executive summary in addition to the complete assessment to help more broadly disseminate the Board’s key findings.
NIST expects that future scientific and technology advances will continue to be more interdisciplinary, including such fields as biosciences and health care, information technology, and nanotechnology. We thank the Board for their insight in experimenting with crosscutting panels to assess some of NIST’s interdisciplinary work, including the FY 2001 review of microelectronics programs and the upcoming FY 2002 review of measurement services. We look forward to working closely with the NRC BoA to evaluate the value and effectiveness of these reviews within the context of the overall review process.
The Board can further help NIST’s performance evaluation process by tracking over time NIST’s responses to the Board’s findings and recommendations. Thus I ask the Board to include in your
FY 2002 evaluation an assessment of NIST’s responses to your FY 2001 report. I look forward to discussing with the Board the possibility of systematically tracking NIST’s responses to your findings and recommendations from year to year and over several years in future evaluations.
Thank you again for contributing your time and expertise to assess the quality and relevance of NIST’s laboratory programs. Your expert, objective appraisal is crucial to helping NIST continuously improve its programs and effectiveness.
cc: Executive Board Program Office Dorothy Zolandz
—
PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT
MESSAGE TO THE PANEL FOR PHYSICS
Katharine B. Gebbie
My colleagues and I join our new Director, Arden the U.S. economy must await the team’s definition Benient, in welcoming you to the Panel for Physics. of the NIST focus within each area. We recognize the increasing demands on your time and appreciate your willingness to give us your PROGRAMMATIC BALANCE views on the technical merit, relevance and effec- In its overall planning process, the Laboratory tiveness of our programs. We value the returning strives to achieve a balanced portfolio of programs members for the continuity they provide in the that range from the development and delivery of assessment process and the new members for their measurement services to the fundamental research fresh perspectives. on which the future of these serv ices depends. While The Laboratory managers wish to thank the we appreciate the recognition afforded our contri- returning members for their strong encouragement butions to frontier science, the cost is that we tend to articulate an overall strategic vision and goals to to be identified with fundamental research rather convey to our stakeholders the value and effective- than with our world-class services in time and fre- ness of our programs. We look forward to hearing quency. optical and ionizing radiation, and physical your views on our new strategic plan. This plan is reference data. These services constitute some of consistent with, and supportive of, NIST's 2010 NIST’s longest-standing and closest ties with indus- exercise to envision the Institute's future over the try and the technical community. next decade, establish long-term strategic goals, At the same time that we are focusing our re- and implement a plan for achieving those goals. To sources for greater impact, we must be mindful of this end, NIST is seeking internal input on future our responsibility to provide the broad measure- opportunities and external input on the future ment infrastructure capable of responding to diverse environment for NIST and our stakeholders. On and rapidly changing national needs. Just as our the basis of this input, NIST has refined its mission, knowledge of radiation processing positioned us to vision and core values and is developing a strategic lead the interagency effort to sterilize the Nation's plan to maximize its impact. mail, so our experience in microwave spectroscopy STRATEGIC FOCUS is allowing us to develop standards for the detec- tion of sarin and other nerve gases. In another area, As part of this process, the organizational unit we are responding to a top priority of the Council directors have identified six strategic focus areas for Optical Radiation Measurements with a major areas in which NIST as a whole has the greatest effort to improve photometric measurements of potential to improve its impact on productivity, LED sources so that the lighting industry may meet market access, and public benefit. Of these areas, its goal of 50 percent market penetration by 2025. three are programmatic—nanotechnology, health- We are pleased to report that, following our care, and information/knowledge management success in obtaining competence funding for quan- and three are organizational—people, customer tum information in FY2001, our new thrust in focus, and information technology infrastructure. biophysics has been funded in FY2002 as part of
Interdisciplinary teams of NIST staff are currently an interlaboratory effort in single molecule mani- identifying existing programs and resources rele- pulation and measurement. We appreciate the vant to each area and developing program and busi- Panel’s endorsement of our efforts in both these ness plans for future resource commitment. Those areas. of you who have already served on the Physics Panel I look forward to meeting with you, as sched- will appreciate that, not surprisingly, many of our ules allow, at your divisional meetings and to programs align well with the NIST strategic focus presenting the Faboratory's strategic plan to you at areas. Yet a meaningful demonstration of impact on our meeting in February.
1
PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT
INTRODUCTION
SCOPE
This report summarizes the technical programs of vigor, and excellence of our research programs the Physics Laboratory for FY 2001 (October 1, provide credibility for our services, so the ncreas-
2000 to September 30, 2001 ). The Laboratory is one ing demands on our services provide the direction of seven major technical units of NIST. It consists and motivation for our research programs. of six divisions: Electron and Optical Physics, A good example can be found in our Time and Atomic Physics, Optical Technology, Ionizing Frequency Division. Here we provide seven differ- Radiation, Time and Frequency (Boulder), and ent kinds of time and frequency services, ranging
Quantum Physics (Boulder). Located in the Labora- from our radio stations, which have spawned a tory office are two cross-cutting programs, the whole new industry in radio controlled clocks, to Fundamental Constants Data Center and the Office our Internet Time Service, which receives 250 for Electronic Commerce in Scientific and Engi- million hits a day, to our Frequency Measurement neering Data. The Quantum Physics Division is and Analysis Service, which is used mainly by major the NIST component of J1LA, a major, cooperative, industrial calibration laboratories that serve the research program with the University of Colorado. highest industrial and governmental demands. The Physics Laboratory supports the NIST To meet an immediate, challenging, industrial mission by providing measurement services and need, we are now working with industry to respond research for electronic, optical, and radiation tech- to a DARPA initiative to develop a revolutionary nology. We aim to provide the best possible founda- chip-scale atomic clock based on MEMS and tion for measuring optical and ionizing radiation, VCSEL technologies. time and frequency, and fundamental quantum At the same time, we are anticipating the need processes. We maintain the U.S. national standards for still more accurate atomic clocks by working on for the Systeme International (SI) base units of time three, new, primary frequency standards— a cesium (the second), light (the candela), and high tempera- fountain standard, a laser-cooled cesium atomic clock ture (above 1200 K). We provide the basis for for the International Space Station, and an all-optical such SI derived units as the hertz (frequency), the atomic clock referenced to the 1 .064 petahertz trans- becquerel (radioactivity), and the optical watt and ition in a single, laser cooled, trapped mercury ion the lumen (light intensity). and a femtosecond, mode-locked, laser frequency Scientists in the Physics Laboratory work comb. w ith industry and the other Laboratories of NIST Equally exciting is that the scientists in the to develop new' measurement technologies that Division's ion cooling research group have posi- can be applied to areas such as communications, tioned them as world leaders in the new' field of microelectronics, magnetics, photonics, industrial quantum information with their work on trapped, radiation processing, the environment, health care, cooled ion frequency standards. transportation, defense, energy, and space. A similar story could be told about our other divisions. For example, the Ionizing Radiation
DELIVERING RESULTS Division is now' working with Exxon at the NIST Cold Neutron Research Facility to use the Physics The strength of NIST in general, and of the Physics Laboratory’s neutron interferometer - the world's Laboratory in particular, is that we are vertically most sensitive - to image water in fuel cells. At the integrated with a balanced portfolio of programs, same time it is leading interagency initiatives and from those that address the immediate needs of working with industry on ways to sterilize the mail industry, government, and the scientific community, with electron beam radiation. to the more fundamental research that anticipates the Nation's future needs. The Physics Laboratory The Physics Laboratory is proud that it has addresses the fundamental triad of standards, mea- some of NIST's longest-standing and closest ties surement methods, and data in a climate of vigor- with industry. For example, in optics, we estab- ous and competitive research. Just as the breadth. lished in 1972 the Council for Optical Radiation
3 PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS LABORATORY OFFICE
Measurements (CORM) to define pressing problems metrology. Our scientists contribute to important and projected national needs in radiometry and pho- practical programs as well as strategic, funda- tometry. It is a non-profit organization composed of mental research. The Laboratory's great strengths
individual members from 150 companies, 35 govern- include not only its multiple contributions to basic ment agencies, and 25 universities interested in physics, chemistry, and materials science and its measurements of optical radiation including ultra- seminal role in fundamental measurement technol- violet, visible, and infrared. Its aim is to establish a ogy, but also the application of this measurement consensus among interested parties on requirements technology to specific industrial requirements. for physical standards, calibration services, and collaborative programs in the field of optical radia- ORGANIZATION OF REPORT tion measurements. This report has nine main sections: organization In 1992, building on the success of CORM, and personnel; program planning and proposals; we formed the Council for Ionization Radiation and seven sections focused on highlights of the Measurements and Standards (CIRMS) to advance year's accomplishments and current and future and disseminate the physical standards needed for opportunities for the Laboratory’s cross-cutting the safe and effective application of ionization radi- programs and the six divisions. Following these ation, including vacuum ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma- sections are appendices listing some of our output: rays and energetic particles such as electrons, publications, talks, collaborations, etc. To obtain protons, and neutrons. Technological applications more information about particular work, the reader include medical diagnostics and therapy, public should address the appropriate scientists or the and environmental radiation protection, occupa- Physics Laboratory office: tional radiation protection, industrial applications and materials effects, medical device sterilization, Physics Laboratory food irradiation, and, most recently, sterilization of National Institute of Standards and Technology the U.S. mail. This relationship with radiation users, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8400 formalized only recently, dates back to the founding Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8400 of NBS in 1901 and the discovery of the x-ray. Telephone: 301-975-4200 In the case of Time and Frequency services, Website: http://phvsics.nist.uov we determine industrial and national needs by a combination of decadal surveys, responses to Our website includes administrative and tech- phones calls and queries, and contacts with manu- nical information, tables of evaluated reference facturers of WWWVB clocks and GPS receivers. data, research summaries, image galleries, and We are, even now, analyzing the 18,000 responses tutorial materials. One of the most popular websites we have received to our 2001 survey. at NIST with about 700,000 downloads per month,
Whatever the criteria of success, the Laboratory it has won several awards for the quality of its con- is among the world's leaders in basic and applied tent and presentation.
4
PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT
ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
Organizational Charts;
Rosters of Division Staff;
Summary of Staff by Type of Appointment;
List of Guest Researchers;
Functional Statements.
5 PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
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6 PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
7
PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL ANNUAL REPORT
PHYSICS LABORATORY OFFICE (840)
Katharine B. Gebbie, Director A.K. Sweigert, Secretary
William R. Ott, Deputy Director B. Coalman, Secretary
J. Adams, Scientific Assistant
J. Hardis, Scientific Assistant
J. Beck, Senior Management Advisor and Executive Officer K. Combs, Administrative Officer (840, 844) M. Dewese, Administrative Officer (846)
T. Gladhill, Computer Specialist (all Divisions) K. Haugh, Administrative Officer (841,842)
J. Michael (S) V. Weedon, Administrative Assistant
FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS OFFICE OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE IN DATA CENTER (840.01) SCIENTIFIC & ENGINEERING DATA (840.02) (reprogrammed into the Atomic R. Dragoset, Manager Physics Division) M. Hane, Secretary (1/2) B. Taylor, Manager A. Kishore (S) M. Hane, Secretary (1/2) K. Olsen D. Schwab (S) A. Sansonetti (S) G. Wiersma
(FH) Faculty Hire (NRC) NRC Postdoctoral Research Associate
(S) Student (IPA) Intergovernmental Personnel Act
9 PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION (841)
C.W. Clark, Chief H. Felrice, Secretary
J. Chang (S)
M. Edwards (I PA) W. Reinhardt (FH)
J. Toth (S) E. Wells (S)
J. Williams (NRC)
PHOTON PHYSICS (.01) FAR UV PHYSICS (.02) ELECTRON PHYSICS (.03)
T. Lucatorto, Group Leader C. Clark, Acting Group Leader R. Celotta, Group Leader
C. Brown, Secretary ( 1/2) C. Brown, Secretary ( 1/2) S. Duvall, Admin. Spt. Asst.
U. Arp A. Farrell A. Band S. Grantham M. Furst R. Biss Z. Levine R. Graves (Deceased) S. Blankenship M. Squires (S) A. Fein C. Tarrio S. Hill (NRC) R. Vest E. Hudson (NRC)
E. Wilcox (S) J. Lee
J. McClelland D. Penn D. Pierce C. Sosolik (NRC) M. Stiles
J. Stroscio
J. Unguris
(FH ) Faculty Hire (NRC) NRC Postdoctoral Research Associate
(S) Student (IPA) Intergovernmental Personnel Act PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842)
W.L. Wiese, Chief
S. Sullivan, Secretary
ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY QUANTUM PROCESSES PLASMA RADIATION
J. Reader, Group Leader P. Julienne, Group Leader J. Gillaspy, Group Leader
P. Novosel, Secretary ( 1/2) T. Antrobius, Secretary P. Novosel, Secretary (1/2) B. Whipp, Data Asst/Secretary
J. Curry G. Bryant D. Alderson W. DeGraffenreid (NRC) E. Bolda(NRC) E. Benck
J. Fuhr J. Burke (NRC) J. Burnett
Y.-K. Kim B. Gao (1 PA) T. Moore M. Lindsay B. Kurtin L. Ratliff
P. Mohr E. Tiesinga J. Sanabia (NRC) A. Robey C. Williams G. Vieira (S) E. Saloman C. Sansonetti
LASER COOLING AND TRAPPING QUANTUM METROLOGY
W. Phillips, Group Leader E. Kessler, Acting Group Leader M. Fouche, Secretary P. Weir, Administrative Assistant
K. Emswiler L. Hudson
F. Fatemi (NRC) J. Lawall S. Gensemer (NRC) R. Matyi K. Helmerson M. Mendenhall (FH) K. Jones (IPA) J.-L. Staudenmann T. Killian (NRC) P. Lett M. Lim (NRC) L. Lising (NRC)
J. Obrecht
S. Peil T. Porto
J. Roberts (NRC)
S. Rolston
(FH) Faculty Hire (NRC) NRC Postdoctoral Research Associate
(S) Student (IPA) Intergovernmental Personnel Act
11 PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844)
A.C. Parr, Chief J.E. Hardis, Physicist R.A. Kuehl, Secretary V.R. Lenhart, Admin. Support Assistant
OPTICAL TEMPERATURE AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND SOURCE INFRARED TECHNOLOGY
R.D. Saunders, Group Leader R.V. Datla, Group Leader
T.V. Pipes, Secretary (1/2) R.C. Lee, Secretary ( 1/2)
D.W. Allen E.K. Chang (NRC) E.D. DeWitt (FH) L.M. Hanssen E.A.. Early S.G. Kaplan J.B. Fowler S.R. Lorentz C.E. Gibson J.P. Rice B.C. Johnson E.L. Shirley M.E. Nadal T.R. O'Brian (detailed to 106) E. Shen (S) B.K. Tsai H.W. Yoon
OPTICAL SENSOR LASER APPLICATIONS spectroscopic applications
Lykke, Group Leader J.C. Stephenson, Group Leader G.T. Fraser, Group Leader .C. Clifford, Secretary T.V. Pipes, Secretary (1/2) R.C. Lee, Secretary (1/2)
S.W. Brown D. Branning (NRC) E.A. Dauler S.S. Bruce K.A. Briggman A.R. Hight Walker E.S. Chu(S) P.M. Connelly J.T. Hougen G.P. Eppeldauer M.J. Fasolka (NRC) D.P. Johnson
E.M. Goren(S) T.A. Germer J. Lin R. Gupta S.N. Goldie (NRC) M. Litorja J.M. Houston L.S. Goldner A.L. Migdall T.C. Larason E.J. Heilweil D.F. Plusquellic C.C. Miller W.F. Heinz (NRC)
P.C. Moran (S) J. Hwang Y. Ohno L.K. Iwaki (NRC) P.S. Shaw B. Thomas (S) D. Shear (S) A. Migdall K. Weston
(FH) Faculty Hire (NRC) NRC Postdoctoral Research Associate
(S) Student (IPA) Intergovernmental Personnel Act PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846)
B.M. Coursey, Chief S.E. Bogarde, Secretary L. Costrell, Physicist
RADIATION INTERACTIONS NEUTRON INTERACTIONS AND DOSIMETRY AND DOSIMETRY RADIOACTIVITY
S.M. Seltzer, Group Leader D.M. Gilliam, Group Leader L.R. Karam, Group Leader W.M. Lease, Secretary C.R. Chin, Secretary A.G. Nimetz, Secretary
F.B. Bateman J.M. Adams J.T. Cessna P M. Bergstrom M. Arif R. Colie M.F. Desrosiers A.D. Carlson P.A. Hodge P.J. Lamperti N. Clarkson K.G.W. Inn M.R. McClelland M.S. Dewey Z.-C. Lin R. Minniti T.R. Gentile L.L. Lucas M.G. Mitch P.R. Huffman M.A. Millican C.M. O’Brien D.L. Jacobson L.S. Pibida J.M. Puhl A.K. Komives (NRC) M.P. Unterweger
J. Shobe J.S. Nico B.E. Zimmerman C.G. Soares D.R. Rich (NRC) J.H. Sparrow A.K. Thompson
(FH) Faculty Hire (NRC) NRC Postdoctoral Research Associate
(S) Student (IPA) Intergovernmental Personnel Act
13 PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847)
I). Sullivan, Chief G. Bennett, Sec. and Editorial Assist. H. Quartemont, Admin. Officer K. Belver, Admin. Specialist S. Kierein, Admin. Assist. E. Petty, Admin. Assist.
TIME & FREQUENCY SERVICES NETWORK SYNCHRONIZATION
J. Lowe, Leader J. Levine, Project Leader
M. Lombardi A. Gifford A. Novick L. Nelson
Ft. Collins-WWV ATOMIC STANDARDS M. Deutch, Chief Engineer T. Parker, Leader G. Nelson J. Gray D. Sutton T. Heavner B. Yates S. Jefferts J. Folley T. Peppier M. Weiss Hawaii-WWVH T. Heavner
D. Okayama, Chief Engineer
E. Farrow D. Patterson A. Ochinansj
ION STORAGE PHASE NOISE OPTICAL FREQUENCY RESEARCH MEASUREMENTS MEASUREMENTS
D. Wineland, Leader Vacant, Project Leader L. Hollberg, Leader
J. Bergquist D. Howe S. Diddams
J. Bollinger C. Nelson R. Fox R. Drullinger C. Oates W. Itano H. Robinson D. Kielpinski
J. Kriesel (NRC) M. Rowe (NRC)
(FH ) Faculty Hire (NRC) NRC Postdoctoral Research Associate
(S) Student (IPA) Intergovernmental Personnel Act
14 PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848)
J.E. Fuller. Chief L. Perry, Secretary W.P. Mclnerny, Executive Officer E. Elolliness, Supply Officer
C. Frazee, Secretary (JILA) B. Homer, Technical Support ( JILA) D. Johnson, Admin. Support (JILA) S. Smith, Safety Officer (JILA)
Fundamental and Atomic, Molecular, Optical, Materials Interactions Precision Measurements and Nonlinear Physics and Characterization
E. Cornell B. Anderson (NRC) E. Hudson (JILA) A. Gallagher
J.E. Faller J. Bochinski (NRC) S. Inouye (JILA) S. Leone
J. Hall E. Cornell W. Jhe (JILA) D. Nesbitt S. Cundiff S. Johnson (JILA) J. Ye A. Gallagher T. Kishimoto (JILA) Y. An (JILA)
D. Alchenberger (JILA) S. Gensemer (NRC) A. Knight (JILA) A. Arrowsmith (JILA) W. Harper (NRC) P. Kohl (JILA) C. Blackledge (JILA) P. Beckingham (JILA) D. Jin P. Leland (JILA) J. Bohn (JILA) P. Bender (JILA) S. Leone L. Lin (JILA) J. Briggs (JILA) L. Chen (JILA) W.-Y. Cheng (JILA) T. Loftus (NRC) T. Marcy (JILA) M. Deskevich (JILA) N. Djuric (JILA) J. McGuirk(NRC) A. Mulhisen (JILA) T. Haeber(JILA) G. Dunn (JILA) D. Nesbitt V. Protasenko (JILA) D. Havey (JILA) K. Holman (JILA) J. Ye V. Lorenz (JILA) J. Hodak (JILA) J. Peng (JILA) J. Husband (JILA) C. Ishibashi (JILA) J. Ames (JILA) C. Regal (JILA) C. Ishibashi (JILA) J. Jost (JILA) V. Bierbaum (JILA) K. Rosza (JILA) B. Liu (JILA) H. Levvandowski (JILA) J. Bohn (JILA) E. Reith (JILA) J. Lucia (JILA) A. Marian (JILA) J. Briggs (JILA) D. Samuels (JILA) T. Marcy (JILA) M. Notcutt (JILA) I. Christov (JILA) J. Shacklette (JILA) L. McDonough (JILA) R. Stebbins (JILA) I. Coddington (JILA) S. Skinner (JILA) O. Monti (JILA) A. Vitouchkine (JILA) P. Engels (JILA) I. Smith (JILA) N. Moore (JILA)
T. Fortier (JILA) M. Smith (JILA) J. Preusser (JILA) L. Glandorf (JILA) A. Van Engen (JILA) H. Stauffer (NRC)
H. Green (JILA) Y-J. Wang GILA) J. Szarko (JILA) P. Haljan (JILA) X. Yang (JILA) E. Whitney (JILA) S. Han (JILA) M. Ziemkiewicz (JILA) D. Heard (JILA)
(JILA) Member working with a NIST scientist
(FH) Faculty Hire (NRC) NRC Postdoctoral Research Associate
(S) Student (IPA) Intergovernmental Personnel Act
15
PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
PHYSICS LABORATORY OFFICE
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Dehmer, Patricia Department of Energy Atomic, molecular, and optical physical 12/1995 to 12/2000 research
Hudson, Ralph Self Special issue of NIST J. of Research com th 7/1998 to 7/2001 memorating 100 anniversary of NIST
King, David Self Programmatic thrusts in combinatorial 10/2000 to 10/2002 methods and biophysics
Tang, Cha-Mei Self Exploration of diverse aspects of x-ray 5/1999 to 5/2004 physics
Weber, A 1 foils Self Magneto-Raman spectroscopy of solid 3/1998 to 3/2002 state materials
Office of Electronic Commerce in Scientific and Engineering
Baker , Jonathan Self Unix system administration 10/2000 to 12/2000
Courser, Johnathan Self Atomic physics database development 10/2000 to 1/2001
Kotochigova, Svetlana Self Molecular spectroscopy database 2/2001 to 11/2001 development
Bold: Scientist Emeritus - Italic: Contractor PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION (841)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Blakie, Peter B. University of Otago Modeling and simulation of ultracold 9/01 to 9/02 Dunedin, New Zealand atomic gases
Burnett, Keith Oxford University Optical lattices in quantum computing 7/01 to 6/02 Oxford, UK
Edwards, Mark Georgia Southern University Bose-Einstein condensates 7/01 to 7/02 Statesboro, GA
Feder, David University of Maryland Quantum information; computational 10/01 to 10/02 College Park, MD models for vortice dynamics in BEC
Galbreath, Jacob P. Georgia Southern University Development of the NIST Beowulf 12/00 to 6/01 Statesboro, GA System
Mahaney, Timothy J. Georgia Southern University Development of the NIST Beowulf 12/00 to 6/01 Statesboro, GA System
Nygaard, Nicolai University of Maryland Computational models of degenerate 9/99 to 9/02 College Park, MD Bose and Fermi gases
Pellett, Braden Harvey Mudd College Quantum communication 5/01 to 8/01 Claremont, CA
Safronova, Marianna University ofNotre Dame Develop models describing behavior of 9/01 to 9/02 South Bend, IN 46556 ultra-cold atoms
Schneider, Barry National Science Foundation Collaborative research on atomic and 10/92 to 7/02 Washington, DC molecular theory
Wells, Ed W. Georgia Southern University Development of the NIST Beowulf 12/00 to 6/01 Statesboro, GA System
Zannoni, Alberto University of Maryland Computational models of Bose and 7/99 to 7/01 College Park, MD Fermi gases
Photon Physics Group
Arp, Uwe University of Maryland Establishment of infrared micro- 12/00 to 8/01 College Park, MD scope facility at SURF
Baciero, Alfonso Laboratorio Nacional de Study of luminescent materials 5/01 to 5/02 Fusion, CIEMAT, Spain
Canfield, Randal! Self Development ofpulsed EUV radiometry 5/01 to 5/02
Frigo, Sean Nuovci Vista Tomography with scanning transmis- 7/01 to 7/16/01 Las Grange, IL sion electron microscopy
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18 PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION (841) - (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Photon Physics Group (Continued)
Griesmatm, Ulf Self Design and construction ofFTS on ' 6/01 to 12/01 Beamline 5
McCarthy, Kieran Laboratorio Nacional de Fusion Study of luminescent materials 5/01 to 5/02 CIEMAT, Spain
McNaught, Stuart University of Maryland Pulsed EUV radiometry 8/00 to 7/01 College Park, MD
Parra, Enrique University of Maryland Pulsed EUV radiometry 6/00 to 5/01 College Park, MD
Rogers, Raymond Frostburg State University' Computation of electron mean field 5/01 - 8/01 Frostburg, MD paths in electron storage ring
Spider, Ebehard Spider X-Ray Optics Matching NIST EUV capabilities to 10/00 to 12/00 Mt. Kisco, NY EUV-LLC
Wilcox, Eva Brigham Voting University' EUV Photodiodes 5/01 to 8/01 Salt Lake City, UT
Far UV Physics Group
Deng, Lu Self EUV Optics and overall system upgrade 9/01 to 8/02 for calibration beamline at SURF 111
Eparvier, Francis University of Colorado Irradiance calibration of instruments 3/01 to3/02 Boulder, CO
Fein, Elliott Self SURF III computerized control system 9/01 to 7/02
Hagley, Edward Self SURF Operations 11/00 to 10/31-01
Hughey, Lanny Self Upgrade of SURF III operations 12/00 to 12/01
Mehena, Galila Cairo University Synchrotron-based radiometry and
7/00 to 7/01 Giza, Egypt optics at SURF III
Ucker, Gregory University of Colorado Irradiance calibrations for NASA 3/01 to 3/02 Boulder, CO missions
Wen, Jesse Self Quantum communications 3/01 to 3/02
Woods, Thomas N. University of Colorado Irradiance calibrations for NASA 3/01 to 3/02 Boulder, CO missions
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19 PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION (841) - (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Electron Physics Group
Khalilov, Samed University of Technology Develop computer codes to compute 1/00 to 8/01 Dresden, Germany electronic structure of materials
Martinez, Yenny Brigham Young University' Construction ofa hollow-cathode-lamp- 5/01 to 8/01 Sa/t Lake City', Utah based laserfrequency locking system
Monchesky, Theodore Simon Faser University > Develop procedures for creating high
9/00 to 3/01 Burnaby, BC, Canada quality > epitaxial magnetic films
Monchesky, Theodore Simon Faser University Develop procedures for creating high 4/01 to 10/01 Burnaby, BC, Canada quality epitaxial magnetic films
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20 PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Fritzsche, Stephan University of Kassel, Atomic structure theory
1 1/00 to 12/00 Kassel, Germany
Barry Taylor Self Fundamental Constants 4/01 to 4/02
Atomic Spectroscopy Group
Ali, Mahamed Asgar Howard University Transition probabilities calculations 1/91 to 12/00 Washington, DC
Desclaux, Jean-Paul Self Realativistic atomic structure code 4/01 to 5/01
Jentschura, Ulrich Technical University Relativistic atomic structure calculations 10/96 to 8/01 Dresden, Germany
Kelleher , Dan Self Atomic spectra database 4/00 to 10/01
Martin, William Self Atomic spectroscopic data 12/99 to 12/01
Nave, Gillian Harvard College Observatory, Spectral data by Fourier Transform Spec- 6/94 to 12/01 Cambridge, MA troscopy
Offner, Stella Wellesley College Laser spectroscopy of atomic lithium 5/01 to 8/01 Wellesley, MA
Podobedova, Larissa Self Evaluation oftransition probabilities 4/97 to 12/01
Sansonetti, Jean Self Atomic spectroscopy data 11/98 to 10/01
Stone, Philip U.S. Department of Energy Atomic and molecular collision theory 6/96 to 12/01 Washington, DC
Tauheed, Ahmad Aligarh Muslim University Experimental atomic structure 6/01 to 10/01 Aligarh. India
Veza, Damir Department of Physics Laser spectroscopy 7/01 to 9/01 University of Zagreb
Bold: Scientist Emeritus Italic: Contractor PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Quantum Processes Group
Chaumet, Patrick Institut Fresnel Marseille Coherent control 08/01 to 09/01 France Electron-phonon dynamics in quantum Falk. Abram Swarthmore College dot quantum wells 5/01 to 8/01 Swarthmore, PA
Jaskolski, W. Nicholas Copernicus University Quantum dots 9/01 to 10/01 Torun, Poland
Kotochigova, Svetlana Self Electronic structure calculations for 3/97 to 12/01 atom/atom interactions
Leo, Paul University College of London Cold collisions 9/99 to 2/01 London, England
Mies, Fred Self Cold collisions 1/9S to 12/01
Rahmani, Adel Universite de Bourgogne Near-field optics 1/99 to 06/02 Dijon, France
Sklarz, Shlomo Weizmann Institute of Science Coherent control 07/01 to 07/01 Rehovot, Israel
Tannor, David Weizmann Institute of Science Coherent control for Quantum Interface 07/01 to 07/01 Rehovot, Israel
Trippenback, Marek University of Warsaw, Bose-Einstein Condensates 07/01 to 08/01 Warsaw, Poland
Venturi, Vanessa James Cook University Quantum information 06/01 to 05/02 Townsville, Australia
Xie, Rui-Hua Queen’s University Nanostructures and nano-optics 09/01 to 09/02 Kingston ON, Canada
Plasma Radiation Group
Bandler, S. Harvard-Smiths. Astrophys. Obs. Electron Beam Ion Trap 12/00 to 2/01 Cambridge, MA
Beeler, Matthew Miami University Plasma process measurement 5/01 to 8/01 Oxford, OH
Berenyi, Zoltan Hungarian Academy Science Electron Beam Ion Trap 8/00 to 7/01 Debrecen, Hungary
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NIST ASSOCIATES
ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Plasma Radiation Group (Continued)
Briand, Jean-Pierre University P&M Curie, Electron Beam Ion Trap 6/02 to 6/02 Paris, France
Bridges, M. Self Atomic transition probabilities in a wall 5/97 to 7/02 stabilized arc source.
Calamai, Anthony Appalachian State Univ. Boone Electron Beam Ion Trap 12/99 to 12/01 Boone, NC
Cheng, Hai-Ping Dept. Physics, Univ. Florida Molecular dynamics stimulation at the 7/98 to 12/01 Gainesville, FL NIST EBIT facility
Defreeze, Frank Harvard-Smiths. Astrophys. Obs. Electron Beam Ion Trap 7/99 to 7/01 Cambridge, MA
Etemadi, Kasra State Univ. New York - Buffalo GEC plasma reference cell 1/00 to 12/00 Buffalo, New York
Griesmann, Ulf Harvard College Observatory, DUV materials characterization 4/94 to 3/01 Cambridge, MA
Kink, Umar University of Lund, Study of spectra and lifetimes of various 8/99 to 12/01 Lund, Sweden highly charged ions using EBIT
Klose, Jules Self Critical compilations ofoscillator strengths 12/99 to 12/00 for neutral and singly ionized barium
Knoche. Andreas University of Hannover Fourier transform spectrometry 9/00 to 2/01 Hannover, Germany
Roberts, Jim Self Electron Beam Ion Trap 5/00 to 4/01
Schnopper, Herbert Harvard-Smiths. Astrophys. Obs. Electron Beam Ion Trap 12/00 to 12/01 Cambridge, MA
Schuch, Reinhold Stockholm University, Electron Beam Ion Trap 12/00 to 12/00 Stockholm, Germany
Silver, Eric Harvard-Smiths. Astrophys. Obs. Electron Beam Ion Trap 2/01 to 2/04 Cambridge, MA
Szabo, Csilla Kossuth Lajos University Electron Beam Ion Trap 8/00 to 6/01 Debrecen, Hungary
Takacs, Endre Hungarian Academy of Sciences Electron Beam Ion Trap 4/93 to 5/02 Debrecen, Hungary
Bold: Scientist Emeritus Italic: Contractor PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Laser Cooling and Trapping Group
Araujo, Luis Eduardo University of Rochester Laser cooling 12/00 to 12/02 Rochester, NY
Boyer, Vincent Institut d'Optique Laser cooling 4/00 to 8/02 Cedex, Paris, France
Browaeys, Antoine Institut d'Optique Laser cooling 11/00 to 11/02 Paris, France
Cho, DougHynn Korea University Laser cooling 7/00 to 12/00 Seoul, Korea
Coelho, Raquel Univ, Federal De Pernambuco Laser cooling 8/00 to 8/01 Pernambuco, Brazil
Denschlag, Johannes University of Innsbruck Laser cooling 11/99 to 11/00 Innsbruck, Austria
Diot, Quentin Ecole Polytechnique Laser cooling 04/01 to 07/01 Palaiscau, France
Dumke, Rainer University of Hannover Laser cooling 9/00 to 3/01 Hannover, Germany
Laura Feeney Miami University Studies of ultracold plasmas formed 5/01 to 8/01 Miami, FL from laser-cooled xenon versity
Haeffner, Hartmut University of Mainz Laser cooling 11/00 to 10/01 Mainz, Germany
Hastings, Sara Pomona College Micro-assembly with optical forces. 5/01 to 8/01 Claremont, CA
Hensinger, Winfried University of Queensland Laser cooling 04/01 to 08/01 Brisbane, Australia lams, Sarah Williams College Photoassociation Spectroscopy 5/01 to 8/01 Williamstown, MA
King, Brian University of Maryland Laser cooling 10/99 to 10/02 College Park, MD
Kishore, Rani Self Optical tweezers 2/94 to 12/01
Kulander, Kenneth Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab Time-dependent dynamics of trapped 9/01 to 8/02 Livermore, CA atoms
Bold: Scientist Emeritus Italic: Contractor PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Laser Cooling and Trapping Group (Continued)
Kulin, Simone-Gunde Ecole Normale Superieure Laser cooling
1 1/97 to 5/02 Paris, France
McKenney, Sara University of Maryland Micro-assembly with optical forces 5/01 to 8/01 College Park, Maryland
McKenzie, Callum University of Otago Laser cooling 9/00 to 8/02 Dunedin, New Zealand
Millard, Anne Ecole Superieure d’Optique Laser cooling 6/01 to 08/01 Orsay, France
Upcrofit, Benjamin University of Queensland Laser cooling 04/01 to 05/01 Brisbane, Australia
Quantum Metrology Group
Campbell, Sarah Grinnell College Digital Laue X-Ray Camera 5/1 to 8/01 Grinnell, IA
Henins, Albert Self Crystal and instrument technology’ 7/99 to 7/02
Lantz, Blandine Ecole Superieure d'Optique Atomic displacement metrology 6/01 to 8/01 Orsay, France
Marquette, Amaud Centre Universitaire de Paris Atomic displacement metrology 2/01 to 11/01 Orsay, France
Owens, Scott Goddard Space Flight Center Multilayer mirror coatings for x-ray 6/99 to 6/02 Greenbelt, MD coatings
Pedulla, Joe Self Analysis ofthinfilm and multilayer 9/99 to 9/01 production and x-ray metrology'
Prudnikov, Ilya Lomonosov Moscow State Univ. Advanced modeling of x-ray scatterin: 7/00 to 8/01 Moscow, Russia by thin films
Bold: Scientist Emeritus Italic: Contractor PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Optical Temperature and Source Group
Alien. David Self Electrical wiring system of Medium 10/09 to 5/01 Background Infrared Chamber
Andor, Gvorgy Hungarian Natl Office of Measures Develop new state-of-the-art colorimetry 8/01 to 11/01 Nemetrologyi, Hungary to measure color samples
Annageri. Martby Aerotech, Inc Design and install a radiative heat flux
2/95 to 12/03 Hampton, VA calibration fac'dity
Butler, Justin Rochester Inst, of Technology Non-linearity determination of InGaAs 5/01 to 8/01 Rochester, NY detectors
Castelletto, Stefania Istituto Electtrotecnico Development of a single photon source 10/7 to 4/6/01 Turin, Italy for quantum communications
Chen. Donghai University' of Florida Rapid thermal processing (RTP) of 5/01 to 5/02 Gainesville, FL materials
Eckerle. Kenneth Self Develop spectrophotometric artifacts and 1/00 to 6/01 standards
Habauzit, Catharine Universite Claude Bemary Characterize the MOBY spectroradiometer 10/00 to 12/00 Cedex, France and applied results taken in the filed.
Korter, Timothy University of Pittsburgh Provide research and development in 6/01 to 5/02 Pittsburgh, PA spectroscopy
Molina-Vazque Centro Nacional de Metrologia Procedures to perform photometric and
8/01 to 9/01 Queretaro , Mexico radiometric calibrations
Proctor, James Jeptech, Inc Planning afacility to measure spectral 2/00 to 5/03 Monrovia, MD irradiance and radiance
Saunders, Robert Self Collect and archive datafrom a UV 5/01 to 12/01 monitoring station
Stamilio. Rebecca Appalachin State University SURF 5/01 to 8/01 Boone, NC
Yokley, Charles Self Design and construct a PID system 1/99 to 12/02
Bold: Scientist Emeritus Italic: Contractor >
PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Optical Properties and Infrared Technology Group
Alicea, Emily University of Puerto Rico Modeling SURF beam line 5/01 to 8/01 Mayaguez, PR
Carter, Adriaan Jung Research & Develop. Corp. LBIR facility’, ultra-high vacuum and 7/97 to 5/02 Washington, DC cryogenic technology'
Colwell, Jack Self Proximity effect in low temperature 2/01 to 1/02 superconductors
Gupta, Devinder National Physical Laboratory Characterization of several materials 3/01 to 7/01 India selected for standard measurement
Jung, Timothy Self Design and install experimental appara- 10/95 to 5/02 tus at the NIST LBIR Facility
Lawler, Hadley Univ. Maryland - College Park Model far-infrared optical properties of 6/00 to 6/02 College Park, MD material
Lorentz, Steven Self Design and develop a 10 cm infrared 3/01 to 3/02 collimator at LBIR
Mekhontsev, Sergey Vega International, Inc. Development of facilities for infrared-spec- 6/00 to 9/02 New York, NY tral-radiance/emittance characterization.
O 'Connell, Joseph Jung Research & Dev. Center Thermal infrared transfer radiometer 11/00 to 5/04 Washington, DC
Prokhorov, Alexandre Vega International, Inc. Developing software tools for theoretical 9/00 to 10/02 New York, NY and ray trace studies of instrumentation
Raju, Sriramadas Andhra University Characterizing the high accuracy prism- 9/01 to 8/02 Andhra Pradesh, India grating spectrophotometer
Sears, Dale Jung Research & Dev. Corp. Research assistance in the LBIR facility 11/98 to 1/04 Washington, DC
Smith, Allan Jung Research & Dev. Corp. LBIR facility, ultra-high vacuum and 7/00 to 5/04 Washington, DC cryogenic technologies
Soininen, Juha Institut d’ Optique Applications of correlated photon light 1/00 to 9/02 Orsay, Cedex, France sources
Soulen, Robert Naval Research Laboratory Proximity effect in low Tc superconductors 9/00 to 12/02 Washington, DC
Tsolakidis, Argyrious Univ. Illinois - Urban-Champaign Calculating optical spectra of solids 8/01 to 12/01 Urbana, IL
Bold: Scientist Emeritus Italic: Contractor PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Optical Properties and Infrared Technology Group (Continued)
Woods, Gerald Naval Research Laboratory Spectral calibration of cryogenic black- 9/01 to 8/03 Washington, DC bodies
Zhu, Changjiang Jung Research & Dev. Corp. Infrared spectrophotometric measurement 10/95 to 12/01 Washington, DC instrumentation
Optical Sensors Group
Galal, Susan PTB UV damage to photodetectors 10/00 to 10/00 Braunschweig, Germany
Heimer, Todd Self Time-Resolved Laser Spectroscopy of 6/98 to 9/02 Catalytic Polymerization Reactions
Kranicz, Balacz University of Veszprem Investigate the effects of various spectro- 9/00 to 12/00 Veszprem Hungary radiometer parameters
Manoocheri, Farshid Helsinki U. Tech/Metl. Res. Inst. Investigate uncertainty of colorimetric 8/00 to 8/01 Hut, Finland measurements of visual displays
Santana, Carlos University of Puerto Rico Tunable led-sphere source 5/01 to 8/01 Mayaguez, PR
Sauter, Georg" PTB Photometry short course 8/00 to 8/01 Braunschweig, Germany
Zhu, Qijun Natl. Inst. Meas. Testing Tech. Design and development of point black- 6/98 to 4/01 Changda, China body
Zong, Y uqin Shanghai Inst. Technical Physics Cryogenic radiometer 10/97 to 9/01 People's Republic of China
Laser Applications Group
Bardo, Angela University of Maryland Optical studies of single molecule structure 8/01 to 8/03 College Park, MD and dynamics
Branning, David University of Illinois Inhibited emission from a parametric down 8/01 to 9/01 Urbana, IL converter
Campbell, Matthew Sparta, Inc. Terahertz spectroscopy of biological 3/01 to 7/01 Arlington, VA spores and bacteria
Evans, Diane University of Maryland Characterization of thin films using near- 12/99 to 12/02 College Park, MD field scanning optical microscopy
Bold: Scientist Emeritus - Italic: Contractor PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Laser Applications Group (Continued)
Hasselmann, George John Hopkins University Studies of the far-infrared spectroscopy of 9/00 to 3/02 Baltimore, MD model DNA and protein systems
Heinz , William John Hopkins University Preparation and study ofthin organic films 1/00 to 10/02 biological or biomimetic membranes Baltimore , MD and
Iwabnchi, Shinichiro Japan Advance Inst. Sci. Tech. Imaging animal cells and molecules using 6/01 to 3/02 Ishikawa, Japan near-field scanning
Jacquier, Sandra Universite Jean Monnet Characterize the operational behavior of 6/01 to 10/01 Saint-Etienne, France MHPOSI
Jolivet, Veroniqne Institut d’Optique Near-field optics 6/01 to 8/01 Cexde, France
Kim, Junghyeun University of Maryland Measurement of light scatter 5/00 to 5/02 College Park, MD
McWhorter, David Self Build, maintain and develop a transient far 7/00 to 7/01 infrared (THz) laser spectrometer
Navarro, Bertrand Institut d'Optique Supervise the research on the application 4/00 to 10/00 Orsay, Cedex, France of near-field optics
Nguyen, Hoang-phi Institut d’Optique Researach on application of near-field 6/01 to 8/01 Cedex, France optic
Sung, Lipiin University of Maryland Optical scattering metrology 7/98 to 8/01 College Park, MD
Spectroscopic Applications Group
Baranov, Yuri Inst. Experimental Meterology Measuring thecontinuum absorption 10/01 to 8/02 Obninsk. Russia spectrum of water vapor
Bevan, John Texas A&M University Study weakly bound interactions using
9/00 to 9/01 College Station, TX pulsed nozzle ft microwave spectroscopy.
Domenech, Jose Con. Sup. Invest. Cientificas Development of a terahertz spectrometer 10/00 to 10/01 Madrid, Spain using dye lasers.
Flaud, Jean-Marie Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie Analysis of the high resolution infrared 7/00 to 8/00 Osrsay Cedex, France spectrum of diborane.
Golubiantnikov, Guerman Applied Physics Institute of RAS Research in the area of terahertz spectros- 2/00 to 1/01 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia copy.
Hougen, Jon Self Theoretical molecular spectroscopy 3/01 to 3/02
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29 PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Spectroscopic Applications Group (Continued)
Jacox, Marilyn Self Spectroscopy of molecular ions 1/00 to 1/01
Kawashima, Yoshiyuki Kanagawa-Ken Inst. Tech. Terahertz spectroscopy 7/00 to 9/01 Kanagawa, Japan
Kleiner, Isabelle University of Paris II Acetaldehyde spectra 6/99 to 8/00 Paris, France
Krohn, Burton Self Develop new theoretical methods in 10/01 to 9/02 molecular spectroscopy
Lafferty, Walter Self Spectroscopy of atmospherically impor- 1/00 to 1/01 tant molecules
Lavrich, Richard Kent State University Measuring the rotational spectra of isotopic 7/00 to 7/01 Kent, OH molecules
Lee, Ronald University of New Brunswick Research connected with DOE grant 8/01 to 8/01 Fredericton, Canada
Leonov, Igor Russian Academy ofScience FT microwave spectrometer 6/97 to 9/01 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Lin, Ping Texas A & M University Study weakly bound interactions using 9/00 to 9/00 College Station, TX pulsed nozzle FT microwave spectroscopy
Lovas, Francis Self Submillimeter and THz spectroscopy 3/00 to 3/01 studies
Ohashi, Nobukimi Kanazawa Univ., Faculty of Sci. Group-theoretical aspects of interpretation 8/00 to 8/00 Kanazawa, Japan of the tunneling-rotation spectrum of DMMP
Romero, Danilo B. University of Maryland Infrared microscopy 8/96 to 8/01 College Park, MD
Stevens, Walter U.S. Department of Energy Terahertz spectroscopy of biomolecules 10/00 to 10/01 Germantown, MD
Suenram, Richard Self FTMW spectra ofchemical warfare agents 4/00 to 3/02 and their by products
Thompson, Warren Self Matrix isolation spectroscopy 2/95 to 2/01
Vigassine, Andrei Obukhov Inst. Atmospheric Phys. Study of bandshapes and dimer contribu- 4/01 to 7/01 Moscow, Russia tions to collision
Xu, Li-hong University of New Brunswick DOE contract to study vibrational quasi- 8/01 to 8/01 New Brunswick, Canada continuum
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30 PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Caswell, Randall Self Radiation transport calculations 9/94 to 9/04
Radiation Interactions and Dosimetry Group
Al-Sheikhly, Mohamad University of Maryland Radiation chemistry of basic 8/01 to 8/04 College Park, MD mechanisms of ionizing radiation
Berger, Martin Self Interaction cross sections and transport 5/00 to 4/02 algorithms
Darensbourg, Brandan Southern Univ. & A&M College Genetic programming & other techniques 5/01 to 8/01 Baton Rouge, LA in Monte Carlo based photon teletherapy
Edwards, Emily Appalachian State University Characterization of radioactive seed 5/01 to 8/01 Boone, NC sources for brachytherapy
HabbelL John Self New and extended tabulation of criti- S/01 to 6/02 cally evaluated photon mass attenuation
Humphreys, Jimmy Rayex Irradiation of dosimeters and electron 3/96 to 12/01 Gaithersburg, MD beams for accelerators
Kaur, Amapreet Santa Monica College Simulate dosimetry calibration conditions 6/01 to 8/01 Santa Monica, CA and determine data correction procedures.
Loevinger, Robert Self Medical dosimetry, brachytherapy with 11/98 to 10/01 radionuclides
McLaughlin, William Self Development of novel radiation sen- 5/96 to 4/06 sors and analytical methods
Motz, Joseph Rayex Development of power enhancement of 8/88 to 12/02 Gaithersburg, MD x-ray tubes
Nad, Vitaly Johns Hopkins University Tooth enamel EPR method for retro- 10/98 to 9/02 Baltimore, MD spective dose assessment
Rao, Donepudi Sir C.R.R. Antonomous Coll. X-ray imaging techniques 9/99 to 3/01 Eluru. India
Romanyukha, Alexander Institute of Metal Physics Electron paramagnetic resonance 12/98 to 2/02 Ekaterinburg, Russia
Schauer, David U.S. Navy, USUHS Retrospective biodosimetry 1/00 to 12/01 Bethesda, MD
Shiskina, Elena U.S. Department of Energy Monte Carlo calculations 8/01 to 10/01 Germantown, MD
Sleptchonok, Olga Johns Hopkins University EPR tooth enamel method for retrospec- 9/98 to 1/01 Baltimore, MD tive dose assessment
Bold: Scientist Emeritus - Italic: Contractor
31 PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Neutron Interactions and Dosimetry Group
Allman, Brendan University of Melbourne Non-interferometric imaging 3/01 to 3/01 Victoria, Australia
Alvine, Kyle J. Harvard University Ultracold neutron research 7/00 to 7/02 Cambridge, MA
Andennan, Rachael University of Missouri-Columbia Neutron polarization 6/01 to 8/01 Columbia, MO
Brome, Clinton Harvard University Neutron lifetime experiments 4/97 to 4/01 Cambridge, MA
D. Self Improve evaluation neutron cross Carlson , Allan of 6/01 to 9/01 section standards
Doyle, John Harvard University Neutron lifetime experiments 4/97 to 4/02 Cambridge, MA Neutron lifetime measurements Dzhosyuk, Segei N. Harvard University 7/97 to 4/03 Cambridge, MA Documentation ofNIST computer codes Eisenhauer, Charles Self for materials and personnel dosimetry 7/94 to 12/01
Freedman, Stuart J. University of California Fundamental neutron physics/neutron 8/92 to 12/00 Berkeley, CA interferometry
Fujikawa, Brian Lawrence Berkeley Labs. Fundamental neutron physics/neutron 6/96 to 12/00 Berkeley, CA interferometry
Gabrielse, Joshua Harvard University Ultracold neutron research 7/00 to 7/02 Cambridge, MA
Golub, Robert Hahn-Meitner Institute Ultra-cold neutron scattering 6/98 to 6/02 Berlin, Germany
Greene, Geoffrey Los Alamos National Lab. Fundamental neutron physics/neutron 6/96 to 6/01 Los Alamos, NM interferometry
Grundl, James A. Self Neutron fluence measurement 2/99 to 2/03
Haase, David G. NC State University Parity-violating rotation of neutrons 5/99 to 5/01 Raleigh, NC
Hansen, Gregory L. Indiana University Neutron spin rotation experiment and 1/99 to 1/03 Bloomington, IN neutron lifetime experiment
Hayward, Evans V. Self Interaction of neutrons and gamma rays 1/98 to 9/02 with matter
Bold: Scientist Emeritus - Italic: Contractor
32 PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Neutron Interactions and Dosimetry Group (Continued)
Heckel. Blayne University of Washington Fundamental neutron physics/neutron 11/96 to 9/01 Seattle, WA interferometry
Heyman, Daniel G. Hamilton College Measuring the neutron lifetime by 5/01 to 8/01 Clinton, NY counting trapped protons
Jones, Gordon Hamilton College He-based neutron spin filter 2/98 to 2/02 Clinton, NY
Korobkina, Ekaterina Hahn Meitner Institute Ultracold neutron experiments 4/01 to 4/01 Berlin, Germany
Morelia , Anthony Self Data acquisition equipment modifica- 9/94 to 12/00 tions
Markoff, Diane Triangle Univ. Nuclear Lab. Parity non-conserving neutron rotation 9/99 to 9/04 Durham. NC in liquid helium
Mattoni, Carlo Harvard University Measurements of the neutron lifetime 4/97 to 4/03 Cambridge, MA
Maxwell, Stephen E. Harvard University Neutron lifetime experiment 7/01 to 7/03 Cambridge, MA
McKinsey, Daniel Harvard University Measurements of the neutron lifetime 4/97 to 6/03 Cambridge, MA
McMahon, Phillip University of Melbourne Non-interferometric imaging technique 3/01 to 3/01 Victoria, Australia
Ratner, Daniel Harvard University Ultracold neutron trapping apparatus 6/99 to 6/01 Cambridge, MA
Reinitz, Karl General Activities. Inc. Solid-state neutron detectors 2/98 to 2/02 Arnold, MD
Schoen, Keary P. U. of Missouri-Columbia Neutron interferometry 5/00 to 5/02 Columbia, MO
Schrack, Roald A. Self Neutron physics 5/94 to 7/02
Schwartz, Robert Self Investigate systematic effects in the 3/96 to 9/01 calibration ofneutron albedo dosimeters
Smith, Todd Indiana University 'He-based neutron filters and funda- 1/01 to 1/03 Bloomington, IN mental physics with neutrons
Snow, William M. Indiana University Fundamental neutron physics/neutron 4/93 to 12/02 Bloomington, Indiana interferometry
Bold: Scientist Emeritus - Italic: Contractor
33 PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Neutron Interactions and Dosimetry Group (Continued)
Wendell, Roger Louisiana State U Polarized 3 He neutron spin filter devel- 5/01 to 8/01 Baton Rouge, LA opment
Werner , Samuel Self Neutron interferometer and optics 1/01 to 1/03
Wietfeldt, Fred Harvard University Fundamental physics experiments 3/98 to 3/02 Cambridge, MA
Yang, Liang Harvard University Ultracold neutron research 11/00 to 9/02 Cambridge, MA
Radioactivity Group
94m Bershell, Cari Southern University Standardization of Tc 5/01 to 8/01 Baton Rouge, LA
Golas, Daniel Nuclear Energy Institute NEI-NIST measurement assurance 1/77 to 11/03 Washington, DC programs
Hutchinson, J.M. Robin Self Development ofnew radionuclide detec- 1/98 to 8/01 tion teclmicpies
Hutchinson, J.M. Robin Self Development of new radionuclide 8/01 to 8/03 detection techniques
Kaleas, Kimberly Santa Monica College Mass spectrometric analysis of Pu iso- 6/01 to 8/01 Santa Monica, CA topes (various sample loading methods)
McMahon, Ciara A. University of Maryland Produce reference materials 8/99 to 6/02 College Park, MD
Nason, Lynne Nuclear Energy Institute NEI-NIST measurement assurance 2/98 to 12/02 Washington, DC programs
Palabrica, Ofelia Nuclear Energy Institute NEI-NIST measurement assurance 11/92 to 11/01 Washington, DC programs
Perez, Angelica University of Puerto Rico Setup and test Ti:Sa laser for RIMS 5/01 to 8/01 San Juan, PR system
Pibidci, Leticia Self Development ofresonance ionization 12/97 to 6/01 mass spectrometry
Schima, Francis J. Self Radioactivity metrology by calorimetry 1/00 to 1/02
Wu, Zhongyu University of Maryland Measurement of low-level radionuclides 5/98 to 11/01 College Park, MD
Bold: Scientist Emeritus - Italic: Contractor
34 PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847)
NAME/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Ion Storage
Ben-Kish, Amit Rafael Laboratory Quantum-state engineering using Be ions 9/00 to 12/01 Technion City, Haifa, Israel
Britton, Joe University of Colorado Perform and assist with ion storage 8/00 to 8/02 Boulder, CO experiments
Cruz, Flavio UNICAMP Optical frequency synthesis with pulsed TI: 7/01 to 7/01 Campinas, Brazil sapphire laser
Hughes, Kenneth University ’ of Colorado Ion storage experiments 2/15 to 8/01 Boulder, CO
Jelenkovic, Bronislav Self Penning Trap experiments 11/99 to 11/02
Jensen, Marie University of Colorado Ion storage experiments 9/01 to 9/03 Boulder, CO
Kielpinski, David University of Colorado Ion storage experiments 6/99 to 8/01 Boulder, CO
Kurosu, Takayuki National Inst. Adv. Industrial Sci. To investigate simpler, smaller and better 7/01 to 8/01 Tech.: Kobe, Japan isolation platforms
Langer, Christopher University of Colorado Ion storage experiments 8/01 to 8/03 Boulder, CO
Leibfried, Dietrich University of Colorado Quantum logic devices 3/01 to 3/03 Boulder, CO
Meyer, Volker University of Heidelberg Ion storage experiments 10/99 to 9/02 Ibaraki, Germany
Quraishi, Qudsia University of Colorado Beryllium ions stored in a Penning Trap 5/01 to 7/01 Boulder, CO
Rowe, Mary University of Colorado Ion storage experiments 8/01 to 8/03 Boulder, CO
Rosenband, Till Self Ion storage experiments 6/01 to 5/02
Tanaka, Utako Kansai Adv, Res. Center/Com. Support of single-mercury ion optical 10/00 to 9/01 Research Lab.: Kobe, Japan frequency standard
Tanner, Carol Notre Dame Development ofa clock that oscillates at an 9/01 to 8/02 Manchester, NH opticalfrequency
Bold: Scientist Emeritus Italic: Contractor PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Phase Noise Measurements
Garcia-Nava, Francisco Self Phase noise measurements 3/00 to 7/02
Hati, Archita Burdwan University Ultra low noise characteristics of synthe- 4/01 to 3/02 Burdwan, India sizers
Lujan, GianCarlo University of Colorado Phase noise measurements 8/00 to 8/01 Boulder, CO
Martinek, Brianne University of Colorado Provide computer and engineering 5/00 to 5/01 Boulder, CO support to Division 847 staff
Pond, Paul Self Repair and modify critical hardwarefor 10/00 to 10/02 phase noise measurements
Smilkstein, Jarod University of Colorado Phase noise measurements 1/01 to 6/02 Boulder, CO
Walls, Fred Self Phase noise measurements 11/00 to 11/02
Time and Frequency Services
Hanson. Donald Wayne Self Replace antennas at WWVH, vice 2/01 to 2/03 Chairman of ITU-R, SSG-7
Heidecker, Jason Self Engineering support in equipment test 3/99 to 3/03 and assembly
Le. Kha University of Colorado Assembly, modification, repair to 1/01 to 1/03 Boulder, CO electrical/technical equipment
Webster, Ken University ofColorado Provide engineering support to radio 1/00 to 12/01 Boulder, CO stations and Division 847
Bold: Scientist Emeritus Italic: Contractor PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Atomic Standards
nd Calosso, Claudio Politecnico Di Torino To assist in investigation of 2 genera- 6/01 to 8/01 Torino, Italy tion fountain clocks
Kujundzic, Damir University of Belgrade Construction and testing of a new laser 3/00 to 5/02 Zeoman, Beograd, Yugoslavia cooled cesium clock
nd Levi, Filippo Inst. Elettrotecnico Nazionale Assist in the investigation of 2 genera- 7/01 to 8/01 Torino, Italy tion fountain clock
Shirley, Jon Self Develop theoretic models for the expected 10/87 to 3/02 systematic errors.
Stepanovic, Momir University of Colorado Cesium fountain primary frequency 10/99 to 9/02 Boulder, CO standard
Optical Frequency Measurements
Brown, John Oxford University Tunable far infrared laser spectroscopy 3/01 to 3/01 London, UK experiments
Curtis, Elizabeth Anne University of Colorado Optical frequency measurements 6/99 to 6/02 Boulder, CO
Evenson. Kenneth SELF Laser spectroscopy experiments 3/00 to 2/01 Boulder, CO
Holman, Kevin University of Colorado Provide assistance to Optical Frequency 1/01 to 5/01 Boulder, CO Measurements Group
Ivanov, Eugene University of Western Australia Low noise amplifiers, oscillators & 6/01 to 6/01 Nedland, Australia measurement systems
Jackson. Michael University of Wisconsin To assist in cleaning up the laser spec- 6/01 to 6/01 La Crosse, WI troscopy lab
Jennings, Donald Self Opticalfrequency measurements 12/99 to 12/02
Kitching, John University of Colorado Semiconductor diode lasers 9/99 to 9/02 Boulder, CO
Mackie, Neil Self Laser research and vacuum system 6/99 to 6/02 development
Magyar, John Self Opticalfrequency measurements 5/00 to 5/02
Bold: Scientist Emeritus Italic: Contactor PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) (Continued)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Optical Frequency Measurements (Continued)
Mizushima, Masataka University of Colorado Detection of gravitational waves 2/00 to 2/02 Boulder, CO
parts, Mullen , Lewis Self Repair and modification ofvacuum 3/99 to 3/02 clean up and organize laser laboratory
Penella, Colleen Self Paperwork and clerical duties 10/00 to 5/01
Sanford, Quinn University of Wisconsin Cleanup of laser spectroscopy laboratory 6/01 to 6/01 La Crosse, WI
Simmons, Sandra Self Cleanup of laser spectroscopy laboratory 6/01 to 8/01
Stahler, Markus Institute for Applied Physics Diode laser pumped Rb & Cs atomic
6/01 to 1 1/01 Bonn, Germany clocks
Sullivan, John University of Wisconsin Cleanup of laser spectroscopy laboratory 6/01 to 6/01 La Crosse, WI
Taichenachev, Aleksei Novosibirsk State University Design advance schemes for laser cooling 7/01 to 12/01 Novosibirsk, Russia neutral atoms
Udem, Thomas Max-Planck Inst. f. Quantenoptik Discuss collaborative research experi- 1/01 to 2/01 Graching, Germany ments
Vershure, Eric University of Wisconsin Cleanup of laser spectroscopy laboratory 6/01 to 6/01 La Crosse, WI
Wells, Joseph Self Heterodynefrequency measurements on 6/99 to 6/02 gases
Wynands, Robert Bonn University Diode laser pumped Rb & Cs atomic 7/01 to 7/01 Germany clocks
Yudin, Valerii Novosibirsk State University Design advance schemes for laser cooling 7/01 to 12/01 Novosibirsk, Russia of neutral atoms
Bold: Scientist Emeritus Italic: Contractor PHYSICS LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL
NIST ASSOCIATES
Quantum Physics Division (848)
NAMES/DATES SPONSORS PROJECT
Bililign, Solomon North Carolina A&T State Univ. Experimental and theoretical Atomic, 1/01 to 6/01 Greensboro, NC Molecular, and/or Chemical Physics.
Child, Mark Physics & Theoretical Chemistry Lab Molecular Collision Theory
1 1/01 to 4/02 Oxford, U.K.
Christov, Ivan Sofia Univeristy Ultrafast phenomena, modeling, etc. 7/01 to 10/01 Sofia, Bulgaria
Cordes, James Cornell University Interstellar Turbulence 9/01 to 2/02 Ithaca, NY
DePaola, Brett Kansas State University Ion-atom Collisions 8/01 to 5/02 Manhattan, KS
Hansch, T. W MPI f Quantenoptik Frequency combs and absolute frequency 2/01 to 2/01 Garching, Germany metrology, BEC and Guiding Atoms
Herman, Zdenek Academy of Sci. Czech Republic Ion-molecule Reaction Dynamics 1/01 to 7/01 Prague, Czech Republic
Hutson, Jeremy University of Durham Van der Waals complexes 7/01 to 7/02 Durham, UK
Jhe, Wonho Seoul National University Bose-Einstein Condensation 9/01 to 9/02 Seoul, Korea
Knight, Alan Griffith University Combination of the discharge slit jet 10/00 to 2/01 Brisbane, Australia
Meijer, Gerad FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Sensitive detections, flame dynamics, 5/01 to 6/01 Nieuwegein, Netherlands and cold molecules.
Pitaevskii, Lev University of Trento Bose-Einstein Condensates 8/01 to 2/02 Trento, Italy
Shlosman, Isaac University of Kentucky Star formation 7/01 to 7/02 Lexington, KY
Van Leeuwen, K.A.H Eindhoven University of Technology Quantum optics and atom wave optics 6/01 to 10/01 Eindhoven, Netherlands
Bold: Scientist Emeritus - Italic: Contractor 1
ORGANIZAT[ON_AND__PERSONNEL PHYSICS LABORATORY j ANNUAL REPORT
SUMMARY OF STAFF ON BOARD AS OF 9/30/2001
No. of %of Other % of Division FTP FTP than FTP Other
Scientific and Engineering 840 6 3.0% 2 3.9% staff including Postdocs 841 18 9.1% 8 15.7% 842 24 12.1% 12 23.5% 844 35 17.6% 9 17.6% 846 29 14.6% 3 5.9% 847 28 14.1% 3 5.9% 848 9 4.5% 4 7.8%
Technicians and Lab 840 0 0.0% 1 2.0% Assistants 841 4 2.0% 0 0.0%
842 2 1 .0% 0 0.0%
844 1 0.5% 6 1 1 .8% 846 5 2.5% 0 0.0%
847 3 1 .5% 0 0.0% 848 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Clerical and Administrative 840 7 3.5% 1 2.0%
841 3 1.5% 1 2.0% 842 8 4.0% 0 0.0% 844 5 2.5% 0 0.0% 846 4 2.0% 0 0.0%
847 6 3.0% 1 2.0% 848 2 1.0% 0 0.0%
+ + 199 100% 5 1 100%
SUMMARY OF STAFF BY TYPE OF APPOINTMENT AS OF 9/30/2001
Type of Appointment 840 841 842 844 846 847 848 Total
FTP 13 25 34 41 38 37 1 199
Part-Time 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 3
Postdoctorals 0 4 6 5 1 2 4 22 Non Employees* 5 35 73 78 66 55 0 312
Intermittent-WAE's 4 4 2 10 1 0 0 21 Term Appointments 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 5
22 69 1 19 134 107 96 15 562
+ Of the 250 total staff, 190 are scientific and engineering staff, 146 or 77% of whom have a PhD
Includes all non-employees, including 3 in Division 846 with user agreements at the NIST Reactor.
40
PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING ANNUAL REPORT
PROGRAM PLANNING
Background. The Physics Laboratory directs its this same process is used to determine when our programs towards the needs of industry and the efforts in any particular area are no longer the most technical community. We apply fundamental con- effective utilization of our operating resources. cepts in atomic, molecular, optical, surface, solid This process has had a tremendous impact on state, and radiation physics to the development of our scientific and technical performance. In respon-
innovative measurement techniques needed for in- ding to the needs of our industrial customers and dustrially and technologically important processes the feedback we receive from them, we have con- and standards. The two common themes that tinuously improved the capability of our laborato-
dominate our plans and proposals are: (1) physics ries so that they remain at, or among, the world's applied to support emerging technologies; and leading facilities. These interactions also enable (2) physics applied to developing advanced meas- staff and management to identify emerging national urement standards. Quality and innovation are the needs in the fields and, thereby, to contribute to
two most important elements that we look for in our strategic plan.
all of our programs. If there is a proposal that is When a new area is identified and a favorable
revolutionary in concept or has the potential of decision to enter that area is made, the performance advancing the state-of-the-art in a major way, we objectives and the criteria to be used for determin-
will include it in our planning and fund it to the ing success are defined at project inception. In this extent possible. manner, the quality and impact of the work con- ducted by each project within the Physics Labora- Evaluating Technical Merit and Appropriate- tory are critically evaluated with respect to the goals ness of Work. The Measurements and Standards defined in the Laboratory's strategic plan. This is Laboratories at NIST are mission oriented, with typically done by a consensus of the Laboratory each laboratory serving specific industry and tech- Director's office, the Division Chiefs, and the nology sectors identified by Institute management. Group Leaders. Individual performance plans of The Physics Laboratory serves the national interest the scientists and managers contain dated mile- by providing measurement services and directed stones that are used to assess the ongoing success research in the physical sciences to support optical, of projects. As such, the performance plans reflect electronic, and radiation technologies. Through the the Laboratory's strategic plan. Laboratory’s strategic planning process. Laboratory One of the most important strategic elements management identifies research and measurement of NIST's mission is to maintain primary respon- services that should be supported to best fulfill our sibility for many of the national and international mission. standards that govern the conduct of our Nation's We evaluate the quality and impact of our work commerce. NIST scientists and engineers engaged by maintaining a close working relationship with in standards activities participate on pertinent national our customers. For example, the Physics Labora- and international standards committees. NIST as tory has worked with its customers to establish the a whole, and the Physics Laboratory in particular, Council for Optical Radiation Measurements exercises a strategic approach regarding the partici- (CORM) and the Council for Ionizing Radiation pation of its staff members on standards committees. Measurements and Standards (CIRMS) as a means The strategy seeks to maximize the impact of rele- for Physics Laboratory staff to regularly meet with vant NIST programs by linking individual standards key representatives in the optics and ionizing radi- activities to organizational units and their missions. ation industries. These interactions help ensure that In doing so, once the pertinent committee activities the technical staff and line management are kept have been identified, appropriate resources are apprised of current industry trends, and they pro- committed to support the activity. vide a means by which Physics Laboratory man- The priorities and responsibilities of individual agement can evaluate how well our current pro- staff members tasked with standards activities are grams are meeting their defined goals. Moreover,
41 PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING
coordinated with their other duties. Their standards- therapy treatments. This service is presently one related activities are tracked as pail of the overall of NIST's highest-volume calibration services and
performance management program. NIST further its most rapidly expanding service. Another exam-
supports standards committee activity through ple is the development of a colorimetry measurement the Office of Standards Services, a component of program for light emitting diodes (LEDs). Because Technology Services, one of the 12 main organ- these sources of visible radiation are seen as an izational units at NIST. important, low power illumination resource for the future. Physics Laboratory scientists in the Optical Assessing Impact of Programs. In planning its Technology Division are actively developing a programs, the Physics Laboratory tries to identify, measurement and calibration program to address whenever possible, generic industrial issues and the anticipated needs of the lighting industry rela- needs so as to achieve the broadest possible impact. tive to the use of LEDs for large-scale commercial Physics Laboratory staff respond to the needs of the applications. various U.S. industrial sectors they serve, not only Physics Laboratory scientists also actively par- by responding to direct requests for new or im- ticipate in the development of technology roadmaps. proved products and services, but also by discerning These are very important in helping NIST determine and anticipating future needs. Often the requisite future national measurement needs. Some examples insight into potential future needs of industry is include roadmaps developed for the Semiconductor obtained through active participation in the vast Industry Association, the Optoelectronics Industry array of standards-writing bodies (most notably Development Association, and the National Storage the American Society for Testing and Materials) Industry Consortium. and professional societies to which Physics Labo- The aforementioned tools (the councils, needs- ratory staff members belong. reports, roadmaps, etc.) provide a scale by which Equally important are the outreach efforts whose the Physics Laboratory can assess the responsive- purpose is to identify and forecast customer meas- ness of its measurement programs towards addres- urement needs; e.g., our cooperation with CORM sing the needs of relevant U.S. industries and the and Cl RMS. Another useful method is through relative impact our services have on them. NIST formal surveys; e.g., the Time and Frequency Users seeks to ensure that its measurements programs are Survey. Moreover, the Physics Laboratory has state-of-the-art and best in the world. provided critical leadership to several studies that forecast national needs in various technology sec- Managing Resources: Inter-Laboratory Activ- tors. This includes the NAS/NRC reports: ities, Equipment, and Facilities. Within NIST, • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Science, an interdisciplinary research conducted across organi- Investment in the Future; zational lines is strongly encouraged. There are no barriers to discourage • Plasma Science, From Fundamental Research to research endeavors of this Technological Applications; type. Collaborations may develop either directly and strategically in response to national needs in • Harnessing Light, Optical Science and Engi- a particular field of science or technology, or they neering for the 2U‘ Century; and may be based upon the specific needs of individual • National Needs in Ionizing Radiation Measure- researchers. For example, in the Optical Technology ments and Standards. Division, research is being conducted on Sum Fre- Last year Physics Laboratory and other NIST quency Generation Studies of Thin Organic Films: staff participated in a national workshop on Nano- Biomimetic Membranes and Polymer Interfaces. technology Research Directions. This formed the This project involves an extensive collaboration basis of the President's decision to launch a national of scientists from the Physics Laboratory, the Bio- initiative in this area in FY 2001. technology Division and the Surface and Micro- A new calibration program serving the nuclear analysis Science Division of the Chemical Science medicine industry exemplifies the success of these and Technology Laboratory, and the Polymers efforts. As a direct consequence of the interaction Division of the Materials Sciences and Engineering between Physics Laboratory scientists and health Laboratory. Another collaboration between the care professionals working in the field of nuclear Physics Laboratory’s Electron and Optical Physics medicine that was fostered by CIRMS, the Ionizing Division, the Mathematical and Computing Sci- Radiation Division inaugurated a new calibration ences Division of the Information Technology service for radioactive seeds used in cancer brachy-
42 PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING
Laboratory, and the Intelligent Systems Division almost a quarter billion dollars of new research of the Manufacturing Engineering Division, is funding. A copy of the White House press release developing a nano- robotic system for autonomous is included in this section. The Congressionally control of a cryogenic STM system designed to approved $2M budget increase for NIST was used manipulate individual atoms and fabricate custom- to expand existing nanotechnology projects at NIST made nano-structures. This system will be the only that had been initiated with Director's reserve or one of its kind in the world. competence funding and to fund collaborations Necessary funds for capital equipment purchases with groups outside NIST that represent strategic for each of the Physics Laboratory’s six divisions partnerships and are synergistic with NIST goals. and two programs are carefully evaluated relative One of our staff played a significant role in the to the Laboratory’s overall strategic plan and development of the national nanotechnology initia- integrated into each Division's annual operating tive. R. Celotta, a NIST Fellow and Leader of the budget. Additional money at the Laboratoiy level Electron Physics Group in the Electron and Optical is made available each year for the purchase of Physics Division, was a workshop participant and additional capital equipment. Moreover, the acqui- author of part of the report issued by the Interagency sition of capital equipment is considered within Working Group on Nanoscience, Engineering, and the framework of research funded in part by other Technology, contributing to sections on Funda-
agencies, and research and development work per- mental Scientific Issues , Nanodevices, Nanoelec- formed in collaboration with industry. tronics and Nanosensors, and Experimental Methods
A new, advanced measurement laboratory and Probes. This is only the most recent contribu-
(AML) is being constructed in Gaithersburg for tion by the Physics Laboratory which has been experiments requiring the best of conditions. Several among the pioneers in nanotechnology for the last Physics Laboratoiy projects will occupy this space, 15 years. starting in FY03. As the construction project pro- NIST was not as successful with the FY01 opti- gresses, NIST staff continually evaluate the AML cal technology initiative. It was recommended to design to ensure that it will meet the changing OMB by the Department of Commerce, but was not requirements of the projects. Teams not only adopted as part of the President's budget request to evaluate conventional aspects such as the facility's Congress. Because of its continued importance in mechanical and electrical capabilities, but also its our planning process, a copy of the proposal is in- specialized features such at the requirements of cluded in this section. temperature control and vibration isolation systems. To support the development of an optical tech- nology initiative, PL organized staff visits to indus- Congressional Budget Initiatives. In the follow- trial laboratories. We met with company presidents, ing pages we provide short descriptions of NIST senior executives, and technical representatives of budget initiatives submitted to Congress through 24 organizations in Connecticut, Florida, New York, the Department of Commerce and the Office of Arizona, New Mexico and Maine to get a first-hand Management and Budget that are relevant to the perspective on the needs of the U.S. optics industry funding of high priority programs in the Physics for measurement methods, standards, reference Laboratory. data, and research on new technologies. At the Two initiatives potentially affecting the Phys- same time we described the capabilities of NIST ics Laboratory were submitted for consideration in optical technology, opportunities for future for FY01 funding (October 1, 2000 to September cooperation, and our plans for expanding R&D and 30, 2001 ). These were: services in support of the optical industry. This • Nanotechnology was done in cooperation with representatives from • Optical Technology the NIST Manufacturing Engineering Partnership The nanotechnology initiative was part of Program and Technology Services and in response President Clinton’s National Nanotechnology to some of the recommendations from the 1998 Initiative. Announced on January 21, 2000, with NRC Report, Harnessing Light: Optical Science considerable national press coverage, including and Engineering for the 2T' Century. prime-time, live, media interviews with the Presi- Competence Proposals. The thrust of competence dent's Science Advisor and the Director of the building proposals is high-risk research to provide National Science Foundation on Air Force 1, the new, basic measurement techniques and fundamental national initiative was to include 6 agencies and
43 PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING
data. Successful projects are expected to continue In this process, 7 proposals from the Physics and perhaps expand after competence funding ends. Laboratory were submitted for consideration. As a result, competence proposals reflect an area One of them was selected for funding. Quantum
of strategic importance to a Laboratory’s core Information , a major collaboration between research program. experimentalists and theoreticians in the Physics There were some major changes in this year's Laboratory’s Time and Frequency Division, process for selecting FY01 competence projects. Atomic Physics Division, and Electron and The NIST Director decided that fewer, but larger, Optical Physics Division. The project envisions awards would be made for proposals that were active collaborations with the Mathematical and ambitious, collaborative in nature, and potentially Computational Sciences Division of the Infor- most far-reaching in their impact. It was also mation Technology Laboratory, scientists out- decided that the Directors of all the NIST organ- side NIST, and other government agencies, e.g., izational units would participate in the final selec- the National Security Agency and DARPA. tion process.
44 PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING ANNUAL REPORT
CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET INITIATIVES
FY 2001
NIST Nanotechnology Initiative (Partially Funded)
All Physics Laboratory Divisions, with Divisions of the Electronics, Chemical, Materials, and Manufacturing Research Laboratories.
Optical Technology Initiative (Unfunded)
All Physics Laboratory Divisions, with the Optoelectronics Division of the Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory
45 PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING
CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET INITIATIVE PROPOSAL FY 2001 - PARTIALLY FUNDED
TITLE: Nanotechnology
DIVISIONS: All Physics Laboratory Divisions, with the Electronics, Chemical, Materials, and Manufacturing Research Laboratories
OBJECTIVE
To provide measurements, standards, and test systems specifically designed for the nanoworld. methods for private sector development of advanced The technical risks in this world are very high as nanotechnologies, including applications in most an individual molecule that is “out-of-place" may major industrial sectors such as health care, semi- cause a device to fail. But the new discoveries and conductors, communications, defense, biotechnol- materials being generated in nanotechnology offer ogy, and magnetic data storage. These measurements countless opportunities for commercial innovation, and standards are needed to ensure U.S. economic from bio-implants that automatically regulate and technical leadership in these key fields which pharmaceutical dosage to atomic manipulation in a will be increasingly driven by advances in nano- manufacturing plant that creates new ultrahigh technology. NIST will develop the critical enabling density data storage media. All these new technol- infrastructural measurement and standards in the ogies require atomically accurate measurement areas of nanodevices, nanomagnetics, nanomanipula- capabilities, standard materials and data to allow tion, and nanocharacterization. These efforts support industry to design, manufacture, and assure the the White House nanotechnology priority and the quality of their products. recommendations of the President's Committee of European and Japanese governments are invest- Advisors on Science and Technology. ing heavily in nanotechnology research. NIST must
significantly increase its work with U.S. industry PROBLEM MAGNITUDE AND NIST ROLE to develop the measurement and standards infra-
Nanotechnology will be a dominant technology in structure that is crucial for this innovation and to the next century. Only recently possible, nanotech- ensure that technical requirements of international nology represents the ultimate in manufacturing standards do not put U.S. manufacturers at a dis- through the knowledgeable use of the building advantage. blocks of all matter - atoms and molecules. This NIST’s fundamental mission is to support U.S. new capability has the potential to fundamentally industry with the measurements, standard materials change our everyday lives. U.S. industry, including and data needed for global competitiveness and to manufacturing, materials, health care and electron- ensure continued economic growth. NIST is the only ics, will use nanotechnology in the future or find organization that has the mission and the necessary that they cannot effectively compete in global combination of staff expertise, experience, industry markets. This field offers tremendous opportuni- contacts, industry respect, and worldwide recog- ties for economic growth and improvement in U.S. nition as the leading measurement and standards competitiveness. The small size and low expense institution. NIST has unique experience in work- of nanodevices will expand the reach of technology ing with the breadth of industries impacted by to all areas of the U.S. For example, nanotechnology nanotechnology, from electronics to biotechnology. solutions to health care diagnosis systems - the Research into such measurement areas as quantum “lab-on-a-chip” - will allow the most remote areas electron counters for high accuracy electrical cali- of the U.S. to have the most advanced health care brations, giant magnetoresistance for magnetic technologies. Supporting industrial nanotechnol- data recording, DNA diagnostics for health care, ogy applications requires NIST to develop a new and atomic scale imaging and spectroscopies for genre of standard materials, data, and measurement semiconductor technology has made NIST a world
46 PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING
leader in nanotechnology. NIST staff expertise in source of new nanomaterials such as fullerenes, materials, electronics, physics, chemistry, and carbon nanotubes, and novel demonstrations such manufacturing technology makes NIST uniquely as recording information by selective placement
qualified to address the high risk scientific and of single atoms. Such work is the likely basis of technological challenges associated with develop- scientific advances that will lead to future commer- ing the measurement techniques and technical cial applications. The instrumentation to accom- standards needed in this new field. plish such manipulations of matter, to characterize
NIST is a member of the NSTC Interagency the results, and to interact with the products is the
Working Group on Nanotechnology and is coordi- critical core of nanotechnology. The nanocharac- nating our efforts with other Federal scientific terization focus of the initiative is for the develop- agencies to ensure their programs will have the ment of measurements and standards that are enabling measurements and standards necessary necessary for all approaches to nanotechnology for success. and are in high demand by a broad base of U.S. industries.
PROPOSED NIST TECHNICAL PROGRAM Nanotechnology is a broad field with diverse industry needs. In order to leverage our efforts and At the proposed funding level, NIST will develop efficiently and effectively meet the measurement the critical enabling infrastructural measurement and standards needs of U.S. industry while main- and standards in the areas of nanodevices, nano- taining our institutional flexibility and responsive- magnetics, nanomanipulation, and nanocharacteri- ness to rapidly changing customer needs, NIST will zation. develop stronger strategic alliances/collaborations Nanotechnology depends on the manipulation of with universities, businesses and other government quantities of matter on the order of single atoms and agencies that possess leading expertise in nano- molecules. This manipulation can be approached technology to conduct much of the specific work from two directions, commonly referred to as the required to meet the goals of this initiative and avoid “top-down approach" and “bottom-up approach” developing costly, complex in-house capabilities to manufacturing things with nanodimensions. Top- that will be used only once. The university alliances down technologies, such as semiconductors and will also help educate the U.S. workforce in nano- magnetic data storage, have evolved over the years technology related problems, and permit NIST from large centimeter scales down to smaller and scientists and engineers to concentrate on the smaller dimensions, until they will soon approach critically needed metrology and research, while atomic or nanoscale dimensions. Top-down manu- contracting out development of specific equipment facturing is the source of most existing and near- and techniques. Building these partnerships will future industrial applications of nanotechnology. return greater value to the taxpayers for their nvest- Semiconductor manufacturing tools such as lithog- ment in nanotechnology. raphy permit structures to be mass manufactured with critical dimensions at the 200 nm (nano- Nanodevces: NIST will develop measurements and meter) level, with finer structures at the 70 nm standards for the nanotechnology industry using the level and below proposed by the year 2008. The evolving top down approach, including the semi- same technology used to create computer chips conductor, communications, and health care indus- can be applied and modified to develop a wide tries. NIST will also use the top-down approach to array of new nanotechnologies, including bioelec- develop new measurement techniques and standards. tronic devices for health care and new measure- This focus will allow NIST to meet the short- to ment systems for absolute calibration. The nano- medium-term needs of U.S. industry. NIST pro- devices and nanomagnetics portions of this initia- poses the following areas of nanodevice research: tive will provide industry’s measurement and • NIST will develop a suite of quantum stan- standards needs for current and near term applica- dards that attain near absolute accuracy for exact tions of nanotechnology. In the nanodevice portion, calibration of physical parameters (e.g., electrical, NIST applies these top-down approaches to the mass, force, and chemical analysis.) development of new measurement and calibration • NIST will develop measurements and standards methods and standards. that support the use of new semiconductor proces- Bottom-up manufacturing - building useful sing and manufacturing approaches, including:
objects from single atom or molecular building standard data to support deep UV and x-ray lith- blocks - is based on nanomanipulation and is the ographic methods; measurement techniques to
47 PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING
determine the effectiveness of plasma processing • A great challenge for computational research
and rapid thermal processing; X-ray optics and is the accurate and reliable estimation of the prop-
single-ion etching/lithography; and a variety of erties, reactivity, and bulk behavior of molecules
dimensional, electrical, chemical, nanoparticle con- in the condensed phase, including solutions, sur- tamination, and other standard materials that will faces, solids, and interfaces. NIST will integrate be made to meet the rising demand from the semi- first-principles, predictive quantum methods with conductor manufacturing industry. atomistic statistical methods for sampling configu- • Nanoscale versions of table-top analysis nstru- rations and properties at finite temperature and ments, frequently referred to as “lab-on-a-chip” pressure. To date, this has been accomplished for technology, promise to revolutionize many chemi- only the simplest systems. This capability will cal and physical measurements with wide ranging supercede current empirical methods and simplistic applications in health care, environmental, and models. Many roadmaps and workshops have industrial process monitoring. These devices will highlighted the need for work in this important move many laboratory measurements into the area from the point of view of process and product
field, e.g., to the doctor's office or the plant floor. design in the 21st century.
NIST will develop measurements and standards Nanocharacterization: Tools for visualization and supporting this growing technology area, including characterization are vital to understanding nano- dimensional, chemical, and electrical standards that technology. Measurement and characterization at are needed to assure the quality of results from the nanoscale are necessary to understand the these devices. The masses and volumes measured nature of nanomanufacturing processes, to assess by these devices are much smaller than previously the purity of nanoscale products and components, attained and NIST will need to develop methods to and to understand mechanisms of interaction of make standards that are homogeneous at the nano- the product with its environment, including failure scale level, a new requirement for many of our during operation. Industry requires a new set of standard materials. characterization tools and standards since existing Nanomanipulation: The bottom-up synthesis characterization approaches and standards are approach uses nanomanipulation to develop nano- insufficient, lacking the necessary spatial resolution materials and devices, such as self-assembled or specificity needed for nanotechnology. Industry monolayers and multilayers and scanning probe cannot successfully make nanodevices or compo- manipulators, from atomic and molecular scale nents until they can be accurately measured and
manipulation. This initiative in nanomanipulation characterized. NIST will develop measurement will include the following areas: methods and standards that allow atomic scale reso- • To achieve high volume production in nanoscale lution in three dimensions with accurate physical
manufacturing, it will be necessary to mimic nature's and chemical functional specificity. NIST proposes: strategy of self-assembly and self-replication. • To develop smart measurement probes sensi- Progress in the area of self-assembly of thin films tive to electronic, magnetic, chemical or biological
is being made; however, better measurements of properties, e.g., a nano-tip including a single elec- the forces governing self-assembly are needed to tron transistor for ultrasensitive charge measure- enable assembly of the complex structures desired ments, a superconductor tip for electron spin detec-
for catalysis, sensing, molecular separations, bio- tion, or chemically/biologically functionalized tips materials, and molecular electronic devices. NIST for nanoscale analysis to support semiconductor, will develop standards for autonomous atom chemical and materials processing, pollution moni- assembly to permit detailed measurement of their toring, medical diagnosis, and food quality control. physical, electronic and magnetic properties. The weak link in such measurements has always • Many manufacturing processes can be controlled been the specificity of the detection material. The and manipulated in more accurate and novel ways recent development of molecularly-tailored nano- if we understand the mechanics of nanoscale sys- structures composed of metals, semiconductors, tems, including nanofluidics and nanoparticulates. polymers, or DNA opens exciting new opportuni- NIST will develop single particle tracking, manipula- ties for sensing. NIST will develop both new tion, and measurement methods for investigation sensors and the electrical and optical measurement of molecular transport in biological, biomimetic, methods to enable the use of these chemically and and bioengineered metallic oxide films and mem- physically selective nanomaterials in measurement branes and other manufacturing processes. devices. These new probes will allow NIST to
48 PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING support the increasing use by industry of combi- IMPACT natorial approaches to materials characterization At the proposed funding level, NIST will generate and synthesis. the following outputs: • To develop measurement instrumentation and the theoretical basis for interpreting images and • Nanodevices: analyses including the quantitative 3-D measure- - Develop two new standard reference materials ment methods to allow accurate interpretation of for semiconductor, lab-on-a-chip, and other chemical, physical, and dimensional data from nanotechnologies these new technologies, neutron and xray reflec- - Develop new quantitative measurement methods tometry, small angle scattering, and spectroscopic for analysis of physical and chemical properties analysis, and standard materials and data. The of industrial nanoscale devices such as semi- techniques of microscopy and nanoanalysis based conductors upon beams of electrons, ions, photons, neutrons - Publish one paper per year on the development and scanned probes are key assets in the nanotech- of measurement methods, standard reference nology fields. materials, and calibration systems.
Nanomagnetics: The magnetic data storage indus- • Nanomanipulation: try is an example of the widespread commercializa- - Develop standards for autonomous atom assem- tion of nanotechnology. Magnetic storage bits on bly. new computer hard disks currently measure 80 nm - Develop modeling and simulation programs for by 500 nm, and read/write head flying distances condensed phases, including solutions, surfaces, are only 20 nm. The trend in information storage solids, and interfaces continues toward higher information density and - Publish one paper per year on the development higher access speed, both of which double every of manipulation and modeling data, algorithms, two to three years. Many problems and challenges and related research. face the magnetic information storage industry at • Nanocharacterization: this especially critical time. NIST proposes to - Develop three new standard reference materials work in the following areas: for calibration and quality assurance of com- • Magnetic Bit Stability and Kinetics in Thin mercial analysis laboratories and instruments. Films. NIST will develop ultra-high-speed measure- - Develop several 3-D measurement methods for ments of magnetization dynamics for characteriza- the analysis of physical and chemical at or near tion of speed capabilities of thin film materials to atomic spatial resolution. support gigabyte storage. At the other extreme is - Publish one paper per year on the development the need for multi-year stability of a bit once it is of measurement methods and standard refer- written, despite thermal fluctuations, which can ence materials. degrade very small-area bits. Measurements and models will be developed to meet these industrial • Nanomagnetics: needs. - Develop stability and kinetics measurement • Imaging Methods for Nanomagnetics. With systems and standard data for magnetic thin recording bits having sizes as small as 250 nm by films. 25 nm, being able to image possibly misaligned - Develop two new standard reference materials. magnetic stiuctures as they are recorded is a criti- - Publish one NIST paper per year and two univer- cal capability for design engineers. NIST will sity partnership papers per year on the meas- realize this measurement capability with the de- urements and standard reference materials for velopment and application of a microscope which magnetic data storage. uses electron spin and other methods to image Only a few examples of nanotechnology com- magnetic domains. mercialization are apparent today. These are the • Physical Standards for Magnetic Measurements. semiconductor and magnetic data storage indus-
New standards are needed by industry for measure- tries. Both these industries are helping the U.S. to ments on read/write heads and magnetic disks. This be competitive in world markets and can lead to project will produce standards for films having a general conclusions about the impact of nanotech- magnetic moment 100,000 times smaller than refer- nology as it enters more market sectors in the 21st ences now available from NIST. century.
49 PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING
The standards and measurements developed at sectors. This initiative is designed to improve U.S. NIST will continue to help U.S. industry maintain leadership in the $400 billion telecommunications and improve leadership of the $200 billion computer industry and improve U.S. share in the $35 billion and peripheral market, which will be increasingly magnetic data storage technology. dependent on nanotechnology. Most of the U.S. In the United States, over 14 percent of GDP electronics manufacturing supplier infrastructure is related to expenses associated with the treatment firms are small. For example, of the 192 member of chronic illness and acute care. Currently, there companies of SEMI/SEMATECH, 109 have annual are over 100 million Americans with chronic illness, sales of $10 million or less and 161 have annual including heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, depres- sales of $100 million or less. As the large semicon- sion, asthma, and Alzheimer's disease. Chronic ductor firms move rapidly toward nanodimensions, illness, which correlates to aging, accounts for at these small businesses will constantly be under least 70 percent of hospital admissions and half of pressure to catch-up. NIST will provide these firms all emergency room visits. The U.S. population is with the measurements and standards infrastruc- aging rapidly. Today, every eight seconds a baby ture that will allow them to maintain their high boomer turns fifty, totaling 1 1,000 fiftieth birthdays technology edge. every day. Projections are that by the year 2020
Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) is a nanoscale 17 percent of the American population will be over effect that was discovered approximately 10 years the age of 65, significantly increasing the incidence ago and now dominates the $35 billion U.S. mag- of chronic illness and associated health care costs. netic data storage industry. Companies that did not Nanotechnology will greatly impact the efficiency invest in GMR technology early in its development and availability of advanced health care diagnostics have been left behind in the rapidly changing, highly and treatments to U.S. citizens. Nanosensors, “lab- competitive information technology storage market. on-a-chip” diagnostic systems, and nanoimplants With declining hard disk market share, NIST must will replace many currently expensive technologies provide the measurement infrastructure to help with higher quality, lower cost nanotechnologies. keep U.S. industry strong. Standards are not only NIST will develop the measurements and stan- important for manufacturing, but also for commerce. dards necessary to allow industry to design, manu- Most manufacturers assemble their drives from facture, and assure the quality of these devices. heads, disks, motors, suspensions, and electronics Because nanotechnology is in its initial stages made by other companies. NIST must play its of discovery and growth, many effects cannot be historical role of minimizing disputes between imagined let alone accurately predicted. The Inter- buyers and sellers through impartial standards to agency Working Group on Nanotechnology predicts maintain international commerce. that this technology will have a major effect on
This initiative is designed to broadly benefit every industrial sector. This new technology area most sectors of the U.S. economy through new requires a large infrastructure to aid rapid U.S.
innovations in nanotechnology, which is a critical commercialization of new discoveries. A major enabler for information technology, manufactur- portion of that infrastructure is NIST-based meas- ing, health care, defense applications, automotive, urements and standards that industry must use to communications, plastics, and many other economic see if and how well their products work.
50 PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING
CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET INITIATIVE PROPOSAL FY 2001 - UNFUNDED
TITLE: Optical Technology
DIVISIONS: All Physics Laboratory Divisions and the Optoelectronics Division of the Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory OBJECTIVE
To provide measurements and standards critical 20th century. Optics is a critical enabling technol- for private sector development of advanced optical ogy directly responsible for at least $50 billion in technologies, including applications in communica- annual U.S. commerce. The $400 billion U.S. tele- tions, information technology, health care, advanced communications industry relies increasingly on manufacturing, remote sensing, and other areas. optical fiber networks. Optical technology sup- These measurements and standards are needed to ports a rapidly growing share of the Nation’s $120 ensure U.S. economic and technical leadership billion annual shipments in computer equipment in key fields increasingly driven by advances in and peripherals. The Internet is a fundamental part optics and optoelectronics. These efforts support of our economic and information infrastructure, the DoC goals of preparing our communities for a and future generations of the Internet will depend technology-based society by building vital optical on optical data transmission for fast and reliable telecommunications and networking support and networking. Manufacturing of an enormous range promoting electronic commerce through improv- of products depends on accurate optical measure- ing network efficiency and interoperability. This ments of size, quality, temperature, and other key initiative also supports the White House priority factors. A wide variety of lasers have become for information technology R&D in the area of ubiquitous in our economy and technology, from advanced networking. the commonplace (retail price scanners, CD play- The U.S. optoelectronics industry has identified ers, long distance telecommunications, and hard- several key areas where NIST measurements and ening polymer dental fillings) to the exotic (re- standards are required to enhance U.S. competitive- shaping of corneas to correct vision defects, rapid ness and support future technology. This initiative sequencing and study of DNA, creation of new will focus on developing measurement and stan- forms of matter and atom lasers, and developing dards in several of these key areas: optical fiber; ways to use atoms for computations not possible optical waveguide devices; sources, including lasers with even the most powerful electronic comput- and LEDs; optoelectronic modules, including trans- ers). These applications of optics will expand in mitters, receivers, and amplifiers; optoelectronics importance and new uses for optical technology in computing; optical storage; and imaging. NIST's will be created. newly created Office of Optoelectronic Programs Measurements and standards underpin existing will work closely with industry to coordinate and future applications of optics. Optical technol- NIST's work in these areas. The initiative includes ogy is particularly measurement intensive, as light funding to build partnerships with U.S. universities has many critical properties such as wavelength, to help develop the measurements and standards power, polarization, interaction with materials, and technology needed by U.S. industry and science. quantum properties that must be accurately char- acterized. NIST measurements and standards have PROBLEM MAGNITUDE AND NIST ROLE already proven crucial to providing a competitive advantage to the U.S. fiber optic industry. As Optics will be a primary driver of technology optical technology applications grow and diver- advances in the next century, just as electronics sify, U.S. industry will require more measurement transformed the economy and technology of the support from NIST.
51 PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING
Only NIST has both the missions to support atom laser; and demonstrated quantum computing industry and the necessary combination of staff using the interaction of light and atoms to poten- expertise, industry contacts, and worldwide recog- tially make enormously complex calculations. NIST nition as the leading measurement and standards is uniquely positioned to respond to industry’s institution. NIST’s fundamental mission is to sup- need for improved optical measurements, stan- port U.S. industry with the measurements, standards, dards, and underpinning measurement research. and technology needed to ensure continued eco- The recently published National Research Council nomic growth. U.S. industry recognizes NIST's key report “Harnessing Light" identified optics as a role in supporting technology development. For “critical enabling technology" and specifically example, the Optoelectronics Industry Development stated that “NIST should support development of Association (OIDA), the largest trade organization optical metrology” and called on the government in the $10 billion U.S. optoelectronics components to “recognize the dramatic new opportunities in industry, identifies metrology as one of the four fundamental research in atomic, molecular, and areas of manufacturing infrastructure most in need quantum optics and ... encourage support for of improvement. In the 1998 report “Metrology for research in these areas.”
’’ Optoelectronics, the OIDA lists 35 specific recom- NIST will leverage its resources through Re- mendations for NIST to develop new measurements search and development partnerships with major and standards needed to help the industry become university optical technology programs. In some more competitive and productive. areas of optical technology, partnerships with NIST works closely with optical technology universities can provide needed research and de- industry groups such as OIDA and the Council for velopment more cost-effectively than starting new Optical Radiation Measurements (CORM) to deter- programs at NIST that duplicate technology and mine the most important measurement and research expertise already present at universities. Such services needed by U.S. industry to support tech- partnerships also strengthen collaborations be- nology development. Current limited resources tween NIST, universities, and industry to the allow NIST to meet only a few of the Nation's top benefit of the Nation. optical measurement priorities. This initiative will enable NIST to provide a much broader range of PROPOSED NIST TECHNICAL PROGRAM measurement and research services. NIST's new NIST will develop the required measurements, Office of Optoelectronics Programs, working standards, and facilities to enable U.S. industry to closely with the optical technology industry, will develop and apply optical technology in support of ensure that NIST measurements and research are the U.S. optoelectronics industry. Optoelectronics most effectively targeted to industry’s greatest is the marriage of optical and electronic compo- needs. nents to produce critical technologies used in As world leaders in optical technology, NIST telecommunications, the Internet, laser printers, scientists and engineers have invented new tech- fax machines, retail scanning systems, CD and niques to measure extremely low powers of light DVD information storage systems, laptop com- from the x-ray to the far infrared ranges; developed puter displays, laser surgical treatment, sensor world-leading frequency standards accurate to one systems to control manufacturing, and many other part in one million billion (1015); pioneered the technologies. use of lasers for precise length measurements; and NIST will develop new measurement tech- developed the first standards for effectively charac- niques and standards to support U.S. industry in terizing the performance of computer flat panel seven key areas identified by the Optoelectronics displays. NIST staff excel at research and develop- Industry Development Association report. Specific ment for future optical technology measurements. programs to be coordinated through NIST's Office NIST staff have also won the Nobel Prize in Physics of Optoelectronic Programs will include; for development of laser cooling and trapping tech- • Measurements and standards to support wave- niques; created for the first time a new state of length division multiplexing (WDM), an optical matter (the Bose-Einstein condensate) in which telecommunications technique permitting simulta- large numbers of atoms act as a single giant mole- neous operation of enormous numbers of optical cule; pioneered applications of atom optics in data channels in a single fiber. NIST will develop which lasers are used to manipulate atoms with required new metrology for practical wavelength incredible precision; demonstrated the first true and frequency standards, bandwidth measurements. PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING
precise dispersion measurements, ultra-sensitive • Improve U.S. share in the optical technology measurement of polarization, non-linear properties, portion of the $200 billion computer and periph- and characterization of new transmission compo- eral market, increasingly dependent on optical nents. technology for data storage and networking. • Measurement techniques for information • Promote U.S. leadership in electronic com- transmission rates of up to one trillion bits per merce through advanced networking standards and second, a 100-fold increase over existing levels. measurements, expected to grow to $300 billion
• Development of protocols and test-beds to per year by 2002. ensure fast, reliable, and efficient exchange of • Build the foundation for future technology information over optical networks. advances in telecommunications, computing, • Development of improved network timing and health care, manufacturing and other fields by developing measurements and standards science to synchronization methods to ensure interoperability support future developments and needs. between different networks. The measurements and standards developed in • Measurements and standards to support ad- this initiative will directly benefit the optoelec- vanced applications of lasers in medicine, includ- tronics industry and users of optoelectronics com- ing corneal reshaping for vision correction, repair ponents, the information technology industry, the of diseased or damaged retinas, photodynamic optics and optical instrument industry, and a broad cancer therapy, and other health care applications. range of manufacturers using optical measure- • Improved measurements and standards for flat ments in process control and/or assessing product panel displays and other advanced displays. quality. Improved optical technology and meas- • Measurements and standards for inexpensive urements will also have significant impact on large blue lasers, enhanced optical resolution tech- sectors of the economy such as health care, manu- niques, and the extension of disc-based storage facturing, and defense applications. methods to multiple layers. Annual U.S. sales of optoelectronics compo- • Measurements and standards for measuring nents and related equipment and related industry the performance of light-emitting diodes used in a surpass $40 billion, directly supporting more than wide variety of applications. 1 50,000 employees distributed across 30 states. The NIST's Office of Optoelectronics Programs U.S. has been very successful in optoelectronics will work closely with major universities to cfeter- components for telecommunications (thanks largely mine which programs or parts of programs are best to a concerted effort of industry and NIST to pro- realized through partnerships and which should be vide fiber optic standards), but much less successful conducted intramurally. Twenty-five percent of in other areas of optoelectronics. The new NIST the initiative resources will be used to build NIST- measurements and standards programs will help the university partnerships. U.S. optoelectronics industry substantially improve
its current 25 percent global market share. IMPACT Metrology is particularly important to produc- tivity, competitiveness, and innovation in opto- This initiative is designed to broadly benefit large electronics. The OIDA notes that for production sectors of the U.S. economy through improving of optical fiber and related components — the one the use of optical technology, a critical enabler for area of optoelectronics where the U.S. leads — information technology, manufacturing, health “the development of better measurements at lower care, defense applications, and many other eco- cost has been essential to both manufacturing and nomic sectors. At the proposed funding level, this market development ... This was achieved through initiative will generate the following outcomes: the cooperation of manufacturers and users of • Improve U.S. share in the $40 billion global fiber, working ... closely with instrument manu- optoelectronics component market through meas- facturers and NIST ... The success of optical fiber and standards support, already proven urements metrology must be replicated in other parts of the successful in the optic fiber sub-sector of the opto- optoelectronics industry if other market segments industry. electronics are to be successfully developed." • Support U.S. leadership in the $400 billion At the recent annual compound growth rate of telecommunications industry, which increasingly 15 percent to 20 percent for optoelectronics com- relies on optical technology. ponents sales, global markets will double in about
53 PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING
four years, compared to sales of semiconductor elec- strongly support the U.S. information technology tronic components which are increasing at about sector, which has grown from about 4 percent of 10 percent annually. The optoelectronic component the total U.S. economy in the mid-1970s to about market leverages much larger economic sectors, 8.2 percent in 1998. Internet-based electronic
including information technology (telecommuni- commerce is projected to exceed $300 billion by cations, computers, and related markets with $680 2002. According to the Forrester Group, the volume
billion combined sales per year). NIST measure- of on-line commerce between businesses is expected ments and standards will help U.S. industry increase to grow from $8 billion in 1997 to over $300 billion market share in this highly-competitive global within the next four years. For example, improving market. interoperability of electronic data exchange among
NIST measurements and standards for optical the automotive supply industry is expected to save components and next generation networking will $1.1 billion annually.
54 )
PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING ANNUAL REPORT
COMPETENCE PROPOSALS + FY 2001
*The NIST Quantum Information Program Radiatively Participating Media in Non-Contact Thermometry and Industrial Simulations D. Wineland (847), E. Cornell (848), W. Phillips and P. Julienne (842), and C. Clark (841 B. Tsai (844), with L. Blevins, A. Hamins, K.
McGrattan, and J. Widmann (Building and Fire
Study of Membrane Proteins Isolated in Syn- Research Laboratory) and P. Chu (Chemical thetic Nanostructures Science and Technology Laboratory)
L. Ratliff (842), with J. Woodward (Chemical Ultracold Neutron Production and Transport Science and Technology Laboratory) P. Huffman (846), with H. Chen-Mayer (Chem- Biomolecular Nanotechnology and Single Mole- ical Science and Technology Laboratory) cule Biophysical Probes Liposome-Encapsulated Alpha-Emitters for L. Goldner and J. Hwang (844), with J. Hubbard, Radiotherapy and Imaging D. Burden, G. Poirier, and R. Mountain (Chem- ical Science and Technology Laboratory) L. Karam and B Zimmerman (846), with L. Locascio (Chemical Science and Technology Nanocrvstal Photonics Laboratory)
S. Brown (844) and G. Bryant (842), with B. Bauer (Materials Science and Technology Lab- oratory) and A. Gaigalas (Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory)
Proposed for initiation in FY 2001 * Funded and initiated in FY 2001 (October 2000)
55 PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING
FY 2001 NEW COMPETENCE PROJECT (Initiated in October 2000)
TITLE: The NIST Quantum Information Program
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS: D. Wineland (847), E. Cornell (848), W. Phillips and P. Julienne
(842), and C. Clark (841 ), with colleagues from the Information Technology Laboratory SUMMARY
The goal of this program is to build an experimental the ion implementation while the former addresses prototype (10 qubit) quantum logic device. Success the requirement for small decoherence. will provide the basis for: metrology at the Heisen- The neutral-atom program will test possible berg or quantum limit (as opposed to the shot noise implementations of quantum logic operations in limit), physically secure communication, and revo- optically-confined systems. Near-term technical lutionary paradigms in information and computing objectives include: uniform loading of optical lattice for the 2 1 st century. sites with a predetermined number of atoms, addres- sing of the individual qubits in an optical lattice, TECHNICAL STRATEGY and entanglement of atoms in lattice sites. The
primary difficulty of the neutral-atom approach is Our effort will focus on using two-level atomic addressibility and efficient readout. systems for qubits. These qubit systems have small The theoretical effort focuses on providing decoherence, are capable of entanglement which is detailed modeling of current experimental systems, a necessary requirement for a quantum gate, and identifying fundamental limitations due to effects provide the best near term prospect for success. Use of noise and decoherence, and evaluating alterna- of atomic systems will be pursued on two broad tive approaches for implementing quantum logic fronts, with the Ion Storage Group focussing on in trapped-atom systems, such as lithographically- trapped-ion technology, and the Laser Cooling and produced optical, magnetic, and patterned wave- Trapping and JILA Atomic Physics Groups devel- guides. In response to recent suggestions made by oping neutral-atom optical systems. colleagues in industry, we will also investigate The primary challenge is to construct a logic prospective applications of devices with less than device that meets the criteria for a quantum proces- 10 qubits in collaboration with academic and indus- sor: state preparation, scalability, two-qubit gates trial theoretical computer scientists. or entangling operations, efficient readout, and small decoherence. The two approaches proposed EXPECTATIONS have different strengths with respect to these criteria.
Controlling decoherence even in these “natural The goal is to construct an experimental prototype qubit” systems is a technical chalenge since we (~ 10 qubit) quantum logic device, capable of must maintain an ability to interface with the pro- entangling all the qubits via “on demand” entangle- cessor while simultaneously providing a benign ment of any two qubits. The prototype device will environment that prevents decoherence. Control- provide a testbed for: encoding stabilized quantum ling this decoherence while scaling the system is memory, demonstrating quantum error correction, necessary to build a high-fidelity processor with implementing fault-tolerant quantum gates, testing “on demand” two-bit quantum gates. a loss-tolerant quantum repeater for a quantum The immediate objectives of the trapped-ion information network, and implementing optimal work are to overcome the effects of motional heating quantum strategies for precision measurements. (which degrades the fidelity of the data-bus qubit) This project has increasingly valuable payoffs and to multiplex ion-trap systems by transferring with increasing levels of risk. Success in develop- ions (quantum information) between processor ing metrological applications below the shot-noise arrays. The latter goal is essential to scalability in limit is very likely and can provide for further
56 PHYSICS LABORATORY PROGRAM PLANNING
improvement in time and frequency standards in munication, information technology, and measure- the near term. A quantum information network has ment science - all areas that are relevant to NIST higher risks but a greater potential impact on secure mission. Industrial representatives at the March 3, communications; and quantum computing has NIST-Industry meeting on quantum information potentially revolutionary impact on an increasingly technology concluded that NIST needs to serve as technical society. In this regard the program is well a leader and stimulator in this area since the re- designed to provide likely successes while leverag- search remains too risky for companies. NIST ing the higher risk goals of quantum computing leadership will help to insure that U.S. companies that require larger numbers of qubits and greater remain both informed and at a competitive advan- fidelity. tage m this area. This program also builds on the Physics Labo- IMPACT ratory's long term goal of creating the basis for metrology of quantum systems where the compo- NIST is well positioned to have world leadership nent part of the system consists of one or a few in the emerging area of quantum information and atoms in an extended sea or environment. This type its physical implementation since the program builds of metrology will become increasingly important on existing world class expertise in manipulating as nanotechnology moves from the submicron limit ions and neutral atoms. Success in this endeavor to the 1 nm to 10 nm scale. has potentially revolutionary impact on secure com
57
PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS LABORATORY OFFICE ANNUAL REPORT
FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS DATA CENTER
OVERVIEW
The FCDC supports the NIST mission by: Centennial Issue of NIST Journal of Research. • providing an international information center To commemorate the NBS/NIST centennial on the on fundamental constants; March 3, 2001, the January-February 2001 issue • periodically providing sets of recommended (Vol. 106, No. 1 ) of the Journal of Research of the values of the constants for international use; National Institute of Standards and Technology • administering the NIST Precision Measurement was published as the Centennial Issue under the Grant (PMG) Program; title “NBS/NIST — 100 Years of Measurement.” • providing the editorship of the Journal of The 370 page issue contains 12 articles, all centered Research of the National Institute of Standards on measurement recognizing that since its found-
and Technology; and ing in 1901, NBS/NIST has served as the Nation’s • interpreting the International System of Units National Metrology Institute (NMI). Indeed, metrol- (SI) for the United States. ogy has been the foundation upon which the insti- PROGRAM DIRECTIONS tution has rested for the first 100 years of its exis- tence. The Centennial Issue is available on the Web
Information Center and Constants Adjust- at http://www.nist.gov/jres. ments. Maintain a fundamental constants library, a Theory of the Hydrogen Atom. Precise theoret- Web bibliographic database, respond to inquiries, and carry out the next Committee on Data for ical predictions of the properties of hydrogen are Science and Technology (CODATA) least-squares important, not only to test our understanding of this adjustment of the values of the constants. basic atom, but also to provide information on the fundamental physical constants, such as the Ryd- Precision Measurement Grants. Continue to berg constant. Over the past several years, a NIST- fund proposals of the highest quality and that led project has carried out a precise computation of provide maximum benefit to NIST. the most basic quantum electrodynamic (QED) Fundamental Constants Theory. Create an effect in the spectrum of hydrogen, namely the atomic theory bibliographic database and do radiative process in which the atom emits and then calculations where needed for the theory used in reabsorbs a photon (the quantum of electromagnetic evaluation of the fundamental constants. radiation). This process results in shifts of the
atomic energy levels, which, in turn, determines the SI Units. Generate and disseminate publications frequencies of light that are emitted and absorbed related to the SI. in experiments. The calculation was carried out for Measurement Uncertainty. Under the auspices the IS, 2S, and 2P states of hydrogen. By employing of the international Joint Committee for Guides on intensive, high-performance parallel computation, Metrology (JCGM), generate guides on expressing with CPU times of the order of months, the project measurement uncertainty. has led to a reduction of the uncertainty in the one- photon QED effect by over three orders of magni- MAJOR TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS tude. This work was the result of a collaboration between NIST and the Technical University of Constants Wall Chart and Wallet Cards. Dresden, Germany, and is described as a “spectac- Concurrent with the NIST centennial, thousands of
ular success” in Phys. Reports, 342 , 63 (2001 ). copies of a wall chart and a wallet card giving
subsets of the 1998 CODATA recommended New Publication on the SI. The 2001 Edition of values of the fundamental constants of physics and NIST Special Publication (SP)330, The Interna-
chemistry (the most current) were distributed to tional System of Units (SI) is now available. It is the physicists, chemists, other scientists, engineers, U.S. version of the English text of the seventh edi- and students throughout the world. tion (the most recent) of the definitive international
59 PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS LABORATORY OFFICE
reference on the SI, the modem metric system, space between them. This force can be significant published in 1998 by the International Bureau of at distances less than 100 nm, and so it plays an
Weights and Measures (BIPM) under the title Le important role in the mechanical properties of Systeme International d 'Unites (SI). However, the artificial microstructures. The proposed research 2001 Edition of SP 330 also incorporates the con- will increase the precision of measurements of the tents of Supplement 2000: additions et corrections Casimir force by over a factor of 10,000 and will
l a la 7 edition (1998) published by the BIPM in measure the temperature dependence of the force. June 2000. The 2001 edition of SP 330 replaces The other grant was made to Prof. Schoelkopf its immediate predecessor, the 1991 edition, which of Yale University for the project entitled “Devel- was based on the sixth edition of the BIPM SI opment of an Electron-Counting Ammeter.” The aim publication. of the research supported by this grant is to make a device to measure electric current (an ammeter) New Precision Measurement Grants. Two new based on measurement of the frequency of voltage NIST Precision Measurement Grants have been oscillations across a tunnel junction that allows awarded. One was made to Prof. Mohideen of the only one electron at a time to pass through. Such a University of California at Riverside for the project device could only measure small currents, however entitled “Precision Measurements of the Casimir a sufficient number in parallel could measure a Force Using an Atomic Force Microscope.” The aim current that would be large enough to allow of the research supported by this grant is to make fundamental tests of present day resistance and high precision measurements of the Casimir force voltage standards based on quantum devices. An between small metallic objects. The Casimir force is electron-counting ammeter is more likely to be the result of the effect that the objects have on the scalable to such a use than the analogous single electromagnetic fluctuations in the vacuum in the electron pumps which already exist.
60 PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS LABORATORY OFFICE
OFFICE OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE IN SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING DATA
OVERVIEW
1 he Office of ECSED supports the NIST mission Units Markup Language (UnitsML). This by coordinating and facilitating the electronic dis- Office has started a collaboration with Lawrence semination of Physics Laboratory (PL) information, Berkeley National Laboratory and EEEL to develop and by developing methods and serving as a model an XML (extensible Markup Language) schema for the effective dissemination of scientific and for encoding measurement units and uncertainty engineering data by means of computer networks. in XML. Adoption of this schema will allow for the unambiguous exchange of numerical data over PROGRAM DIRECTIONS the World Wide Web. In addition, we will be col- WWW Dissemination of Information. This laborating with ITL to create a NIST registry con- Office is responsible for PL world wide web (WWW) taining SI and non-SI unit information. (R. Dragoset pages at physics.nist.gov. We produce material for and B. Taylor, with M. McLay [EEEL]) WWW publication, encourage and support the Photoionization of C0 2 Database. The study of production of material by others, and assure the C0 2 photoionization has historically attracted much high quality of disseminated information. We are attention due to the importance of the ionization of also engaged with PL Divisions and the NIST C0 2 in the photophysics of planetary atmospheres, Standard Reference Data Program in developing including the Earth's atmosphere. Additionally, C0 2 physical reference databases for dissemi- WWW is an integral part of the carbon cycle for plant life nation. We design and develop effective WWW and, as a consequence, database interfaces to facilitate access to the data. the photochemistry and We began providing information to the public photophysics of this mole- in June 1994. We provide a wide array of informa- cule has been the subject tion ranging from physical reference data to staff of considerable interest and organization lists, technical activities, publica- by a number of scientists tion lists, research and calibration facilities, and over the last several and general interest items. In a recent news month, decades. In collaboration there were over 900,000 requests for web pages with the Optical Technol- the server (over half from Gaithersburg from our ogy Division, the vibra- databases), nearly 6 million requests for and web tional branching ratios pages from all Physics Laboratory servers (includ- and asymmetry parame- ing Boulder and time.gov). ters in the photoionization of C0 in the region between 650 A and 840 A MAJOR TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS 2 have been made available in an online database “Look and Feel" for PL’s Pages. New Web [physics.nist.gov/C02], (D. Schwab, R. Dragoset, entire PL website has been and will continue The and A. Parr) to be modified to comply with legally enforced accessibility standards for the disabled as required Diatomic Calculations: Equations and Theory. by Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 In collaboration with the Optical Technology and the Workforce Investment Act of 1998. These Division, NBS Monograph 115, “The Calculation modifications will allow those with sight disabili- of Rotational Energy Levels and Rotational Line ties to easily navigate and obtain information from Intensities in Diatomic Molecules" (June 1970),
our website. In addition, all of the top level pages a frequently referenced document, has now been (including Division pages and some Group pages) made available on the web. Procedures are described have been redesigned with a new graphical inter- in this pedagogical monograph for making quan- face in order to meet the “One face of NIST" tum mechanical calculations of rotational energy
criteria. This design change will continue as pages levels and rotational line intensities in diatomic are added or updated. (G. Wiersma, K. Olsen, and molecules [physics.nist.gov/DiatomicCalculations], R. Dragoset) (G. Wiersma and J. Hougen)
61 PHYSICS LABORATORY PHYSICS LABORATORY OFFICE
+ [physics.nist.gov/ionxsec]; and (ii)the Database Updates. In collaboration with the and C 2 H 6 ) Atomic Physics Division, two online databases were Searchable Bibliography on the Constants (288 updated: (i)the Electron-Impact Ionization Cross entries were added) [physics.nist.gov/constantsbib], Section Database (new theoretical data along with (A. Kishore, K. Olsen, Y.-K. Kim, G. Wiersma, relevant references were added for the following and P. Mohr). + + + + + ions: H ? 0 , CH 2 , CH 3 , CH 4 , C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 4 \
62
PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT
ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION
63 PHYSICS LABORATORY ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION
Overleaf
SEMPA images: SEMPA images of the magnetization in patterned Fe thin-film discs and rings. The rings are ten micrometers in diameter and the magnetizations direction are mapped into color as given by the colorwheel.
64 PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT
ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION
OVERVIEW
The Electron and Optical Physics Division supports members of the Division, other NIST organiza- the NIST mission by developing measurement capa- tional units, and external customers. bilities needed by emerging electronic and optical • develops metrology and fabrication capabilities technologies, particularly those required for sub- for EUV optical components and systems. EUV micrometer fabrication and analysis. In particular, optics, which deal with “light” of lOnm wave- the Division: length, are favored for possible application in next- • fabricates nanostructures and develops measure- generation semiconductor lithography. The Division ment techniques for determining their electronic and works closely with the leading industrial efforts magnetic properties. A key facility supporting this in this field. In July 2000, we took delivery of a work is the Nanoscale Physics Laboratory (NPL), 5000 kg vacuum chamber, housing a reflectometer described below, which was brought online in July capable of measuring the massive (45 kg) mirrors 2000, after several years of design and construction. that will be used in an alpha-tool EUV stepper. This
The core tool of the NPL is a cryogenic scanning chamber was connected to the Division’s SURF III tunneling microscope (STM), designed and built synchrotron radiation source in December 2000, within the Division, which has picometer spatial and performed its first mirror measurements in resolution and can operate in magnetic fields as the Spring of 2001. By virtue of its operating high as 10 Tesla. Another key measurement capa- wavelength, EUV Optics is intrinsically a nano- bility of long standing within the Division is scan- scale technical discipline. It requires nanometer ning electron microscopy with polarization analysis accuracy of optical figures over macroscopic (SEMPA), which provides submicrometer resolu- dimensions, and fabrication of multilayer struc- tion of magnetic structures via analysis of the spins tures with near-atomic shaipness of interfaces. of ejected electrons. Our SEMPA laboratory was During the past decade, the Division has developed upgraded this year with a new field-emission scan- a range of metrologies for use by the EUV optics ning electron microscope that can attain lOnm community, and has provided NIST calibration ser- spatial resolution, the highest available anywhere. vices for EUV optical components used in lithog- This capability underpins the Division’s drive to raphy, solar and stellar astronomy, synchrotron develop metrology for the next generation of mag- radiation research, and EUV laser sources. netic data storage devices. • provides the central national basis for absolute PROGRAM DIRECTIONS radiometry in the deep-ultraviolet (DUV) and ex- The Division applies its core physics competence treme-ultraviolet regions of the electromag- (EUV) to solve the measurement problems encountered spectrum, netic which together span the photon by electronic, magnetic, and optical technologies energy range of 5 eV to 250 eV. This basis is at the atomic level. By developing innovative maintained through a combination of ionization instrumentation and techniques, it maintains world- chambers, calibrated transfer standard detectors, class capabilities for: determining magnetic micro- electron storage ring, and an the Synchrotron structure; establishing the physical and chemical Ultraviolet Facility III), Radiation (SURF which basis of device fabrication on the atomic scale; provides a dedicated source of radiation over this producing and characterizing artifacts with atomic- spectral range. absolutely As an calculable source, scale quality control; developing physical and III is being developed as the primary na- SURF applied optics in the 10 nm to 100 nm wavelength tional standard of source-based radiometry from range; maintaining the National radiometric stan- the through the infrared spectral regions. It EUV dard in the 5 nm to 250 nm wavelength range; and supports a also range of research activities by delivering quality measurement, calibration, and
65 PHYSICS LABORATORY ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION
secondary standards services in the 5 nm to 250 nm which allows for intercomparison with the pri- wavelength range. mary source-based standard, SURF III. An EUV In pursuit of these activities, the Electron and optics calibration facility has been in long service Optical Physics Division operates major research on BL-7, used primarily to determine reflectivities facilities, performs measurement and calibration of multilayer optics, and for related investigations services, and pursues basic research. such as grating efficiencies and film dosimetry. In previous years, up to 200 calibrations/year have Facilities Operation. The Synchrotron Ultra- been performed at this facility. An upgrade of this violet Radiation Facility (SURF III) supports the facility began in Autumn 2000, with the commis- optical measurement services and research efforts sioning of a new large-chamber reflectometer that of the Division and those of other NIST organiza- can accommodate the coming generation of EUV tional units and external customers. A higher level stepper mirrors. During 2001, this reflectometer of performance was attained by systematic im- successfully completed tests on sample mirrors provement of the RF and fuzz power control sys- produced by EUV-LLC, and we believe it to be tems, and by increased logging and automatic the most accurate instrument of its type in the control of operational parameters. These have world. Our UV and EUV detector transfer stan- greatly improved the reproducibility of operating dards program uses a dedicated beamline on BL-9 conditions, so that, for example, injection of to supply calibrated photodiodes to external cus- 700 mA is now routine (the 300 rnA beam current tomers within the framework of the NIST Calibra- for SURF II could not be obtained with any reli- tion Services Program. Its activities in 2001 in ability). In addition, considerable improvements in this regard are summarized in the Appendix. In addi- beam stability have been made, sufficient to justify tion, BL-9 supports custom measurement work the establishment of a Fourier-transform spectros- associated with the development of new photo- copy beamline. detectors. The Scanning Election Microscopy with Polar- ization Analysis (SEMPA) Facility utilizes spin Basic Research. The Division’s basic research polarization analysis of secondary electrons to programs focus on issues that bear on the develop- image magnetic structure of surfaces and thin films. ment of nanoscale metrology. In 2001, the Na-
It has been used to analyze device structure for noscale Physics Laboratory began its first experi- many major firms in the data storage industry, to ments, on the effects of magnetic impurities on develop standard reference materials for magnetic electronic structure (the Kondo effect) and spin- metrology, and to identify the basic mechanisms dependent electron tunneling into superconduc- of exchange coupling that underpin the perform- tors. The first demonstrations were made of the ance of giant magnetoresistive (GMR) devices. In ability to build nanostructures by moving individ- 2001, a new high-resolution field emission scan- ual cobalt atoms into predetermined positions on a ning electron microscope began operation in this copper surface. The new SEMPA facility provided facility to enable studies of magnetic domain struc- the first images of the domain structures of ture at 1 0 nm spatial resolution. mesoscopic ring magnets, revealing domain-wall Measurement and Calibration Services. The structures that had not been inferred from previous Division's activities in calibration and measure- studies. The mechanism of current-induced mag- netization reversal in thin films ment services are centered around SURF III. We magnetic was maintain a dedicated spectrometer calibration elucidated by theoretical studies. Progress was beamline on BL-2, which mainly supports NASA made toward manipulating individual atoms in programs in solar physics and EUV astronomy. magneto-optical traps, and a new research pro- the in optical During 2000 it provided calibrations of instru- gram began study of ultracold atoms mentation destined for the NASA TIMED satel- lattices as a candidate system for quantum infor- processing. Theoretical simulation lite mission, and it also enabled stability studies on mation of new photodiodes that are candidate components for Bose-Einstein condensate dynamics revealed a space-qualified detector packages. A DUV radi- simple effect in the expansion of a rotating conden- ometry facility, operated by the Optical Technology sate that provides a definitive signature of super-
Division, is located on BL-4. This facility incorpo- fluidity; this prediction was quickly confirmed by rates an absolute cryogenic radiometer, a NIST experiment. Electronic structure calculations were primary standard for detector-based radiometry. instrumental in revealing birefringence in CaF at
66 PHYSICS LABORATORY ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION
157 nm, an effect that has important consequences tunneling microscope system that is part of the for the design of deep-ultraviolet optical lithogra- Nanoscale Physics Facility in the Electron Physics phy systems. Group. Building higher order magnetic clusters is achieved using atomic manipulation techniques MAJOR TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS being developed as part of the Nanoscale Physics
Facility. Figure 1 shows a rendered scanning tun- Manipulating Magnetic Impurities. Research- neling microscope (STM) image of the two cobalt ers in the Electron Physics Group (EPG) have monomers and two cobalt dimers (blue) that were recently demonstrated the capability of manipu- positioned to form a square nanostructure pattern. lating individual cobalt atoms on a copper (111) The atomic manipulation was performed by form- surface (see fig. 1 ) and measuring their electronic ing a tunable chemical bond between the STM tip properties on an individual-atom basis. This work and the cobalt atoms, and then dragging them one- is part of a study of the physics of magnetic impu- by-one to the desired location on the copper sur- rities in non-magnetic host materials. Building face. The separate cobalt atoms in the dimers are magnetic nanostructures atom-by-atom allows not resolved, but appear higher than the cobalt EPG researchers to study the fundamental begin- monomers. The modulation in the copper-colored nings of magnetism at the nanometer level. surface shows the quantum mechanical interference pattern resulting from the scattering of the quasi 2- -dimensional electrons at the copper (111) surface off the cobalt atoms. The cobalt atoms are a mag- netic impurity in the copper system and give rise to the Kondo effect. Future measurements concen- trate on the dependence of the Kondo resonance on magnetic field and the interaction between magnetic atoms. (J.A. Stroscio, E.W. Hudson, R.J. Celotta, A.P. Fein, and S.R. Blankenship)
Insight into Magnetic Coupling through Anti- ferromagnets. The study of magnetic coupling between two ferromagnetic films separated by a non-ferromagnetic metallic spacer has been an extremely active and fruitful area of research over the last decade. The interlayer exchange coupling, which causes the magnetization of the two ferro- Figure 1 . Rendered STM image of two magnetic layers to be parallel or antiparallel to each cobalt monomers and two cobalt dimers other depending on the thickness of the spacer, is on a Cu( 111) surface. The image is 8 nm x now well understood when the spacer is a diamag- 8 nm and was recorded at a temperature of netic or paramagnetic metal. However, when the 2.3 K and a tunneling current of 50 pA spacer layer is an antiferromagnet, such as Mn, the with a sample bias of -20 mV. observed coupling is non-collinear. J. Slonczewski
A single magnetic impurity atom embedded in (IBM, Yorktown Heights) proposed the torsion a non-magnetic host material represents the small- model to describe the more complicated interlayer est magnetic structure and gives rise to the rich coupling when exchange coupling within the anti- physics of the Kondo effect. At temperatures ferromagnetic spacer is important. The torsion below the so-called Kondo temperature, the host model predicts that the coupling angle between the conduction electrons condense into a many-body ferromagnetic layers is 90° for rough interfaces. ground state that collectively screens the local spin For sufficiently smooth interfaces, the torsion of the magnetic impurity. This screening cloud model predicts that the coupling angle between the displays a set of low-energy excitations at the ferromagnetic layers will vary around a mean value
Fermi-level known as the Kondo resonance. of 90° by an amount that is very sensitive to the Atomically resolved measurements of the width of the thickness distribution of the spacer Kondo resonance are being performed on single layer. We have performed scanning tunneling magnetic impurities using a cryogenic scanning microscopy measurements of the growth of Mn on
67 PHYSICS LABORATORY ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION
nearly perfect Fe single-crystal whisker surfaces to the first images of various magnetic structures in determine the thickness distribution of the Mn layer these patterned films. Some of the magnetic for particular growth conditions. The coupling structures agreed with predictions based on earlier measurements angles actually measured for Fe/Mn/Fe(001 ) tri- non-spatially-resolved magnetization layers, using scanning electron microscopy with of these films, but additional, unexpected domain polarization analysis (SEMPA), were in approxi- wall structures were also observed. Knowledge mate agreement with the predictions of the torsion about the nanoscale magnetic structure of the model. Scanning tunneling microscopy measure- various magnetic states and how the states switch ments of the lateral scale of the Mn thickness dis- from one to another is a critical pail of determin- tribution provided insight into how to go beyond the ing whether these patterned magnetic structures torsion model to obtain a better explanation of the will make useful magnetic memories. (J. Unguris SEMPA results. (D. Pierce) and T. Monchesky)
Figure 3. SEMPA image of a circular Co pad showing the two orthogonal in-plane magnetization components (top), the topo- graphic image (bottom), and a schematic of the magnetic domain structure. Figure 2. STM image of Mn film on an Fe Symmetry Properties of the Intrinsic Bi- whisker substrate. Mn regions that are 9, 1 0, refringence of Calcium Fluoride Advanced and 1 1 atomic layers thick are indicated. microcircuit fabrication is now performed using Such STM images were used to determine DUV lithography for the pattern-forming step. The Mn thickness distributions and quantita- industry roadmap calls for a progression of DUV tively test the torsion model of magnetic laser sources, from nni coupling through antiferromagnets. Kr:F 248 and Ar:F 193 nm
lasers to the F 2 157 nm laser as the critical dimen- SEMPA Images of Mesoscopic Ring Magnets. sion shrinks according to Moore’s law. Presently,
In collaboration with the University of Cambridge calcium fluoride is the material of choice for the Thin Film Magnetism Group, we have used the 1 57 nm lithography stepper. NIST Scanning Electron Microscopy with Polari- To achieve diffraction-limited imaging, the zation Analysis (SEMPA) facility to directly image combined stepper optics must have a very low the magnetic domain structure of mesoscopic ring value of integrated birefringence. Calcium fluoride
magnets. The micrometer sized rings and discs, is a crystal of cubic symmetry that was known to patterned out of Co thin films, are the basis for be practically optically isotropic for long wave- new types of nonvolatile, magnetic random access length light. Much to the suiprise of the devel- memories. The SEMPA measurements provided opers of DUV lithography, a NIST experiment
68 PHYSICS LABORATORY ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION
performed in the Atomic Physics Division showed sample and the cloud begins to expand in the plane that an unacceptable level of birefringence devel- perpendicular to the axis of rotation. At very high ops in the DUV. In a collaborative theoretical frequencies, the vortices arrange themselves into effort with the Optical Technology Division, the highly regular triangular arrays reminiscent of vor- experimental results were corroborated and the tex lattices in superconductors. Figure 5 depicts symmetry properties of the birefringence eluci- the results of numerical simulations of this behavior, dated. obtained by solving the Gross-Pitaevski equation. The magnitude of the difference of the index BEC densities are shown perpendicular (upper of refraction for the two orthogonal polarizations row) and parallel (lower row) to the axis of rota- for each propagation direction is shown in figure 4. tion for two sets of data with increasing rotational
At the largest, it is over one part per million - over frequencies. This work was motivated by experi- ten times larger than the specification required for ments at JILA, which, as of the time of this report, diffraction-limited imaging. Such a value has have not yielded resolved images of the vortex forced the developers of DUV lithography to structures. However, the aspect ratio of the con- reconsider their designs of 157 nm lithography densate density profile obtained in these calcula- systems. Solutions include trying to cancel the tions is in good agreement with that found in the anisotropy by orienting different lenses in different JILA experiments. (D. Feder and C. Clark) directions, additional reliance on reflective optics, and the use of a mixed barium calcium fluoride. (Z.H. Levine, J.H. Burnett, and E.L. Shirley)
Figure 4. The magnitude of the difference of the index of refraction for the two polar- izations for various directions of propaga-
tion. There are maxima along the 1 2 equiv- alent [110] directions and zeroes along the Figure 5: Vortices in a trapped rotating 14 equivalent and directions. [001] [111] Bose-Einstein condensate. Hence, there are seven optic axes in this system, in contrast to the permitted values NIST Beowolf System On-Line. The Bureau of
of 1, 2, and infinity in standard crystal the Census, a sister agency of NIST in the Depart- optics. A VRML version of this figure ment of Commerce, established over 600 local appears at physics.nist.gov/ duvbirefring. census offices across the United States to process forms for the 2000 U.S. Census. When this job was Superfluid-to-solid crossover in a rotating completed, the computer equipment from the local Bose-Einstein condensate. At ultralow tempera- census offices was surplused and made available tures, a dilute gas of atoms can form a new state of to other agencies at no cost. In collaboration with matter: a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). When the Atomic Physics and Optical Technology Divi- a trapped BEC is subjected to rotation, it cannot sions, we have constructed a 128-node parallel com- rotate as a whole due to its superfluid nature; rather, puter using some of this equipment. Each node is a a few isolated quantized vortex lines are formed Pentium II computer with a 350 MHz or 450 MHz within the system. As the angular frequency in- processor and from 128 MB to 768 MB of RAM. creases, a larger number of vortices penetrate the The 1 28 nodes are configured as a parallel machine
69 PHYSICS LABORATORY ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION
using the Linux operating system with the Beowulf narily attained in 2000 and the 200 mA that was software environment originally developed at NASA characteristic of SURF II. These improvements are in the mid-1990s - hence the name: NIST Beowulf due to the continuation of the high-quality experi- System (NBS). The NBS cluster is located in the mental accelerator physics program that was initi- former control room of the NIST Linear Accel- ated at SURF in 2000, and in particular to attention erator, which has ample air-cooling and electrical given this year to control of the RF power system. power capacity, in the basement of the Radiation In the early stages of this program, an analysis of Physics Building adjacent to the SURF synchrotron the power spectrum of the RF cavity showed sub- facility. It is currently engaged in parallel simula- stantial power in high harmonics of the 1 14 MHz tions of the dynamics of quantum gases and ultra- fundamental frequency due to complex beam-cavity cold atomic collisions. (C. Clark, M. Edwards, interactions. The harmonic structure was associated
D. Feder, W. George, E. Shirley, C. Williams) with intensity and spatial noise in the beam, and it was highly sensitive to operating conditions. High Spontaneous Coherent Microwave Emission at harmonics have been suppressed by filters, but it is SURF III. Following the long-established theory of desirable to retain flexibility to control the power synchrotron radiation emission, all radiation is emit- ld th in the 3 and 5 harmonics. A Mach-Zehnder-type ted in harmonics of the frequency of the acceler- interferometer was designed, constructed, and ating radio-frequency field. Researchers in the installed in the RF system to give us direct control Physics Laboratory have made this “picket-fence” over these harmonics. This has enhanced the sta- structure visible at SURF III, for microwave radia- bility of the beam, and studies are underway to tion emitted at frequencies around 10 GHz, which identify the optimal power and phase distributions corresponds to the 1 00* harmonic. This microwave in the fundamental and harmonic frequencies. radiation was easily detectable due to its coherent A first attempt to put higher power into the RF enhancement by a “sawtooth” or longitudinal bunch cavity, in June 2001, resulted in electrical break- instability in the electron beam. A collaborative down in a vacuum feedthrough, which actually study of this phenomenon with researchers from melted the input electrode. This had the potential the Argonne National Laboratory's Advanced for a loss of SURF service for several months or Photon Source was reported in the May issue of longer, which would have been tremendously the journal Physical Review Special Topics - disruptive because it occurred at a time of peak Accelerators and Beams. The major breakthrough user demand. However the ingenuity and tremen- in this study was the identification of the connec- dous effort put forth by the SURF operational staff tion between spontaneous coherent synchrotron solved the problem in a few weeks. radiation emission, micro-bunching, intensity noise Demand by NASA for calibration services on in the visible spectral range, and the sawtooth SURF BL-2 remained high, with several instru- instability, which has long been known to affect ments being calibrated for forthcoming rocket and SURF under certain operating conditions. This satellite missions. The Division was saddened by greater understanding of SURF III beam dynamics the unexpected death of Rossie Graves in January has contributed to significant improvements in a stal- beam stability that have been obtained recently. 2001. Rossie, an electronics technician, was (U. Arp, T. Lucatorto, K. Harkay, N. Sereno, and wart of the SURF operations team, a dedicated and K.J. Kim) happy worker, and a friend to all. He was recog- nized this year by posthumous receipt of the SURF Operations. Steady improvement in SURF Judson P. French Award, and will be long remem- operational conditions was seen in 2001. Injection bered by his colleagues (U. Aip, L. Deng, A. Farrell, currents of 700 are attained routinely and mA now E. Fein, M. Furst, R. Graves [deceased 2001], reliably, compared to the 500 that was ordi- mA E. Hagley, L. Hughey [retired 2001])
70 PHYSICS LABORATORY ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION
Figure 5: SURF operations team, support staff, and users, in the beam hall, August 9, 2001 .
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PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT
ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION
73 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION
Overleaf
Device for Trapping Atoms for Quantum Processing Applications: The figure shows the evanescent field of a linear waveguide and ring resonator that can be used for trapping and guiding atoms with possible applications to quantum information. The device consists of a low index glass substrate that has a linear waveguide and a 10 pm diameter ring resonator built out of a higher index glass material on top of the sub- strate. The top picture shows the buildup of the evanescent field above the surface of the waveguide structure, showing the strong enhancement of the field in the ring resonator. The bottom schematic shows atoms trapped above the surface of the waveguide and ring resonator in local- ized potentials formed by the standing wave light patterns in the wave- guide structures. The atoms can be moved by changing the relative phase of the counter-propagating light beams.
74 PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT
ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION
OVERVIEW
The Atomic Physics Division carries out a broad Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the FTS range of experimental and theoretical research in is also being used to measure wavelengths and support of emerging technologies, industrial transition probabilities of spectra of rare earth needs, and national science programs. This work is elements that are used as additives in high- tied closely to the NIST core mission to develop intensity discharge lamps. As part of this CRADA and promote measurement, standards, and tech- we are also utilizing the Advanced Photon Source nology. Specifically, the division: at the Argonne National Laboratory to map the
• undertakes experimental and theoretical research spatial distribution of emitters in high intensity on quantum processes in atomic (both neutral and discharge (HID) lamps by means of x-ray absorp- ionized), molecular, and nanoscale systems; and it tion and fluorescence measurements. HID lamps explores atomic interactions in plasmas and with are often made with translucent envelopes, and it surfaces; is not possible to obtain this information by con- ventional optical • advances the physics of laser cooling and electro- methods the theoretical side, are continuing magnetic trapping and the optical manipulation of On we to calculate cross sections for the excitation and ioni- neutral atoms using Bose condensates and optical zation of atoms and molecules by electron impact. lattices and applies these techniques to develop the These cross sections are in plasma processing field of quantum information processing; used of semiconductors and in modeling of tokamak • provides measurements, standards, and atomic plasmas. New scaling methods are being devel- reference data for specific generic needs in various oped to convert atomic excitation cross sections industrial and scientific applications such as the calculated from simple collision theories into high processing of materials by plasmas and ion beams, quality data comparable to the exact solutions that commercial and residential lighting, properties of can be obtained for the hydrogen atom. optical materials, x-ray analysis of thin films, and fusion plasma diagnostics; and Compilations of Atomic Properties. Data cen-
• contributes to advances in fundamental stan- ters on atomic spectra located in the Division are dards by atomic fountain clock research, by stud- the principal resources for such atomic reference ies of the Si-lattice for the unit of mass and by re- data in the world. We are continuing critical fining the electromagnetic scale through the link- evaluations and compilations of wavelengths, ing of standards in the visible to others in the x-ray atomic energy levels, and transition probabilities. and gamma-ray regions. The critical assessments benefit from the experi- ence our scientists have gained through original PROGRAM DIRECTIONS research and the data that have been obtained in our own laboratory. The compilations are dissemi- Research on Atomic Properties. We are con- nated through published papers and databases on tinuing to use our unique ultra-high resolution the World Wide Web, as for example the online Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) for meas- interactive Atomic Spectroscopic Database, which urements of spectra of importance for microlitho- is queried about 60,000 times per month by out- graphy, lighting industry research, and space as- side users, including many technology companies. tronomy. With our new capability of an extended ultraviolet response we are attacking problems of Properties of Nanoscale Systems. Quantum wavelength calibration of ArF lasers being used mechanical and electromagnetic methods are being for microlithography at 193 nm. developed and applied for calculating the electronic As part of our ongoing Cooperative Research and optical properties of quantum nanostructures and Development Agreement (CRADA) with the and for modeling the optics of nanoscale objects.
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Such systems have a wide variety of technological which will determine the fidelity of this system tor applications, including semiconductor lasers and quantum information processing. By introducing advanced semiconductor devices. Applications of well characterized noise, such as laser intensity nano-optics modeling include scanning near field noise, we can study decoherence in a controlled optical microscopy for use in nanometer-scale opti- manner. In a parallel theoretical effort we are de- cal metrology, single molecule spectroscopy and veloping models and running simulations of the optical nanostructures for novel uses in atom trap- atoms in an optical lattice in order to understand ping, quantum information and intradevice optical the experimental results and determine the best communications. strategy for achieving the highest fidelity possible. Also, an experimental activity to generate and Optical Manipulation of Biological Objects. characterize novel types of nanoscale fractures on We are developing techniques for the remote ma- surfaces is underway at the Electron Beam Ion Trap nipulation and control of biological objects. We (EBIT) facility. Here, we are using STM, AFM, and use lasers to trap cells and microspheres coated photoluminescence techniques to characterize the with biochemical molecules in order to study bio- response of surfaces to highly charged ion beams. molecular interactions. We are investigating the In order to understand the formation and decay of use of lasers for manipulation of liposomes as sub- the “hollow atoms” that underlie the production nanoliter reaction vessels. We are using laser- of the nanoscale features, we are using x-ray spec- trapping techniques to bring two liposomes, each troscopy to observe the surfaces during ion bom- encapsulating some biochemical molecules of in- bardment, in collaboration with the University of terest, into contact. A focused UV laser beam is Paris, Harvard University, and the University of used to remove the interstitial lipid bilayer mem- Stockholm. branes, allowing the contents of the liposomes to Physics of Cold, Trapped Gases of Neutral mix and a biochemical reaction to take place. This Atoms. We are investigating, both experimentally elementary sequence applied to a sample of lipo- and theoretically, the properties of cold dense gases somes containing a variety of biochemical mole- in the quantum degenerate regime. We are using cules will allow us to perform combinatorial atom optics techniques to study the properties of chemistry with very small quantities of reagents. Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). We are inves- Applications of these investigations include ge- tigating the coherent transport of condensate atoms netic testing, pharmaceutical development and confined in a one-dimensional optical lattice. We targeted drug delivery. are also investigating the formation of molecules from BEC atoms using photo-association techni- Optical Properties of VUV Materials. Using ques. Comprehensive, predictive theoretical mod- the unique VUV phase-shifting Twyman-Green els are being developed and tested to understand interferometer and VUV polarimetry facilities that the experimental results and guide further investi- we developed, we study VUV optical properties, gations. such as stress-induced birefringence, intrinsic bire- fringence, and index homogeneity of materials Quantum Information. We are investigating the important for VUV optics. These at-wavelength feasibility of using ultracold neutral atoms in opti- measurement capabilities, not presently available cal lattices for quantum information studies. The to the industry, are recognized as critical for conceptual starting point for such studies is a 157 nm photolithography. With the help of three-dimensional optical lattice with one atom per these facilities we are also working on solving the lattice site, in the ground vibrational state. Such a intrinsic birefringence problem in 157 nm lens system will serve as an initialized register for materials that we first pointed out. We are devel- quantum information processing. In a recently oping, in collaboration with crystal production constructed apparatus generating Bose-Einstein companies, mixed crystals such as CaiJBM^ and condensates of rubidium atoms, we are investi- Cai_xSiyF2 that we calculate will have no intrinsic gating the adiabatic loading of the atoms into the birefringence. ground state of the optical lattice as well as the loading of one atom per lattice site. The latter X-Ray and Gamma-ray Measurements. We should be achieved through a Mott-insulator tran- use crystal diffraction to study the properties of sition. We will investigate the factors influencing x- and gamma-ray radiation. For measurements the decoherence of atoms in the optical lattice. requiring high precision, flat diffraction crystals of
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known lattice spacing are employed in both re- MAJOR TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS flection (Bragg) and transmission (Laue) geome- Radiometry of Hg/Ar Discharges for Lighting tries. The thrusts of this program are x- and y-ray Applications. Lighting accounts for about 40% of wavelength standards, material properties at x- and all electrical power consumed in the commercial y-ray wavelengths, and the determination of neu- sector. About 60% of this power is used in fluores- tron binding energies. For lower-precision meas- cent lamps; thus even small improvements in these urements, curved crystals with position-sensitive lamps have large potential for energy and cost detectors are used. This program will assist spec- savings. Newly evolving fluorescent lamp designs tral studies of highly-ionized species at the NIST operate with Hg/Ar discharges at higher current EBIT, the calibration of medical radiographic densities and lower Ar pressures than conventional x-ray sources, and x-ray diagnostics for laser fu- lamps. As part of a lighting research consortium sion plasmas. For the latter, to characterize the hot organized by the Electric Power Research Institute electron energy distribution of such plasmas, we (EPR1), we have made systematic studies of the are designing, fabricating, assembling, and cali- radiant output of such discharges for all significant brating a cluster of five curved crystal x-ray spec- lines of neutral mercury in the ultraviolet and visi- trometers which will be packaged together in one ble regions of the spectrum. For this task we con- diagnostic module and deployed at the National structed a special lamp that permits variation of the Ignition Facility at Lawrence Livermore National discharge parameters over a wide range of oper- Laboratory. ating conditions. Of particular importance is the High Resolution X-Ray Probes of Thin-Film output at 254 nm, which is efficiently converted to Electronic Structures. The sub-nanometer visible light by the lamp phosphor, and the output wavelengths of x-ray probes and their relatively at 1 85 nm, which is less efficiently converted and weak interactions with materials make them a damages the phosphor, shortening its life. Our nearly ideal means for determining the geometry studies have revealed large variations in the rela- of the thin film and multilayer structures that un- tive strength of these lines with changes in current
density pressure (see fig. ). derlie modem semiconductor manufacturing. We and Hg 1 are developing an advanced metrological capabil- Dependence of Radiances on Hg Vapor Pressure at Ar Pressure 66 Pa - 5 mm Lamp ity in this area including high performance instru- mentation and advanced forms of modeling and analysis. Also, we are establishing a new industrial consortium (the Consortium for Fligh-resolution x-ray Calibration Strategies) to better address the long term needs of users of high resolution x-ray scattering instrumentation in the semiconductor industry, with the core task to deliver NIST- documented prototype calibration samples to con- sortium members in a timely manner.
Optical and X-Ray interferometry. We are carrying out intercomparisons of Michelson and Fabyry-Perot interferometry for displacement measurements and observe the effect of diffraction on interferometric measurements. We will also use Current (mA) our expertise to apply advanced interferometric techniques to important problems for which they Figure 1. Relative radiances of the 1 85 nm are well suited. One such project concerns meas- and 254 nm lines of neutral Hg in discharges urement of the coefficient of thermal expansion at low Ar buffer gas pressure show large for low-thermal-expansion materials using Fabry- variations with lamp current and Hg vapor Perot interferometry, a matter of critical impor- pressure as determined by the 20°C, 40°C, tance to next-generation EUV lithography. or 60°C temperature of the Hg cold spot.
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These results have major implications for im- incidence vacuum spectrograph. The wavelength 207 proving the efficiency of fluorescent lamps. Our of a Pb IV line at 130nm was also measured data are now being used for detailed comparisons with this spectrograph. As the hfs of this line was with predictions of computer lamp models by col- too small to be resolved in the observed spectrum, laborating scientists at U. Wisconsin and Osram/ we devised a scheme to obtain an accurate estimate
1 Sylvania. (C.J. Sansonetti, J. Curry, and J. Reader) of it from the hfs of an analogous line in ''Hg 11, which had been measured by the NIST ion storage Spectral Data for Fusion Research. To provide group in Boulder. The lead and bismuth results data for spectra of moderately charged ions of in- have been used to determine the abundances of terest for the diagnostics of edge regions of toka- these elements in the stars chi Lupi, HR 7775 and mak plasmas, we have carried out a new analysis AV 304. (G. Nave, J. Reader, and C.J. Sansonetti) of the spectrum of three-times-ionized niobium,
Nb'\ Niobium is a highly refractory material that Critical Compilations of Atomic Spectra. We may play a role in the design of armor plates for completed work on the Handbook of Basic Atomic future tokamaks. For this analysis high-resolution Spectroscopic Data, which provides important en- spectra of Nb in the 30 nm to 400 nm region were ergy level information as well as wavelengths and observed with our 1 0 m vacuum spectrographs. transition probabilities for neutral and singly ion- The analysis was performed with the aid of atomic ized atoms of 99 elements. This handbook will be structure codes that calculate the expected energy published in three types of media: in an electronic levels and relative intensities in this region. All book (eBook) format, as a database on the Web, missing levels of the lower configurations were and as a printed publication. It will form a conven- located and other configurations newly determined. ient resource for spectrochemical and other indus- By using our high-resolution Fourier transform trial applications. Also completed was a new Web spectrometer (FTS), we have also carried out high- database of spectral data needed for the interpreta- precision measurements of spectra of the rare gases tion of observations from the Chandra X-Ray Ob- neon, krypton, and xenon in the infrared. These servatory. This provides critically compiled atomic gases are used to blanket the tokamak divertor re- transition probabilities for spectra of Ne, Mg, Si, gions in order to reduce the heat load on the first and S in the 10 A to 170 A region. A compilation walls. Previously, only calculated wavelengths containing critically evaluated transition probabil- were available for these spectra. The observations ities for neutral and singly ionized Ba was com- resolve many questions in the existing descriptions pleted and a critical review of recent experimental of these spectra and will be of great use for the data on Stark widths and shifts of neutral atoms diagnostics of a wide variety of plasmas. (J. Reader, and positive ions was prepared. (J. Fuhr, A. Ro-
E.B. Saloman, and C.J. Sansonetti) bey, W.C. Martin, L. Podobedova, J. Sansonetti, and W.L. Wiese). High Resolution Spectroscopy for Space As- tronomy. Precise atomic spectral data are needed Electron-Impact Excitation and Ionization to interpret stellar spectra from high-resolution Cross Sections. Cross sections for excitation and spectrometers on the Hubble Space Telescope. To ionization of atoms and molecules by electron im- address this need, we have made high-precision pact are used for the modeling of plasma process- measurements of wavelengths and hyperfine struc- ing of semiconductors and plasmas in fusion de- ture parameters for a large number of lines of hol- vices. For atoms such as aluminum, excitation of mium and for selected lines of lead and bismuth. inner-shell electrons to the valence shell leads to Determination of the abundances of heavy ele- additional ionization, because the excited atom has ments in chemically-peculiar stars depends criti- an energy that is higher than the ionization energy cally on the availability and accuracy of these (autoionization). It is difficult to treat this “indi- laboratory data. Our high-resolution FTS was used rect” ionization channel using conventional meth- to measure wave numbers and hyperfine structure ods such as close-coupling or R-matrix theory. We (hfs) constants for approximately 1800 lines of have developed new scaling methods that provide
Hoi and Ho II between 300 nm and 1200 nm. simple, yet reliable ways to calculate cross sections HFS constants were determined for 300 levels of for this type of indirect ionization. For example,
Ho I and 90 levels of Ho II. The spectra of Bi I, we find that indirect ionization in the Group IIIB
Bi II and Bi III, which lie at wavelengths too short atoms (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl) doubles the total ioniza- for the FTS, were measured with our 10 m normal- tion cross section. In the case of Al, by combining
78 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION
the recently developed binary-encounter-Bethe by using the motional states that result from trap- (BEB) theory for direct ionization with new scal- ping the atoms. ing methods for indirect ionization, we were able to explain a factor-of-two discrepancy between experiment and earlier theory, which did not take account of indirect ionization. For Ga, our new theory enabled us to choose a preferred data set between two competing sets of experimental data.
The good agreement with the preferred set is shown in fig. 2. (Y.-K. Kim, M.A. Ali, and P.M. Stone)
x i
Figure 3. Contour plot of a wavefunction for two interacting atoms in a one- dimensional double well potential with a
Figure 2. Comparison of theoretical and barrier between the two wells. A high bar- experimental data for the total ionization rier localizes one atom in each well, cross sections of gallium. The solid curve whereas a low barrier allows both atoms labeled “Total” represents our theoretical to occupy the same well. calculation that includes indirect ioniza- Our work has characterized the robustness and tion. It is in excellent agreement with the speed of the entanglement process when motional experiment by Patton et al., while theo- states of atoms in a two-color optical lattice form retical results that do not include indirect the qubits and the atom-atom interaction is turned ionization, labeled “Direct” and “Lotz,” on and off by controling the two laser intensities. reach only about one-half of the peak When the barrier separating the individual optical value obtained from experiment. wells is lowered by changing the relative intensity Quantum Logic Gates. The ability to coher- of the two lasers, the atoms tunnel through the bar- ently manipulate quantum systems should lead to rier and the atom-atom interaction entangles the dramatic breakthroughs in quantum information qubits. Figure 3 illustrates an example of a two- processing, quantum communication, and preci- atom wavefunction for the two cases when the sion measurements. The Quantum Processes Group barrier is either high or low. We have shown that has therefore carried out theoretical simulations to by properly controlling the time-dependent laser show how collisions of trapped neutral atoms in intensities a controlled quantum interference can optical lattice cells may be used to create entangle- be used to reduce the decoherence of the entan- ment between the atoms, thereby allowing high glement process to below 0.001% and simultane- fidelity quantum logic gate operations. ously keep the time to entangle the atoms rela- Performing entangling operations requires in- tively short. Without the use of the controlled dividual atom control, which might be achieved by quantum interference a ten times longer entangling loading atoms into optical lattices. The trap can time is needed for the same decoherence rate. localize individual atoms in unique sites to a few Moreover, we have demonstrated that the idea of tens of nanometers in size, and provides control using a controlled interference is not limited to over the two-atom entangling operations. Individual entangling operations of qubits based on neutral trapped atoms can act as quantum bits, or qubits, atoms. It should be useful for other qubit imple- by taking advantage of their internal structure - mentations as well. (E. Tiesinga, C.J. Williams, hyperfine states or long-lived resonant states - or F. Mies, E. Charron)
79 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION
Quantum Dot Clusters. The analogy of quan- Atomic cesium is an important species that has tum dots (QD) and nanocrystals as artificial atoms been the object of numerous cooling and trapping is now well established and has driven diverse ap- experiments. Laser cooled cesium is also the basis plications from integrated laser devices to biosen- of the new NIST FI cesium atomic fountain clock. sors and biomarkers to quantum computing. We In spite of many studies, a quantitative under- have explored the next step, the development of standing of collisions of cold cesium atoms has nanocircuits of quantum dot nanodevices, by sim- proved elusive. It is important to understand these ulating the properties of clusters of QDs (artificial collisions, since collisional shifts in the cesium molecules and nanoarchitectures) and arrays of transition frequency can adversely affect the per- QDs (quantum dot solids). formance of the fountain clock. In addition, the collisional properties of cesium atoms have pre- weak coupling Qjg vented the achievement of Bose-Einstein conden- V 7% sation in cold cesium atomic gases. |8jg St* ZnS * a/
CdS
- .4 ZnS
strong coupling
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of two inter- acting quantum dots with an inner core of ZnS and an outer layer of CdS. A typical
dot diameter is on the order of 5 nm. Figure 5. Inelastic collision rate constant We developed previously an atomistic tight- versus magnetic field (in mT) for two binding simulator for the electronic and optical cold, trapped Cs atoms in a particular properties of individual QDs and nanocrystals. This ground state Zeeman sublevel. past year we have extended these simulations to Collisions of very cold atoms are different consider artificial molecules, quantum dot solids from normal high temperature collisions in that and nanoarchitectures. The first step was to under- they are strongly affected by special quantum ef- stand simple coupled QDs, as shown in fig. 4 for fects associated with the very long De Broglie two core/shell CdS/ZnS nanocrystals, and to estab- wavelength of the colliding atoms. However, a lish the bounds for the analogy between coupled collision model with only four key parameters dots and artificial molecules. Coupled core/shell characterizes the full quantum dynamics of cold nanocrystals and stacked pyramidal dots grown by cesium collisions. Two of these parameters are self-organized molecular beam epitaxy have been known as scattering lengths, which determine simulated. In each case, we have found that the con- clock shifts and the stability of a Bose-Einstein duction states in the coupled nanostructures closely condensate. One is the coefficient that gives the follow the analogy with molecular states. Hybrid- magnitude of the long-range force between the ized conduction states form 80 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION resonance with the colliding atoms. Fitting to the Astrophysics, the Naval Research Laboratory, the Stanford data determined the four parameters. The Observatory of Palermo (Italy), NASA Goddard resulting quantitative model not only accounts for Space Flight Center, MIT, and the Lawrence Ber- all known data on ground state cold cesium atom keley National Laboratory have worked together collisions but also accurately predicted locations on an experiment that took place at the NIST EBIT for a number of resonances prior to measurement. facility. Precisely controlled x-ray spectra from Figure 5 compares our model calculations highly ionized iron and krypton atoms (16 and 26 (dashed) with typical Stanford data (solid) on col- electrons/atom removed, respectively) were pro- lision rate versus magnetic field. The new model, duced by using an intense, monoenergetic electron contrary to previous expectations, predicts that the beam threaded through a cryogenic ion trap. The collisional shift in a cesium fountain clock could highly ionized atoms were held at a temperature of be greatly reduced if the clock could be operated approximately 5 million Kelvin while x-rays were at a much lower temperature in the range of 50 measured with a prototype microcalorimeter detec- nanokelvin. The model also makes specific pre- tor of the soil being developed for future space dictions for what range of magnetic fields Bose- missions. Spectra were collected with better than Einstein condensation of cesium might be possi- 6 eV resolution using a single detector that cov- ble. (C.J. Williams, P.S. Julienne, and P. Leo) ered the broad spectral range from 1 0,000 eV to 500 eV. By simultaneously observing resonance Nano-optics. Nano-optics is a rapidly emerging lines and radiative recombination from the mono- branch of optics driven by the need to control and energetic electron beam, it was possible to deter- manipulate light on the nanoscale for use in, for mine cross sections for electron impact excitation example, photonic devices and circuits, micros- of the individual resonance lines. In field observa- copy with nanometer resolution, and atom trap- tions, the temperature is inferred from the ratio of ping and guiding. To fully understand the physics spectral line strengths, assuming that the underly- issues, we have simulated light fields on the na- ing atomic physics is calculable. But the bench- noscale with applications to near-field scanning mark spectra and cross sections obtained from the optical microscopy (NSOM), quantum computing experiment at the NIST facility indicate that a key and single molecule spectroscopy. astrophysical temperature diagnostic is not valid. NSOM has been used intensively at NIST to The experiment has thus stimulated work at other obtain nanoscale resolution in optical microscopy. institutions to develop an improved diagnostic. The key to NSOM is to place a nanoscale optical (E. Takacs, I. Kink, and J.D. Gillaspy) probe in the near-field of the sample. A critical challenge for NSOM metrology is to identify and Sub-millimeter Wave Spectroscopy of Etching quantify the mechanisms that provide contrast in Plasmas. Sub-millimeter wave absoiption spec- NSOM images. Even the simplest samples can troscopy has been applied to etching type plasmas provide counterintuitive images that are difficult to for the identification and monitoring of plasma interpret. Holes in a dielectric film appear dark in species. As semiconductor wafer-size grows and NSOM images despite the expectation that probe feature-size shrinks, monitoring and control of the light would pass most easily through the holes. We basic plasma chemistry has become increasingly have therefore simulated this case and could show important for ensuring fidelity and performance of that the image contrast is determined by how light microelectronic devices. Sub-mm wave spectros- is extracted from the NSOM probe rather than how copy can monitor the crucial chemical species and the probe light propagates through the hole. The provide the necessary feedback for understanding holes are dark in NSOM images because less light plasma processing. Our measurements have con- is extracted from the probe when the probe is centrated on the use of a backward wave oscillator above a hole. This simple but surprising explana- (BWO) as the sub-mm wave source since this de- tion provides another step toward making NSOM vice is relatively compact and could easily be a qualitatively and quantitatively accurate na- utilized in an industrial setting. We have identified noscale metrology. (G.W. Bryant, A. Rahmani) chemical species found in fluorocarbon etching- type plasmas created in the inductively coupled EBIT Tests Remote Temperature Diagnostic. version of the GEC RF Reference Cell. The GEC In order to assist NASA scientists in measuring the Cell creates plasmas similar to those used in com- temperature of hot plasmas, a team of scientists mercial etching reactors, but has numerous ports from NIST, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for for diagnostic access. Spectra from 10 molecules 81 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION have been identified including feed gases (CHF 3 , large magnitudes of the intrinsic birefringences CF 3 I), etching radicals (CF 2 , CF), etching byprod- near 157 nm decrease rapidly to unmeasureable ucts (CO, COF 2 , SiO, SiF 2 , Si F) and contaminants values in the visible, explaining why previous re- (H 2 0). The diagnostic has been used to measure sidual birefringence measurements of these mate- the dissociation of CHF 3 and the relative depend- rials in the visible did not reveal the effect. Our ence of various species on plasma conditions. measurements were done in conjunction with theo- Spectral resolution of the BWO is so high that it retical analyses and calculations by Z. Levine could also be used to measure the translational gas (Electron Optical Physics Division) and E. Shirley through the Doppler broadening of the absorption (Optical Technology Division), shown by the line shapes. These gas temperatures are important curves in fig. 7. We first showed how the symme- input parameters to many plasma models since try of this effect can be exploited for compensation they are necessary to relate the measured gas pres- by coupling lenses with differing crystal axis ori- sure to the actual particle density in the chamber. entations. We also showed that due to the opposite The gas temperatures measured of several differ- sign of the effect for CaF 2 and BaF 2 , it can in prin- ent plasma species have all been at or only slightly cipale be eliminated entirely by creating appropri- above room temperature (see fig. 6). (E. Benck ate mixed crystals Ca!_ r Ba v F 2 . All 157 nm systems with G. Golubyatnikov and G. Fraser, Div. 844) are now being designed using at least one of these correction approaches. (J.H. Burnett) 53 8420 519 MHz / ' Td = 643 4 kHz 10 mT CF , 250W 4 = / \ Tl 242.2 kHz T= 346° K \ ^.•‘V-Vvy Av, A \ feX 'Y W -3 -2 -1 0 12 3 Frequency (MHz) Figure 6. Second harmonic frequency modulated absorption signal of CF in a X (nm) CF4 inductively coupled discharge. The smooth curve is a line shape model fitted Figure 7. Measurements (symbols) and to the data corresponding to a gas tem- calculations (curves) of intrinsic birefrin- perature of 346°K. gence of CaF 2 and BaF2 as functions of wavelength (with standard uncertainties). UV Intrinsic Birefringence of CaF2 and BaF 2 . We made the first measurements of an intrinsic Ultracold Collisions. Starting with one laser to photoassociate slowly birefringence in the UV materials CaF 2 and BaF 2 , colliding atoms into bound which are the primary optical materials considered states of excited diatomic molecules in a magneto- for 157 nm optical lithography, to be used for fu- optical trap, we then used additional lasers to take ture-generation integrated circuit fabrication. The these molecules into either doubly-excited states measured birefringences are more than ten times or to bound ground-state molecules. New spec- the design tolerances for residual birefringence for troscopy of the uppermost bound states of the 157 nm lithography systems, and all such designs triplet ground state of Na 2 has been obtained. In will now have to be substantially modified to ac- addition, the production of stable ground-state count for this effect. This result was unanticipated molecules in a number of these states has been by the industry because it was assumed that the demonstrated and the detection of the molecules, cubic symmetry of these crystals would insure in a state-selective manner, has been demonstrated isotropy of the optical properties, which in fact is as well. Pulsed-laser, pump-probe photoassociation only true for long wavelengths. As can be seen in experiments were carried out that show indications the plot of our measurements below, the relatively of the dynamics of the photoassociation-ionization 82 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION process. Pairs of atoms are excited to singly-excited detachment events has allowed a direct determina- states with a first (pump) pulse and then to doubly- tion of the reaction-limited detachment rate for a excited states that autoionize with a second (probe) single bond and also for multiple bonds. A second pulse. In order to autoionize they must survive experimental direction has been studying the use of on the doubly-excited potential into small inter- liposomes as bioreactors. For this purpose we have nuclear separations. These experiments have set up a new experiment employing two optical- demonstrated the importance of the travel on the tweezer traps and an optical scalpel (a UV laser strongly attractive singly-excited molecular poten- that can pierce the wall of a liposome). With this tials in the dynamics of the process. Population new apparatus, we are able to trap two liposomes excited to these levels at long range is able to and fuse them together, thus allowing their contents accelerate toward smaller separations, increasing to mix. In a first experiment, we demonstrated their chance of survival against spontaneous emis- the fusion of a dye-encapsulated liposome with sion and also bypassing the angular momentum another liposome and observed, with fluorescence barriers that exist on the relatively flat ground-state microscopy, the mixing of the dye. (K. Helmerson, and doubly-excited-state potentials. (L. deAraujo, R. Kishore, and S. Kulin) S. Gensemer, K. Jones, and P. Lett) Quantum Computing in Optical Lattices. We Ultracold Plasmas. In an ultracold plasma pro- have achieved Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) duced by photoionization of a laser-cooled gas of in rubidium vapor. A new apparatus was con- metastable xenon we had previously measured structed in which rubidium atoms were loaded that, at the coldest and densest parameters we from a Zeeman-tuned, slowed atomic beam into a could achieve, the plasma expanded with seem- magneto-optical trap (MOT) and then transferred ingly more energy than had been put in by the into a magnetic trap. The atoms were then evapo- laser photons. In a search for a reservoir of nega- ratively cooled and condensed into the lowest en- tive (i.e., binding) energy in the form of atoms ergy state in the trap. This source of atoms will be (which would assure energy conservation) we un- used to load 1-D and 3-D optical lattices for inves- dertook an experiment that used selective field tigation of different quantum logic gate designs for ionization to measure the formation of Rydberg neutral atom quantum computing. (B. King, S. Peil, atoms. We found that a substantial fraction (up to T. Porto, and S. Rolston) 30%) of the plasma recombines into these neutral Optical Interactions in Bose-Einstein Con- Rydberg atoms. Summing up the binding energy densates. An experiment to observe “dynamical in the Rydbergs did seem to account for the excess tunneling” was performed in collaboration with expansion energy, but these atoms were formed researchers from the University of Queensland, over a much longer time period than that of the Australia. For a wheel spinning clockwise or appearance of the expansion energy. In fact, sig- counter-clockwise there is energetically no differ- nificant Rydberg formation occurred even after the ence between the two motions, and classically to plasma density dropped by 4 orders of magnitude. reverse the sense of rotation requires the wheel to Based on our findings, the exact mechanism of the stop. But quantum mechanics allows the system recombination is currently under investigation by to “tunnel” from one state to another even if it several theoretical groups. The leading explanation is classically forbidden. Tunneling has been ob- is a "freezing out" of electron-ion correlations pre- served since the early days of quantum mechanics, sent in the plasma as it expands. We have under- but usually involves traversing a barrier that, clas- taken collaborations with theoretical groups at Los sically, a particle does not have enough energy to Alamos National Lab and Auburn Univ. to address go over. Dynamical tunneling, predicted in the this problem. (M. Lim, J. Roberts, S. Rolston) early 80s, is similar, but some constant of the Optical Tweezers. We have observed real-time motion other than energy classically forbids the adhesion between a monoclonal antibody and its quantum mechanically-allowed motion. We ob- specific antigen in an experiment using optical served classically forbidden motion of atoms tweezers. Both antibody and antigen molecules transferring between two modes of oscillation in are immobilized on the surfaces of (different) poly- the potential wells formed by an amplitude-modu- styrene microspheres, which are trapped by sepa- lated optical standing-wave. Atoms were loaded rate optical tweezers. The monitoring of spontan- from a BEC into the bottom of the optical poten- eous, thermally driven, successive attachment and tials, and were induced to oscillate back and forth 83 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION by a sudden displacement of the standing wave. to efficiently load the BEC into the lowest lattice The number of atoms in this particular oscillatory band (and other bands) with different quasi- motion was observed to decrease with time, as a momentum q by varying the lattice amplitude and group of atoms began to appear oscillating 180° lattice velocity relative to the BEC. By adiabati- out of phase with the initial motion. Eventually, cally increasing the lattice amplitude, more than almost all of the atoms ended up in the out-of-phase 99% of the BEC could be loaded into the lattice motion, but then tunneled back to the initial mode ground state. Such experiments are needed to of oscillation (see fig. 8). We observed up to eight evaluate the possibility of using neutral atoms in coherent transfers of atoms back and forth between off-resonant optical lattice potentials for quantum the two stable motions due to dynamical tunneling. information processing. No atoms were observed to exhibit motion inter- Using either phase or amplitude modulation of mediate between the two stable oscillatory motions the optical lattice, we have coherently transferred (for example, corresponding to atoms stopping and population between various lattice band states. For reversing direction), providing further confirmation example, we have used amplitude modulation to that the transfer of atoms was due to dynamical transfer atoms from the ground band to the second initial direct tunneling. (A. Browaeys, H. Haeffner, K. Helm- excited band for various q , allowing a erson, W. Hensinger, C. McKenzie, W. Phillips, measurement of the curvature of the second excited S. Rolston, and B. Upcroft) band. 4 hk | 2hk \ 0 hk * * * * -2 hk « * • « * # f;ff j -4 hk 1ffff ^ 4 hk * : * * * * * * * « « • * * « . 2 hk « ; Ohk < • #«««»»» :.**«•* - -2 hk *.« * I » * • 4 « . '*«•«!(« 4 * i .* s: - -4 hk .<•«* . * * t * * 4 t 'r* > i Figure 9. Time of flight images of the momentum distribution of a BEC that was Figure 8. Dynamical tunneling in the suddenly loaded into an optical lattice quantum driven pendulum. The figure (depth = 14 recoil energies), and held for shows the momentum distribution of at- varying lengths of time (time between oms released from an amplitude- each image is 0.5 microseconds). When modulated potential for three different the BEC is suddenly loaded into a lattice, times after a BEC was loaded into the po- the wave function is projected into a su- tential (0.25, 2.25, and 5.25 modulation perposition of various bands. Since each periods (f=250 kHz)). The classical result band has a different energy, the relative from this system would have the momen- phases evolve in time. When the lattice is tum distribution remain stationary in this switched off, the populations of the bands stroboscopic picture. It is evident that the are projected onto plane wave states and state of motion of the atoms is in fact os- interferences result in oscillating popula- cillating back and forth, a signature of co- tions of the various diffraction orders. The herent dynamical tunneling. The individ- top picture (simple oscillations) shows the ual peaks are separated in momentum by case where quasi-momentum q= 0 states 2 hk which corresponds to a velocity of are populated; the bottom picture depicts 6 cm/s for sodium. the case when <7=1 states are populated by switching on a moving lattice. BEC in 1-D Lattices. We have performed a series of experiments with a BEC in a 1-D optical We have also demonstrated a large-momentum lattice. Making use of the small momentum spread atom beam splitter based on coherent Bragg dif- of a BEC and of atom optics techniques, a high fraction followed by acceleration of the BEC in an level of coherent control over an artificial solid- accelerating optical lattice. Bragg diffraction pro- state-like system was demonstrated. We were able duces atoms in a coherent superposition of 0 and 84 » PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION ~2 hA, where A is the magnitude of the wavevector The measurement of absolute wavelengths also of the laser light. The two momentum states could requires accurate measurement of the angle at be loaded predominantly into two bands of the which the diffraction condition is satisfied. This lattice (fig. 9). Acceleration of the lattice moved year the crystal angle encoder was upgraded to a atoms in one band with respect to the other, re- device that has smaller errors. Then a new general sulting in a large final momentum (we demon- calibration approach was developed to determine strated up to 12hA). We have confirmed that the the encoder error function so that even these small acceleration is coherent by constructing an atom errors can be corrected. A twelve-sided optical interferometer based on this novel beam splitter. polygon was used with a nulling autocollimator (A. Browaeys, H. Haeffner, K. Helmerson, C. and the requirement of circle closure (0° = 360°) McKenzie, W. Phillips, and S. Rolston) to first determine the angles between adjacent polygon faces. Then the polygon was phased with Binding Energy Measurements in Light Nuclei. respect to the encoder, mapping out its 360° error The binding energy of the neutron in several function twelve points at a time. The fitted error light nuclei has been measured at the Institut Laue function and its residuals (fit minus measurement) Langevin (ILL) using the joint NIST/ILL precision are shown in fig. 10 (a) and (b), respectively. gamma-ray spectrometer that is coupled to the high flux reactor of the ILL. The spectrometer measures the wavelengths of gamma-ray photons using crystals whose lattice spacings are precisely known in SI units and an angle scale that is de- rived from first principles. Binding energies are obtained by summing the energies (wavelengths) of all y-rays in a cascade connecting the capture and the ground states. Binding energy measure- ments are important because ( 1 ) they provide high- energy (short wavelength, X ~ 0.2 pm) standards and (2) they check the consistency of precision gamma-ray and atomic mass measurements. Binding energy measurements have been made 2y 33 36 in Si, S, and C1 species chosen because of their large capture cross sections. As an example, 3? 36 the reaction «+ Cl— C1-Ry’s leads to the relation between atomic masses and the neutron binding 3 = 36 3h energy S„, m(n) + /«( Cl ) m( Cl) + ,S„( Cl). The binding energies are ~ 8.6 MeV and the available I I i i cascades require the measurement of y-rays in the 0 90 180 270 360 Encoder Angle (deg) 5 MeV to 6 MeV range. In the course of these measurements, we have improved our capability Figure 10. (a) The fitted encoder error to accurately measure small diffraction angles function and (b) the residuals (fit minus (< 0.1°) and pioneered the use of thicker crystals measurement) for the NIST Vacuum Dou- and better collimation to improve signal to back- ble Crystal X-Ray Spectrometer encoder. ground at high energies. The relative uncertainty The magnitude of the error corrections is on the of the binding energy measurements is 2 to 4 parts in 10' which is comparable to the relative order of 0.5 prad to 1 .0 prad and the residuals are scattered about zero with a standard error (A=l of uncertainty of the best available atomic mass dif- ) ferences. (E. Kessler with S. Dewey, Div. 846) 0.2 prad (0.00001°). The angle measurement un- 10' 11 certainty contributes < 1 x to the relative un- Upgraded Angle Metrology for Absolute certainty of the wavelength measurements. This Vacuum X-Ray Wavelength Determination. improved calibration scheme will be applied to NIST’s Vacuum Double Crystal Spectrometer high precision angle encoders used with other measures absolute x-ray wavelengths from 0.6 A x-ray diffractometers in the Division. (L. Hudson) to 12 A (1 keV to 20 keV). This is tied to the SI via the lattice spacing of the diffraction crystals. 85 PHYSICS LABORATORY ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION Laser System for Long-range Fabry-Perot be of particular interest in future experiments in- Interferometry. Fabry-Perot interferometry pro- volving thermal expansion of materials and x-ray vides the highest resolution of any technique for interferometry. measuring displacements. The standard practice for measuring a displacement consists of locking a tunable laser to a Fabry-Perot cavity resonance, varying the length of the cavity, and monitoring the optical frequency of the laser. This approach has been useful only for measurements of a rather limited range (~ 1 micrometer). In order to in- crease the measurement range of Fabry-Perot inter- ferometry, we have built a computer-controlled scanning laser system that probes two adjacent cavity modes. Displacements up to 50 mm can be frequency (Hz) measured without sacrificing resolution. The sys- tem incorporates independent acousto-optic control Figure 11. Displacement vs frequency of the optical frequencies, and employs frequency plot for our Fabry-Perot system that illus- modulation spectroscopy to provide error signals trates the available high resolution. in a region in which the laser noise is shot-noise limited. The light output was coupled into a single- The attainable resolution is illustrated in fig. 1 1, mode fiber, enabling remote interrogation of a where we studied the vibration contributed to a Fabry-Perot cavity in vacuum. The optical frequen- Fabry-Perot interferometer by a turbomolecular cies were measured relative to an iodine-stabilized vacuum pump at the second harmonic of its rotation laser, providing a frequency reference with a frac- frequency. When the pump was on, a peak appeared tional accuracy of 2.5 x 10'". This system comple- whose amplitude corresponds to an mis displace- - ments the progress we have made in heterodyne ment of less than 5 fm, a size typical of nuclear interferometry and laser stabilization, and should radii. (J. Lawall, M. Pedulla, and B. Lantz) 86 PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION 87 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION Overleaf Aperture Area Measurement Tool: The Optical Technology Division has developed a precision instrument to accurately measure the areas of precision apertures required for the radiometric scales of radiance and irradiance and the photometric scales of luminance and illuminance. The high accuracy of modern radiometry necessitates the use of an interferometrically controlled, coordinate measuring machine to deter- mine absolute aperture areas to better than 0.005 % (k =2). 88 PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION OVERVIEW The Optical Technology Division (OTD) supports Pursuant to these objectives, the Division maintains the NIST Mission by advancing knowledge, devel- programs in the following areas; oping expertise, providing technical leadership, and Calibration Services. The Division provides delivering the highest quality standards, calibrations, calibration services and measurements in the areas and measurements in targeted areas of optical of radiance temperature, photometry, spectroradi- technology. ometric sources, spectroradiometric detectors, and The Division has the mandate to provide high optical properties of materials. A quality system is quality national measurement standards and support in place for the calibration services that is compliant services to advance optical technologies spanning with ISO Guide 25. The Division maintains a strong the ultraviolet through the microwave spectral commitment to its calibration services, as repre- regions in support of customers in industry, gov- sented by the nearly completed upgrade of its ernment, and academia. The Division also has the Facility for Spectroradiometric Calibrations institutional responsibility for maintaining two (FASCAL) to FASCAL IF fundamental SI units: the unit for temperature, the kelvin, above 1234.96 K and the unit for luminous Standard Reference Materials. The Division intensity, the candela. In carrying out its responsi- provides and maintains Standard Reference Materi- bilities the Division: als for various optical properties, such as reflec- • develops, improves, and maintains the national tance and transmittance, and for wavelength standards for radiometry, radiation thermometry, standards for optical properties measurement spectroradiometry, photometry, colorimetry, and instruments. spectrophotometry; Training. The Division offers short courses in • disseminates these standards by providing the photometry and radiation thermometry, with highest accuracy measurement services and Stan- attendees represented by NIST staff, other national dard Reference Materials (SRM's) to customers; metrology institutes, national laboratories, and • improves the Nation's technical expertise industry. In the spring, these courses will be com- through publication and training in optical technol- plemented by a short course in spectroradiometry, ogy; emphasizing remote-sensing applications. • conducts research in photophysical and photo- Measurement Division chemical properties of materials, in radiometric and Comparisons. The spectroscopic techniques and instrumentation, and participates in a variety of national, international in the application of optical technology; and and bilateral comparisons of measurements in areas such as spectral radiance and irradiance, aperture • anticipates measurement needs in new applica- tion areas of optical technology, such as biophysics, area, and various material properties. These com- medicine, nanotechnology, and quantum informa- parisons provide a system of quality control on the tion. national metrology institutes (NMI's) and are an integral component of the recently signed memo- PROGRAM DIRECTIONS randum of understanding between the NMI's. To accomplish these goals in a responsive manner, Cryogenic Radiometry. The Division has the Division works closely with other NIST labora- developed various cryogenic radiometers for the tories, industry, academia, and government agencies high accuracy measurements of optical power by in developing programs and providing leadership to comparison with electrical power. The Division's meet present and future needs in optical metrology. High-Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer (HACR) measures optical power to a combined relative 89 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION standard uncertainty of 0.02 % and is the Nation’s haze, texture, etc.) metrology, the Division is standard for optical power. A second generation developing new measurement tools and standards to HACR is presently under development and will accurately capture visual appearance. As part of this have the capability to measure optical power to a effort, a new colorimeter has just been completed combined relative uncertainty of 0.01 %. The and is presently undergoing testing and validation. Division has also developed other cryogenic radi- Related projects are developing color-measurement ometers for specialized applications, such as for use standards for self-luminous objects such as LEDs in the Low Background Infrared (LBIR) Labora- and display devices. tory. Additionally, standard detectors have been Optical Properties of Materials. The Division engineered to transfer the high-accuracy radiometric provides measurements of the reflectance, trans- scales to other laboratories. mittance, and refractive index of materials in the Spectral Irradiance and Radiance Calibra- wavelength range from 200 nm to 1000 (Urn for a tions with Uniform Sources (SIRCUS). A laser- range of geometries. These measurements are based calibration facility has been developed to accomplished using various Fourier-transform and transfer detector-based spectral irradiance scales, monochromator-based spectrometers. The experi- derived from the HACR, to other sensors, including mental efforts are complemented by a program in broadband-filtered-detector packages, transfer- the theoretical modeling of the optical properties of standard spectral irradiance detectors, and spectral- materials and by the development of a facility for radiance measurement instruments. This facility, the measurement of the emittance of materials at with a planned wavelength coverage from 200 nm elevated temperatures. An optical properties of to 20 pm, will be used to realize and improve materials consortium has been established to NIST's illuminance, luminous-intensity, radiance- provide feedback from industry in this area. temperature, color-temperature, and spectral- Environmental and Remote Sensing. The radiance scales. Division works with DoD, NASA, NOAA, EPA, Source-Based Radiometry. The recent upgrade and other U.S. and foreign government agencies in of the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility, support of a wide range of space-based and terres- SURF 11, to SURF III is allowing the Division to trial measurement programs. These programs expand its capabilities in source-based radiometry. involve long-term monitoring and survey activity, Experiments are being undertaken to rigorously test which require consistent calibration of instruments the ability to calculate the spectral irradiance using with diverse deployment platforms. The Division Schwinger's equation against absolute measure- has developed a number of specialized instrumenta- ments of the synchrotron radiation using a cryo- tion, include a traveling version of SIRCUS and genic radiometer. In addition, the Division is various transfer radiometers, and a satellite filter implementing a facility at SURF III for source- radiometer (NISTAR) to service the remote sensing based spectral irradiance calibrations between community. 200 nm and 400 nm. The Division’s source-based Thin-Films, Surfaces, and Interlaces. Various activities at SURF III are complemented by other optical techniques are being developed and applied source-based research in blackbodies and corre- to the investigation of thin-films, surfaces, and lated-photons. interfaces. A novel version of the nonlinear spectro- Photometry. Photometry, the science of meas- scopic technique of Sum-Frequency Generation uring light with the response function of an “aver- (SFG), which allows the measurement of the entire age” human observer, is an integral part of the SFG spectrum in the infrared-region of interest on detector metrology program. The SI base unit for every laser pulse, is being applied to the investiga- photometry is the candela, a measure of luminous tion of semiconductors, biomimetic membranes, intensity. The Division maintains the candela using and liquid crystal/polymer interfaces. Near-field and a set of well-characterized, filtered detectors, with confocal optical microscopies are being used to calibration traceable to the HACR. Photometric investigate polymer films. Surface topography and scales are distributed to customers through cali- properties are studied using a polarized light scat- brated detectors or by traditional lamps. tering technique called bidirectional ellipsometry. Specialized polarized-light scattering software has Color and Appearance. In response to indus- been written to aid the understanding and interpre- tries’ need for better color and appearance (gloss. tation of these measurements. PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION Biophysics. The Division is developing advanced ments and standards. To effectively respond to optical instrumentation and measurement tech- these needs, the Division has developed a strategic niques for applications to various areas of biology. plan that contains a clear set of objectives that are A competence effort in THz metrology has lead to reviewed and updated on a yearly basis and furnish the development of laser-based THz spectrometers the outline for the individual performance plans of for spectroscopic, dynamical, and imaging studies. each staff member. These studies are directed at understanding the large amplitude motions responsible for the flexibil- MAJOR TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS ity of biological molecules, important, for instance, Validated Heat-Flux Sensor Responsivities in protein folding. Complementary spontaneous- Using a Spherical Blackbody. The Division has Raman investigations and Fourier-transform- been researching new methods to accurately infrared hyperspectral imaging studies are also being determine the radiative responsivities of heat-flux undertaken. The Division has also been recently sensors, widely used in fire and aerodynamic tests awarded competence funding for a project in Single of aerospace vehicles and components. Molecule Measurement and Manipulation. This competence project builds on the Division’s exper- tise in near-field scanning optical microscopy and single-molecule micro-spectroscopy. Optical Technology for Semiconductor Manufacturing. The Division has several pro- grams, partially supported by the Office of Microe- lectronics Programs, which are developing new measurement technologies to aid semiconductor manufacturing. Two of the programs, one dealing with rapid thermal processing (RTP), the other with plasma etching, are directed at improving present semiconductor processing technologies. The RTP effort is developing better process temperature control, while the plasma etching effort is develop- Figure 1 . Spherical blackbody furnace used ing better process chemistry control. Other pro- for the radiative calibration of heat-flux grams are providing critical measurements of optical sensor responsivities to an expanded un- properties necessary for future 157 nm lithographic certainty of 2 % (A' = 2). equipment. Very accurate indices of diffraction are Comparison of radiative heat-flux measure- being measured for candidate materials for the ments between various laboratories using a variety optical components of the next generation of of different techniques reveal that presently claimed lithography tools, while deep UV detector respon- responsivities vary by as much as 15 %. Studies at sivities and damage thresholds are being quantified NIST indicate, however, that the sensor responsivi- to aid the development of accurate irradiance ties are stable and reproducible to better than 1 % probes for determining 157 nm dose levels in over a period of several years. The calibration lithographic applications. method developed by the Division uses an electrical In addition to these activities, the Division staff substitution radiometer to determine the absolute participate in the activities of the Council for Optical heat flux at the sensor from a cylindrical heat-pipe Radiation Measurements (CORM), the International blackbody (detector-based method) and has an Commission on Illumination (CIE), the Optical expanded uncertainty of 2 % (k = 2). To validate Society of America (OSA), the International Society this detector-based method, the Division has for Optical Engineering (SPIE), and other profes- developed a totally independent source-based sional societies. The staff provides expertise and calibration procedure in which a sensor is plunged leadership in documentary standards activities into a 0.23 m diameter high-temperature spherical through the American Society for the Testing of blackbody, as shown in fig. 1, and the heat flux is Materials (ASTM) and other standards organ- directly calculated using the Stefan-Boltzmann izations. These various activities allow the Division equation. This approach also yields a responsivity to stay abreast of present and future needs of with an expanded uncertainty of 2% (k = 2). American industry for optical technology measure - Sensors calibrated using the two approaches give 91 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION responsivities that agree to within 2% (A = 2), The technique is a significant improvement validating the two methods. The availability of over previous methods as it provides simple and accurate heat-flux sensor calibrations from NIST unambiguous molecular identification and quantifi- allows sensor users and manufacturers to better cation of a broad range of molecular species. Initial assess the performance of their calibration methods tests (see fig. 2) using a standard test reactor and offers validated calibration procedures for demonstrated the detection of CF 3 H, CF 2 , CF, CO, implementation by other laboratories. (B. Tsai. and CF 2 0 in a low-pressure, inductively coupled, D. DeWitt, and M. Annageri) CF 3 H plasma, as might be used, for instance, in the etching of Si0 on Si wafers. Decomposition of the A New Millimeter-to-THz Spectroscopy Tool 2 CF 3 H in the plasma is found to be nearly complete for Plasma-Etching Chemical Diagnostics. With at 90 %. The production of CO and CF 2 0 is support from ATP Intramural funding and building attributed to etching of a quartz (Si0 2 ) dielectric on expertise developed through a Competence shielding plate by the CF 3 H decomposition products program in Advanced Terahertz (THz) Metrology, or to reactions of these products with water-vapor the Optical Technology and Atomic Physics Div- impurities in the reactor feed gas. The latter possi- isions have collaborated on the development of a bility is presently being addressed by directly new spectroscopic technique for the characteriza- examining submillimeter absorption lines of water vapor in the reactor. Independent translational, tion of the complex chemistry that occurs in a semi- rotational, and vibrational temperature measure- conductor plasma-etching reactor. The understand- ments are also possible with the technique, furnish- ing and the control of this chemistry is critical to the ing additional valuable input data to plasma models. microelectronics industry as it moves toward more Efforts are being made to extend the measurement complex multistep etching processes, larger wafers, frequency to above 1 THz using solid-state photo- and smaller and higher-aspect-ratio features. The mixers to allow the direct measurements of the HF new technique uses millimeter-to-THz linear- concentration, an important component of hydro- absorption spectroscopy with backward-wave gen-rich, hydrofluorocarbon-based, etching plasmas. oscillator (BWO) coherent radiation sources to (E. Benck, G. Golubiatnikov, D. Plusquellic, and determine the density and temperature of plasma G. Fraser) species, such as radicals, ions, and molecules, along Radiometric Calibration of the NIST Ad- the radiation propagation path. vanced Radiometer (NISTAR) and Earth Poly- OF Transition Intensity Varying with CF.H Flow Rate chromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) for the 40 seem 20 scan TRIANA Satellite. OTD has completed the radi- 10 1 - 10 seem ometric calibration of two instruments, NISTAR : seem .5 (NIST Advanced Radiometer) and EPIC (Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera), both planned for deployment on the Triana satellite. The Triana satellite, after launch by the Space Shuttle, is to be positioned in an orbit at the Lagrange- point to 1 allow continuous monitoring of the sunlit Earth. NISTAR will measure the absolute irradiance of the -5-1 Earth while EPIC will provide hourly, spatially resolved measurements of cloud properties, ozone 581506 581508 581510 581512 581514 concentration, and aerosol levels of the Earth’s Frequency / MHz atmosphere. NISTAR, originally designed by NIST, was Figure 2: Second-derivative submillimeter calibrated at NIST using the capabilities of the Divi- spectra of an absorption line of CF in a 2 sion’s Spectral Irradiance and Radiance Calibrations 250 W inductively coupled CF H plasma in 3 with Uniform Sources (SIRCUS) facility. During a Gaseous Electronics Conference (GEC) the tests, NISTAR was illuminated to mimic its reference cell at a constant cell pressure of view of the Earth from space. The resulting relative 1.3 Pa and various flow rates of CF 3 H. uncertainties on the calibration are below 1 %. The The spectra demonstrate that the produc- NISTAR instrument has since been delivered to tion of CF2 is increased at high flow rates. 92 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center and inte- Additionally, the transmission significantly increases grated onto the Triana satellite. with temperature. Previous studies of proteins in The bulk of the EPIC radiometric calibration this spectral region revealed significant spectral was performed during thermal and vacuum testing structure, attributed to standing-wave patterns, of the instrument at Lockheed Martin in Palo Alto, which are effectively removed in our study. Our California in December 2000, with additional, final myoglobin observations challenge the basis for the measurements performed in October 2001 at the application of THz spectroscopy to biological Goddard Space Flight Center. The intense, multi- warfare agent detection, that is, that biological day calibration effort required the unique radiomet- agents will have structured THz spectra that will aid ric expertise of NIST staff, specialized calibration their detection and identification. (T. Korter, sources and detectors, on-site evaluation of results, D. Plusquellic, A. Hight Walker, E. Heilweil, and and modifications to the initial calibration plan when G. Fraser) circumstances or scheduling changed. Preliminary Radiometric Calibration of the Marine Opti- results have already been made available to the cal Buoy (MOBY). The Division is providing mission science team. (T. Early, D. Allen, radiometric calibration of the Marine Optical Buoy C. Johnson, J. Rice, S. Lorentz, S. Brown, and (MOBY) to ensure the accuracy of the measured K. Lykke) down-welling irradiances and ocean-leaving radi- ances used to calibrate or validate ocean-color THz Spectra of Biomolecules. As part of a measurement satellite instruments, such as the Sea- Competence program in Advanced Terahertz Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWifs) and Metrology, the Division has developed a novel THz the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiome- spectrometer for the investigation of large-amplitude ter (MODIS). The Division is supporting the vibrational motions in biomolecules, important for radiometric calibration of MOBY by both traveling their flexibility. The capabilities of the instrument to the deployment site in Hawaii to perform calibra- have been demonstrated by recording THz spectra tions of the buoy and by developing standards and of two small biological molecules, biotin and methodologies to directly calibrate and test a riboflavin, and the protein myoglobin. duplicate MOBY spectrograph at NIST. This THz radiation is produced by difference spectrograph, denoted MOS for Marine Optical frequency mixing of two near-infrared laser beams, System, was characterized at NIST using SIRCUS, separated in frequency from 0.1 THz to 4 THz, in in response to concerns about stray or scattered a solid-state GaAs photomixer. The THz radiation light causing significant errors in the instrument is directed through the sample and detected by a readings, particularly at shorter wavelengths (see liquid-He-cooled bolometer. To increase sensitivity fig. 3). The success of the SIRCUS measurements and reduce spectral artifact absorptions, the intense led to the development of a “Traveling” SIRCUS to atmospheric water-vapor absorption present at THz allow direct calibration of the MOBY instrument in frequencies and the etalon or standing-wave struc- Hawaii using the Division's laser-based monochromatic ture characteristic of this spectral region, were radiance sources. The improved calibration of effectively eliminated by placing the photomixer, MOBY is allowing the correction of the legacy liquid-He-cooled sample, and bolometer in a ocean radiance and irradiance data, which is being common vacuum system, with no windows sepa- made available to researchers dependent on these rating the components. measurements. The project has also demonstrated Spectra were recorded with the samples cooled the unique advantages of using SIRCUS for the to 4.2 K to reduce inhomogeneous broadening for calibration of remote sensing instruments. increased spectral resolution. The spectra of biotin (C. Johnson, S. Brown, and K. Lykke) and riboflavin reveal a number of low-frequency vibrations at frequencies less than 4 THz with line- widths of approximately 0.03 THz. Complementary measurements using Raman spectroscopy have also been performed, providing additional information on the low frequency vibrations. Efforts are pres- ently underway to identify these motions with specific nuclear displacements. In contrast to biotin and riboflavin, the THz spectra of myoglobin is broad and structureless 93 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION bration. The goal of the RTP program is to enable the semiconductor industry to achieve temperature i measurements of better than 2 °C at 1000 °C, a goal stated in the Semiconductor Industry Associ- ation roadmap. Improved LPRT measurements are essential to achieving this goal, as they are the pre- dominant temperature measurement instruments in RTP. The Division's research has led to a calibra- tion protocol and a set of recommendations to ensure accurate temperature measurements with LPRT’s. He inter Figure 3. This plot is the normalized instru- ment responsivity versus wavelength for the Marine Optical Spectrograph (MOS) as light pipe measured using a broadband radiation source and a monochromatic source furnished by the AiTPt TC laser-based SIRCUS calibration facility. 3 type S TCs 48 cm Traveling SIRCUS. The Division is actively involved in providing radiometric calibration for Figure 4. This figure shows the calibration sensing satellites. It is often desirable to be remote of a light-pipe radiation thermometer able to perform the calibrations at the customer’s (LPRT) using a sodium heat-pipe black- site, typically an aerospace company or a or NASA body for temperatures between 700 °C and facility, either because of the instruments large DoD 950 °C. TC refers to thermocouple. size or fragility, scheduling constraints, or special = clean-room or environmental limitations. To be able Expanded uncertainties of 0.6 °C (k 2) were calibration for radiance to provide the highest accuracy spectroradiometric achieved for the of LPRT’s radiance tempera- calibrations requires that we bring the capabilities of temperature near 1000 °C. The ture standard was a well-characterized, high- SIRCUS, i.e., broadly tunable single-frequency emissivity, sodium-heat-pipe blackbody, as radiance and irradiance standards, to these sites. shown in fig. 4. be useful in applications, must We are presently developing such capabilities in the To LPRT's visible and near infrared, which we are calling retain their calibration over a long period of time to Traveling SIRCUS. Upon completion. Traveling limit the down time of the RTP chamber. Short- variations in SIRCUS will consist of Ti:Sapphire and dye lasers term, 10 min the sensor response were found to be less than 0.1 °C, while long-term, yr pumped by a solid-state diode-pumped laser, a 1 variations in the less small Ar-ion laser, a solid-state frequency doubler, sensor response were than and integrating spheres, providing a monochromatic I °C. These measurements indicate that LPRT's source of continuous spectral radiance from the are capable of making temperature measurements to within 1 °C. (C. Gibson, F. Lovas, and B. Tsai,) ultraviolet to the near-infrared, that is, from 350 nm to 980 nm. While at NIST, the system is used as a Intrinsic Birefringence in CaF2 . Deep ultravio- research tool to advance the capabilities of let photolithography technology has turned to SIRCUS, as the present SIRCUS instruments are crystalline CaF2 for the next generation of refractive frequently unavailable due to the calibration work- optical elements because of the poor transmission load. The initial deployment of Traveling SIRCUS of glasses at 193 nm and 157 nm. Despite the cubic was made recently at the MOBY site in Hawaii (see symmetry of CaF 2 , its crystalline nature introduces above). (C. and S. Brown, K. Johnson, Lykke) spatial-dispersion-induced birefringence, which Calibration of Light-Pipe Radiation Ther- results from the finite wave vector of the light. mometers for Applications in Rapid Thermal Measurements made in this Division and the Processing (RTP). To help improve temperature Atomic Physics Division were supported with theoretical calculations performed in collaboration measurements in semiconductor RTP, the Division has undertaken extensive research on light-pipe with the Electron and Optical Physics Division. We have successfully modeled it in CaF BaF , and radiation thermometers (LPRT's) and their cali- 2 , 2 several semiconductor materials from first princi- 94 1 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION pies, obtaining good agreement with all measure- averaged the response over the entrance aperture, ments. to establish the irradiance responsivity. To obtain an estimate of the responsivity over the entire spectral 1 1 '1 1 300 # I J If i t ¥ I range from 300 nm to 400 nm, we measured the L \ output of a Xe arc lamp using a reference standard * \ \Ge a \ * filter radiometer, and interpolated the radiance *; \ \ \ >, * \ v> 1 V\ “ “ between filter radiometer tie points. This relative 100 » \ 1 \ \ measurement was subsequently scaled at 334 nm to 1 • \ <5 GaP’ ' obtain a measure of the absolute spectral responsiv- 4\ \ ;\ \ l \ \ \ \ GaAs ity of the spectrophotometer. (S. Brown and E. i \ < " \ \ i \ T Bryd, with J. Chin, Div. 862) \- \ v.w . 30 * | • \ s x " . \ Improved Low Background Infrared Facility \ \ \ ~x \ , 1 \ (LBIR) Broadband Blackbody Calibrations. 1 V \ The LBIR broadband blackbody calibrations can i\ \ ~ 10 now be performed at 1 nW power levels with 1 % ' BaF, 1 \ i \ Type A (random contributions) uncertainty. This S ICaF, \ achievement is a direct consequence of improve- ( Figure 5. Index difference for two polari- ity and better temperature stability is partially zations for light propagation along the [1 10] responsible for the improved background environ- direction. ment. The calibrations are also now being per- formed in the newer Spectral Calibration Chamber Our main results are presented in fig. 5. Our key (SCC) with its more efficient cryoshrouds. These findings are as follows. First, the birefringence in improvements have changed the background CaF2 is about ten times larger than specifications environment from 25 K with a relatively common desired by the semiconductor industry. Second, the 0.1 K drift in temperature in a 10 minute period, to birefringence in CaF2 is opposite in sign from that in a 17 K environment with drifts in temperature of BaF2 and many other materials. Third, a mixed less that 0.01 K over a 10 minute period. The Ca vBai_ vF2 crystal may exhibit zero birefringence at electronics-limited 10 pW sensitivity of the ACRii chosen wavelengths by tuning .v. (E.L. Shirley) can be fully used in the new stable environment. High-level UV Irradiance Calibration. We This can be compared to the use of the older ACR have calibrated the irradiance responsivity of a in the Broadband Calibration Chamber (BCC) diode array spectrophotometer designed to measure where the noise floor was 100 pW at best. Figure 6 the irradiance at the exit port of an advanced xenon- shows an example of a 97 pW power measurement lamp-illuminated integrating sphere source (BFRL). using the ACRii in the SCC with the new refrigera- The 2 m diameter-integrating sphere was designed tor. These improvements have made it possible to for accelerated UV aging studies of advanced meet most of the recent calibration requirements for materials over the spectral range from 290 nm to the blackbody sources from the aerospace contrac- 400 nm, with irradiance levels at the sphere exit tors of the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization port calculated to be as high as the equivalent (BMDO). (A. Carter and S. Lorentz) irradiance from 30 suns. A fiber-coupled diode array spectrophotometer, equipped with an inte- grating sphere fore optic, is used to calculate the irradiance at an exit port. We used a collimated laser source to determine the spectral power responsivity of the spectropho- tometer as several wavelengths over the 300 nm to 400 nm spectral region. We then determined the effective aperture area of the input fore optic, and 95 ' PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION 1.85 1 1.8 . 4 j/i * .A j . „ Li. k* Jj: ' o 1.75 a ‘ fi i‘ Cl | 9 / p W 1.7 ,• n | i ji ? i r? f H !• ' j* • *n! 'i . \ j f f ” y r t f l r 1 .65 y; K 2 1.6 0 50 1 00 150 200 250 300 350 T ime s Figure 6. The plot shows 97 pW power measurements made using the LBIR’s new Absolute Cryogenic Radiometer (ACRii) in the new Spectral Calibration Chamber. ( 1 ) ACRii heater power without incident optical radiation. (2) ACRii heater power with incident optical radiation. Figure 7. Photograph of the NIST inte- NIST-NPL CCPR Intercomparison of Mid- grating sphere for absolute infrared spectral infrared Transmittance and Reflectance Scales transmittance and reflectance. Shows Good Agreement. For the first time, an The diffuse gold integrating international intercomparison of infrared spectro- sphere used to perform the NIST measurements is shown in fig. 7. In all photometry scales at the National Measurement cases there was agreement the na- Institute (NM1) level has been performed. NIST between two tional labs, within the and the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) of the combined expanded uncer- tainties. (L. Hanssen and S. Kaplan) UK have undertaken a comparison of scales for regular transmittance and reflectance in the mid- Development of Monte-Carlo Integrating infrared part of the spectrum. The comparisons Sphere Reflectometer Model. The Division has have been carried out as “Supplementary Compari- developed a highly efficient code based on Monte sons” of the Consultative for Committee Photome- Carlo methods and ray-tracing to study the per- try and Radiometry of the Bureau Interna- (CCPR) formance of an integrating sphere designed for tional Poids et des Mesures (B1PM). The transmit- hemispherical-directional reflectance measurement. tance comparison performed a was using Schott This code has been used to perform a comparative glass as the NG11 comparison artifact. Measure- analysis of different sphere designs, with variation ments were carried out at seven wavelengths of critical sphere parameters including sphere wall between and the 2.5 pm 5 pm where gradient of reflectance and sample scattering characteristics. the transmittance profile was flat. reflectance The Integrating spheres have been used for nearly a comparison was performed using three different century for reflectance measurements. However, artifacts - a non-overcoated front-aluminized glass due to the inherent difficulties of accurate uniform mirror, a NiC'r coating on a glass substrate, and an collection of all reflected or transmitted light from a uncoated plate of Schott optical - BK7 glass to diffuse sample, significant measurement errors and cover a range of reflectance values. Measurements uncertainties are common. A significant contributor were carried out for near-normal incidence between is the complexity of analytical approaches to sphere 2.5 pm and 18 pm. analysis that ultimately necessitates the use of approximations. Numerical modeling approaches do not require approximations, but the long computa- tion times even with the fastest computer proces- sors, limit the accuracy of the results. 96 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION 1 .06 technology in the design of a tunable spectral distribution integrating sphere source (ISS). 0,9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 h Sphere Refleefometer Wall and Baffle Reflectance Figure 8. This plot demonstrates the effect of different design options, for integrating spheres, on the accuracy of reflectance measurements. Figure 9. Picture of LED sphere showing red (upper left), green (upper right), blue Our code incorporates a number of significant time- (lower right), and white (center) outputs. saving features, that enable us to reduce statistical uncertainties to less than 0.1%, even for very low We have developed a prototype tunable LED- efficiency spheres. Numerical modeling methods based ISS, shown in fig. 9. The integrating sphere is offer the most promise for sphere analysis, design, equipped with 10 different LED's with spectral error reduction. and For example, the effect of distributions ranging from the blue to the red. By different design options including baffling arrange- varying the drive current of the individual LED's, ments on the measurement accuracy of the sphere the sphere spectral radiance can be tuned over a was analyzed with results shown in fig. 8. The broad wavelength range enabling calibrations of studies have resulted in a specific sphere design to colorimeters and spectroradiometers against the ISS built for be near-infrared reflectance and non- with different spectral distributions. (S. Brown and contact temperature measurements. (L. Hanssen) G. Eppeldauer) LEI) Sphere. Currently, typical light sources Detector Damage/Depth Dependence. A new for radiometric, used photometric, and colorimetric detector measurement capability, illustrated in calibrations use broad-band, incandescent or fig. 10 has been added to the UV radiometric lamps. the Xenon-arc Most of radiation from these beamline at the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation sources lies in the infrared spectral region, and is facility (SURE III). The beamline is capable of consequently not useful for photometric and col- calibrating photodetectors from 130 nm to 600 nm. orimetric calibrations. Colorimeters and photom- eters often measure sources (such as displays) with significantly different spectral distributions from the Figure 10. Schematic of the NIST quan- calibration source. The errors in these measure- tum efficiency measurement setup. ments are often unknown, and can be quite large. The new setup allows simultaneous measurement For example, colorimeters can be calibrated against of the spectral reflectivity and the spectral power an incandescent source with minimal errors of responsivity of the detector. With the measurement 0.001 or less in x,y chromaticity. However, errors of both quantities, the important detector quantity in measurements of displays using these colorime- of internal quantum efficiency, the response of the ters can be larger than 0.01 in x,y. Development of detector per total amount of the radiation absorbed a stable, spectrally tunable, radiometric source by the detector, can be deduced. The internal quan- could positively impact a variety of photometric, tum efficiency of a detector depends only on the colorimetric, and radiometric programs. Recent internal mechanism of converting photons to elec- advances in LED materials and their manufacturing trons and the collection of electrons because the processes have resulted in the commercial availabil- variation in radiation loss due to detector surface ity of LED's with colors spanning the entire visible reflectivity is eliminated during the calculation of spectrum. We are exploiting this newly enhanced internal quantum efficiency. In the visible, the 97 Monochromator * A OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION irradiance, aperture area, luminous intensity and 4rS— ~ Beam Dump luminous flux, spectral regular transmittance, and diffuse spectral reflectance. These intercomparisons Reflectance Measurement form the underpinning of the MRA verification Detector process and are listed in Appendix C of the MRA. internal quantum efficiency of a working standard The acceptance of NIST's capabilities for silicon photodiode is close to 100% and was Thermometry and Photometry and Radiometry are modeled to provide a detector calibration curve by anticipated for spring of 2002. Additional informa- extrapolating to all wavelengths from visible to near tion on the MRA and the KCDB can be found at infrared. The new setup measures both reflectivity http://kcdb.bipm.onj/BIPM-KCDB (C. Gibson, and power responsivity simultaneously to reduce T. Early, Y. Olino, and S. Bruce) the uncertainty in deriving the internal quantum efficiency caused by effects like positioning of the Determining the Molecular Basis of Adhesion detector and contamination of the detector surface at Buried Interfaces. Adhesion between dissimilar when measurements are performed separately. We materials is of critical importance to a variety of have studied the internal quantum efficiency of a industrial products and processes, e.g., coatings, variety of photodetectors, especially UV detectors fiber-reinforced composites, multilayer electronic with potential application for the photolithographic devices, and integrated circuit packaging. Until industry. Our measurements of the internal quan- recently, a technique to adequately characterize tum efficiency have provided us with insight into buried interfaces, and in particular, to determine the the photon detection mechanism. We were able to molecular structure at such an interface has been model the detector internal quantum efficiency and lacking. We have been developing novel state-of- found clear evidence of interface trap states inside the-art non-linear optical spectroscopies, such as some of the detectors. We also found evidence that Sum Frequency Generation (SFG), to explore these trap states were formed when a detector is molecular structure at material surfaces and buried damaged by UV radiation. The capability of study- interfaces for a variety of applications. ing detector internal quantum efficiency has become an important tool for detector characterization. (R. Gupta and P. Shaw) Mutual Recognition Arrangement. A Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) was drawn up by the International Committee of Weights and Meas- ures (Cl PM), under the auspices of the Meter Convention. At a meeting held in Paris on October 14, 1999, the directors of the national metrology institutes (NMIs) of 38 Member States of the Meter Convention and representatives of two international organizations signed the MRA. This Mutual Recognition Arrangement is a response to a growing need for an open, transpar- ent, and comprehensive scheme to give users reliable quantitative information on the comparabil- ity of national metrology services and to provide the technical basis for wider agreements related to Wavenumber/ cm international trade, commerce, and regulatory Figure 11. Vibrationally resonant SFG affairs. The eventual outcome of the MRA will be spectra illustrating changes in molecular statements of the measurement capabilities of each orientation which correlate with atomic NMI in a web-accessible database, known as the oxygen treatment of the substrate. key comparison and calibration database (KCDB), maintained by the BIPM. We have extended our previous studies of free The OTD has been involved in a number of polymer surfaces [J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 2785 international intercomparisons including spectral (2001)] to investigate the molecular structure of responsivity (from 200 nm to 1600 nm), spectral buried polymer interfaces, specifically, the polysty- PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION rene(PS)/spin-on-glass(SOG) interface. Thin films In 1986, Bobbert and Vlieger described the of PS and SOG of specific thicknesses are used to solution to the scattering of light by a sphere on a create optical interferences that modulate the signal flat substrate. However, it was found that for coming from the interface of interest. The SOG metallic particles on a highly reflecting silicon substrate is comprised of a hydrogen silsesquioxane substrate, numerical instabilities caused their inorganic polymer film, which, when properly implementation to fail long before convergence was cured, has optical and chemical properties similar to achieved. Painstaking efforts were made to find the glass. However, the untreated surface of a SOG roots of the instabilities, resulting in a final imple- thin film is terminated by silicon-hydrogen (Si-H) mentation of the theory, which is efficient, robust, bonds, resulting in a low free energy, hydrophobic and accurate. This solution was extended to ac- surface. Increasing exposures of this native SOG count for uniform coatings on the substrate and the surface to UV activated oxygen species decreases sphere. the number of Si-H bonds in favor of silicon- In collaboration with NIST's Building and Fire hydroxyl (Si-OH) bonds, which form a high free Research Laboratory and the University of Mary- energy, hydrophilic surface. Figure 1 1 shows the land, methods were developed in the Division to vibrationally resonant SFG spectra of the PS/SOG generate size-monodisperse copper spheres and to interface for a series of PS/SOG samples with deposit them onto silicon wafers. Polarized light varying exposure of the SOG substrate to activated scattering measurements, performed at a wave- oxygen (O a ). Analysis of the SFG spectrum for the length close to the copper plasma frequency, were native SOG substrate (i.e., 0 min O a treatment), performed on these samples. The results yielded gives an absolute orientation of phenyl groups excellent agreement with the theoretical calculations pointing away from the PS film (i.e., towards the (see fig. 12). The implementation of the theory, SOG substrate) with an absolute molecular orienta- made publicly available through NIST's tion similar to that observed previously for phenyl SCATMECH library of scattering codes, can act as groups at the free PS surface. Changes in the SFG a benchmark by which approximate codes, suitable spectra for the Oa treated SOG substrates correlate for more complex particles, can be compared. with orientational changes in the tilt and twist angles (T. Germer) of the pendant phenyl groups. The observed spectral changes suggest the phenyl groups alter their orientation to enable more favorable chemical interactions with surface Si-OH species. The changes in molecular orientation observed with SFG have been correlated with the adhesive strength of the polystyrene thin-film/glass interface. PS films peel off the untreated, low surface energy, hydrophobic SOG substrates; whereas PS films adhere to the higher surface energy, hydrophilic SOG substrates. This work paves the way for critically addressing the issues of molecular based adhesion between dissimilar materials in a variety of disciplines. (K. Briggman, J. Stephenson, with P. Wilson and L. Richter, Div. 837) Scattering by Small Metallic Spheres. Small (50 nm to 200 nm) polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres are used by the semiconductor industry to calibrate the particle-sizing function of light-scattering-based scanning surface inspection instruments. However, these spheres are not typical of real-world particles encountered on production lines. The industry needs accurate models for scattering by real-world Figure 12. Light scattering parameters are particles to design instruments and to provide the plotted [differential scattering cross-section basis for particle size and particle identification (DSC), the degree of polarization (P), the using the instrument. normalized degree of circular polarization 99 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION solar cell ( Pc/P ), and the principal angle of the po- surfaces is of great importance to improve larization ( )] for 96 nm (circles), 113 nm efficiency and use for future US and global solar (triangles), and 158 nm (squares) copper energy conversion needs. To this end. Division spheres on silicon wafers measured in the researchers obtained the first infrared spectral plane of incidence using 45° polarized, images of a 16-element combinatorial array of 1 pm 633 nm light incident at an angle of 60°. thick amorphous and polycrystalline deposited films The solid curves represent the predictions on a silicon substrate. Using a 256x256 InSb of the Bobbert-Vlieger theory. infrared array detector coupled to a step-scan FTIR interferometer, infrared absorption images, as Measuring the Dynamics of Individual RNA shown in fig. 14, identified Si-H film densities Molecules. We have measured the rotational dyn- critical to solar cell applications. This investigation amics of single RNA molecules tethered to a glass provided key structural information for samples substrate. Recent single molecule experiments and obtained from the National Renewable Energy Lab many gene-chip technologies rely on the ability to by using OTD’s unique infrared imaging capabili- tether a molecule to a surface without changing its ties. activity. An assumption is often made that the molecules are unaffected by the presence of the surface. Here we explore this assumption on a single-molecule basis. A common scheme for tethering nucleic acids to surfaces exploits the high affinity bond of biotin with streptavidin (fig. 13). Here we label a single stranded RNA molecule on 3' 5' its end with a dye called Cy3 . At the end, a single biotin molecule is attached to the RNA via a flexible tether. Streptavidin links the biotinylated RNA molecule to a coverslip coated with bi- otinylated bovine serum albumin (BSA). (L. Goldner, K. Weston, W. Heinz, and A. Bardo) Figure 14. Infrared absorption at 1 2000 cm" for Si-H surface species in a 4x4 CVD film array (dark gray —» white de- notes increasing Si-H density and infrared absorption). Chemical vapor deposition of silicon-hydride films in the presence of controlled hydrogen over- pressures and substrate temperatures affects the amorphous and crystalline properties of the depos- ited film. These films also show enhanced hole mobilities with improved photon to carrier conver- sion efficiency and long-term stability compared to conventional amorphous silicon materials. Using BSA Biotin Streptavidin NIST’s infrared imaging capabilities on the 4x4 Figure 13, Tethering RNA to a surface. array demonstrated that this technology rapidly identifies Si-H film concentrations and provides Infrared Imaging of Combinatorial Solar Cell correlations with independently measured film Silicon-Hydride Films. Determining the chemical structure and conversion efficiencies. The technique and nano-structural properties of modified silicon also provides quick visual assessment of the uni- 100 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION formity of grown films. It is envisioned that future and temperature growth conditions by a commercial related studies of compositional or substrate tem- vendor (decay time 1.9 ps) and in NIST’s EEEL perature gradient deposited films could lead to the Division (365 fs decay). The carrier decay time fit discovery of optimal growth conditions for im- (solid line) is approximately five times longer for the proved solar cell devices. (T. Heimer and commercial film than for the EEEL material. We E. Heilweil) measure ~2 THz bandwidths for strip-line antenna systems using the commercial material and, from Carrier Lifetimes of Low-Temperature GaAs the lifetime decrease, bandwidths of up to ~ 12 THz Measured for Terahertz Antenna Applications. may be achievable with the EEEL material. These To better understand the broadest attainable fre- measurements demonstrate the critical need to quency bandwidths of terahertz (THz) generators monitor temperature during deposition (achieved in and detectors. Division researchers teamed with the EEEL apparatus) and that measured lifetimes NIST’s EEEL to measure carrier lifetimes in low- correlate with desired frequency response for THz temperature GaAs films (LT-GaAs). Improving and antenna systems. (E. Heilweil and A. Migdall) controlling growth conditions for LT-GaAs films is critical for obtaining optimum performance in high- Colorimetric Characterization of Special- frequency THz devices. Charge mobility in antenna Effect Pigment Coatings. The Division, with ATP semiconductor substrates directly affects the output support, is developing methods for the quantitative pulse duration and speed, thus producing varying characterization of special-effect pigment coatings, terahertz frequency bandwidths in spectroscopic or such as pearlescent coatings, important for the imaging applications. appearance of many commercial products, including automobiles, cosmetics, and various consumer goods. The complexity of these coatings increases the need for better appearance measurements for process and quality control. Pearlescent coatings typically consist of thin metal-oxide-coated transparent mica platelets (see fig. 16). Constructive and destructive interference of light from the front and back surface reflections of these platelets are responsible for the chroma, hue, and brightness variation with the angles of incidence and viewing. To quantify the properties of the pearlescent coatings, a series of samples supplied by manufac- turers were examined using the Division's Spectral Figure 15. Transient reflectivity recovery Tri-function Automated Reference Reflectometer dynamics for two samples of 1 pm thick (STARR). STARR measured the reflectance of the MBE-grown LT-GaAs on GaAs substrates. samples for incident wavelengths from 380 nm to The 365 fs carrier decay time is for EEEL 780 nm in 10 nm increments and incident angles of material: while the slower 1.9 ps decay time 15°, 25°, 45°, 65°, and 75°. Viewing angels were is for a commercial sample. chosen from -80° to 80° in 5° steps. For each pair LT-GaAs films are known to yield several of incident and reflected angles, colorimetric values picosecond earner lifetimes compared to GaAs or of lightness, a , b , hue, and chroma were deter- related semiconductors (100's of ps). High electron mined. The STARR-determined colorimetric and hole mobilities correlate with shorter lifetimes - quantities validated the qualitative expectations by achieving short earner lifetime films is preferred. exhibiting a strong dependence on the incident and Lifetimes for 1 pm thick chemical vapor deposited reflected angles. Empirically, it is found that meas- LT-GaAs films were measured using an amplified urements at a subset of the reflectance angles, 15°, femtosecond TkSapphire system with 50 femto- 35°, 45°, 70°, and 85°, for each incident angle, second, 800 nm pulses. A reflection pump-probe provide a complete characterization of the coatings. apparatus directly monitored the time-dependent Future efforts are directed at developing carrier reflectivity change after pump excitation. improved light scattering models to predict the Figure 15 shows transient reflectivity results for optical properties of special-effect coatings, using films produced under ostensibly similar pressure 101 PHYSICS LABORATORY OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION recent experimental data on idealized coated samples for validation. (M. Nadal and T. Germer) Type of pigment Absorption Metallic Pearlescent Optical principle ^ t 4 of pigments (first order) Absorption and/or difuse Specular reflection Thin-film interference scattering Perceived chroma and hue Independent of geometry Independent of geometry Dependent on geometry Perceived brightness Independent of geometry Dependent on geometry Dependent on geometry 10° Measurement geometry 0°/45° or ~0°/d 45°/ 15°, 45° & 1 Under study Figure 16. Illustration of scattering mechanisms, perceptions, and measurement geometries for various types of common pigmented coatings, o 102 PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION Polych romatic Neutrons Contact Image “ Phase Contrast 3.6 m Image 400 pm Pinhole Aperture 103 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION Overleaf Phase Contrast Image: Shown are two different kinds of neutron in- ages of a lead casting. Lead castings are examples of objects in which internal structures are not clearly revealed in either conventional x-ray images or in conventional (contact) neutron radiographs. The Contact Image, which was taken by placing the neutron detector plate directly behind the casting, shows very little contrast. However, in the Phase Contrast Image, which was taken with the detector plate 1.8 m down- stream from the casting, the imaging of internal features has been greatly enhanced by wave interference. 104 PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION OVERVIEW The Ionizing Radiation Division of the Physics • develops and operates well-characterized Laboratory supports the NIST mission by provid- sources and beams of electrons, photons, and ing national leadership in promoting accurate, neutrons for primary radiation standards, calibra- meaningful, and compatible measurements of tions, research on radiation interactions, and ionizing radiations (xrays, gamma rays, electrons, development of measurement methods. neutrons, energetic charged particles, and radioac- To accomplish these goals, the Division staff tivity). The Division: interacts widely in the national radiation commu- • provides primary national standards, dosimetry nity in all sectors including industry. State and methods, measurement services, and basic data for Federal government, and universities. The Division application of ionizing radiation to radiation protec- has strong interactions in the international radiation tion of workers and the general public, radiation community through scientific collaborations and therapy and diagnosis, nuclear medicine, radiogra- committee activities. Division staff participate in phy, industrial radiation processing, nuclear elec- numerous professional societies and on many com- tric power, national defense, space science, and mittees. The Division is collaborating with indus- environmental protection; trial companies, professional and governmental organizations, and interested individuals from the • conducts theoretical and experimental research radiation-user community in the programs of the on the fundamental physical interactions of ioniz- Council on Ionizing Radiation Measurements and ing radiation with matter; Standards (CIRMS). • operates two user facilities at the NCNR cold neutron guide hall for researchers from industry, PROGRAM DIRECTIONS universities, and national laboratories on neutron radiography, weak interaction physics, and funda- Brachvtherapy Source Dosimetry. Brachy- mental quantum phenomena in neutron interferom- therapy (treatment with sealed radioactive sources) etry; has seen a tremendous increase in the use of low- energy photon emitting seeds for prostate cancer • develops improved methods for radiation meas- and the introduction of intravascular brachvtherapy, urement, dosimetry, and 2- and 3-dimensional map- using beta-particle- (and photon-) emitting sources ping of radiation dose distributions; to inhibit arterial restenosis (re-closing) following • develops primary standards and transfer stan- balloon angioplasty. In both cases, NIST responded dards for radioactive sources used in therapy; to the needs of the manufacturers, regulators and • develops improved primary radiation standards clinical physicists by developing new standards and produces highly accurate standard reference data and measurement methods to calibrate the quanti- for ionizing radiation and radioactive materials; ties needed to ensure accurate dosimetry for the variety of sources introduced, • provides standard reference materials, calibra- wide and dissemina- ting these standards through a network of secondary tions, and measurement-quality-assurance ser- calibration laboratories. vices to users such as hospitals, industry. States, and other Federal agencies; Diagnostic X-Ray Beam Dosimetry. Dosimetric • develops measurement methods and technology measurement standards, in terms of air-kerma (or for use by the radiation-processing industry, health- exposure) for x-ray beams from 10 kVp (x-ray care industry, nuclear electric-power industry, source accelerating potential in kilovolts) to 300 kVp environmental technology, and radiation-using are developed and maintained at NIST, and dissem- industrial applications; and inated to manufacturers and the medical physics 105 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION community in North America through a network Radiation Protection Dosimetry. NIST exposure of secondary calibration laboratories. NIST main- standards for x-ray beams and gamma-ray sources tains more than 75 beam qualities for conventional are the basis for the radiation dosimetry monitoring (W-anode) x-ray beams, and 17 beam qualities of workers in the U.S. We are currently developing for mammography (Mo- and Rh-anode) x-ray an instrument calibration service for low exposure l 7 beams. rates of Cs (down to tens or hundreds of iR/h). Our program in retrospective tooth-tissue/EPR Standards and Calibrations for Radiation dosimetry is now supporting a number of epidemio- Therapy Dosimetry. More than 600,000 cancer logical studies. patients per year are treated in the US with radia- tion beams, mainly from high-energy electron Radiation Source Facilities and Characteriza- accelerators (either directly with the electrons or tion. NIST maintains a 7 MeV to 32 MeV electron converting to high-energy x rays). NIST maintains linac in its Medical Industrial Radiation Facility and disseminates the standards for air kerma (MIRF), along with 4 MV Van de Graff and 500 keV (exposure) and for absorbed dose to water from electrostatic accelerators. These are used in a variety l,(, Co gamma-ray beams, the basis for calibrating of radiation applications, including the current instruments used to measure the absorbed dose development at MIRF of a High-Energy Computed delivered in therapy beams. Tomography (HECT) facility. Plans are to acquire a clinical medical linac to support the development Standard Reference Data on Radiation Inter- of therapy-level dosimetry calibrations. actions. NIST has nearly five decades in the devel- Symmetries of the Weak Nuclear Force. The opment of critically evaluated, comprehensive end station on cold neutron guide NG-6 is oper- databases of cross-section information for ionizing ated as a national user facility for investigation of photons (x and gamma rays), electrons, and heavy the symmetries and parameters of the nuclear charged particles. These data are often adopted by weak interaction. High-accuracy measurement of national and international standards organizations the neutron lifetime, a search for time-reversal for use in radiation protection, medical therapy, asymmetry in neutron beta decay, and measure- and industrial applications. This work continues in ments of parity non-conserving spin rotation are the Division's Photon and Charged-Particle Data among the experiments competing for beam time. Center. Magnetically Trapping Ultra Cold Neutrons. Theoretical Dosimetry and Radiation Trans- In collaboration with physicists at Harvard Univer- port Calculations. The radiation transport and sity, superthermal production of ultracold neutrons Monte Carlo methods pioneered and developed at (UCN) in superfluid helium and magnetic trapping NIST to calculate the penetration of electrons and of these neutrons have been successfully demon- photons in matter are used in most of the major strated. Several kinds of upgrades to the trap are in codes today. Monte Carlo simulation is increas- progress to increase the number of trapped neutrons ingly applied to problems in radiation metrology, and to reduce background events which mask the protection, therapy and processing as an accurate observation of neutron beta decay in the trap. The tool for design, optimization, and insight often initial application of this UCN source will be a inaccessible to measurement. neutron lifetime measurement with a potential im- Radiation Processing Dosimetry. NIST has provement in accuracy of better than a factor of 10 been a world leader in the dosimetry for the high compared to the present best value. levels of absorbed dose used in the industrial radia- Neutron Fields for Materials Dosimetry and tion processing of materials (e.g., polymer curing, Personnel Dosimetry. A diverse array of well- sterilization of single-use medical devices, food characterized and documented neutron fields is irradiation, and destruction of biological weapons). maintained for calibrations and for development Accurate transfer dosimetry is increasingly done of methods for materials dosimetry and personnel on the basis of alanine/EPR dosimetry, rather than dosimetry. A new generation of staff has taken the radiochromic film dosimetry developed at over these activities with continuing guidance from NIST, and a new NIST system is near completion emeritus staff members, who are serving on con- for on-demand, internet-based e-calibrations for tract or as guest researchers. The application of industry, dosimetry. based on alanine/EPR calorimetry to absolute neutron counting is being 106 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION pursued to validate and improve on traditional important projects include the investigation of methods of fluence measurement and neutron geometrical effects in measuring nuclides such as 1 l(,, source calibration. Lu and ’Ho in vials and syringes. Neutron Interferometry and Optics. The Radionuclide Metrology Development. A pulse Neutron Interferometer and Optics Facility is now recording technique has been developed which will in full operation as a national user facility with a permit a given data set to be analyzed ex post facto. busy schedule of experiments. Large new interfer- Intercomparison of the results of various types of ometer crystals of NIST design can operate over a analytical reductions on the same set of data will wavelength range of roughly 0.2 nm to 0.45 nm, be possible and become routine, which will lead to with fringe visibility as high as 88 % at the shorter reduced systematic uncertainties and very much wavelengths. Experiments include applications for faster measurements. materials science as well as fundamental physics Traceability for Low-level Radiochemistry measurements. Very substantial advances are being Metrology. Many tens of thousands of low-level made in neutron scattering length measurements. radiochemical measurements are made annually to Neutron optics developments include phase con- support environmental remediation and occupa- trast imaging. tional health programs. The credibility of these Neutron Imaging for Fuel Cell Research. measurements has been based on participation in Neutron tomography and real-time radiography regulation driven performance evaluation programs are being applied to the observation of hydrogen of limited scope. The fundamental flaw that the and water transport in operating fuel cells and to metrology community recognizes is that there is a other industrial applications. Recent improvements lack of direct linkage to the national radioactivity in CCD imaging systems and the widespread avail- standards. This situation is being addressed in the ability of computed tomography (CT) and 3D image publication of three ANSI Standards. These three reconstruction software have made it possible to set consensus standards call for a traceability testing up a neutron CT imaging system with only modest program that links the quality of operational measure- resources. Neutron CT imaging can complement ments to the national standards. The Radioactivity x-ray CT scans, by providing higher sensitivity to Group has established such a traceability testing hydrogen, boron, lithium and certain other elements program for low-level radiochemistry laboratories and isotopes in many important industrial applica- such as: Westinghouse Carlsbad, University of New tions. New developments in phase-contrast imaging Mexico at Carlsbad, Sandia National Laboratory, in large beams without the need for an interferom- and EPA Montgomery. eter are also being pursued. Criteria for Production of QC Materials. NIST, Polarized 'He-based Neutron Spin Filters. We in collaborations with DOE/EM, NRC, NIST, FDA, are currently applying neutron spin filters based on universities, utilities, national laboratories, instru- polarized 'He to materials science and fundamental ment manufacturers, commercial radioactivity physics with neutrons. We produce the polarized standards companies, and commercial proficiency gas by either of two optical pumping methods, evaluation companies initiated the process of estab- known as spin-exchange and metastability-exchange. lishing consensus criteria for the production of QC Both continue to be improved for the needs of materials as a sub-issue to its traceability priority. neutron applications. We have employed spin filters This issue is of major importance because material for experiments on the small angle neutron scatter- quality is critical to the credibility of PE programs/ ing spectrometer (SANS) and we are also pursuing analytical results, and is fundamental to other issues. application to neutron reflectometry at the NCNR Virtual Radiobioassay Standard Phantom. and Argonne National Laboratory. For fundamental Exposure of occupational (weapons production, physics, we produce unique cells for a parity viola- environmental clean-up, nuclear power generation, tion experiment at Los Alamos. and waste management) personnel and the public to Radionuclide Standards for Nuclear Medicine. radioactive sources is non-invasively evaluated by The development of a standard for the a-emitting external gamma-ray measurement. NIST is being ~ M radiotherapy nuclide At will be the highest-pri- asked to develop standard phantoms containing ority project for the radiopharmaceutical standards radionuclides as a calibration reference for the program during the present fiscal year. Other gamma-ray measuring instruments. 107 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION Standards, Calibrations and Instrumentation calculate dose rates to ensure effective treatment for Environmental Monitoring. The measurement planning. of environmental surface contamination, particu- To verify that seeds of a given design cali- larly around nuclear sites and in environmental brated at NIST are representative of the majority of remediation, has posed an important and difficult those calibrated in the past, several additional tests problem. Three systems that are under study and have been implemented. Mapping the distribution evaluation are (i) imaging plate technology, of radioactive material within a seed using (ii) glow-discharge resonance ionization mass radiochromic-film contact exposures as well as spectrometry, and (iii) thermal ionization mass angular x-ray emission measurements enable char- spectrometry. acterization of the degree of anisotropy present in Environmental Management and Nuclear Site seed emissions. The relative response of calibra- Remediation. Resonance Ionization Mass Spec- tion instruments has been observed to depend on trometry continues to be developed with improve- such anisotropy. Data from two Accredited Dosim- ments in sensitivity and selectivity based on several etry Calibration Laboratories (ADCLs) and the seed factors such as lowering of the background, careful manufacturer, in addition to the results of NIST choice of excitation scheme, development of a measurements, are compiled and checked as a func- graphite furnace source, and incorporation of a tion of time to ensure the continuous validity of the non-axial-beam geometry. The Nuclear Regula- calibration traceability chain from NIST to ADCLs tory Commission is moving toward increasing and manufacturers and to the clinic. (M.G. Mitch, sensitivity requirements for in situ measurements. P.J. Lamperti, S.M. Seltzer, and B.M. Coursey) Radionuclide Speciation in Soils and Sediments. X-Ray Spectrometry of Prostate Brachy- While regulators and the public are interested in therapy Sources. To understand the relationship assuring that radionuclide decontamination in the between well-ionization-chamber response and environment is cost-effective and thorough, the WAFAC-based air-kerma strength for prostate underlying basis for soil and sediment decontami- brachytherapy seeds, x-ray emission spectra are nation is the speciation of the radionuclides. This measured with an HPGe detector. Pulse-height project addresses the identification of radionuclide distributions from the spectrometer are unfolded to partitioning in soils and sediments. The approach obtain the true photon spectra emerging from the involves the development of the NIST Standard l() seeds in the transaxial direction. ’Pd seeds from Extraction Protocol for identifying the distribution all five manufacturers emit very similar photon of radioactive elements in soils and sediments. spectra, while there are five distinct spectra emitted 125 MAJOR TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS by I seeds from thirteen manufacturers. These 12 differences in I seed emission spectra are a Calibration of Low-Energy Photon Braehy- result of fluorescence x-rays emitted by the radio- therapy Sources. Small radioactive “seed” sources nuclide support material, either silver or palladium. used in prostate brachytherapy, containing either The effect of these fluorescence x-rays is to lower ICb l2 the 'I, radionuclide Pd or are calibrated in terms the average energy of the emitted spectrum, result- of strength using the air-kerma NIST Wide-Angle ing in a lower well-ionization-chamber current Free-Air Chamber (WAFAC). The WAFAC is an relative to air-kerma strength because of the greater automated, free-air ionization chamber with a energy sensitivity of the well-chambers compared variable volume that directly realizes air (or kerma to that of the WAFAC. Knowledge of seed emerg- exposure). Seeds of twenty different designs from ent spectra allows separation of well-ionization- fourteen manufacturers have been calibrated using chamber response effects due to spectral differ- the On-site characterization WAFAC. at seed manu- ences from those due to seed internal structure and facturing plants for control, quality as well as at self-absorption. (M.G. Mitch, S.M. Seltzer, and therapy clinics for treatment planning, relies on P.J. Lamperti) well-ionization-chamber measurements. Following the primary-standard measurement of air-kerma Intravascular Brachytherapy Source Dosim- strength, the responses of several well-ionization- etry. The use of beta-particle emitting brachy- chambers to the various seed sources are determined. therapy sources for the prevention of restenosis Such response factors enable well-ionization-cham- (re-closing) of coronary blood vessels after angio- bers to be employed at therapy clinics for verifica- plasty continues to be actively explored. NIST has tion of seed air-kerma strength, a quantity used to taken an early and leading role in the calibration of 108 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION 90 l0l the sources used for this therapy, employing the sources of Sr/Y and ’Ru/Rh was published in NIST extrapolation chamber equipped with a 1 mm Medical Physics and are included in the ICRU diameter collecting electrode to measure dose rate report on beta particles for medical applications. at a depth of 2 mm in water-equivalent plastic. These A new high-sensitivity electrometer has been pur- measurements are confirmed using radiochromic-dye chased to allow measurement of lower activity film, also used to characterize sources in the cylin- sources with this system. An intercomparison on drical geometry for transaxial uniformity. In addition, high-dose-rate beta-particle dosimetry between irradiations of planar sheets of film at various NIST and PTB was begun using a PTB secondary depths in water-equivalent plastic are used to con- standard. (C.G. Soares and M.G. Mitch) struct data sets which can be used to predict the Development of a New X-ray kV Calibration dose rate at arbitrary locations around the sources Service. The NIST Ionizing Radiation Division is using a modified form of the AAPM Task Group in the process of developing a new x-ray beam kV 43 Protocol. The equipment used for these studies calibration service. The plan is to offer calibrations is augmented with two micro-scintillator detection of devices used to measure the accelerating poten- systems, two automated three-dimensional water- tial applied to x-ray generators. A precision vol- tank scanning systems, various well-ionization- tage divider, calibrated by EEEL and traceable to chambers, and two small fixed-volume ionization the primary standard for voltage, will be chambers. NIST installed on the x-ray generators used in the NIST Collaborations were continued between NIST x-ray beam calibration range, covering constant and Guidant, Inc., for dosimetry of their "P wires, accelerating potentials up to 300 kV. Customers and over 350 of their well-ionization-chambers can submit devices to be irradiated in NIST beams were calibrated. Collaborations also continued with ,u of their choice. Such devices usually are based on Novoste, Inc., for dosimetry of Sr/Y seed trains, some indirect measurement, such as the differences and a measurement-assurance proficiency test was in transmission among x-ray filters of different performed with two AAPM secondary laboratories compositions and/or thicknesses. The results from for these sources. Collaborations were inaugurated the device will be reported along with the measured with Radiovascular for the calibration of their “P accelerating potential, with an accuracy anticipated shell source, and with Medtronic and with Xoft for to be typically 1 kV or better at the 95 confidence the calibration of their miniaturized x-ray sources. % level. (C.M. O’Brien) Coupled with the continuing collaboration with Photoelectron Corporation for the calibration of Photon and Charged-Particle Data Center. their x-ray probes, it is anticipated that these The Data Center compiles, evaluates, and dissemi- collaborations will lead to a new standard for low- nates data on the interaction of ionizing radiation energy photon absorbed dose measurement. with matter. The data on photons and charged par- A new collecting electrode with a much better ticles, with energies above about 1 keV, include defined collecting area was designed for the NIST fundamental information on interaction cross extrapolation chamber. Successful construction of sections as well as transport data pertaining to the this electrode is expected to reduce the current penetration of radiation through bulk material. large uncertainty in the NIST calibration of beta- Databases are developed for attenuation coeffi- particle brachytherapy sources. (C.G. Soares and cients for x rays and gamma rays, including cross M.G. Mitch) sections for Compton and Rayleigh scattering, Beta-Particle-Eniitting Ophthalmic Applicator atomic photo-effect, and electron-positron pair Calibration Service. With the advent of the cali- production, as well as on energy-transfer, energy- bration service for ophthalmic applicators at the absoqrtion and related coefficients needed in radi- University of Wisconsin Accredited Dosimetry ation dosimetry. Work on charged-particle cross Calibration Laboratory, the role of NIST in these sections and radiation transport data includes sig- routine calibrations has diminished considerably. nificant effort on the evaluation of the stopping NIST’s role in this field will be more geared towards powers and ranges of electrons, positrons, protons, providing transfer standard sources and fields both and alpha particles, the elastic scattering of elec- to secondary laboratories and source manufacturers. trons and positrons, and the cross section for the The results of the major international inter compar- production of bremsstrahlung by electrons. A new ison of ophthalmic applicator dosimetry, which evaluation of cross sections for the elastic scatter- included the dosimetry of both curved and flat ing of electrons and positrons by neutral atoms 109 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION has recently been completed. Current efforts are and deterministic effects. Therefore, the acquisi- focused on the development of a suite of computer tion of dosimetric effects from populations with programs to evaluate the differential, total, and chronic exposure is of special interest (Chernobyl, energy-loss cross sections for Compton scattering Techa River, etc.). Electron paramagnetic reso- of photons from electrons bound in atoms. nance (EPR) is the only physical method available The quality of the work of the Data Center is to retrospective biological dosimetry studies. reflected in the use of our data in engineering and Validation of the method and rigorous analysis of scientific compendia, books and review articles, critical steps is essential before these data can be and in the reports and protocols of national and used reliably in epidemiological studies from which international standards organizations. Our data and recommendations are made for occupational expo- Monte Carlo transport algorithms are incorporated sures. Significant effort has gone into developing into the most widely used general-purpose radiation sound protocols for the preparation of tooth-issue transport codes. We have used two Monte Carlo sample for EPR analysis, and into the analysis and codes for calculations of the wall-correction fac- interpretation of the EPR results. Results have tors for the NIST graphite-wall cavity-ionization been obtained for members of the Techa riverside chambers that serve as the U.S. standard for population from 1945-1949, exposed to radioac- gamma-ray air kerma and exposure. The results tive waste from the Mayak nuclear weapon plant will be used to modify these U.S. standards in the near the Techa River, Urals, Russia. (A.A. near future, in concert with many other national Romanukha, M.F. Desrosiers, and V. Nagy) primary standards laboratories around the world. Calibration of Beta-Particle Sources and Instru- (S.M. Seltzer, P.M. Bergstrom, J.H. Hubbell, and ments for Radiation Protection. A calibration M.J. Berger) service for protection-level beta-particle sources Internet-Based Calibration Services for the and instrumentation has been in place for several Radiation-Processing Industry, An Internet-based years. The measurement system is automated, and calibration service has been built for fast remote capable of measuring extremely low absorbed- calibration of high-dose radiation sources against dose rates. The second-generation beta-particle the U.S. national standard gamma-radiation source. secondary standard system (BSS2), which includes The new service will electronically deliver calibra- the isotope 'Kr, is now utilized routinely for cali- tion results to the industry customer, on-demand brations and research into standard extrapolation- and at a lower cost. The industrial site will have a chamber data-handling techniques. The sources dosimeter reader and an Internet link to the NIST were calibrated both at the Physikalisch Technische server. When a calibration is requested, the indus- Bundesanstalt (PTB) and at NIST, allowing a direct trial site will connect to the NIST calibration web intercomparison of calibrations. The systems are site and initiate the process. In order to ensure a also being used for the dosimetry characterization reliable dose assessment, the NIST server will lock- of a photo-stimulatable-luminescence-phosphor out the local user and fully control the measure- imaging system. The standardized techniques ments remotely. The remote control process will developed at PTB and NIST are now included in include the spectrometer calibration, setting of an International Organization for Standardization readout parameters, real-time spectral acquisition (ISO) draft standard and are being implemented in and validation. The post-measurement evaluation the NIST calibration service. A new high-sensitivity process involves a rigorous verification of the electrometer has been purchased to replace the quality of the acquired spectra, and dose calcula- 15-year old high-sensitivity electrometer currently tions from calibration curves maintained at NIST. being used for these measurements. (C.G. Soares The system has been demonstrated at national and and M.G. Mitch) international dosimetry symposia. Current efforts Gamma-Ray Sources for Radiation-Protection include further refinements in software/hardware Calibrations. Five gamma-ray sources are used compatibility and development work with future for calibration of instruments and passive dosim- industrial partners. (M.F. Desrosiers, V. Nagy, and eters, in terms of air-kerma and exposure, to support J.M. Puhl) protection-level measurements in the U.S. The Validation of the EPR Method for Tooth- calibrations are directly traceable to measurements Enamel Dosimetry. Knowledge is required on dose- with the national primary standard for gamma-ray effect relationships for radiation-induced stochastic exposure, graphite-cavity ionization chambers. The 110 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION ranges provide a wide range of air-kerma rates. was the development, fabrication and testing of Two Cs sources provide air-kerma rates from a neutron monochromator made of potassium- 137 4.5 mGy/h to 1 10 mGy/h; a third Cs source intercalated graphite (KC24). This monochromator provides air-kerma rates of 2.3 Gy/h and 3.6 Gy/h; allows neutrons with wavelengths near 0.9 nm to and two ( '°Co sources provide air-kerma rates be Bragg reflected from the primary beam with from 0.25 mGy/h to 5.4 mGy/h. Programs of greater than 85% reflectivity, allowing for a signifi- regular, calibrated exposures of thermoluminescent cant suppression of background events from neu- dosimeters provide direct support for the worker- trons with other wavelengths. The monochromator protection measurement programs of a number of assembly consists of nine pieces of KC 24 that must agencies, including the U.S. Navy. NIST standards be encapsulated in an inert atmosphere to minimize are also disseminated through a number of second- the chemical reactivity of the potassium with air ary instrument-calibration laboratories to provide (see fig. 1). The assembled monochromator has traceability of protection-level measurements. Work been completely characterized and is performing is underway to develop a calibration capability at well above initial expectations. Also note that the much lower air-kerma rates, down to 5 iGy/hr. 0.9 nm wavelength is about a factor of two longer (R. Minniti, P.J. Lamperti, and J. Shobe) than that of any other monochromatic beam in the NCNR facility, and the NCNR management and Fundamental Neutron Physics - User Facility material scientists are in the process of replicating and In-house Program. The Neutron Interactions this technology for instruments in the facility. (P.R. and Dosimetry (NID)Group supports a national user Huffman) facility for research in fundamental neutron physics. Our collaborators and customers represent institu- 1st STAGE 2nd STAGE tions in at least 1 1 different states and 7 other countries. (J.S. Nico, P R. Huffman, M.S. Dewey, • • • • 1 < • • 9 • T.R. Gentile, A.K. Komives, and A.K. Thompson) tt • • • • • 9 • 0 J • • • • • • • » 9 9 9 9 = CARBON HEXAGON LAYER 9 9 9 = LAYER OF INTERCALATE (ALKALI METAL ATOM) Figure 2. The diagram shows stages of intercalation within the hexagonal close- Figure 1. The tiled assembly of inter- packed structure of crystalline graphite. nd is “2 calated graphite is seen as it is held by The KC 24 compound denoted as a gloved fingers within an inert atmosphere stage” compound because it has potassium chamber. in every other layer. The large spacing of the potassium layers produces a long wave- Two separate measurements of the beta-decay length monochromator. lifetime of the neutron have been our primary focus during the past year. In one experiment, the decay The other lifetime experiment, which b led by rate of magnetically trapped ultracold neutrons NIST staff, measures the neutron decay rate in a (UCN) will be measured to extract the neutron life- beam passing through a well-defined volume. The time. This experiment is led by Harvard University key components are a Penning-trap to confine the and recently the techniques were demonstrated in decay protons and a high-precision neutron monitor a proof-of-principle measurement. The apparatus to measure the average number of neutrons within has been upgraded in preparation for a lifetime the trap volume. The methods and associated measurement. The major improvement this year systematic uncertainties in this experiment are PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION completely different from that of the UCN lifetime operating fuel cell, a tomographic image of a fuel experiment, so that consistent results from the two cell, and a radiograph showing lithium ion transport different types of experiments will constitute a in a commercial battery. (M. Arif and D.L. Jacobson) very reliable determination of this important quan- Polarized He for Neutron Spin Filters. The tity. The result to be submitted for publication from primary focus of the polarized 'He program is the this Penning-trap experiment is approximately development of neutron spin filters and application T = 885 s ± 4 s. The four-second uncertainty n of these devices to both materials science and fun- should be reduced to ±2 s once cross-calibrations damental physics. We are developing two optical can be performed among the high-precision neutron pumping methods, spin-exchange and metastabil- monitor and two other “black” neutron counters. ity-exchange, for producing the polarized 'He gas. The refinements in neutron counting from these We are also contributing to an experiment in weak calibrations are also of interest in verifying the interaction physics at Los Alamos National Lab- neutron emission rate from the standard neutron oratory to measure parity violation in the reaction source NBS-I, which is the basis for two of our n+p —» d+y. In addition, we are collaborating with calibration services and much of our neutron Indiana University in applications at the Intense dosimetry work. (M.S. Dewey and J.S. Nico) Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at Argonne National Neutron Interferometry and Optics Facility Laboratory. (NIOF) - User Facility and In-house Program. The most important development this year was The NIOF is the other national user facility oper- the production of large diameter cells with very ated by the NID Group. Radiography and tomog- long polarization lifetimes for both optical pumping raphy serv ices and research involve both academic methods. Spin-exchange optical pumping is most and industrial customers and collaborators. efficient in small volume, high pressure (3 bar to this Initial measurements were completed year lObar) cells, primarily because of the reduced for on the coherent neutron scattering lengths hydro- number of rubidium atoms and to a lesser degree gen, deuterium, and He. Preparation of publications because of better spectral overlap with broadband is still but the analysis is in progress, data essen- diode lasers. However, construction of the large- tially complete. The estimated uncertainties from diameter glass cells needed for typical neutron these new measurements are about a factor of ten beams, is difficult (and hazardous) at such pressures. lower than those of the best preceding measure- Recently, we have tested spin-exchange cells ments. These data are of interest for theoretical at near-atmospheric pressure and found that with studies of“few-body” interactions (6 quark, 9 quark, sufficient laser power, polarization comparable and 12 quark), and also for Los Alamos stockpile- to that obtained in higher pressure cells can be ob- stewardship calculations. All of these meas- were tained in these cells. Operation at such low pressure urements on gaseous samples at pressures of several has an additional advantage: because of the reduced atmospheres. dipole-dipole relaxation at lower pressure, we have complete set of measurements was also A made been able to achieve polarization lifetimes as long this year in an innovative approach to the measure- as one month, about two to three times longer than ment of the neutron-electron scattering length, by had ever been achieved for spin-exchange cells observing the large phase shifts as a thin silicon previously. In addition, the long lifetime permits crystal was rotated through the Bragg angle within higher polarization at a given laser power. a neutron interferometer. The neutron-electron scat- Our low-pressure cells are expected to be tering length is related to the distribution of electric employed as the polarizer for the n+p —> d+y charge within neutron the the and mean square experiment, as well as having important utility for charge radius of the neutron (which has a net charge material science and other fundamental physics of zero). A precise value of this rather fundamental experiments. The success of our apparatus for the quantity is also of interest in the theory of few body preparation of sealed spin-exchange cells has also nuclear systems and related precision measurements. led to the production of two refillable cells for the Development of neutron radiography and tom- metastability-exchange method with 200 h life- ography facilities is continuing, with work now times. Our development of lower pressure cells concentrating on the BT-6 beam position, which was an indirect outgrowth of tests of spectrally- has just been granted for this purpose by the NCNR narrowed high power diode lasers, developed by management. Accomplishments this year included collaborators at the University of Wisconsin. (T.R. near real-time imaging of water formation in an Gentile and A.K. Thompson) 112 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION Neutron Dosimetry. Section III (neutron measure- Science Committee (NEANSC). The NIST ments) of the Consultative Committee on Ionizing representative heads a standards Task Force of the Radiation (CCRI) is currently carrying out three CSEWG, coordinates a Subgroup on standards of international comparison exercises, and we are the Working Party on International Evaluation participating in all of them. NIST is leading a com- Cooperation of the NEANSC, and was chairman parison of thermal neutron fluence measurements; of an IAEA Consultants' Meeting on Improve- the PTB is leading a comparison of fast neutron ment of the Standard Cross Sections. Final ap- fluence measurements; and the National Physical proval was recently obtained for an IAEA Laboratory (NPL, Teddington) is leading a neutron Coordinated Research Project which will provide source emission rate comparison. resources to allow meetings of the contributors to For the thermal neutron comparison, we pre- the standards evaluation process. An objective is pared a transfer instrument system based on an to complete the evaluation in time for the major l0 active B ionization chamber. This system was used international cross section evaluation projects to successfully for the comparison measurements at use the improved standards in forming new ver- the NPL, but one problem with an electrical contact sions of their libraries. had to be resolved. The system was returned to This NIST project has continued to maintain a l0 NIST for a check on the integrity of the B deposits limited experimental role in the measurements of and will be sent on to China and Japan next year, the standards. This role has led to a new, NIST- if international shipping restrictions permit. LANL-Ohio University collaborative measurement Measurements of neutron inelastic scattering of the H(n,n) angular distribution at Ohio Univer- in steel have been made in collaboration with Ohio sity at 10 MeV neutron energy. The final results of University and Penn. State. These measurements the data indicate differences with the most recent are needed to better understand data for nuclear U.S. evaluation of this angular distribution. The reactor pressure vessel damage estimation. Initial work was accepted for publication in the Physical measurements with a spherical shell of 4 cm thick- Review. (A.D. Carlson and P.R. Huffman) ness were recently reported at the Nuclear Data Development of a Radiotherapy Nuclide Stan- 2001 meeting in Tsukuba. dard. In an effort to solve the problem of distrib- Calibration services for radiation protection uting a the short-lived = h) standard of ( 0 /2 17 dosimetry and neutron source emission rate measure- ISN nuclide, Re, which is of interest in many areas ment continued at a fairly busy pace. (J.M. Adams, of nuclear medicine, we have standardized solutions A.K. Thompson, J.S. Nico, and D.M. Gilliam) of Re in equilibrium with its parent nuclide, Nuclear Cross Section Standards. The neutron “W. This will provide researchers the ability to cross section standards are important since almost calibrate their instruments for both of these radio- nuclides with a relatively long (tj = 64 d) source all cross sections are measured relative to them. Any /2 activity. series improvement in a cross section standard leads to of A of ampoules was prepared from a stock solution in several improvement in all measurements that have been and measured or will be made relative to that standard. The NIST different types of ionization chambers in order to neutron cross section standards project has played determine calibration factors for these instruments. a significant role in the improvement of the neutron Primary activity determinations were made using cross section standards through both evaluation and liquid scintillation (LS) counting with the CIEMAT/ 'H-standard efficiency experimental work. We are leading an effort that NIST tracing method. Using will result in a new international evaluation of the the data from the sources deemed to be stable, neutron cross section standards. This has involved the activity of the stock solution was determined = motivating and coordinating new standards meas- with an expanded (k 2) uncertainty of 0.74%. urements, detailed examination of the standards Calibration factors were determined for all of the database, and pursuing the extension of the standards ionization chambers in the standard NIST geome- over a larger energy range. try of 5mL of liquid in a flame-sealed ampoule. (B.E. Zimmerman, J.T. Cessna, and M.A. Millican) This work is taking place through participation in the U.S. Cross Section Evaluation Working Calibration of Intravascular Brachytherapy Group (CSEWG) and two international commit- Sources. Considerable work has continued on pro- tees, the International Atomic Energy Agency viding NIST-based activity calibrations for manu- (IAEA) and the Nuclear Energy Agency Nuclear facturers of intravascular brachytherapy sources. 113 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION In the past year, two sets of nondestructive ioniza- ABC Laboratories using materials from Missouri tion-chamber-based calibrations were performed University Research Reactor (both located in for “P “hot-wall” angioplasty-balloon catheter Columbia, MO). NIST 5 mL ampoules were sources that are manufactured by Radiance Medical prepared for measurement on the NIST chamber Systems Inc. (Irvine, C A), and also for a set of “A,” an NPL ionization chamber, the commercial seeds from the Novoste Corporation (Norcross, dose calibrators residing at NIST, and commercial GA). The seeds are stainless-steel-encapsulated, dose calibrators belonging to the companies ,(, ,() ceramic-based Sr-' Y sources whose calibration involved in the calibration studies. Two different factors were also derived from earlier destructive geometries at two different levels were also radionuclidic assays by NIST. (R. Colle) produced to determine calibration factors for the Destructive assays were also performed for a commercial dose calibrators. Standard samples of Belmont, California company, IsoStent, which has these geometries were also returned to the com- developed a stainless steel stent containing the beta panies involved to check their in-house commercial emitter phosphorus-32. The stents were first inter- dose calibrators. (JT- Cessna, B.E. Zimmerman, compared in a Nal well crystal y-detector, looking M.P. Unterweger, L.R. Karam, and M.A. Millican) at the emitted bremsstrahlung. subset of the A Cocktail Composition Effects on the Applica- stents were then slowly digested in a small volume tion of the CIEMAT/NIST Efficiency Tracing of carrier solution, with the addition of a few drops Method. Liquid scintillation (LS) counting contin- of concentrated hydrofluoric acid. The expanded ues to be the method preferred by most metrology (k = 2) uncertainties on the activities were on the laboratories for performing quantitative assays of order of 1.1 to 2.1 for the digested stents and % % solutions containing beta-emitting radionuclides. - 1 .5 % 2.6 % for the undigested stents. (J.T. Cessna) Under many circumstances, there is little need to The results of all of these calibrations were used be concerned about the composition of the analyte by these companies for internal quality control and solution, as most changes in detection efficiency to transfer the NIST calibrations to other manufac- arising from chemical effects can be accounted for turing facilities and to two calibration laboratories by efficiency tracing against an established standard. in Europe. However, there can be cases in which the solution Development of Radioactivity Standards for composition can affect the efficiency in ways that Alpha-Emitting Radiotherapy Nuclides. We are cannot be accounted for using efficiency tracing continuing to work with the National Institutes of techniques. We have performed a series of experi- Health PET Department and Clinical Center to ments aimed at identifying composition variables develop a standard for a potential radiotherapy that influence LS cocktail stability and subsequent 1 7 l 114 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION Calibrations of Large-Area Beta Sources. programs. By actively producing Pu ions through Studies are continuing on the effects of beta-back- thermal ionization rather than passively detecting scattering to develop a systematic method for deter- Pu alpha decay, mass spectrometry not only has a 6 mining the effective source thickness needed for capability of detecting ~10 Pu atoms but also deter- relating the measured rate to activity. These deter- mines its origin. minations will be used to calibrate surface monitor- The production of Pu ions that may ultimately ing equipment in terms of radioactivity rather than determine the measurement sensitivity, accuracy, emission rate. (M.P. Unterweger and P. Hodge) and precision depends directly on sample deposi- tion method. To optimize the efficiency, stability, Reevaluation of the Half-Life of Tritium. A and duration of Pu ion production, three deposition remeasurement of the half-life of tritium has also methods including direct deposition, electroplating, been done and a reevaluation of the half-life using and resin bead loading were evaluated. The charac- all reported values has been published. An accurate teristics affecting the Pu ion production were com- value for the half-life is very important in extend- pared for each method at a few picograms of " Pu ing the useful lifetime of the tritium standards. -40 and Pu. The study showed that the best sample (L.L. Lucas and M.P. Unterweger) loading method for analyzing low-level Pu is to Holmium-166m. The large number of gamma electroplate Pu onto Re filament surface. (Z.C. Lin Inn) rays, the wide energy range, and the long half life and K.G.W. l(,<,m a desirable gamma-ray source make Ho very Second Intercomparison Study for Detecting for determining the detection efficiency of ger- :, pBq of Pu in Urine by Atom-Counting Tech- detectors and for monitoring their long- manium niques. To support the DOE’s Marshall Island u term stability. High-purity stable °Ho was neutron Resettling Program, we are assisting the DOE in 16 m irradiated to produce Ho, which is now being identifying the most promising analytical tech- calibrated in terms of activity and the gamma-ray niques capable of quantifying Pu in urine at or emission probabilities and their uncertainties are below a level of ~20 pBq/L. Techniques including evaluated. (L.L. Lucas, B.E. Zimmerman, being ICP-MS, FAT, AMS, and TIMS were evaluated and L.R. Karam) 239 for Pu analysis under more realistic conditions ~ 4<) Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry. by introducing environmental level of Pu and l o L'’ 7 natural into urine samples. Also, more blank RIMS has been evaluated for measuring Cs/ Cs U samples, a total of are included to provide a better isotopic ratios. Spectroscopic measurements of 6s 8, 2 ' 9 = —> = blank value estimate for Pu. The test samples “S 1/2 (F 4) 6p -P 3/2 (F 5) transition frequency L' 5 '’ 7 were prepared, verified, and sent to University of shifts for Cs and Cs confirmed existing values Utah, LLNL, and LANL for intercomparison meas- and demonstrated that it is possible to perform such urement. The results from FAT, TIMS, and AMS measurements on sub-picogram samples. Optical ,7 1,5 | have been evaluated. With completion of ICP-MS isotopic selectivity of ~ 10' for both Cs and Cs 1 ' analysis, a full assessment of the four techniques against stable 'Cs was observed and, when com- will be reported. (Z.C. Lin and K.G.W. Inn) bined with a quadrupole mass spectrometer, over- 9 all selectivity of greater than 10 was demonstrated. Radioanalytical Traceability. By working with (L. Pibida, L.R. Karam, and J.M.R. Hutchinson) the American National Standards Institute’s nuclear instrumentation N42 and N 1 3 committees to estab- International Equivalence. As part of NIST's lish criteria for radioanalytical traceability, three efforts in the international arena of measurement standards including ANSI N42.23, ANSI N42.22, activities, the Radioactivity Group has prepared a and ANSI N 13.30 have been published. Each of listing of calibration capabilities for Appendix C these standards were developed through consensus (list of calibration and measurement capabilities, participation among industrial, commercial, utility, or CMC's) of the Mutual Recognition Arrange- federal, state, national laboratory representatives to ment and submitted it to our RMO. (L.R. Karam strengthen the credibility of national radioanalytical and L.L. Lucas) programs. ANSI N42.23 envisions the accreditation Mass Spectrometry for Environmental and of reference laboratories that participate directly in Bioassay Measurements. Accurate and precise a traceability-testing program with NIST, technical analyses of low-level Pu isotopes are critical for document reviews, and on-site assessments. These environmental, radiobioassay, and nuclear safeguard reference laboratories serve as traceability link 115 PHYSICS LABORATORY IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION between NIST and the service laboratories through measurements as defined in ANSI N42.22. Four their Performance Testing (PT) programs. The years of performance data from fifteen participants 90 238 238 24l, ANSI N42.22 standard provides additional and more were evaluated for Sr, U, Pu, Pu, and 241 specific criteria for source manufacturers and those Am at 0.03 Bq to 0.3 Bq per sample in water, reference laboratories producing PT materials. The air-filters, soil, synthetic urine, and synthetic feces. criteria for the acceptance of testing results is |f'R - The relative mean difference from the NIST x - ') all / n| < 3 ( l shall less or the from 2 to 7 N , be than equal to three times the total standard deviation of means % %. cr Analysis of variance indicated that the analytical propagated NIST uncertainty, N , and the reported methods and sample matrix are the main factors uncertainty, 116 PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION {jniXJQttrQ 117 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION Overleaf Femtosecond comb generator used to measure optical frequency: This picture shows schematically how a femtosecond comb generator is used to measure optical frequency. The output of the mode-locked fem- tosecond laser, with its repetition rate referenced to the cesium frequency standard, is input to the system along with the outputs of the optical fre- quencies to be measured, in this case spectral lines in mercury ions and neutral calcium. With the repetition rate locked to the cesium reference, the frequencies of all the modes of the comb are known. The signals go through a short piece of special non-linear optical fiber, which broadens the comb to cover more than a full octave. The beat frequencies between elements of the comb and the frequencies fi and f2 , then give the offsets of these frequencies from these comb elements, which are integer multi- ples of the cesium frequency. 118 0 PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION OVERVIEW The Time and Frequency Division supports the broadcasts serve applications in a broad range of NIST mission through provision of measurement systems in business, telecommunications, science, services and research in time and frequency and transportation, and radio/TV broadcasting. Industry related technology to U.S. industry and science. To calibration laboratories are served by the Division's fulfill this mission the Division engages in: Frequency Measurement Service, a system that • development and operation of standards of time provides these laboratories with continuous assur- and frequency and coordination of them with other ance of the accuracy of their frequency measure- world standards; ments. • development of optical frequency standards Time Scales. The NIST Time Scale is the highly supporting wavelength and length metrology; stable and reliable clock system that provides • provision of time and frequency services to the accurate time and frequency reference for services United States; and and applications and that serves as a reference for • basic and applied research in support of future research on new standards and measurement standards, dissemination services, and measurement methods. The reliability and stability of this time methods. scale is based on the use of an ensemble of com- The work supporting length metrology derives mercial cesium-beam standards and hydrogen from the dependence of the definition of the meter masers combined under the control of a computer- on the realization of the second. This work contrib- implemented algorithm. The Division is working to utes to a larger program in the Precision Engineer- advance the performance of the time scale through ing Division (MEL) which has primary responsibil- acquisition of more-stable clocks and improvement ity for length and its dissemination. of electronic systems, which read the clock outputs. These improvements are critical to the successful PROGRAM DIRECTIONS evaluation and use of the next generation of primary standards now being developed by the Division. Time and Frequency Broadcast Services. The Division provides time and frequency broadcasts Frequency Standards. The accuracy of the time from stations WWV and WWVB in Fort Collins, scale is derived from primary frequency standards, Colorado and from WWVH in Hawaii, and a time which provide the practical realization of the code broadcast from NOAA’s GOES weather definition of the second. Over the last several years, satellites, although this satellite service is scheduled the Division has been operating two frequency to be terminated. The Division has completed an standards. The first, NIST-7, went into operation in upgrade of the equipment and power level for early 1993. This atomic-beam standard is based on WWVB. At a higher output power, these LF broad- optical pumping methods (using diode lasers) rather casts are substantially more useful for mobile and than the traditional magnetic methods used for state consumer applications, because the antenna/receiver selection and detection. The uncertainty for this cost and size is very small. The Division also standard is 5 x 10~1-. More recently, the Division operates telephone and network time services, the has constructed and evaluated a cesium-fountain Automated Computer Time Services (ACTS), frequency standard, NIST -FI, which has an uncer- _ 1 designed for setting clocks in digital systems. The tainty of 1 .2 x 1 5 about three times smaller than network (Internet) version of these services now that of NIST-7. The fountain concept, which uses receives more than 200,000,000 calls per day. These laser-slowed atoms, provides longer atom observation 119 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION times resulting in a narrower transition linewidth femtosecond comb generator, are now limited by and smaller systematic frequency shifts. These two the uncertainty of the frequency of the cesium standards were operated in parallel for about two primary standard. This means that any frequency years, and were found to agree within their uncer- across the visible spectrum can be measured with an tainty statements. NIST-7 is now deemed to have uncertainty approaching that of the primary fre- served its purpose in this overlap period, and the quency standard. An important consequence of this Division will discontinue evaluations of its per- work is that the very-high-performance optical formance in order to place more emphasis on newer frequency standards developed over the last few standards. Looking toward higher accuracy, the years can now generate outputs in the microwave Division is studying standards based on trapped, range. This opens up the possibility of a whole new laser-cooled atomic ions. Both microwave (40 GHz) generation of frequency standards and clocks with and optical (ultraviolet-region) mercury-ion stan- accuracies and stabilities well beyond that of the dards have been demonstrated, and while the present primary standard. microwave standard shows promise, the progress on Optical Frequency Standards and Measure- the optical standard during this last year was so ments. Current optical-frequency standards such as significant that work on the microwave standard has the carbon-dioxide lasers, helium-neon lasers, and been slowed. When combined with the new optical- calcium-stabilized diode lasers already serve as frequency-synthesis method described below', the references for supporting accurate spectroscopic new optical standard provides the means for meas- measurements for industrial and scientific applica- uring frequency from the near infrared through the tions, but as indicated above, optical frequency visible portions of the spectrum. While the ion- standards will certainly have still broader impact. storage program is already demonstrating prototype This is because higher-frequency transitions have clocks, the w'ork is generally treated as basic better fractional-frequency uncertainty. Of particu- research providing the knowledge base needed for lar importance will be laser-cooled ions (such as the development of future frequency standards. + Hg ) and neutral atoms (such as Ca). The projected Methods of Time Transfer. Since the world accuracy of the laser-cooled ion standard goes well operates on a unified time system. Coordinated beyond that achievable with microwave standards. Universal Time (UTC), highly accurate time Aside from the work on optical standards, the transfer (to coordinate time internationally) is a Division is employing the new optical measurement critical ingredient in standards operations. The methods described above to making improved Division has long been a world leader in this field. optical frequency measurements important for The Division is working to further improve the secondary wavelength standards based on atomic- NIST-developed, GPS common-view time-transfer and-molecular transitions, advanced optical com- method that is the standard for international time munication, analytical instrumentation, and length coordination. The Division plans to place more measurement. An important part of this program emphasis on the two-way time transfer and GPS involves the development of diode laser systems, carrier-phase time-transfer methods that are be- which can have very high spectral purity, tunability, coming significantly more important for interna- simplicity, and low cost. tional time coordination and for comparisons of the Spectral-Purity Measurements. The Division’s new generations of frequency standards development of spectral-purity measurements Optical Frequency Synthesis. Over the last year, supports sound specifications for a range of aero- the Time and Frequency Division has been devel- space and telecommunications systems. Systems oping improved methods for optical frequency capable of making highly accurate measurements of synthesis through frequency-comb generation with both phase-modulation (PM) and amplitude- mode-locked (femtosecond) lasers. The Division modulation (AM) noise have been developed for has now demonstrated a system, which spans the carrier frequencies ranging from 5 MHz to 75 GHz. spectrum from the near infrared to the visible. The Portable systems covering this same range have also uncertainties of measurements of the frequencies of been developed and these are being used to validate optical transitions in mercury (at 282 nm) and measurements made in industrial and government calcium (at 657 nm), made recently using the laboratories. More recently, systems have been 120 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION developed for making pulsed measurements, which in frequency. The clock transition for the 1 99ffg+ are important for high-power systems such as ion is at 1.064 x 10*5 Hz. The ultra-stable laser is radars. Further work will broaden the spectral first locked to this mercury transition and then a coverage and simplify comparison of measurement single element in the comb is locked to the stable accuracy among standards laboratories. laser. Finally, the repetition rate (at about 1 GHz) of the femtosecond laser is stabilized by a self- Synchronization for Telecommunications. The referencing technique to provide a phase coherent Division has been engaged with the telecommuni- linkage between the optical and the microwave cations industry in issues relating to synchronization range where cycle counting can be done. In com- of advanced generations of telecommunications parisons with a laser-cooled calcium optical stan- networks. NIST has made useful contributions to dard, an upper limit for the fractional instability of emerging telecommunications systems, but with 7 x 10*15 was measured in a 1 second averaging expansion of effort by the Division, it is clear that interval, which is significantly better than that of the NIST could contribute even more significantly to world’s best microwave atomic clock. (J. Bergquist) this industry. The industry has requested such expansion. Further Improvements to NIST-F1. S. Jefferts and T. Heavner have made several improvements to Application of Time and Frequency Tech- NIST's cesium-fountain primary frequency standard nology. Finally, the Division is engaged in the NIST-F1, providing primarily for improved reli- application of time and frequency technology to ability of operation, but also resulting in improved important problems in sensing of trace impurities accuracy. Reliability issues are important, since the (pollutants) and quantum-limited measurements. value of NIST data submitted to the BIPM is MAJOR TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS substantially higher if data is submitted at regular intervals. Furthermore, the achievement of highly A New Generation of Frequency Standards. regular operation can offer the opportunity to use Staff members of the Physics Laboratory in Boul- the data from this standard directly in the NIST time der, in collaboration with T. Udem of the Max scale. Planck Institute in Germany, have recently demon- The improvements made to the standard include strated an optical frequency standard with a micro- (1) the installation of new light shutters of substan- wave output, which in effect signals the introduction tially higher reliability, (2) the implementation of a of a new generation of atomic clocks with potential servo-control system on the number of atoms tossed performances well beyond those in operation today. in each ball, (3) a lower noise quartz-crystal local This first demonstration of an optical clock with a oscillator, and (4) new software for the main line- microwave output, reported in the August 3 issue of center servo-control system. A completely new laser Science, involves an optical frequency standard, system (Thsapphire) has been acquired, and this with a Q factor (frequency divided by linewidth) of will replace the current systems as soon as final greater than 10 14 to a optical- coupled new acceptance testing is completed. frequency synthesizer that bridges an octave in the With these changes, the uncertainty of the optical spectrum and provides for a direct micro- standard has been improved from 1.7 x 10* *5 to wave output that is phase locked to the optical 1.3 x 10*15. This latter evaluation number is the standard. potential uncertainty the optical The of best yet reported to the BIPM. Furthermore, quan- clock is part in 10* 8, a factor of 1000 times better 1 tum-projection noise has now been observed at a than today’s best standards. level of 30 atoms. This is lower by a factor of 2 to 3 staff contributing to the devel- NIST members than has been previously seen in a fountain fre- opment of this clock include J. Bergquist, A. Curtis, quency standard. (S. Jefferts) S. Diddams, R. Drullinger, L. Hollberg, W. Itano, D. Lee, C. Oates, K. Vogel, and D. Wineland. International Frequency Comparisons. T. Parker Essential components of this standard include a and J. Levine of the Division have improved both single trapped mercury ion in a cryogenic trap, an the two-way time transfer system and the GPS ultra-stable laser used to probe the transition in the carrier-phase time transfer system allowing for more- mercury ion, and a femtosecond laser system that routine international frequency comparisons with an 0* 1 produces a frequency comb spanning a full octave added comparison uncertainty of 5 x 1 6 over 121 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION intervals of 20 to 30 days. Continued improvements is limited solely by the primary standard, not the in these comparisons are needed to support com- transportable device. Figure 1 shows the central parisons of the fountain standards, which are clearly portion of the Ramsey fringes from this device, going to improve over the next few years. which at this time is not fully shielded magnetically. The use of both of these systems has proven to Additional improvements will be made during the be an essential aspect of this effort, since, in combi- next six months before serious efforts are made to nation with time-scale date, each of the systems study the size and stability of systematic effects. tends to uncover problems with the other. The day- The development of this small standard will to-day time stability for both systems is about also have impact on the next NIST primary fre- 300 ps. Time comparisons at each end of a fixed quency standard, since some of the systems devel- time interval then result in a measurement of the oped will be useful in that development. These relative average frequency over that time interval. systems include a laser package that delivers The best comparison made to date between cooling, state-preparation, and state-detection radia- fountain frequency standards at NIST and PTB tions to the standard through polarization- _ show a frequency difference of 1.7 x 10 15 with a maintaining optical fibers; and collimators on the total uncertainty of 2.1 x 10"^. This is well within source chamber designed to assure efficient trapping the la uncertainties of the two standards. (T. Parker of larger numbers of atoms. (T. Heavner) and J. Levine) Phase-Modulation Servos for Atomic Clocks. A Transportable Cesium Fountain. A small, S. Jefferts and F. Walls of the Physics Laboratory in transportable cesium-fountain standard has recently Boulder, in collaboration with Bill KJipstein and been constructed and demonstrated in a preliminary John Dick of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), way by T. Heavner and S. Jefferts. The objective of have developed an improved modulation method for this work is a transfer standard of very high repro- laser-cooled atomic clocks, providing for a high ducibility that can be used to compare widely level of immunity to vibrations and substantial separated primary standards. As primary standards reduction of a number of systematic frequency shifts have increased in accuracy, the noise (and possibly that can affect these clocks. biases) in satellite comparison methods have risen f f 0 (Cs) 0 (Cs) in importance, and it is now essential that these be evaluated using a transportable artifact. A Operating Points Frequency Phase Modulation Modulation both ends ends at 90° phase complementary in phase difference pair [±90°] Figure 2. Schematic representation of the difference between frequency modulation Figure 1. Central portion of the Ramsey and phase modulation. As can be seen, the pattern for the small cesium standard. The operating points for frequency modulation frequency offset is due to the relatively are the steepest points on the resonance, large C field. The solid line is a fit to a sine whereas phase modulation leads to opera- wave. tion on the peak of the resonance, where perturbations have the least effect. The small toss height (30 cm) and large aperture of this small standard assure very high signal-to- The concept involves phase modulation of the noise performance, assuring that measurement time interrogating microwave field rather than the 122 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION traditional frequency modulation used in most the second, to study the performance of GPS clocks, atomic clocks. In this new scheme, graphically and to study the dynamics of atoms in microgravity. shown in fig. 2, the phase of the microwave field in In its report to NASA, the Review Panel rec- the first portion of the Ramsey cavity is fixed and ommended that “...the PARCS project should the phase in the second Ramsey region is varied proceed with all possible speed and deliberation alternately between +90° (relative to the phase in toward the Preliminary Design Review, ...” The first region) and -90°. The advantage of the method Panel also concluded that, “...based on all material is that the frequency of the microwave field can be presented to date, the experiments should fly and kept continuously on the center of the resonance, can succeed.” A complete preliminary design of the rather than being stepped from one side of the system will be considered in the next review, which resonance to the other as is done using frequency is scheduled for late summer 2002. (D. Sullivan) modulation. At the peak of the resonance the clock Chip-Scale Atomic Clocks. Following their is substantially less sensitive to vibration and to development last year of a very compact cesium systematic effects such as line pulling and cavity frequency standard, J. Kitching and L. Hollberg pulling than it is when the system resides most of have been working on concepts that might someday the time on the steepest portion of the resonance allow atomic standards to be reduced to chip scale. curve. A particular focus of their studies has been the use The concept was initially developed to take care of dark states, which provide the means for interro- of the vibration sensitivity of the laser-cooled clock gation of a microwave resonance without need for on the Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space a physical microwave cavity. In this scheme, the (PARCS). In this collaborative program, involving traditional clock transition is probed through a NIST, JPL, the University of Colorado and the microwave modulation imposed on a laser signal Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, a tuned to an optical transition. Some effort has been laser-cooled cesium clock will be put aboard the made to develop at least first-order models of the International Space Station (ISS) in 2005 to perform scaling laws appropriate to reduction to this scale. certain tests on gravitational theory and to improve For example, fig. 3 shows the scaling of the atomic upon the realization of the second. The modulation Q factor with size for three types of gas cell. concept was tested on the NIST cesium-fountain clock, NIST-F1, and found to work so well that it has become the preferred mode of operation. It has also been picked up by others and is being used on other fountain clocks around the world. (S. Jefferts). PARCS Advances Through NASA Reviews. The NIST-led program entitled Primary Atomic Refer- ence Clock in Space (PARCS) successfully com- pleted its second NASA review, the Requirements Definition Review, in December 2000. This review, which included both a science panel and an engi- Linear Cell Dimension (m) neering panel, considered both the scientific merits Figure 3. First-order scaling laws for of the mission and the technical feasibility of the atomic clocks based on gas cells. The proposed experiments. This was the final review of model is based on cubical cells (all dimen- the science involved. Subsequent reviews will focus sions equal). The horizontal line is the Q of on the engineering development of the flight a typical mechanical microresonator of the systems. sort that might be used in a chip-scale This NASA-funded mission, which is a collabo- clock. For very small gas cells, it is clear ration among NIST, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, that wall-coated cells will be the best the University of Colorado, the Harvard- choice. Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and the Politecnico di Torino, is currently scheduled to fly While clock performance would clearly be in 2005. The objectives are to test certain aspects of degraded by reductions in size and power require- relativity theory, to improve upon the realization of ments, there are many applications where such 123 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION clocks might be extremely useful. For example, time, shown that such states can be used to increase electronic instrumentation (such as frequency measurement precision beyond that which is counters), where an accurate time base is needed, possible without the use of entanglement. V. Meyer, would benefit, since an atomic standard would bring M. Rowe, D. Kielpinski, C. Sackett, W. Itano, intrinsic accuracy to the instrument. Furthermore, C. Monroe, and D. Wineland have recently reported small and inexpensive devices of this soil would the results of these studies in the Physical Review find application in GPS receivers, where they would Letters. As a demonstration, they produced spin- provide the accuracy needed to achieve more rapid squeezed states of two beryllium atomic ions and navigation solutions, and in telecommunications showed that when the spins are rotated in a mag- systems, where there is a need for a very large netic field, the uncertainty in determining the number of clocks with performances better than are rotation angle is smaller than can possibly be provided by quartz oscillators. obtained if the atoms are not entangled. The spin- The NIST work is very timely, since the De- squeezing result is shown in fig. 4. Such techniques fense Advanced Research Projects Agency are an integral part of the emerging fields of quantum (DARPA) has just initiated a call for proposals logic and quantum information, but can also be used aimed at developing such a clock, and NIST is thus to improve sensitivity in spectroscopy or reduce well positioned to assist DARPA as it engages noise in atomic clocks. industry in this development project. (L. Flollberg) Heating of Trapped Ions from the Quantum A.L Ground State. Excess heating, which has been limiting correlation times in quantum-logic experi- ments, has recently been reduced substantially through shielding of trap electrodes from beryllium deposition on the electrodes. This shielding was implemented following heating studies, wherein Q. Turchette, D. Kielpinski, B. King, D. Meekhof, M. Rowe, C. Sackett, W. Itano, C. Monroe, D. Wineland, D. Leibfried, C. Myatt. and C. Woods showed that the scaling of the heating with trap size was inconsistent with the source being Johnson noise in external circuits, and consistent with Figure 4. On the vertical scale we show the fluctuating patch-potential fields on the trap elec- measured fluctuations of the spin measured trodes. If patch effects could explain the heating, in a direction perpendicular to the direction then it was clearly logical to do something about the of the net spin vector. For an unsqueezed state of the electrode surfaces. The first step was to “coherent” spin state the fluctuations are shield the electrodes by masking the neutral beryl- independent of the azimuthal angle £, lium atom source, preventing deposition of beryl- around the direction of the spin (the “stan- lium on the electrode surfaces. dard quantum limit,” SQL). For a squeezed The observed reduction in heating was large, entangled state these fluctuations are reduced decreasing the level seen in previous work by a for certain angles. This “spin-squeezing” factor of 200-300. While this will ultimately enable gives rise to increased sensitivity in spec- increasing the number of quantum-logic operations troscopy. by this same factor, Raman laser intensity noise and Although spectroscopic precision can always be noise caused by fluctuations in the background improved by increasing the number of atoms magnetic field must be reduced before this benefit (without the need for entanglement), in atomic can be realized. (D. Wineland). clocks based on ions for example, the quest for Entangled, Spin-Squeezed States. By applying accuracy requires the use of only a small number of coherent laser beams to trapped ions, PL staff in ions. With a potential uncertainty of 1 part in 10^, Boulder have generated quantum-mechanically- these techniques should actually find application in entangled, “spin-squeezed states and, for the first optical ion clocks. (D. Wineland) 124 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION Coherence Between Nodes of a Dual Multi- Quenched Narrow-Line Cooling of Calcium. plexed Trap. In order to build a multiplexed C. Oates and L. Hollberg, along with A. Curtis of quantum computer based on trapped ions, coherence the University of Colorado have recently achieved must be maintained as ion qubits are transferred sub-Doppler cooling of 40ca to near the recoil limit between traps. This was recently demonstrated by using a quenched narrow-line laser-cooling method. M. Rowe, V. Meyer, A. Ben-Kish, J. Britton, Since the Doppler limit is large, typically of the B. DeMarco, J. Hughes, W. Itano, D. Leibfried, and order of I mK, for alkaline-earth-metal atoms, the D. Wineland in a kind of Ramsey experiment uncertainty of optical standards based on these between two traps. In this three-step experiment on atoms has been limited. In fact, the best frequency a single ion (illustrated in fig. 5), a ji/ 2 pulse is first measurement (± 26 Hz) of the 657 nm (456 THz) applied to the ion as it sits in trap 1, and the ion is transition in calcium, which was made recently at then shuttled to trap 2 where it is subjected to a n NIST, was principally limited by residual atomic pulse. The ion is then shuttled back to trap 1 where velocity. the final 7i/2 pulse is applied to it. This sequence of pulses is similar to that typically applied to an ion in a single trap to achieve Ramsey interrogation, but here the ion has been shuttled between traps during the experiment to determine whether coherence is lost in the process of shuttling. The 3-pulse (“spin- echo”) technique is relatively immune to slow drifts in magnetic field over the averaging time of the experiment, but is sensitive to the coherence between traps 1 and 2. The Ramsey-fringe contrast in the figure demonstrates that coherence. (D. Wineland) a) I Trap 1 I I Trap 2 I Trap 1 Trap Trap 1 _rt420 ns 420 (as 71/2 71 7£/2( Velocity (cm/s) b) Figure 6. a) Energy level diagram for cal- cium showing levels used in the narrow-line phase (degrees) quenched-cooling technique, b) Velocity distribution of atoms before and after Figure 5. Illustration of Ramsey interroga- quenched cooling. The broad curve is near tion in a dual multiplexed ion trap. The time the Doppler-cooling limit and the narrowed sequence of pulses applied to the single one is near the recoil limit. ion in the two different traps is shown in the middle portion of the figure, and the The cooling process is illustrated in fig. 6. resulting Ramsey fringes are seen at the Because of the long lifetime of the state, the bottom. width and shape of the velocity group excited from 125 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION the ISq state to the ^Pj state can be readily con- A second application of this work is to swept- trolled. In a step wise fashion, a 657 nrn laser is wavelength laser interferometers used for length tuned slightly red of the transition to transfer a measurement. Well-controlled diode lasers will be velocity group of atoms to lower velocity through a able to measure 10-20 meter path lengths with one photon recoil to the 3pj state, and a subsequent micrometer uncertainty if the laser can be swept pulse of 553 nm (propagating in the same direction) over a precisely known wavelength interval, for light moves the atoms to the 1 Sq (4s5s) while giving instance by moving the frequency of the laser them a second kick toward zero velocity. These precisely between two different modes of a stable atoms return to the ground state through the two optical cavity. With the systems developed here, it decays (and their random recoils) shown in the should be possible to lock the laser to a high-finesse figure. This process is then repeated with pulses laser mode, un-lock the laser, change the laser from the opposite direction, so that a second veloc- wavelength by several nanometers, and then re-lock ity group on the opposite side of the distribution is to another mode. (R. Fox) moved toward zero velocity. This process is re- Standards for Optical Communication. In peated many times, driving all atoms toward zero collaboration with S. Gilbert, N. Newbury, and velocity, where they have a much smaller probabil- K. Corwin of EEEL, L. Hollberg and S. Diddams of ity of being pumped away (since the pump laser is the Division have initiated development of a mode- preferentially pumping higher velocity atoms). locked femtosecond laser that will provide a comb Using this method, calcium atoms were cooled of frequencies overlaying the important optical-fiber in one dimension to as low as 4 pK. Further im- communication bands. The objective of the project, provements on this cooling will be made, and it will which is supported by ATP, is to establish ex- be extended to three dimensions. The objective is to tremely accurate measurements in support of wave- improve upon the accuracy of the calcium optical division multiplexing (WDM), which is used standard, which is the only optical standard for extensively in optical telecommunications systems. which high-accuracy international comparisons Because these optical systems are moving to higher have been made. The best comparison to date is data rates through closer channel spacing, accurate between NIST and PTB, where a difference of measurements of channel location and spacing are 30 Hz was measured. This is well within the uncer- becoming increasingly important. tainties of the individual measurements. (C. Oates) The new laser system, which uses an optical Diode Lasers Locked to Optical Cavities. cavity with dispersion compensation and a crystal of R. Fox and L. Hollberg have succeeded in control- CnForsterite, has been designed and all specialized ling the fluctuations of diode lasers with respect to components for its construction have now arrived. the resonances of optical cavities, allowing them to The reference frequency for these measurements build systems that will be useful for analytical will be the 657 nm line in calcium, since this has applications and length measurement. been extremely well measured by several laborato- In their experiments, they demonstrated locking ries over the last few years. A division by two of the to narrow modes (~5 kHz) of very high-finesse calcium line produces a line in the vicinity of optical cavities with a servo-control bandwidth 1 .3 pm, right within the region of interest for of 3 MHz. followed by un-locking and re-locking to measurements supporting WDM. This ATP- the same mode at rates as high as 2 kHz. This supported project also involves the application of capability is important to cavity ring-down spec- these new combs to length metrology. Jack Stone of troscopy, an analytical technique used by many MEL is collaborating with the Time and Frequency laboratories to measure extremely small (trace) Division on this part of the program. (S. Diddams) amounts of certain atoms and molecules. Usually, Further this work is accomplished using poorly controlled Growth and Improvements of the pulsed laser sources. Better sensitivity can be Network Time Service. Use of the NIST Network obtained using continuous-wave lasers, but to Time Service (NTS) continues to grow at a monthly compounded rate of about 8.5%, with current usage achieve higher sensitivity it is necessary to fre- quency lock the laser to the ring-down cavity as has at over 200 M hits per day. To meet this growing been done here. use, J. Levine has installed two additional servers. 126 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION He has also modified the code by sending special developed a system for calibrating the level of packets that allow users to obtain either UTC or phase-modulation (PM) noise and amplitude- TAI. This addition of TAI was made in response to modulation (AM) noise at 100 GHz in oscillators, requests from users who want a time scale that is amplifiers, and other components. At this time the absolutely continuous and free of leap seconds. In two key applications of the system are to the order to deal with new operating systems he has clocking of high-speed digital processors and written new client software for Linux and Windows evaluation of the performance of broadband tele- 2000/ME/XP. communications signals. Work also continues with three companies that Cross-Correlation are developing special-purpose hardware and soft- ware to provide secure time services to financial markets, where concerns for the legal authenticity for time/date stamps is driven by the potential for expensive mistakes, or even fraud. (J. Levine) Microwave Synthesizers for Advanced Fre- quency Standards. Low-phase-noise synthesizers play a critical role in the performance of primary frequency standards, so the Division has been working to improve the reliability and performance of these devices to support rapid advances in these standards. C. Nelson and D. Howe of the Division, along with guest researchers F. Garcia and A. Hati, have recently made substantial improvements that are important, not only for fountain standards, but also for other frequency standards such as the laser- 100 GHz Oscillator cooled space clock for the PARCS mission. Of particular significance to this latter project is the Figure 7. Simplified block diagram of the complete re-engineering of the system to operate on system used for measuring PM and AM the lower DC voltages that are used on the space noise at 100 GHz. The DUT (device under station. However, the most important improvement test) is an oscillator or some other compo- has been the reduction in sensitivity to temperature nent such as an amplifier. In the latter case variations. The synthesizers now exhibit a tempera- the component is fed a signal from the main ture coefficient on the order of 0.1 ps/K. It is 100 GHz reference oscillator. The dual- important to minimize this coefficient, because this loop configuration, along with the cross- has an impact on phase changes that occur during correlation analyzer, provides the means for dead time in the standards. canceling out the noise contributions from NIST leadership in this area is highlighted by many of the elements (e.g., mixers and de- the fact that most new standards in the world are or tectors) in the measurement circuit. will be using the NIST synthesizer. In fact, there are The system, shown schematically in fig. 7, very few programs that are building their own relies for reference on a cavity-stabilized Gunn synthesizers. NIST has now completed and deliv- oscillator that serves as a low-noise reference signal. ered ten synthesizers to other programs, primarily The oscillator is coupled and locked to an ultra-low- other primary standards laboratories, and four more noise sapphire loaded cavity oscillator (SLCO) are under construction. Because the operational through several regenerative frequency dividers, and mode and requirements of the various standards are the broadband noise of the system is then limited by different, some custom design changes have been the mixer and divider noise. Measurement of phase made with almost every one of these synthesizers. or amplitude noise at 100 GHz is by two nearly (C. Nelson) identical phase-locked loops whose phase deviations Calibration System for Phase and Amplitude are analyzed simultaneously using a cross- Noise at 100 GHz. D. Howe and F. Walls have correlation spectrum analyzer. Because most of the 127 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION noise generated in the components (mixers and soft soil surrounding the antennas, a short section of detectors) in one channel is independent of the noise roadbed had to be laid to support the great weight of generated in the same components in the other this crane. (J. Lowe). channel, it does not show up in the correlation WWVH Antennas. As part of a program to measurement. (D. Howe) eventually replace all eleven antenna masts at Repair of WWVB Antenna System. On Febru- WWVH in Kauai, last year the Division replaced ary 28 of this year, a 400 foot tower of the 60 kHz two of the masts with fiberglass whip antennas (see antenna system for WWVB partially collapsed, tig. 8), and has initiated replacement of two addi- resulting in a reduction of broadcast power by tional masts. D. Okayama and D. Patterson at the nearly a factor of two. Since there are a very large station in Kauai and J Lowe and W. Hanson in number of receivers, clocks, and watches that are Boulder are leading efforts on this project. Despite controlled by this broadcast service, there was an vigorous maintenance efforts, these 30 year old immediate reaction from those located substantial antenna masts have suffered serious corrosion in the distances from the transmitter (Florida, New salt-water environment, and, because they are Hampshire, etc.). The signal-to-noise ratio in these becoming weakened structurally, they pose risks to areas was degraded to the point where reception was those maintaining them. The first two replacements marginal. In response to this mishap, the NIST were of broadband antennas used as backups for the Acting Director directed the expenditure of special main antennas operating at 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and funds to bring the station back to full power as 15 MHz. The replacements this year is for the quickly as possible. This turned out to be a compli- primary antenna and backup antenna used for cated process, however, full power was restored on broadcasts at 2.5 MHz. These are substantially taller June 15. antennas. As noted previously, the capital invest- The WWVB broadcasts emanate from a pair of ment in these new antennas will be recovered, in the transmitters that are operated in phase and radiate form of reduced maintenance costs, in about their respective signals from two closely spaced 7 years. (J. Lowe). antenna systems. This design allows for short-term maintenance of one system or the other without shutting down the broadcasts and provides some longer-term reliability. In order to minimize the impact on users during the repairs, the radiating element for the damaged antenna was partially raised providing a total power output of 38 kW, substantially below the normal operating power of 50 kW. but better than the output of 28 kW from a single transmitter system. The cause of the antenna damage was structural failure in a metal component in one of the insulator assemblies that isolate the antenna guy wires from ground. This failure is being studied by the Materi- Figure 8. New whip antenna at WWVH on als Reliability Division of the Materials Science and Kauai. Conventional antennas are seen in Engineering Laboratory. Their recommendation will the background. The fencing is a safety form the basis for replacement of similar insulator measure, preventing personnel access to the assemblies used on all the guy wires. Repair of the high voltages on the antenna system. antenna, led by M. Deutch and J. Lowe of the division, involved custom fabrication of the upper Time-and-Frequency Users Survey. A customer third of the tower, disassembly of the tower, and survey covering most Division dissemination then reassembly with the replacement sections. services was developed this year by J. Lowe and Since there are only two cranes in Colorado capable J. Heidecker of the Division, and all customer of handling components at this height, scheduling of survey input has now been received. More than the repair was difficult. Lurthermore, to prevent 1 8,000 responses to the survey have been received, damage to underground antenna components in the a very significant increase over the 7000 responses 128 PHYSICS LABORATORY TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION that were received during the last survey in 1987. Time-and-Frequency Publication Data Base. The objectives of the survey are to gauge customer M. Lombardi and A. Novick, with support from use of the various services, determine whether there G. Bennett have made a large number of improve- are any problems with how the services are pro- ments in the Division’s web site, with the key in the area Division publications. vided, and elicit suggestions on user requirements improvement of The Division’s database of more than 1 publica- that could lead to modifications of existing services 500 tions is now on the web, and for more than 1/3 of or the development of new services. these, including most recent ones, the full paper is The focus of the survey is on the NIST radio available on line. A plan is now in place to system- broadcasts (WWV/WWVH/WWVB), the telephone atically scan the older publications and make them time service (Automated Computer Time Service), accessible, so that all papers are eventually available and Internet time services (including the Network on line. This will reduce staff time associated with Service), the active Internet (time.gov), Time clock sending out reprints, and will provide better support and the informational content of the Division’s web to Division researchers, who must have ready access pages. The results, which could take as long as to all Division publications. The Division web site, 6 months to tabulate and analyze, will guide the excluding the time services receives by far the Division in both its near-term and long-term plan- largest number of external hits, with over 300,000 ning for the future of its services. (J. Lowe) page views per month. (M. Lombardi) 129 PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION 131 PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION Overleaf Ultracold, fermionic potassium atoms released from an optical trap. In this image we see atoms in seven different spin states, separated for imaging by a spatially inhomogeneous magnetic field. By trapping atoms in multiple spin states we can explore interaction effects, such as the possibility of Cooper pairing, in the Fermi gas. 132 PHYSICS LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION OVERVIEW Through the Quantum Physics Division, NIST solar, and stellar). Subsequently JILA has evolved participates in JILA, a cooperative Institute between to respond to new scientific opportunities, chang- NIST and the University of Colorado (CU). The ing national needs, and the requirements of its Division conducts long-term, cutting edge research parent organizations. It has become a world leader in quantum physics and related areas in support of not only in atomic and molecular science, but also the Nation’s science and technology. in precision measurement (including gravity, fre- The Division interacts with University faculty, quency standards, and geophysics), laser and opti- students, and visiting scientists to maintain exper- cal physics, chemical physics, and astrophysics. tise at the forefront of research in physics; trans- Most recently it has expanded into programs iivol- fers the results of its research and technology to the ving surfaces and materials as well as biophysics. Nation's industries and other government agencies; As NIST's mission has expanded to include sup- and exchanges ideas and skills with other scientists port for industry, the criteria used by division in NIST and in industry through scholarly publica- scientists to direct their research programs have tions, visits, seminars, and exchanges of personnel. also been modified. The governing body of JILA, its “Fellows," In pursuit of the NIST mission, the Division: consists of 24 permanent senior scientists who set • develops the laser as a precise measurement policy, subject to review by the Director of NIST tool; and the President of CU. A biennially elected • determines fundamental constants and tests the Chair, assisted by the NIST Division Chief acting fundamental postulates of physics; as an Associate Chair, together with an executive • exploits Bose-Einstein condensation as well as committee are responsible for operating the Insti- quantum degenerate Fermi gases for metrology and tute within the policies set out by the Fellows. Of low temperature physics; the present 24 active Fellows, 14 are State tenured • investigates new ways to direct and control atoms of Colorado faculty members - six in the Depart- and molecules; ment of Physics, two in Chemistry, and six in A&- • characterizes chemical processes and their inter- trophysical and Planetary Sciences - 10 are and actions with nanostructures; NIST employees - nine in the Quantum Physics • studies the interaction of ultrashort light pulses Division and one in the Time and Frequency Divi- with matter; and sion. Currently, one NIST scientist and one CU • is implementing a new program in biophysics. scientist are “Associate Fellows." All of these sci- entists work side by side, sharing facilities and PROGRAM DIRECTIONS responsibility for the success of the Institute, yet Degenerate Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac each remains officially responsible to their respec- Gases. The Division remains committed to ex- tive employer, NIST and the Physics Laboratory ploring and exploiting the ultimate limits in low- Director in some cases, CU and the pertinent aca- temperature gases. The two basic species of atoms, demic department in the others. During 2001, fermions and bosons, behave very differently at approximately 100 graduate students and postdoc- ultra-low temperatures. Each offers opportunities toral were supervised by NIST scientists and in precision sensing and metrology, and in each approximately 40 staff were associated with NIST case the effects of quantum mechanics, ordinarily activities. masked by random thermal behavior, are dominant. JILA was formed in the early 1960's in response to serious gaps in our basic understanding of the m Laser Research. In laser research, various physics of gaseous atmospheres (terrestrial, planetary. schemes are explored for stabilizing lasers and 133 PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION also for using them as frequency standards. Recent Biophysics. The Division has initiated a pro- work addresses the creation, utilization; and study gram in biophysics - a rapidly expanding area of “ultrafast" laser pulses, which can be applied to of National and NIST interest. investigations of semiconductor materials both to produce and control wave packets and to study MAJOR TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS nonlinear optical wave interactions. The evanes- Precision Spectroscopy in Cold, Dense, Trap- cent wave property of light has been exploited to ped Atomic Samples. The technology developed “guide” atoms through hollow fibers (i.e., to pre- for creating Bose-Einstein condensation has been vent them from touching the sides). Finally, the used to create very dense and very cold samples of Division has a rapidly developing research thrust Rubidium atoms for studies of systematic effects in ultrafast phase control and frequency measure- in microwave spectroscopy. The densities of these ments, which are applied to control both atom and samples are five orders of magnitude higher than molecule dynamics, as well as to access wholly in cold-atom fountain clocks, and the temperatures new methods of frequency and length standards. are within 40% of the transition temperature. The Fundamental Constants and Tests of Funda- microwave linewidths are comparable to those in mental Postulates. There is considerable overlap modern fountain clocks, but near the onset of with our laser research mentioned above and our quantum collective behavior the sources of sys- work to develop lasers as optical frequency stan- tematic error associated are much larger. At these dards by producing different and better stabilized very high densities, atom-atom interaction terms lasers. In addition, a new determination of G, the are very large. Mean-field as well as exotic col- Newtonian constant of gravitation, is underway. lective frequency shifts also become very large Work is also progressing on a new absolute nstru- and are typically resolvable in just a few seconds ment that will make the transfer standard g, the of integration time. Quantitative and qualitative acceleration gravity, more accessible for field understanding of these errors in this high-density measurements by the external research community regime will allow very precise corrections to be for whom it provides a valuable indicator of verti- applied in the low-density, precision regime of cal height changes (e.g., in observing post glacial next-generation atomic clocks. (E.A. Cornell) rebound) as well as subsurface mass movements Condensate Interferometry. A new apparatus (e.g., in volcanology). capable of combining two atom-optic technologies Nanostructure Development. Various forms of — Bose-Einstein condensation and lithographically surface microscopies and optical probe techniques patterned atomic wave-guides — is nearing com- are important subjects for film thickness control pletion. Condensation has already been observed and the investigations of nanostructures. Initially in the new machine and the wire-guiding technol- begun as a competence project in near field micros- ogy is being integrated into the apparatus. The copy, challenges are addressed for ultrafast time combined machine will be capable of measuring contrast with high spatial resolution; these efforts gravity gradients interferometrically, with applica- have met with preliminary success. Deposition of tions to remote sensing, geodetics, and navigation. films with precise layer thickness and composition (E.A. Cornell) are studied by laser detection methods and ion Exploding Solitons. Recent theoretical results scattering probes. suggest that soliton instabilities can exist in the Control of Atoms and Molecules. The Division presence of dissipation (gain and/or loss). These exploits novel control mechanisms with optical instabilities can result in the temporal length of the light fields for a variety of advanced technologies soliton suddenly increasing followed by the soliton that use the coherence properties of lasers. Novel returning to its steady state (an “explosion”). Mode- wave packet states are produced with amplitude locked lasers make an excellent test bed for soliton and phase control. Such results are important for dynamics (in the dispersion-managed regime) be- encoding information in, for example, the field of cause their output provides a sampling of the pulse quantum computation. The control of cold atoms after each round trip. Because capturing the actual guided through hollow optical fibers offers promise temporal behavior at a high enough rate is impos- for new kinds of atom interferometers and matter sible, we monitor the spectrum. Indeed, events are gyroscopes. observed where the spectrum abruptly shift and 134 PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION narrow before returning to the steady state (see one’s physical intuition. We have discovered a fig. 1 ). Depending on the dispersion, either single new term in the phenomenological theories that is explosions or bursts of explosions occur. This work due to excitation induced shifts (EIS). Transient may have significant impact on long distance tele- four-wave-mixing (TFWM) is the most common communications where dispersion-managed soli- tool for probing the coherent response [see fig. 2(b).] tons are a candidate format. The presence of such We observe that the spectrum of the TFWM signal instabilities must be taken into account to avoid displays a split peak [see fig. 2 (c and d).] errors. (S.T. Cundiff) 140 120 100 760 780 800 820 Figure 2. (a) Linear absorption and laser spectrum. Experimental setup (b) shows the two-pulse configuration for TFWM and DT in transmission. Typical TFWM spectrum, in transmission (c) and in eflec- tion (d), both for x=0 delay. Our phenomenological calculations only reproduce a split peak if EIS is included in addition to the well known phenomena of excitation induced dephasing and local fields (see fig. 3). To the best of our knowledge, the role of EIS has not been pointed out previously. The understanding of how many-body phenomena in semiconductors affect their interaction with light is crucial for developing a theoretical description of light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. (S.T. Cundiff) Figure 1. Typical data showing soliton explosions. In the upper panel the disper- sion is adjusted to yield solitary explo- sions, while in the lower it is adjusted to yield bursts of explosions. The resolution and position of spectral channels has been optimized in the lower panel. Coherent Response of Semiconductors. The coherent response of semiconductors is very sensi- tive to many-body interactions among the optically excited electrons and holes. A theoretical understand- ing of this coherent response has been developed Energy (eV) over the last decade. Some approaches have devel- oped a microscopic theory starting from the electron- Figure 3. Numerical calculation of a hole Hamiltionian, while others have taken a phe- TFWM spectrum using the MODE, with nomenological approach that is more appealing to both EID and EIS present. 135 PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION Phase Stabilization of Modelocked Lasers. inputs give an output of 0. Using quantum inter- Stabilization of the carrier-envelope phase of ferences resulting from a coherent superposition of modelocked lasers has recently resulted in a revo- rovibrational molecular states in an ultrafast pump- lution in optical frequency metrology and is the probe experiment in molecular lithium dimers, a enabling technology for the recent demonstration six-input AND has been demonstrated. The input of optical atomic clocks in both the Time and Fre- values (0's or l's) are imprinted into the phases quency Division and the Quantum Physics Divi- of the eigenstates by a shaped femtosecond pulse. sion. We are currently focusing on understanding The computation is carried out by the quantum phase noise processes that introduce uncertainties beat interferences during the field-free time evolu- into the results. One area of concern is the micro- tion. The resultant output is probed at a specified structure fiber used to broaden the pulse spectra. delay time by ionization of the wave packet to de- Because this broadening is a highly nonlinear pro- termine the amplitude of the recurrences. A set of cess, it might be expected that small amplitude phases that obtains a global maximum output at a fluctuations in the laser power would be converted specific time delay is predetermined and defined as to significant phase fluctuations. As shown in fig. 4, an output of 1; any other amplitude value, caused we have measured this conversion factor and deter- by different phases, is an output of 0. For the six- mined that it is insignificant. This is because it is input AND gate studied here, a >99% success prob- the differential phase that matters, the phase be- ability is achieved with a typical signal-to-noise tween the pulse envelope and its carrier. Because ratio of 10. This can be improved considerably by the amplitude fluctuations have a common effect additional signal averaging times or extended to on both the pulse envelope and its carrier, the in- hundreds of inputs. The results have applicability pact on the experiments is minimal. We are now to problems such as determining whether a graph, turning to measuring the power spectrum of the fre- consisting of points and edges connecting the quency noise emitted by the laser, this which will points, has any isolated vertices. (S.R. Leone) allow us to determine the coherence time among Femtosecond Soft X-Ray Pump-Probe Dynam- the pulses in the train. (S.T. Cundiff) ics. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and Mod De^th (%) x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are important methods used to study the structure and energetics of neutral molecules, radicals, and semiconductor surface processes such as etching. Thus far it has not been experimentally feasible to study ultrafast processes of neutral molecules or materials surfaces with direct ultraviolet or soft x-ray photoelectron methods. In recent work a new method has been developed to probe camera-like snapshots of the ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum of bromine dur- ing dissociation. High order harmonics of a femto- second Ti:sapphire laser are produced in a rare Figure 4. Measurement of the change in gas. A single harmonic (47 nm, 17th harmonic) is carrier-envelope phase (right axis) as func- selected and used as the probe, while an ultrafast tion of amplitude modulation of the laser. pump pulse at 400 nm is created by frequency A known modulation of variable ampli- doubling a portion of the 800 nm ultrafast laser. tude is imposed on the laser to allow the Figure 5 shows a time-resolved sequence of pump- conversion from amplitude to phase to be probe spectra in bromine molecules following its determined. The background phase noise photodissociation. The spectra reveal the clear is apparent at zero modulation. This adds formation of the photoelectron spectrum of the in quadrature to the generated phase modu- atoms, as well as the timescale for production of lation to produce the curved line. the free atoms. There are cross correlation (cc) Multiple Input AND Gate by Molecular Wave features that occur because of above threshold Packets. An AND gate represents a useful mathe- ionization and permit a direct assessment of the matical algorithm for computation: if all the inputs time durations of the laser pulses and a weak fea- are 1, the output is 1; all other combinations of ture at 8 eV that is attributed to the transient wave 136 » PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION packet on the dissociative state prior to dissocia- tested for the desired optimization and after many tion. An important result is the observation of an generations a final set of phase patterns is obtained enhanced cross section for photoionization of the that contains the physics of the wave packet opti- atomic species, compared to the molecules in the mization process. Several new aspects have been ground state. These results pave the way for a gen- pioneered. These are the first investigations of the eral new method to probe transient states in mole- effects of evolutionary optimization of the phases cules, based on the familiar and powerful methods of frequencies on and off specific transition reso- of photoelectron spectroscopy that have been so nances, i.e., the separation of effects due to both successfully employed for ground state analyses. resonant and non-resonant frequencies. Non- (S.R. Leone) resonant frequencies are found to play a dramatic role both in Raman pumping, which requires two Pump-Probe Spectra in Br 2 or more photons, and in the time-dependent aii- plitude coefficients that occur within the time du- ration of the laser pulse. By programming the al- gorithm to optimize specific beat frequencies as well as the overall wave packet recurrences, it is possible to optimize specific high order processes, such as a fourth order Raman pumping process, to enhance single quantum beats. These results will be important for future work on manipulating molecular wave packets to create quantum com- puting algorithms, such as Controlled NOT. (S.R. Leone) Growth of Quantum Dot Materials. The for- mation of Ge nanodots on Si(100) occurs by strain-induced mechanisms (Ge is 4% larger than Si) and obeys the Stranski-Krastanov (SK) growth mode: a wetting layer (3-5 layers) is followed by the formation of three-dimensional Ge structures. Figure 5. Femtosecond pump-probe spec- Quantitative studies of Ge island size distributions tra using soft x-ray radiation from a high and their shape transformations, including huts — order harmonic generation process as the pyramids —> domes -a superdomes and shape probe on dissociating bromine molecules. + + changes due to annealing of the islands under the The features labeled Br2 (X) and Br2 (A) influence of surfactants, have been achieved by are due to ionization of the Br2 parent molecular beam epitaxial growth and atomic force molecules. The features labeled "P 2 j_o are microscopy (AFM) post-analysis. For device q> due to Br atoms upon dissociation. The cc plications, it is important to attain control over the are cross correlation features. size and spatial distributions of self-assembled Evolutionary Algorithms in Wave Packet Dy- nanostructures. The Ge growth experiments are namics. An evolutionary algorithm has been de- also carried out on patterned silicon substrates veloped to optimize wave packet dynamics in iJ- (mesas formed by electron beam lithography fol- trafast pump-probe experiments. The computer is lowed by etching), for specific positioning of the given multiple sets of random phases versus fre- dots. In fig. 6, a two-dimensional array of aligned quency that are applied to a femtosecond pump 85 nm diameter self-assembled dome-type Ge is- pulse. These phases are imprinted onto the wave lands is shown on the tops of lithographically pat- packet, causing the wave packet recurrences to be terned Si(001) mesas with a 140 nm period. A optimized at various time delays. The computer is “one island on one mesa” relationship is clearly asked to optimize the wave packet recurrences at a achieved. This density of islands is higher than can specific time delay. Thus some individual phase normally be produced on unpatterned silicon, patterns are found to be better than others and are where island coalescence usually occurs well be- selected for reproduction by simple mutation. fore this density is possible. Preferential growth on Multiple sets of mutated phase patterns are again the tops of the mesas most likely occurs because 137 PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION the Si mesa tops are deformable, fulfilling a strain that are bosons and atoms that are fermions. With relaxation condition. In this work, pyramid-type this capability we will be able to investigate new islands as small as 25 nm are also aligned on the phenomena in a mixed Bose-Fermi quantum gas. mesa tops, and no limit to the size reduction of the We have demonstrated the first two-species Rb- 4(, islands is apparent, being controlled mainly by the K magneto-optical trap. This will serve as the size of the etched features that can be introduced. initial stage for cooling the mixture to quantum (S.R. Leone) degeneracy. We have loaded the precooled atoms into a purely magnetic trap. In the near future, the magnetically confined gas will be moved to a higher-vacuum portion of the chamber where it will be further cooled via forced evaporation and sympathetic cooling. (D.S. Jin) Exploring a Quantum Degenerate Gas of Fer- mionic Atoms. An ultracold, degenerate Fermi gas of atoms provides a unique quantum system in which to explore the impact of Fcrmi-Dirac statis- 4i, tics. Using K atoms in two different spin-states, we have experimentally realized an interacting Fermi gas and have begun exploring the dynamical behavior of this new system. An exciting prospect for the two-component Fermi gas is the possibility of a phase transition to a superfluid state, whose underlying physics is similar to superconductivity Fig ure. 6. 2D array of self-assembled Ge in metals. To explore this possibility we are inves- dots on lithographically patterned Si(001). tigating a predicted magnetic-field Feshbach reso- Deposition of 6 ML Ge at 850 K. (a) 2 pm x nance, which would allow experimental control of 2 pm AFM image, showing one island the interactions between atoms. The Feshbach reso- at the center of each mesa, (b) 3D AFM nance is predicted for spin states that cannot be image showing the uniformity of the dome held in a typical magnetic trap. Therefore we have structures, (c) Contour map showing the loaded the ultracold gas into a far-off-resonant square base of one island in the [1 10] direc- optical trap and have used RF adiabatic rapid pas- tion. The base direction is independent of sage to transfer the atoms to the appropriate spin the lithographic grid direction selected. states. We can now apply a uniform magnetic field (d) Side facets [114] of a Ge island on a -4 of up to 250 x 10 tesla (250 Gs) and have seen mesa. preliminary evidence for the Feshbach resonance. New Instrument to Study Growth of InGaN (D.S. Jin) Materials. A new instrument has been fabricated Apertureless Near Field Scanning Optical Mi- and developed for the growth of InGaN materials. croscopy. With the ever decreasing scale of elec- This apparatus has an in situ scanning tunneling tronic components and chip design, there is an ever microscope to interrogate the growing samples for increasing need to develop efficient optical methods the formation of three dimensional InN islands. to measure properties of nanoscale objects with sizes The formation of these islands is crucial to the well below the diffraction limit of light. There have high efficiency of these materials for light emis- been considerable breakthroughs in this area based sion, because the islands act as highly effective on near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), traps for carriers, despite large numbers of defects which has conventionally been achieved by using in the material itself. The ability to grow the mate- metal coated optical fiber tips to confine the light in rial with uniform island sizes and spatial distribu- rapidly tapered optical fibers. However, this method tions will be a key aspect of new work to be ui- is inherently limited by the skin depth of light in the dertaken. (S.R. Leone and S.T. Cundiff) metal cladding (12 nm for Al), which even for opti- Simultaneously Trapping and Cooling of mum cases yields only 20 nm to 30 nm resolution, Bosons and Fermions. An apparatus is being built and under typical operating conditions, more like to simultaneously trap and cool a mixture of atoms 100 nm resolution. An alternative we actively 138 PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION explored was to develop new methods in aperture- Near-Field Theoretical Modeling. A new pro- less near field scanning optical microscopy, which gram in theoretical modeling of the apertureless already have demonstrated resolution improvements NSOM data has obtained results based on model- down to the 2 nrn to 3 nm length scale. This effort is ing of the AFM tip, prism surface, and evanescent based on a combination of (i) evanescent wave exci- laser field by discrete electrostatic multipoles, and tation of molecules/nanostructures on a prism sur- matching boundary conditions at the respective inter- face, (ii) sharp Si or Ag coated Si structures guided faces with least squares methods. Most importantly, by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to condense these calculations can be converged for realistic the evanescent electric fields in the vicinity of the elongated tip shapes that incorporate the lightening tip, and (iii) sensitive resonant scattering light and/ rod antenna effect and the actual exponential drop or fluorescence detection of the molecules subse- off of the evanescent fields. The results indicate quent to the excitation event. (A.C. Gallagher and (i) a significant enhancement of the fields near the D.J. Nesbitt) tip, (ii) a strong sensitivity to the length of the tip elongation, and (iii) a limiting value of the field Scattering/Extinction Near Field Microscopy. enhancement of K = 30 for tip lengths greater than As a necessary first effort, these new apertureless the 1/e evanescent decay. This value is in remark- NSOM methods have been used to evaluate the ably good agreement with what is observed experi- scattering cross sections of AFM tips in the presence mentally. Furthermore, this analysis indicates a of an evanescent wave as a function of tip distance significant contribution to near field enhancement above the surface. This has yielded the first absolute from “image dipoles” generated in the prism when cross sections for near-to-far field scattering with the laser polarized AFM tip approaches within well-characterized probe shapes, which are crucial approximately one tip radius (5 nm) of the surface in providing “benchmark” data for testing quantita- (“Narscissus effect”). (D.J. Nesbitt) tive models of near field interactions. These meth- ods were next used to obtain near field images of Au Single Molecule and Single Quantum Dot Con- nanospheres at <5 nm resolution by resonant scat- foeal Microscopy. Spawned in conjunction with the tering of 543 nm light near the plasmon resonance. NSOM efforts, we have been developing new capa- These studies determined that the combination of bilities in high sensitivity detection and spectro- AFM tip + particle leads to a scattering enhance- scopic characterization of single molecules based on ment of over 4000-fold from that of the bare Au laser excitation and fluorescence detection via scan- nanospheres. Such data again provides important ning confocal microscopy, coupled with high sensi- benchmarks against which to test theoretical models. tivity avalanche detection and/or a CCD array spec- (D.J. Nesbitt) trometer. These methods have been used to investi- gate the photophysical dynamics of individual na- Fluorescence Near Field Microscopy. As a most nostructures, in particular focusing on ZnS over- recent achievement, these new apertureless NSOM coated CdSe and InP quantum dots on fused silica methods have been extended into the domain of near and glass surfaces. Particularly relevant has been the field fluorescence microscopy domain, where the Si detailed studies of fluorescence intermittency or AFM tips are used to influence the near field excita- “blinking” of individual quantum dots, which begin tion of dye doped nanospheres (on the 20 nm scale) to provide detailed kinetic information on electron or even down to semiconductor CdSe quantum dots hole pair ejection and recombination from single (6 scale). The resulting fluorescence is imaged nm quantum dot structures. The distribution of time with a high numerical aperture microscope and fiber scales over which these ejection/recombination coupled avalanche photodiode combination. The events occur spans an enormous dynamic range data indicates substantial increase in the fluores- (microseconds to minutes), which can be statisti- cence from these molecules in the near field pres- cally analyzed to show that the kinetics is intrinsi- ence of the laser excited tip, with spatial AFM cally non-exponential, with “rates” varying over 5-6 resolution that appears to be fully limited by the orders of magnitude. (D.J. Nesbitt) 5 mn tip radius of curvature. A simple electrostatic analysis of these data is consistent with a roughly Single Molecule Microscopy and Characteriza- 30-fold enhancement of electric field at the tip, tion of Bioinolecules. The new single molecule mi- which translates into a nearly iff -fold enhancement croscopy capability described above has been ex- of the near field laser intensity. (D.J. Nesbitt and ploited in new directions that involve biophysical A.C. Gallagher) applications. We have utilized confocal methods to 139 > PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION study green fluorescent protein (GFP), and initiated tages of (i) low temperature expansions in slit super- studies of intercalation kinetics of fluorescent dye sonic jets with (ii) pulsed electrical discharges to molecules into DNA strands tethered to surfaces by produce unprecedentedly intense sources of molec- biotin-streptavidin interactions. We are also devel- ular radicals under the low temperature (10 K to oping tools based on wide field illumination and 20 K) and long absorption path environment ideally cooled CCD array cameras to image electrophoresis suited for direct absorption laser spectroscopy. We of single biomolecules in agarose gels. Finally, we exploit this source for high resolution spectroscopic are building up new time resolved capabilities for investigations of open shell hydrocarbon species single biomolecule fluorescence detection in liquids (such as ethyl radical), as well as jet cooled molec- utilizing polarized fluorescence resonant energy ular ions (such as protonatcd Fh, CH4 , and HCCH). transfer (FRET) and burst integrated fluorescence + As one example, vibrational spectra of H . H: D', (BIFL) methods. Monitoring the frequencies, polari- HDG, and D, in the adiabatic approximation all zation, and fast time correlations betweens the fluo- derive from motion on the same Bom Oppenheimer rescence photons emitted will allow one to watch potential surface, which for a two-electron problem relative distance and orientation of fluorescent donor/ can be calculated to near spectroscopic accuracy. acceptor “tagged" biomolecules, and thereby probe Comparison of high resolution spectra for these dif- kinetics of conformational changes in real time. ferent mass combinations therefore provides direct (D.J. Nesbitt) evidence for non-adiabatic; Bom Oppenheimer Reaction Dynamics at the Gas-Liquid Inter- breakdown in the various isotopic mass combina- face. A major fraction of chemical reactions of in- tions (D.J. Nesbitt) dustrial, commercial, and environmental importance State-to-State Reaction Dynamics. Chemistry is occur at the gas-liquid interface, ranging from at- a discipline of enormous technological and eco- mospheric processing of ozone to rapid detonation nomic importance and yet a detailed understanding in internal combustion engines. Despite this impor- of how the simplest of chemical reactions occur tance, the tools for exploring reaction dynamics at still represents a state-of-the-art area of experi- the gas-liquid interface are remarkably limited. A mental and theoretical chemical physics research. new program of study based on direct IR laser de- We are making major advances in this area by ex- sorption to investigate quantum-state-resolved dy- ploiting (i) slit discharge technology as an intense namics of reactions at the gas-liquid interface has source of jet cooled radicals and (ii) shot-noise- been initiated. The first test system has been F atom limited infrared laser absorption in order to explore reactive scattering from long chain liquid hydrocar- quantum state-to-state reactive scattering studies in bons (essentially low vapor pressure pump oils), crossed supersonic jets. The initial focus has been which leads to HF(v,J) formation that is detected via on hydrogen abstraction reactions F + RH — direct IR laser absorption. Since the F atom source is HF(v,J) + R, where the nascent rovibrational pulsed and the HF detection is time resolved, this permits the dynamics of “direct” reactive scattering product states of HF can be sensitively detected via vs slower temporarily trapped interfacial reactions to direct absorption methods. The crucial advantage of is that be distinguished with full quantum state resolution such a high resolution laser-based approach 10‘4 1 of the products. (D.J. Nesbitt) it offers cm spectral resolution on the product s states, which is > 10 to 10° fold better than previ- Resolution in High IR Laser Spectroscopy ous crossed beam time-of-flight studies. These Plasmas. The overwhelming majority of all chem- high resolution studies reveal major dynamical ical processes occur via fast bimolecular reactions insights even for “simple” atom + diatom systems. involving molecular species with unpaired electrons, For example, F + HD product state distributions i.e., free radicals. The reactivity of these species have yielded direct evidence for Feshbach reso- makes them especially hard to detect and study in nances corresponding to fleetingly bound vibra- detail. Of special interest are methods of spectro- tional states of the FHD complex with the H atom scopically characterizing these radicals at low tem- bouncing back and forth between the F and D at- perature and high resolution, which is a crucial pre- oms. These so called “transition state resonances” requisite for laser remote sensing of these species in have been theoretically predicted but proven ex- the much more complicated “real world” environ- tremely elusive to detect experimentally without ments of plasmas, combustion, etching, and so on. full quantum-state-resolved reactive-scattering We are developing methods to combine the advan- methods. (D.J. Nesbitt) 140 PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry. Controlled Phase Coherence between Indepen- There has been an ongoing effort towards reaction dent Femtosecond Lasers. This recent break- dynamics relevant to atmospheric chemistry, direct through has enabled us for the first time ever to 1R laser absorption of highly reactive radicals. One phase-lock together two independent mode-locked important target has been chemical chain reaction lasers. By creating coherence between two mode- depletion of ozone in the lower stratosphere, based locked lasers, we open the door to a wide-reaching on the ubiquitous reactions between OH, HO : and variety of applications. For example, in applica- O 3 , which is studied by excimer laser photolytic tions where quantum coherent control is desired, generation of OH radicals in a fast flow reactor, coherent light may be needed in several disparate with time-resolved high resolution IR laser absorp- regions of the optical spectrum. However, current tion over a long flow path length as a direct meas- broad-band ultrafast laser systems generate a frac- ure of OH, H0 2 radical concentrations and there- tional bandwidth on order of a mere 30%. This fore the relevant rate kinetics. Most importantly, bandwidth may be increased using various non- these IR based methods completely circumvent linear techniques, but poor conversion efficiency problems due to UV photolysis of ozone, which limits its real-life application. Our approach enables plagues conventional LIF detection methods for the production of different wavelengths of light OH radicals. Consequently, this IR laser apparatus most efficiently and cleanly by using completely uniquely permits such reactions to be explored independent laser systems. The output from the down to temperatures crucially relevant to the laser systems can now be synchronized and phase- stratospheric models of the atmosphere. Other locked, resulting in a coherent composite field at projects on this apparatus include studies of for- exactly the frequencies of interest, with indepen- mation and energy transfer of highly rotationally dent control of respective powers and relative excited OH(v,N 30), whose remarkable and optical phases, frequency chirps, and so on. One highly non-equilibrium presence has been recently specific example of interesting science enabled detected via IR emission from the upper atmos- by our breakthrough is to explore the interplay of phere. (D.J. Nesbitt) two distinct regimes of quantum dynamics in a molecular system where one laser (red part of the Particle Growth in Deposition Discharges. spectrum) manipulates the ground state potential Gas discharges are frequently used to deposit thin surface while another laser (blue part of the spec- films, for purposes as diverse as making optical or trum) controls the electronic wave function that protective coatings, or producing semiconductors. would in turn favorably influence the ground state Silicon-based semiconducting films, used for liquid- motion. Such exploration of two distinct regimes crystal displays, copiers, paper readers, and photo- of quantum dynamics and of their mutual influ- voltaics, are normally deposited from discharges ence under a controlled fashion will surely be a in (primarily) silane gas. Silicon particles are pro- most interesting part of quantum coherent control duced in the plasma region of these discharges, studies. (J. Ye) and they can have a major influence on the dis- charge and device properties. We have developed Pulse Shortening by Coherent Stitching of the first quantitative model for the cause, speed, Separate Spectra for Different Lasers. Current and efficacy of this particle growth, as well as for pulse-shaping techniques are limited primarily by how the growth depends on discharge parameters. two things: available coherent bandwidth, and the This model has been guided by, and has explained, bandwidth over which group-velocity dispersion laboratory data on 10 nm to 50 nm diameter parti- may be managed. By using independent mode- cles, as well as data from another laboratory that locked lasers with different center wavelengths, “, detected the very light negative ions (Si n H m dispersion in each laser system can be managed n< 10) that initiate the particle growth. In both separately, and the various beams can then be com- experiment and theory, thermophoresis has been bined, synchronized, and phase-locked to create shown to be a dominant mechanism controlling the shortest pulse. Alternatively, dispersion over particle growth and survival in deposition dis- the bandwidth could be manipulated to create an charges. This improved understanding has impor- arbitrarily shaped optical waveform, paving the tant implications for the design of thin-film coat- way for an ultimate '"optical waveform synthe- ers, especially those used for Si-based films. (A.C. sizer" machine. An important issue is to demon- Gallagher) strate control over the phase profile across the 141 PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION entire synthesized spectrum, namely pulse shaping. different disciplines. Some specific applications For example, a flat spectral phase profile is a pre- include tests on gravitational physics, searches for requisite for generation of ultrashort pulses, while time-dependent variation of fundamental physical an arbitrary desired profile will be needed for constants, precision atomic and molecular spectros- coherent control applications. Under the current copy, and the combined time and length metrology. control scheme, we will be able to perform arbi- Furthermore, our work shows the first experimental trary pulse shaping over the entire phase coherent demonstration of true orthogonal control of the wide- spectrum by controlling not only the phase slips bandwidth optical comb. This important techno- between the two lasers but also their relative logical achievement brings the entire femtosecond absolute phases. (J. Ye) comb under tight control and makes it a reliable tool. This accomplishment in the clockwork mech- Optical Frequency Metrology. Recent work anism will impact any future development of optical has shown that by broadening the output of a clocks. (J. Ye) Ti:sapphire laser with a microstructure optical fiber, a comb consisting of millions of stabilized CW Ultrahigh Resolution Spectroscopy Using lines can be generated. This comb is limited in Femtosecond Laser. Theoretical work has ex- extent because of the nature of the non-linear pro- plored the aspect of novel high resolution spec- cess used for its production. Our new phase-locking troscopy employing a femtosecond laser. A phase- technology can be extended to coherently lock coherent wide-bandwidth optical comb is shown to together as many of these laser combs as desired, induce the desired multi-path quantum interfer- using different laser mediums as required. Other ence effect for the resonantly enhanced two- applications include mid-infrared light generation photon transition rate. The analysis carried out in through difference frequency mixing, novel pump- both the frequency and time domains makes the probe experiments requiring synchronized laser fundamental connection between the two physical light, and x-rays or electron beams from synchro- pictures. Our calculation has provided a solid link trons, particle accelerators with phase locked between the time domain carrier-envelope phase pulsed laser arrays, and so on. A recent develop- and the frequency domain carrier-frequency offset. ment in our lab has reduced the timing jitter be- The consequence of these results was shown in tween two independent lasers to be below 1 fs, an terms of absolute control of both degrees of free- important benchmark for further work on phase dom for the fs comb, namely the comb spacing coherence of fs lasers. (J. Ye) and the carrier offset frequency. The multi-pulse Demonstration of an Optical Clock. The first interference in the time domain gives an interest- experimental success of a reliable clock operation ing variation and generalization of the two-pulse based on an optical frequency standard has been based temporal coherent control of the excited demonstrated. This breakthrough is brought about state wavepacket. (J. Ye) by the recent merger of precision frequency metrol- Manipulation of Molecular Wavepackets. We ogy and ultrafast science. We have pushed the use precision control of independent femtosecond frontier to the next level where a single stabilized lasers to develop a general purpose laboratory tool cw laser controls the entire optical comb over more for coherent quantum control in manipulation of than an octave bandwidth at a precision level of molecular wavepackets. A project is underway 10 We have derived an rf clock signal of com- to explore the use of cold molecules in ultrahigh parable stability to the optical standard itself (5 x in 14 resolution spectroscopy and the study of molec- 10' at 1-s) over an extended period. We have ular dynamics. Femtosecond-laser-based precision effectively demonstrated that with an appropriately molecular spectroscopy is expected to yield infor- chosen optical standard, we can establish an optical mation on molecular structure 1000 times more frequency grid with lines repeating every 100 MHz accurate than previous results. (J. Ye) over an octave bandwidth and with every line stable at the one Hz level. And it is clear now that with a Precision Spectroscopy of Atoms and Mole- mature technical solution to the “gearbox problem” cules. We are pursuing precision spectroscopy on at hand, all future progress in optical and rf domain cold samples of Rb atoms. An optical frequency standards can be utilized in both spectra. Optical standard based on a two-photon transition in the frequency standards now have truly become general cold Rb atoms will be established. We are also purpose laboratory tools for physicists across many investigating coherent interactions between a stable 142 0 PHYSICS LABORATORY QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION ultrafast laser and the cold atoms. A broadly tunable more, by employing a second co-rotating cam to precision spectrometer has been built to study the drive an auxiliary mass it is possible to keep the unexplored regions of the iodine spectrum near its instrumental center-of-mass fixed. In this way re- dissociation limit. We have discovered new and coil effects having to do with both the release of interesting behavior in the change of the hyperfine the mass and the accelerations of the mass-carrying interactions of the iodine molecules. Many new carts can be, in principle, completely eliminated. transitions have been identified with excellent Measurement results obtained during this past year potential of being the next generation simple opti- are extremely encouraging. Data taken at a good cal frequency standards. (J. Ye) site (Table Mountain) was reproducible at the sev- s eral times 10 m/s of precision. Data taken at a Optical Frequency Measurement. During poor site (bad floor and noisy environment) was the past year the femtosecond method of optical reproducible at the 10 m/s level. We are presently frequency measurement has been brought to an looking at the effects of misalignments in the me- astounding level of robustness, convenience, and chanical system which might explain this perfor- accuracy. We have developed one excellent method mance. (J.E. Faller) for orthogonal izing the control of the fs laser’s two frequency parameters, the pulse repetition rate and Newtonian Constant of Gravitation. Our ap- the carrier/envelope phase slip rate, otherwise proach to measuring this fundamental constant called the carrier/envelope offset frequency. This involves measuring small length changes by sens- method allows us to completely transfer to the fs ing frequency changes in a laser that is locked to a laser comb the attained stability of a stable optical Fabry-Perot cavity whose mirrors are located in source, in frequency reference our case the Nd:YAG two freely hanging masses. This laser is in turn laser stabilized strong, to a narrow molecular beat with another laser that is locked to a fixed Iodine resonance. With colleagues in NIST Time cavity that monitors the separation between the and Frequency Division, we have compared the suspension points of the two hanging Fabry-Perot frequency of an rf signal derived from our optical mirrors. When a 500 kg mass of tungsten is moved source directly with the NIST Hydrogen maser and appropriately positioned nearby, it deflects the signal which reaches us from NIST by the Boulder freely hanging (70 cm long) pendulums. G can Regional Area Network (the BRAN optical fiber). then be determined by combining the measured The frequency variations for times less than ~100 s small frequency-sensed changes in this cavity's are just equal to the stated uncertainty of the Hy- length with carefully made measurements of the drogen maser: thus we are entering the domain experiment’s geometry. where optical sources provide frequency stability During the past year, assembly of the appara- completely equal or superior to that obtainable tus was completed and a considerable amount of with traditional high-end microwave approaches. data was taken. Preliminary measurements indi- (J.L. Hall) cate that—subject to our understanding of all sys- New, Small, Absolute, and Highly Portable tematic errors—an uncertainty of below 5 parts in Gravity Instrument. Dramatic progress was made Iff can be obtained. A number of as yet to be uv derstood systematic effects have however ap- during the past year in regards to this new, cam- peared in addition to strong evidence of a mag- based absolute gravimeter. This small, fast, port- netic contaminant in one of the two freely able, and simple-to-use instrument uses a rotating hanging masses. The plan is first to address the systematic cam to create the following: a release, a 2 cm free- effects [which should produce an already interest- fall drop, a soft catch, and then a return to the ing experimental accuracy for this constant (ap- starting position—with all of this requiring only 4 proaching 1 in 1 and then to replace the con- 0.3 seconds. The instrument inherently yields a )] taminated mass take additional data the high measurement rate (3.3 drops per second) that and with anticipation that an additional factor of 2 or 3 compensates- in terms of measurement accuracy m- -for the relatively short dropping length. Further- provement in accuracy will result. (J.E. Faller) 143 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: AWARDS AND HONORS ANNUAL REPORT AWARDS AND HONORS NATIONAL AWARDS AND HONORS the scientific promise portended by her pioneering R.S. Caswell of the Ionizing Radiation Division work.” was the first recipient of the Council on Ionizing Radiation Measurements and Standards’ Y.-k. Kim of the Atomic Physics Division was a Distinguished Achievement Award “for his Visiting Professor, National Institute for Fusion distinguished contributions to national and interna- Science, Toki, Japan, September 3- October 2, 2001 tional ionizing radiation standards programs.” (originally planned for three months, September- November 2001, but was interrupted after the C.W. Clark of the Electron and Optical Physics terrorist attack in the U.S.) Division was elected to Fellowship in the Ameri- can Association for the Advancement of Science W.Ott of the Physics Laboratory office was pre- “for his contributions in theoretical physics sented an award by the NIST Chapter of Sigma applied to diverse systems, including highly- Xi for “outstanding service in support of NIST excited atoms and many-body phenomena of scientists.” gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates.” B.N. Taylor of the Physics Laboratory Office E.A. Cornell of the Quantum Physics Division received the CODATA Prize 2000 Award from ( jointly) received the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics the Committee on Data for Science and Technol- for “the achievement (in 1995) of Bose-Einstein ogy (CODATA) “for his scientific skills and condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and extraordinary accomplishments related to his for early fundamental studies of the properties of determination of the fundamental physical con- the condensates.” stants, his management of the international con- sensus process, and his insights into the meaning B.M. Coursey of the Ionizing Radiation Division, and nature of uncertainty in scientific data at the was inducted as a 2000 Fellow of the American most fundamental level.” Association of Physicists in Medicine “for his distinguished contributions to medical physics.” B. N. Taylor received a 2000 Distinguished Execu- tive Rank Award. The President of the United Katharine B. Gebbie was recognized by the Divi- States of American conferred on him the rank of sion of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics of Distinguished Executive in the Senior Executive the American Physical Society, for her “leadership Service “for sustained extraordinary accomplish- role in fostering excellence in AMO science.” ment in management of programs of the United T. Gernier of the Optical Technology Division States Government and for leadership exemplify- received the Sigma Xi Award, “for his pioneering ing the highest standards of service to the public, work in developing new techniques using optical reflecting credit on the career civil service. scattering to elucidate detailed surface properties." C.J. Williams of the Atomic Physics Division was D. Gillaspv of the Atomic Physics Division, a Visiting Professor ( 1 month), Laboratorie Aime was offered a Distinguished Visiting Fellow- Cotton, University of Paris South, Orsay, France ship ( http:// 1 93. 1 1 7. 1 3.20/ircep/dvf.html ) from D. Wineland of the Time and Frequency Division the Queens University, Belfast. was recently awarded the 2001 Arthur L. D.S. Jin of the Quantum Physics Division received Schawlow Prize in Laser Science by the Ameri- the Maria Goeppert Mayer Award for “her inno- can Physical Society “for an extraordinary range vative realization and exploration of a novel quan- of pioneering studies combining trapped ions and tum system, the degenerate Fermi atomic gas, and lasers.” 145 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX A: AWARDS AND HONORS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AWARDS NIST NAMED AW ARDS J.C. Bergquist, S.A. Diddams, L. Hollberg, and J.C. Bergquist, S. Jefferts, and D. Wineland, of C.W. Oates of the Time and Frequency Division the Time and Frequency Division received the were awarded the Department of Commerce Gold Edward Elder Condon Award for their Physics article entitled “Time Measurement Medal “for outstanding achievement in developing Today cover world-leading optical-frequency standards and the at the Millennium,” which lucidly describes current and future atomic-clock technology. means for relating their outputs to other frequencies.” A. Farrell, E. Fein, M. Furst, R. Graves (post- S.T. Cundiff, J.E. Hall, and J. of the Quan- Ye humously), E. Hagley, A. Hamilton, L. Hughey, tum Physics Division were awarded the Depart- R. Madden and R. Vest of the Electron and ment of Commerce Gold Medal for “outstanding Optical Physics Division shared the Judson C. achievement in developing world-leading optical French Award “for their exceptional achievement frequency standards and the means for coupling in constructing the NIST Synchrotron Ultraviolet their outputs to other frequencies." Radiation Facility, SURF III.” D.S. Jin of the Quantum Physics Division re- L.R. Karam of the Ionizing Radiation Division ceived the 2001 Samuel Wesley Stratton Award received the Department of Commerce Bronze for “her pioneering creation of a degenerate gas in Medal “for exceptional leadership of the NIST a dilute atomic vapor, a microscopic model for radioactivity standards program for nuclear important scientific and technological materials.” medicine and environmental radioactivity measure- ments.” C.S. Soares of the Ionizing Radiation Division, received the Department of Commerce Silver Medal “for his international leadership in devel- oping standards to promote therapeutic applica- tions of radioactive sources for cancer and heart disease.” 146 ) PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: PUBLICATIONS ANNUAL REPORT PUBLICATIONS LABORATORY OFFICE Dragoset, R.A., Kishore, A.R., Olsen, K., Sanson- Mohr, P.J. and Taylor, B.N., “Adjusting the Values etti, A.M., Schwab, D.J., and Wiersma, G.G., of the Fundamental Constants,” Phys. Today (2001 NIST Physics Laboratory WWW page [online: (NIST Centennial Issue). http://'phvsics.nist.iiov7 1 (Gaithersburg, MD, 2001). Mohr, P.J. and Taylor, B.N., "The Role of Fun- Dragoset, R.A., Musgrove, A., Clark, C.W., and damental Constants in the International System Martin, W.C., Periodic Table: Atomic Properties of Units (SI): Present and Future,” IEEE Trans. of the Elements, Version 2, NIST SP 966 handout Instrum. Meas. 50, 563 (2001). (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Ott, W.R. and Lucatorto, T.B., "100 Years of Optics Gaithersburg, MD, 2001). at NIST: Science, Standards, and Service,” Opt. Gebbie, K.B., “A Century of Cooperation,” Notes Photon. News 12, 20-23 (2001 ). and Records of the Royal Society (200 1 ). Ott, W.R., “100 Years of Optical Science and Gebbie, K.B., “A Century of Physics at NIST,” Metrology at NBS/NIST,” Proc. SPIE, The Inter- Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 46, 1 (2001). national Society of Optical Engineering, SPIE 4450, 1-14 (2001). Gebbie, K.B., “Broadening the Demographics at NIST,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 46, 2 (2001). Taylor, B.N. and Thor, A.J., “The radian, the neper, the bel and the decibel,” Metrologia 38 (in Mohr, P.J. and Taylor, B.N., “Searchable Biblio- press). graphy on the Constants” (version 2.3) [online: physics.nist.gov/constantsbib] (NIST, Gaithersburg, Taylor, B.N., “The International System of Units MD, 2001)." (SI),” Natl. Inst. Stand. Tech. Spec. Publ. 330, 2001 Edition (U.S. Government Printing Office, Mohr, P.J. and Taylor, B.N., “CODATA Recom- Washington, DC, 2001), p. 75. mended Values of the Fundamental Constants of Physics and Chemistry,” Natl. Stand. Technol. Wiersma, G.G., [HTML conversion], “The Calcu- Spec. Publ. 959 (NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, 2001) lation of Rotational Energy Levels and Rotational (wallet cards). Line Intensities in Diatomic Molecules,” Natl. Bureau Stand. Monograph 1 15, 49 pages [online: Mohr, P.J. and Taylor, B.N., “CODATA Recom- physics.nist.gov/Pubs/Monoll5] (NIST, Gaithers- mended Values of the Fundamental Constants of burg, MD, 2001 ). Physics and Chemistry,” Natl. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 961 (NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, 2001) ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS (8.5 x page and 17 x 22 wall chart). 11 DIVISION (841) Mohr, P.J. and Taylor, B.N., “CODATA Recom- Anderson, B.P., Haljan, P.C., Regal, C.A., Feder, mended Values of the Fundamental Constants,” in D.L., Collins, L.A., Clark, C.W., and Cornell, E.A., Atomic and Molecular Data and Their Applica- “Watching Dark Solitons Decay into Vortex Rings tions. ed. Berrington Bell in a Bose-Einstein Condensate,” Phys. Rev. Lett. , by K.A. and K.L (AIP Conf. Proc., 2000), 543, p. 3. 86, 2926 (2001). Mohr, P.J. and Taylor, B.N., “Fundamental Con- Arp, U., Friedman, R., Furst, M.L., Makar, S., and Shaw, P.-S., III - improved storage ring stants and the Hydrogen Atom,” in The Hydrogen “SURF An for radiometry,” Metrologia 357 (2000). Atom - Precision Physics of Simple Atomic Sys- 37(5), tems , ed. by S.G. Kashenboim, F.S. Pavone, Arp, U„ “Diffraction and depths-of-field effects in G.F. Bassini, M. Ingusci, and T.W. Haensch electron beam imaging at SURF III,” Nucl. Instrum. (Springer, Berlin, 2001) p. 145. Methods A 462(3)7 568 (2001). 147 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: PUBLICATIONS Arp, U., Fraser, G.T., Hight-Walker, A.R., Luca- Hyman, R.A., Stiles, M.D., and Zangwill, A., torto, T., Lehmann, K.K., Harkay, K., Sereno, N., “Gradient Search Method for Orbital-Dependent and Kim, K.-J., “Spontaneous coherent microwave Density-Functional Calculations,” Phys. Rev. B emission and the sawtooth instability in a compact 62(23), 15521-15526 (2000). storage ring,” Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 4, 054401 (2001). Levine, Z.H., Grantham, S., Neogi, S., Frigo, S.P., McNulty, I., Retsch, C.C., Wang, Y., and Luca- Arp, U., Lucatorto, T.B., Harkay, K., and Kim, torto, T.B., “Accurate pattern registration for inte- K.-J., “Studies of intensity noise at SURF 111,” Rev. grated circuit tomography,” J. Appl. Phys. 90. 556 Sci. Instrum. Methods A (in press). (2001). Burnett, J.H., Levine, Z.H., and Shirley, E.L., Levine, Z.H., Grantham, S., and McNulty, I., “Mass “Intrinsic Birefringence of Calcium Fluoride,” absorption coefficient of tungsten for 1600-2100 eV,” Phys. Rev. B (in press). Phys. Rev. B (in press). Chang, E.K., Shirley, E.L., and Levine, Z.H., “Excitonic Effects on Optical Second-Harmonic Molodtsov, S.L., Halilov, S.V., Richter, M., Zang- Polarizabilities of Semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. B will, A., and Laubschat, C., “Interpretation of (in press). Resonant Photoemission Spectra of Solid Actinide Systems,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 017601 (2001). Clark, C.W., “Effects of configuration interaction on intensities and phase shifts,” in A Century of Molodtsov, S.L., Halilov, S.V., Servedio, V.D.P., Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Tech- Schneider, W., Danzenbaecher, S., Hinarejos, J.J., Richter, M., Laubschat, C., nology , ed. by D.R. Lide (U.S. Government Print- and “Cooper Minima ing Office, Washington, DC, 2001). in the Photoemission Spectra of Solids,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(19), 4184-4187 (2001). Clark, C.W., “Ugo Fano” (obituary). Nature 410 , 164 (2001). Pierce, D.T., Davies, A., Stroscio, J.A., Tulchin- sky, D.A., Unguris, J., and Celotta, R.J., “Non- Davies, A., Tarrio, C., and Evans, C.J., “Advanced collinear Exchange Coupling in Fe/Mn/Fe(001 ): optics characterization,” Opt. Photon. News, NIST Insight from Scanning Tunneling Microscopy,” J. Centennial Edition, 34-37 (February 2001). Magn. Mater. 222, 13-27 (2000). Dunningham, J.A., Burnett, K., and Edwards, M., Shaw, P.-S., Gupta, R., Germer, T.A., Arp, U., “Relative number squeezing in Bose-Einstein con- Lucatorto, T., and Lykke, K.R., “Characterization densates,” Phys. Rev. A, 64 015601 (2001). of materials using an ultraviolet radiometric beam- Edwards, M., Clark, C.W., Pedri. P., Pitaevskii, L., line at SURF III,” Metrologia 37(5), 551 (2000). and Stringari, S. “Consequence of superfluidity on Shaw, P.-S., Larason, T.C., Gupta, R„ Brown, S.W., the expansion of a rotating Bose-Einstein conden- Vest, R.E., and Lykke, K.R., “The new uv spectral sate,” Phys. Rev. Lett, (in press). responsivity scale based on cryogenic radiometry Feder, D.L., “Solitons in a Bose-Einstein conden- at SURF III,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., 72(5), 2242-2247 sate,” Opt. Photon. News 11 , 38 (December, 2000). ( 2001 ). Feder, D.L., Svidzinsky, A. A., Fetter, A.L., and Stiles, M.D., Halilov, S.V., Hyman, R.A., and Zang- Clark, C.W., “Anomalous Modes Drive Vortex will, A., “Spin-other-orbit interaction and magneto- Dynamics in Confined Bose-Einstein Condensates,” crystalline anisotropy,” Phys. Rev. B 64, 104430 Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, (2001). 564 ( 2001 ). Feder, D.L. and Clark, C.W., “Superfluid to solid Stiles, M.D. and McMichael, R.D.,”Coercivity in crossover in a rotating Bose-Einstein condensed Exchange-Bias Bilayers,” Phys. Rev. B 63, 064405 gas,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 190401 (2001). ( 2001 ). Hagley, E.W., Deng, L., Phillips, W.D., Burnett, K., Stiles, M.D. and Zangwill, A.,”Non-collinear spin and Clark, C.W., “The atom laser,” Opt. Photon. transfer in Co/Cu/Co multilayers,” J. Appl. Phys. News (May 2001 ), p. 22-26. (in press). Harkay, K., Kim, K.-J., and Sereno, N., “Simula- Stroscio, J.A., Hudson, E.W., Blankenship, S., tion Investigations of the Longitudinal Sawtooth Celotta, R.J., and Fein, A.P., “A Facility for Nano- Instability at SURF,” in Proc. 2001 Particle science Research: An Overview,” in Proc. of the Accelerator Conference (in press). SPIE (in press). 148 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: PUBLICATIONS Tarrio, C. and Lucatorto, T.B., “Evaluating optical Bryant, G.W. and Jaskolski, W., “Designing Quan- materials,” in Optical Electronics (May 2001) p. 48. tum Dots and Quantum-Dot Solids,” Phys. E (in press). Tarrio, C., Vest, R.E., and Grantham, S., “Abso- lute EUV Metrology,” in Harnessing Light: Optical Bryant G.W. and Band, Y.B., “T-Shaped Quantum Science and Metrology ' at NIST, Proc. SPIE 4450, Wires in Magnetic Fields: Weakly Confined Mag- 94-107 (2001). netoexcitons Beyond the Diamagnetic Limit,” Phys. Rev. B 63, 1 15304 (2001). Tarrio, C., Lucatorto, T.B., Grantham, S., Squires, M.B., Arp, U., and Deng, L., “Improvements to Bryant, G.W. and Jaskolski, W., “Designing Nano- the NIST/DARPA EUV Reflectometry Facility,” crystal Nanosystems: Quantum-Dot Quantum-Wells in Soft X-Ray and UV Imaging II, SPIE (in press). to Quantum-Dot Solids," Phys. Status Solidi B 224, 751 (2001). Tarrio, C., Vest, R.E., and Lucatorto, T.B., “Extreme ultraviolet metrology at SURF III,” Buchter, S.C., Fan, C.Y., Lieberman, V., Zayhow- Synchrotron Radiation News (in press). ski, J.J., Rothschild, M., Mason, E.J., Cassanho, A., Jenssen, H.P., and Burnett, J.H., “Periodically ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) Poled BaMgF 4 for Ultraviolet Frequency Genera- tion,” Opt. Lett, (in press). Ali, M.A., Irikura, K.K., and Kim, Y.-K., “Elec- Burke, J.P., Chu, S.-T., Bryant, G.W., Williams tron-Impact Total Ionization Cross Sections of SF X C.J., Julienne, P.S., (x=l-4),” Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 201, 187 (2000). and “Designing Neutral Atom Nanotraps with Integrated Optical Waveguides,” Anderson, B.P., Haljan, P.C., Regal, C.A., Feder, Phys. Rev. A (in press). D.L., Collins, L.A., Clark, C.W., and Cornell, E.A., “Watching Dark Solitons Decay into Vortex Rings Burke, J.P., Jr., Chu, S.-T., Bryant, G.W., Wil- in a Bose-Einstein Condensate,” Phys. Rev. Lett. liams, C.J., and Julienne, P.S., “Trapping Atoms 86, 2926 (2001). with Evanescent Light Fields from Integrated Waveguides,” SPIE Conf. Proc. LASE'01, San Band, Y.B., Burke, J.P., Jr., Simoni, A., and Jose, CA, January 2001 (in press). Julienne, P., “Suppression of Elastic Scattering Loss for Slowly Colliding Bose Condensates,” Burnett, K., Julienne, P.S., Lett, P., Tiesinga, E., Phys. Rev. A 64, 023607 (2001 ). and Williams, C.J., “Quantum Encounters of the Cold Kind,” Insight Review article invited by Benck, E.C. and Etemadi, K., “Fiber Optic Based Nature (in press). Optical Tomography Sensor for Monitoring Plasma Uniformity,” in Characterization and Metrology’ Burnett, J.H., Levine, Z.H, and Shirley, E.L., for ULSI Technology’: 2000 International Confer- “Intrinsic Birefringence in Calcium Fluoride and ence, ed. by D.G. Seiler et al. (NIST, Gaithersburg, Barium Fluoride,” Phys. Rev. B (in press). MD, 2000) p. 268. Charron, E., Tiesinga, E., Mies, F., and Williams, Boisseau, C., Audouard, E. Vigue, J., and Julienne, C.J., “Optimizing a Phase Gate Using Quantum P.S., “Reflection Approximation in Photoassocia- Interference,” Phys. Rev. Lett, (in press). tion Spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. A62, 052705 (2000). Charron, E., Tiesinga, E., Mies, F., and Williams, Bomer, H.G., Jentschel, M., Lehman, H., and C., “Quantum Gates Using Motional States in an Kessler, E.G., “Gamma Ray Spectroscopy with Optical Lattice,” in Quantum Communication. Com- PPM Resolving Power. ” in Capture Gamma- Ray puting. and Measurement 3, ed. by P. Tombesi and th Spectroscopy and Related Topics: 10 Int 'l Sym- O. Hirota (Kluwer Academic, Plenum Publishers, posium, ed. by S. Wender (AIP, New York, 2000). 2001), p. 227. Bowen, D.K. and Deslattes, R.D., “X-Ray Metrol- Campillo, A.L., Hsu, J.S.P., and Bryant, G.W., ogy by Diffraction and Reflectivity,” in Proc. 2000 “Local Imaging of Photonic Structures: Image International Conference on Characterization and Contrast from Impedance Mismatch,” Opt. Lett, Metrology’ for ULSI Technology' at NIST (AIP, New (in press). York, 2001). Carr, L.D., Clark, C.W., and Reinhardt, W.P., Bryant, G.W., “Exciton States in Quantum Dot “Stationary Solutions of the One-Dimensional Non- Solids: Excitation Transfer and Dynamic Decore- linear Schrodinger Equation. I. Case of Repulsive lation,” Phys. B (in press). Nonlinearity,” Phys. Rev. A 62, 063610 (2000). 149 ) PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: PUBLICATIONS Chantler, C.T., “Detailed New Tabulation of Feder, D.L., “Solitons in Bose-Einstein Conden- Atomic Form Factors and Attenuation Coefficients sates,” Opt. Photon. News 12, 38 (2000). in the Near-Edge Soft X-Ray Regime (Z=30-36, Feder, D.L., Svidzinsky, A. A., Fetter, A.L., and Z=60-89, 3+0.1 keV-8 keV),” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Clark, C.W., “Anomalous Modes Drive Vortex Data 29, 597 (2001). Dynamics in Confined Bose-Einstein Conden- Denschlag, J., Simsarian, J. E., Feder, D. L., Clark, sates,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 564 (2001 ). C.W., Collins, A., Cubizolles, J., Deng, L., Hagley, Fuhr, J. and Robey, A., “Bibliography, Structure E.W., Helemrson. K., Reinhardt, W.P., Rolston, and Spectra,” in International Bulletin on Atomic S.L., Schneider, B.I., and Phillips, W.D., “Gener- and Molecular Data for Fusion , Number 60 (Inter- ating Solitons by Phase Engineering of a Bose- national Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna) (in press). Einstein Condensate,” Science 287, 97 (2000). Gillaspy, J.D., “Highly Charged Ions,” J. Phys. B: DeBievre, S. Valkiers, S., Kessel, R., Taylor, P.D.P., At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 34, R93 (2001 Beckere, P., Bettin, H., Peuto, A., Pettorruso, S., Fujii. K., Waseda, A.. Tanaka, M., Deslattes, R.D., Gillaspy, J.D., “High Precision Experimental Tests Peiser, H.S., and Kenny, M.J., “A Reassessment of of the Symmetrization Postulate for Fermions, "in the Molar Volume of Silicon and of the Avogadro Spin-Statistics Connection and Commutation Rela- Constant,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 50, 593 tions 2'( Am. Inst. Phys. 2000), p. 56396. ( 2001 ). Gillaspy, J.D., “Quantum Electrodynamics in the Deslattes, R.D., “Connecting Visible Wavelength Dark,” Phys. World Mag. 14 , 25 (2001). Standards with X-Rays and a-Rays,” in A Century Goldner, L.S., Hwang. J., Bryant, G.W., Fasolka, of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology: A Chronicle of Selected NBS/NIST M., Absil, P.P., Hryniewicz, J.V., Johnson, F.G., 1901-2000 Special Publica- Shen, H., and Ho, P.-T., “Newton's Rings in Near- Publications, , NIST tion 958, ed. by D.R. Lide (2001), p. 194. Field Optics,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 583 (2001). Deslattes, R.D. and Matyi, R.J., “Analysis of Thin Grimm, R., Wedenmiiller, M., and Ovchinnikov, Layer Structures by X-Ray Reflectometry,” chapter Yu.B., “Dipole Traps,” Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. in Handbook of Silicon Semiconductor Metrology, (in press). ed. by A. Diebold (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, Hagley, E.W., Deng, L., Phillips, W.D., Burnett, NY, 2001) p. 869. K., and Clark, C.W., “The Atom Laser,” Opt. Deslattes, R.D., Kessler, E.G., Jr., Indelicato, P., Photon. News 13 , 22 (May 2001 ). de Billy, L., Lindroth, E., and Anton, J., “X-Ray Helmerson, K. and You, L., “Generating Massive Transition Energies: New Approach to a Compre- Entanglement of Bose Condensed Atoms,” Phys. hensive Evaluation," Rev. Mod. Phys. (in press). Rev. Lett, (in press). Dewey, M.S., Kessler, G., Jr., Deslattes, R.D., Borner, H.G., Jentschel, M., and Mutti, P., “Pre- Helmerson, K. and Phillips, W.D., “Cooling, Trap- cision Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy at the ILL: ping and Manipulation of Neutral Atoms and BEC Future Prospects," Institut Laue Langevin Millen- by Electromagnetic Fields,” in Bose-Einstein Con- nium Symposium Report, Grenoble, France (2001 ). densation, From Atomic Physics to Quantum Fluids (Proc. of the Thirteenth Physics Summer School, Dzierzega, K., Griesmann, U., Nave, G., and Canberra, Australia), ed. by C.A. Savage and M.P. Bratasz, L., “Absolute Transition Rates for Transi- Das (World Scientific, Singapore, 2001). tions from 5p Levels in Kr II,” Phys. Scr. 63, 209 ( 2001 ). Helmerson, K. and Phillips, W.D., “Cooling, Trap- ping and Manipulation of Atoms and Bose Con- Faterni, F.K, Jones, K.M., and Lett, P.D., “Obser- Electromagnetic Fields," vation of Optically-Induced Feshbach Resonances densates by Mod. Phys. Lett. B 14, 231 (2000). in Collisions of Cold Atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 4462 (2000). Hensinger, W., Haeffner, H., Browaeys, A., Faterni, F.K., Jones, K.M., Wang, H., Walmsley, I., Heckenberg, N.R., Helmerson, K., McKenzie, C., and Lett, P.D., “Dynamics of photo-induced colli- Phillips, W.D., Rolston, S.L., Rubinsztein-Dunlop, sions of cold atoms probed with picosecond laser H., and Upcroft, B., “Dynamical Tunneling of pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. A. 64, 033421 (2001). Ultracold Atoms,” Nature 412 , 52 (2001). 150 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: PUBLICATIONS Hudson, L.T., Henins, A., Deslattes, R.D., Seely, Killian, T.C., Lim, M.J., Kulin, S., Dumke, R., J., Holland, G.E., Atkin, R., Marlin, L., Meyerhof- Bergeson, S.D., and Rolston, S.L., “Formation of fer, D.D., and Stoeckl, C., “A High-Energy X-Ray Rydberg Atoms in an Expanding Ultracold Neutral Spectrometer Diagnostic for the OMEGA Laser,” Plasma,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 3759 (2001). Rev. Sci. Instrum, (in press). Kim, Y.-K., “Electron Correlation in Electron- Huo, W.M. and Kim, Y.-K., “The Use of Relativ- Impact Ionization of Hydrogen-Like Ions,” Phys. istic Effective Core Potentials in the Calculation of Essays, 13 , 473 (2000). Total Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Sections,” Kim, Y.-K., “Relativistic Atomic Structure Theory Chem. Phys. Lett. 319, 576 (2000). for Highly-Charged Ions,” in Trapping Highly- Hutchinson, D.A.W., Burnett, K., Dodd, R.J., Charged Ions: Fundamentals and Applications , Morgan, S.A., Rusch, M., Zaremba, E., Proukakis, ed. by J.D Gillaspy (NOVA Science Publications, P., Griffin, A., Edwards, M., and Clark, C.W., Huntington, New York, 2001), Chap. 16, p. 397. “Gapless Mean-Field Theory of Bose-Einstein Kim, Y.-K., “Scaling of Coulomb-Bom Cross Condensates,” J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 33, Sections for Excitation of Singly Charged Ions,” 3825 (2001). Phys. Rev. A (in press). Irikura, K.K., Kim, Y.-K. and Ali, M.A., "Elec- Kim, Y.-K., “Scaling of Plane-Wave Bom Cross tron-Impact Total Ionization Cross Sections of Sections for Excitation of Neutral Atoms,” Phys. Hydrocarbon Ions,” J. Res. NIST (in press). Rev. A 64 , 032713 (2001). Jaksch, D., Cirac, J.I., Zoller, P., Rolston, S.L., Kim, Y.-K. and Stone, P.M., “Ionization of Boron, Cote, R., and Lukin, M.D., "Fast Quantum Gates Aluminum, Gallium and Indium by Electron for Neutral Atoms,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2208 Impact,” Phys. Rev. A 64 , 052707 (2001). ( 2000 ). Kim, Y.-K„ Santos, J.P., and Parente, F., “Exten- Jaskolski, W., Bryant, G.W., Planelles, J., and sion of the Binary-Encounter-Dipole Model to Zielinski, M., “Artificial Molecules,” Int. J. Quan- Relativistic Incident Electrons,” Phys. Rev. A 62 , tum Chem. (in press). 052710 (2000). Jaskolski, S., Oszwaldowski, R„ and Bryant, G.W., Kink, I., Laming, J.M., Takacs, E., Porto, J.V., “On Boundary Condition-Induced States in Low- Gillaspy, J.D., Silver, E., Schnopper, H., Bandler, Dimensional Structures,” Vacuum 63, 191 (2001). S.R., Barbera, M., Brickhouse, N., Murray, S., Madden, N., Landis, D., Beeman, J., and Haller , Jentschura, U.D., “Resummation of the Divergent E.E., “Analysis of Broad Band X-Ray Spectra of Perturbation Series for a Hydrogen Atom in an Highly Charged Krypton From a Microcalorimeter Electric Field,” Phys. Rev. A 64 , 3403 (2001). Detector on an EBIT,” Phy. Rev. E, 63, 046409, Jentschura, U.D., Mohr, P.J., and Soff, G., “Elec- 2001 . tron Self-Energy for the and L Shells at Low K Kling, R., Schnabel, R., and Griesmann, U., “Ac- Nuclear Charge,” Phys. Rev. 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Kessler, E.G., Jr., Dewey, M.S., Deslattes, R.D., Konjevic, N., Lesage, A., Fuhr, J.R., and Wiese, Henins, A., Borner, H.G., Jentschel, M., and W.L., “A New Critical Review of Experimental Lehmann, H., “The GAMS 4 Flat Crystal Facility,” Shifts,” Stark Widths and Spectral Line Shapes , Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 457 , 187 11 J. , AIP Conf. Proc. 559, ed. by Seidel (AIP ( 2001 ). Press, Melville, NY, 126. 2001 ) p. 151 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: PUBLICATIONS Konjevic, N., Lesagc, A., Fuhr, J.R., and Wiese, Liu, A., Rahmani, A., Bryant, G.W., Richtler, L.J., W.L, “Experimental Stark Widths and Shifts for and Stranick, S.J., “Modeling Illumination-Mode Spectral Lines of Neutral and Ionized Atoms (A Near-Field Optical Microscopy of Au Nanoparti- “ critical review of selected data for the period 1989 cles, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A 18, 704 (2001 ). through 2000),” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data (in press). 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Simulation on Spatial Nonuniformity Errors in Manoocheri, F., Brown, S.W., and Ohno, Y., Luminous Flux Measurement,” J. IES 30-1, 105- “NIST Colorimetric Calibration Facility for Dis- 1 15 (2001). plays Part 2," Proc. Soc. Information Display, Inti. Ohno, Y., “CIE Fundamentals for Color Measure- Symp. Digest Tech. Papers 32, 330-333 (2001). ments,” in Proc. IS&T N/PI6 International Conf. Migdall, A., “Absolute Quantum Efficiency Meas- on Digital Printing Technologies , October 2000, urements Using Correlated Photons: a Toward Vancouver, Canada (2000), p. 540-545. Measurement Protocol,” Precision Electromagnetic Ohno, Y., “Chapter 14, Photometry and Radiome- Measurements Conf. (Sydney, Australia, 2000), try - Review for Vision Optics, Part 2 Vision IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 50, 478-481 (2001). III Optics,” OSA Handbook of Optics , Volume Miller, C.C. and Ohno, Y., “Total Luminous Flux (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2001), p. 14.1-14.14. Calibrations of LEDs at NIST,” Proc. Compound Ohno, Y., Kohler, R., and Stock, M., “AC/DC Semiconductor Manufacturing, Boston, MA (in press). Technique for the Absolute Integrating Sphere Method,” Metrologia, 37, 583-586 (2000). Miller, C.C. and Ohno, Y., “Luminous Intensity' Calibrations and Colorimetry of LEDs at NIST,” Ohno, Y., “Color Issues of White LEDs,” in Proc. Compound Semiconductor Manufacturing, OLEDs for General Illumination , OIDA Work- Boston, MA (in press). shop Preliminary Report, Berkeley, C'A (Nov.- Dec., 2000) p. 24-32. Miller, C.C., Van Z., and Stephenson, J. C., “Mech- Plusquellic, D.F., “General Spectroscopic Analysis anism of the Reaction, CF14 + O ( 1D2) CH3 + OH, Studied by Ultrafast and State-Resolved Photolysis/ Software (MW/IR/UV Spectroscopy),” Optical Probe Spectroscopy of the CH4.03 van der Waals Technology Division Software Web Site, NIST Complex,” J. Chem. Phys. 114, 1214-1232 (2001). (2001). [online: physics. nist.uov/Di visions/ Div844/ facilities/uvs/ib95UserGuide.htm ]. Murthv, A.V., Tsai. B.K., and Saunders, R.D., “Absolute Calibration of a Heat Flux Sensor up to Plusquellic, D.F., Davis, S.R., and Jahanmir, F., 200 kW/rrr in a Spherical Blackbody Cavity,” in “Probing Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions in the Symposium on Thermal Measurements: The Foun- Rotationally Resolved Si S 0 Electronic Spectrum dation ofFire Standards (in press). of 2-Chloronaphthalene,” J. Chem. Phys. 115, 225 2001 ). Murthv, A.V., Tsai, B.K., and Saunders, R.D., ( "Transfer Calibration Validation Tests on a Heat Plusquellic, D.F., Suenram, R.D., Mate, B., Jensen, Flux Sensor in the 51 mm High-Temperature Black- J.O., and Samuels, A.C., “The Conformational body,” NIST J. Res. 106(5), 823 (2001). Structures and Dipole Moments of Ethyl Sulfide in the Gas Phase,” J. Chem. Phys. 1 15, 3057 (2001 ). Murthy, A.V., Tsai, B.K., and Saunders, R.D., “Transfer Calibration Validation Tests on a Heat Rice, J.P. and Johnson, B.C., “NIST Activities in Flux Sensor in the 51mm High Temperature Support of Space-Based Radiometric Remote Sen- ,h Blackbody,” 47 Inti. Instrum. Symp., Proc. ISA sing,” in Harnessing Light: Optical Science and 409 (2001). Metrology at NIST ed. by C. Londono (Bellingham, Nadal, M.E. and Germer, T.A., “Colorimetric Washington: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumen- tation Engineers 2001), Proc. SPIE 4450. 108-126 Characterization of Pearlescent Coatings,” in Proc. 2001 ). of the Ninth Congress of the International Color ( Association Rochester, (in press). , NY Shaw, P.S., Gupta, R., Germer, T.A., Arp, U„ Ohno, Y. and Brown, S.W., “Photometry, Sensing Lucatorto, T., and Lykke, K.R., “Characterization Radiometric Light and Color,” Opt. Photon. News 12(9), 38-40 of Materials using UV Beamline at SURF III,” Metrologia 37, 551 (2000). ( 2001 ). 158 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: PUBLICATIONS Shaw, P.S., Larason, T.C., Gupta, R., Brown, S.W., Spectrum and Ah Initio Study of Dimethyl-Methyl- Vest, R.E., and Lykke, K.R., “The New DUV phosphonate," J. Molec. Spectrosc. (in press). Spectral Responsivity Scale Based on Cryogenic Thompson, W.E. and Jacox, M.E., “The hfrared Radiometry at SURF III,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, + Spectra of the NH -r/ Cations Trapped in Solid 2242 (2001). 3 n Neon,” J. Chern. Phys. 1 14 , 4846 (2001 ). Shaw, P.S., Larason, T.C., Gupta, R., Brown, S.W., Tsai, B.K. and DeWitt, D.P., “Methods used at and Lykke, K.R., “Improved Near-Infrared Spec- NIST to Characterize and Calibrate Lightpipe tral Responsivity Scale,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Radiation Thermometers,” Metrologia (in press). Technol. 105 , 689 (2000). Tsai, B.K., Widmann, J.F., Bundy, M., and Hill, Shirley, E.L. and Terraciano, M.L., “Two Innova- S.M., “Characterization of an Infrared Spectro- tions in Diffraction Calculations for Cylindrically graph for Non-Contact Thermometry Applications Symmetrical Systems,” Appl. Opt. 40 , 4463-4472 Using a Sodium Heat Pipe Blackbody,” in Proc. ( 2001 ). Thermosense XXIII, ed. by A.E. Rozlosnik and Shirley, E.L., Soininen, J.A., Zhang, G.P., Carlisle, R. B. Dinwiddie 4360 (2001 ), p. 438-446. J.A., Callcott, T.A., Ederer, D.L., Terminello, L.J., Yang, D., Thomas, M.E., Tropf, W.J., and Kaplan, and Perera, R.C.C., “Modeling Final-state Inter- action Effects in Inelastic X-ray Scattering from S. G., “Infrared Refractive Index Measurements using a New Method,” Proc. SPIE 4013, 42-52 Solids: Resonant and Non-Resonant,” J. El. Spect. - ( 2001 ). Rel. Phenom. 114 116 , 939-946 (2000). 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Soininen, J.A., Hamalainen, K., Caliebe, W.A., Yoon, H.W. and Gibson, C.E., “Understanding Kao, C.C., and Shirley, E.L., “Core Hole-electron Your Calibration Sources is the Key to Making Interaction in X-ray Raman Scattering,” J. Phys. Accurate Spectroradiometric Measurements,” OE Condens. Matter 13 , 8039-8047 (2001). Magazine 48 (2001 ). Suenram, R.D., Yu, G., Golubiatnikov, G., Leonov, Yoon, H.W. and Gibson, C.E., “Comparison of the 1. 1., Hougen, J.T., Ortigoso, J., Kleiner, I., and Absolute Detector-based Spectral Radiance Assign- Fraser, G.T., “Reinvestigation of the Microwave ment with the Current NIST-Assigned Spectral Spectrum of Acetamide,” J. Molec. Spectrosc. 208, Radiance of Tungsten-strip Lamps,” Metrologia 1-6 ( 2001 ). 37, 429-432 (2000). Suenram, R.D., Hight Walker, A.R., Fraser, G.T., Zhou, Y.H., Shen, Y.J., Zhang, Z.M., Tsai, B.K., Plusquellic, D.F., DaBell, R.S., Chu, P.M., and DeWitt, D.P.. for Rhoderick, G.C., Samuels, A.C., Jensen, J.O., "A Monte Carlo Model Predicting the Effective the Silicon Ellzy, M.W., and Lochner, J.M., “Rotational Signa- Emissivity of Wafer in Processing Furnaces,” Inti. tures of Chemical Agents and Related Compounds,” Rapid Thermal J. Mass Heat Trans, (in press). in Proc. of the First Joint Conference on Point Detection for Chemical and Biological Defense Zhou, Y.H., Zhang, Z.M., DeWitt, D.P., and (Williamsburg, VA, 2000), p. 515-521. Tsai, B.K., “Effects of Radiative Properties of Suenram, R.D., Lovas, F.J., Plusquellic, D.F., Surfaces on Radiometric Temperature Measure- Lesarri, A., Kawashima, Y., Jensen, J.O., and ment,” 9th Inti. Conf. Advanced Thermal Proces- sing of Semiconductors 1 79- 1 88. Samuels, A.J., “Fourier Transform Microwave (200 1 ), p. 159 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: PUBLICATIONS IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) the H(n,n)H Angular Distribution,” in Reactor Dosimetry , ASTM STP 1398, ed. by J.W. Williams, Abdurashitov, J.N., Gavrin, V.N., Kalikhov, A.V., D.W. Vehar, F.H. Ruddy and D.M. Gilliam, (ASTM, Matushko, V.L., Shikhin, A. A., Yants, V.E., West Conshohocken, PA, 2000). Zaborskaia. O.S., Adams, J.M., Nico, J.S., and Thompson, A.K.. “A Higli Resolution, Low Back- Berger, M.J. and Seltzer, S.M., “Database of Cross ground Fast Neutron Spectrometer,” in Proc. of Sections for the Elastic Scattering of Electrons and Inti Workshop on Neutron Field Spectrometry in Positrons by Atoms,” NISTIR 6573 (2000). Science, Technology and Radiation Protection, Boukharouba, N., Bateman, F.B., Brient, C.E., Pisa. Italy, 2000 (in press). Carlson, A.D., Grimes, S.M., Haight, R.C.. Massey, Abdurashitov, J.N., Gavrin, V.N., Kalikhov, A.V., T.N., and Wasson, O.A., “Measurement of the n-p = Matushko, V.L., Shikhin, A. A., Yants, V.E., Elastic Scattering Angular Distribution at E,, 10 Zaborskaia, O.S., Adams, J.M., Nico. J.S., and MeV,” in Reactor Dosimetiy: Radiation Metrology’ Thompson, A.K.. "A High Resolution. Low Back- and Assessment, ASTM STP 1398, ed. by J.G. ground Fast Neutron Spectrometer,” Nucl. Instrum. Williams, D.W. Vehar, F.H. Ruddy, and D.M. Methods (in press). Gilliam, (ASTM. West Conshohocken, PA, 2000). Adams, J.M. and Greenhouse, L.A., “Nuclear Brome, C.R., Butterworth, J.S., C'oakley, K.J., M.S., Dzhosyuk, S.N., Golub, R, Greene, Science at the National Institute of Standards and Dewey, G.L., Habicht, K., Huffman, P.R., Technology: A Historical Overview,” in Trans. Am. Lamoreaux, NucL Soc. 83, 492-494 (2000). S.K., Mattoni, C.E.H., McKinsey, D.N., Wietfeldt, F.E., and Doyle, J.M., “Magnetic Trapping of Adams, J.M., “Results from the NIST Round Robin Ultracold Neutrons,” Phys. Rev. C 63, 055502 Test of Fissionable Dosimeters in a Reactor Leak- ( 2001 ). age Spectrum,” in Reactor Dosimetry: Radiation Cessna, J. B.E., Effect Metrology and Assessment, ASTM STP 1398, ed. and Zimmerman, “The of by J.W. Williams, D.W. Vehar, F.H. Ruddy, and Alkaline Sample Solutions on the Stability of Liquid D.M. Gilliam (ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, Scintillation Cocktails Prepared With Commercially 18S 188 Available Scintillants: Assay of W- Re,” 2001) p. 295-302. Radiocarbon (in press). Adams, J.M., Carlson, A.D., Grimes, S.M., Cessna, J., "The Measurement of Activity Con- Haghighat, A., and Massey, T.N., “A New Inves- tained in 'P Stainless-Steel Stent by Destructive tigation of Iron Cross Sections via Spherical-Shell Assay,” Appl. Radiat. Isot. (in press). Transmission Measurements and Particle Trans- port Calculations,” J. Nucl. Sci. Tech, (in press). Colle, R. and Zimmerman, B.E., “A Dual-compen- Adams, J.M., Carlson, A.D., Grimes, S.M., sated Cryogenic Microcalorimeter for Radioactiv- ity Standardizations,” Appl. Radiat. Isot. (in press). Haghighat, A., and Massey. T.N., “New Methods for Performing Transport for Neutron Calculations C’olle. R., “Activity Characterization of Pure-(3- the Design and Optimization of Spherical-Shell emitting Brachytherapy Sources,” Appl. Radiat. Transmission Measurements,” J. Nucl. Sci. Tech, Isot. (in press). (in press). ,2 Colle, R., “Calibration of P “Hot-Wall Angioplasty- Allman. B.E., McMahon, P.J., Nugent, K.A., Balloon-Catheter Sources by Liquid-Scintillation- Paganin, D., Jacobson. D.L., Arif. M., and Werner, Spectrometry-Based Destructive Radionuclidic S. A., “Phase Radiography with Neutrons,” Nature Assays,” Appl. Radiat. Isot. 54, 61 1-622 (2001). (London) 408. 158-159(2000). Coursey, B.M., Nagy, V., Lin, Z.C., Mitch. M.G., 4(l Allman, B.E., McMahon, P.J., Nugent, K.A., and Romanyukha, A., “Mapping of Sr Distribu- Jacobson. D.L., Arif, M., and Werner, S.A., “Con- tion in Teeth with a Photostimulable Phosphor trast Mechanisms for Neutron Radiography," Appl. Imaging Detector,” Radiat. Res. (in press). Phys. Lett. 78 (7), 101 1-1013 (2001). Coursey, B.M., Colle, R., and Coursey, J.S., Bateman, F.B., Boukharouba, N., Brient, C.E., “Standards of Radium-226: From Marie Curie to Carlson, A.D., Grimes, S.M., Haight, R.C., Massey, the International Committee for Radionuclide T. N., and Wasson, O.A., “New Measurements of Metrology,” Appl. Radiat. Isot. (in press). 160 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: PUBLICATIONS Coursey, B.M., “Workshop on Measurement Gentile, T.R. Rich, D.R., Thompson, A.K., Snow, Standards for Radioactive Sources Used in Ther- W.M., and Jones, G.L., “Compressing Polarized apy,” Biomaterials Forum, 18 (May-June 2001). 'He Gas With a Modified Diaphragm Pump,” J. Res. Natl. Stand. Technol. 106 , 709-729 (2001). Coursey, B.M., “Needs for Radioactivity Standards and Measurements in Different Fields,” in A Cen- Gilliam, D.M., “NIST Neutron Physics and twy of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, Dosimetry,” Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 83, 496-498 and Technology, NIST Spec. Publ. 958, ed. by ( 2000 ). D.R. Lide (NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, January Grimes, S.M., Haghighat, A., Kucukboyaci, V., 2001), pp. 209-213. Massey, T.N., Adams, J.M., and Carlson, A.D., Cross, W.G., Hokkanen, J., Jarvinen, FI., Sipila, P., “PENTRAN™ Modeling for Design and Optimi- Mourtada, F.A., Soares, C.G., and Vynckier, S., zation of the Spherical-Shall Transmission Experi- “Calculation of Dose Distributions from Ophthalmic ments," Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. (in press). Applicators,” Med. Phys. 28, 1385-1396 (2001). Huffman, P.R., “Magnetic Trapping of Ultracold Desrosiers, M.F. and Nagy, V., “The Next-Gen- Neutrons,” McGraw-Hill Ency. Sci. 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R.A., McKinsey, D.N., Yang, L., Doyle, J.M., Golub, R., Habicht, K., Koch, J., Lamoreaux, S.K., Dewey, M.S., “Precision Gamma-ray Spectroscopy Coakley, K.J., Leite, M.L., Maia, L., Rodrigues, at the ILL: Future Prospects,” in Proc. ILL Millen- A.C., and Zanotto, E.D., “Magnetic Trapping of nium Symposium , Grenoble, France, 2001 (in press). Ultracold Neutrons: Prospects for an Improved S., Haghighat, A., Patchimpattapong, A., Gardner, Measurement of the Neutron Lifetime,” in Funda- Adams, J., Carlson, A., Grimes, S., and Massey, mental Physics with Pulsed Neutron Beams , ed. by T., Carlo Analysis of the Spherical Shell “Monte C.R. Gould, G.L. Greene, F. Plasil, and W.M. Snow Transmission Experiment with New Tallying (World Scientific Inc., 2001) pp. 156-163. Methodology, ” in Proc. 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Zhang, V.S.. “Technical Reference Manual for Anderegg, L. Schweikhard, and C.F. Driscoll NIST Automated Computer Time Service (ACTS),” (Am. Inst, of Physics, in press). NISTIR 661 1, 1-87 (2001). Moise, T., Rudich, Y., Talukdar, R.K., Frost, G.I., Levine, J., Nelson. R., and Bartholomew, T., “The and Fox, R.W., “The Reactive Uptake of N0 3 by Leap Second - Its History and Possible Future,” Liquid and Frozen Organics,” J. Geophys. Res. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec.Freq. Cont. (in Atmos, (in press). press). Monroe, C., Turchette, Q., Kielpinski, D., King, B., Levine. J.. “GPS and the Legal Traceability of Time," Meyer, V., Itano, W., Wineland, D., Myatt, C., GPS World, 52-58 (2001).^ Rowe, M., Langer, C., and Sackett, C., “Scalable Lombardi, M.A., Nelson, L.M., Novick, A.N., and Entanglement of Trapped Ions,” in Proc. American Zhang, V.S., “Time and Frequency Measurements Institute of Physics Conf., ed. by E. Arimondo, P. Using the Global Positioning System (GPS),” Proc. DeNatale, and M. Inguscio (Am. Inst, of Physics, Measurement Science Conference, Anaheim, CA, 2001), pp. 173-186. January, 1-10, 2001 CD-ROM (2001 ). Moraes, J.S.C., Scalabrin, A., Allen, M.D., and Lombardi, M.A., “NIST Time and Frequency Ser- Evenson, K.M., “New Laser Lines from CHD 2 OH vices," NIST Special Publ. SP-432 (2001). Methanol Deutereted Isotope,” J. Phys. B (in press). Lombardi, M.A., Nelson, L.M., Novick, A.N., and Nelson, L.M. and Levine, J., “Understanding Lim- Zhang, V.S., “Time and Frequency Measurements itations of GPS Carrier Phase Frequency Transfer Using the Global Positioning System (GPS),” Cal on a Transatlantic Baseline,” Proc. of the 2001 Lab: International Journal of Metrology, 8, 26-33 IEEE Inti. Frequency Control, Seattle, WA, June ( 2001 ). 4-8, 2001, 205-210 (2001). 166 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: PUBLICATIONS Parker, T., Hetzel, P., Jefferts, S., Weyers, S., Sullivan, D.B., Bergquist, J.C., Drullinger, R.E., Nelson, L., Bauch, A., and Levine, J., “First Com- Itano, W.M., Jefferts, S.R., Lee, D.W., Meekhof, D„ lh parison of Remote Cesium Fountains,” Proc. 15 Parker, T.E., Walls, F.L., and Wineland, D.J., European Frequency and Time Forum, Besancon, “Primary Atomic Frequency Standards at NIST,” Switzerland, March 6-8, 2001, 57-61 (2001). NIST J. of Research, 106, 47-63 (2001). Parker, T.E., “Comparing and Evaluating the Sullivan, D.B., “Time and Frequency Measurement Performance of Primary Frequency Standards: at NIST: The First 100 Years,” Proc. 2001 IEEE Impact of Dead Time,” Proc. of the 2001 IEEE Inti. Frequency Control Symposium, Seattle, WA, Inti. Frequency Control Symposium, Seattle, WA, June 4-8, 2001, 4-17 (2001). June 4-8, 2001, 57-62 (2001). Vogel, K.R., Diddams, S.A., Oates, C.W., Curtis, Parker, T.E., Hetzel, P., Jefferts, S.R., Weyers, S., E.A., Rafac, R.J., Bergquist, J.C., Fox, R.W., Nelson, L.M., Bauch, A., and Levine, J., “First Lee, W.D., and Hollberg, L., “Direct Comparison Comparison of Remote Cesium Fountains,” Proc. of Two Cold-Atom-Based Optical Frequency 2001 IEEE Int. Frequency Control Symposium, Standards by Using a Femtosecond-Laser Comb,” Seattle, WA, June 4-8, 2001, 63-68 (2001). Opt. Lett., 26, 102-104 (2001). Parker,T.E., “Comparing High Performance Fre- Walls, F.L., “Phase Noise Issues in FS Lasers,” 1 quency Standards,” Proc. 6 ’ Symposium on Fre- Proc. of SPIE, 2001 (in press). quency Standards and Metrology, St. Andrews, Walls, F.L., Ferre-Pikal, E.S., and Jefferts, S.R., Scotland, Sept. 9-14, 2001 (in press). “1/f PM and AM Noise in Amplifiers and Oscil- Pavlis, N.K. and Weiss, M.A., “Use of Data to lators,” Proc. of the ICTF Conference, New Delhi, Determine the Relativistic Red Shift to 3x10"' at India, Feb. 6-9, 2001, 226-242 (2001). NIST, Boulder,” Proc. of European Forum on Walls, W.F. and Walls, F.L., “Computation of Time and Frequency, Besancon, Switzerland, March - Time-Domain Frequency Stability and Jitter from 6 8 , 2001 , 112-122 ( 2001 ). PM Noise Measurements,” Metrology in New Rowe, M.A., Kielpinski, D., Meyer, V., Sackett, Millennium and Global Trade Conf., New Delhi, C. A.Jtano, W.M., Monroe, C., and Wineland, India, Feb. 8-10, 2001, 218-225 (2001). D. J., “Experimental Violation of Bell's Inequalities Walls, W.F. and Walls, F.L., “Computation of Time- with Efficient Detection,” Nature, 409, 791-794 Domain Frequency Stability and Jitter from PM ( 2001 ). Noise Measurements, 2001 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Sen Gupta, A., Garcia Nava, F., Nelson, C., Howe, Symp., Seattle, WA, June 6-8, 200 1 , 1 62- 1 66 ( 200 1 ). D., and Walls, F., “Microwave Synthesizers for Weiss, M.A., “UTC, GPS Timing and Synchroni- Atomic Frequency Standards,” Proc. o Symp. on zation in Telecommunications,” Internet Web Site Frequency Standards and Metrology, St. Andrews, [online: www.syncuniversity.org/ (2001). Scotland, Sept. 9-14, 2001 (in press). ] Weiss, M.A., Jensen, M., Fenton, P., Powers, E., Shirley, J.H., Lee, W.D., and Drullinger, R.E., “The Accuracy Evaluation of NIST-7,” Metrologia and Klepczynski, B., “Precise Frequency Transfer (in press). Using a WAAS Satellite with High-Gain Antennas,” th Proc. 6 Symposium on Frequency Standards Sullivan, D.B., “Primary Frequency Standards at Metrology, St. Andrews, Scotland, Sept. 9-14, NIST,” Digest of the IEEE International Microwave 2001 (in press). Symposium (in press). Wineland, D.J., “Trapped Ions and Quantum Infor- Sullivan, D„ Heavner, T., Hollberg, L„ Meekhof, D., mation Processing,” Nouvo Cimento (in press). Parker, ., Phillips, W., Rolston, S., Robinson, H., Shirley, J., Walls, F., Ashby, N., Kepstein, W., Zibrov, A.S., Hollberg, L., Velichansky, V.L., Maleki, L., Seidel, D., Thompson, R., Wu. S., Scully, M.O., Robinson, H.G., and Lukin, M., Young, L„ Vessot, R., Mattison, E„ and DeMarchi, “Destruction of Darkness: Optical Coherence A., “A U.S. Laser-Cooled Atomic-Clock System Effects and Multi-Wave Mixing in Rubidium for Space,” Inti. Conf. on Time and Frequency, Vapor,” Atomic Physics ed. by E. Arimondo, P. DeNatale, and M. Inguscio), 17, 204-217 (2001). New Delhi, India, Feb. 6-7 200 1 , 1 -8 (200 1 ). 167 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: PUBLICATIONS Zibrov, A.S., Matsko, A.B., Hollberg, L., Velichan- Christov, I.P., Bartels, R., Kapteyn, H.C., and sky, V.L., and Levedev, P.N., “Resonant Enhance- Murnane, M.M., “Attosecond time-scale intra- ment of Refractive Index in a Cascade Scheme,” atomic phase matching of high harmonic genera- Opt. Commun. (in press). tion,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5458-5461 (2001). Christov, I P., Kapteyn, H.C., and Murnane, M.M., QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848) “Quasi-phase matching of high-harmonics and Abram, J.P., Creasey, D.J., Heard, D.E. Lee, J.D., attosecond pulses in modulated waveguides," Opt. and Pilling, M.J., “Hydroxyl radical and ozone Express 7, 362-367 (2000). measurements in England during the solar eclipse Claussen, N.R., Cornish, S.L., Roberts, J.L., of 1 1 August 1999," Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 3437- “s Cornell, E.A., and Wieman, C.E., Rb BEC near 3440 (2000). a Feshbach resonance,” in Proc. 1 7th International Amitay, Z., Ballard, J.B., Stauffer, H.U., and Leone, Conference on Atomic Physics (1CAP 2000) 17, S.R., “Phase-tailoring molecular wave packets to 325-336 (2001). time shift their dynamics,” Chem. Phys. 267, 141- Cornell, E.A., “Stopping light in its tracks,” Nature 149 (2001). 409 , 461-462 (2001). Anderson, B.P., Haljan, P.C., Wieman, C.E., and Cornell, E.A. and Haljan, P.C., “The ultra-low Cornell, E.A., “Vortex precession in Bose-Einstein temperature magnifying glass: How Bose-Einstein condensates: Observations with fd led and empty condensation makes quantum mechanics visible,” cores,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2857-2860 (2000). in SPIE Proceedings (in press). Anderson, B.P., Haljan. P C., Regal, C.A., Leder, C'undiff, S.T., Ye, J. and Hall, J.L., “Optical fre- D. L., Collins, L.A., Clark, C.W., and Cornell, quency synthesis based on inodelocked lasers,” E. A., “Watching dark solitons decay into vortex Rev. Sci. Instrum, (in press). rings in a Bose-Einstein condensate,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2926-2929 (2001). Cundiff, S.T., Shacklette, J.M., and Lorenz, V.O., “Interaction effects in optically dense materials," in Anthony, E.B., Bierbaum, V.M., and Leone, S.R., Proceedings (SPIE, in press). “Rotational-state and velocity-subgroup depend- ence of the rotational alignment of H‘ drifted in Damiao, V.B., Fotheringham, E., Shkunov, V., He,” J. Chem. Phys. 1 14, 6654-6661 (2001 ). Czaia, L., and Anderson, D.Z., “Photorefractive BaTi0 3 spheres and spherical disks,” Opt. Lett. 26, Bartels, R., Backus, S., Christov, I., Kapteyn, H., 61 1-613 (2001). and Murnane, M., “Attosecond time-scale feed- back control of coherent x-ray generation," Chem. Davis, S., Famik, M., Uy, D., and Nesbitt, D.J., Phys. 267, 277-289 (2001). “Concentration modulation spectroscopy with a pulsed slit supersonic discharge expansion source,” Beijerinck, H.C.W., “Heating rates in collisionally Chem. Phys. Lett, (in press). opaque alkali-metal atom traps: Role of secondary collisions,” Phys. Rev. A 62, 063614/1-15 (2000). DeMarco, B., Papp, S.B., and Jin, D.S., “Pauli blocking of collisions in a quantum degenerate Berrie, C.L., Liu, B., and Leone, S.R., “Defect atomic fermi gas,” Phys. Rev. Left. 86, 5409-5412 controlled diffusion in the epitaxial growth of ( 2001 ). germanium on Si(100),” Appl. Surf. Sci. 175-176, 69-76 (2001). Dickinson, A.S. and Gadea, F.X., “LiH formation by radiative association in Li + H" collisions,” Mon. Blanksby, S.J., Ramond, T.M., Davico G.E., Ninilos, Not. R. Astron. Soc. 318, 1227-1231 (2000). M.R., Kato, S., Bierbaum, V.M., Lineberger, W.C. Ellison, G.B., and Okumura, M., “Negative ion Diddams, S.A., Jones, D.J., Ye, J., Cundiff, S.T., photoelectron spectroscopy, gas phase acidity, and and Hall, J.L., “Direct rf to optical frequency meas- thermochemistry of the peroxyl radicals CHjOO urements with a femtosecond laser comb,” in Proc., and CHjCH.OO,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 9585- CPEM 2000, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. (in press). 9596 (2001). Donley, E.A., Claussen, N.R., Cornish, S.L., Bohn, J.L., Nesbitt. D.J., and Gallagher, A., “Near- Roberts, J.L., Cornell, E.A., and Wieman, C.E., field enhancement in apertureless NSOM,” J. Opt. “Dynamics of collapsing and exploding Bose- Soc. Am. B (in press). Einstein condensates,” Nature (in press). 168 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: PUBLICATIONS Dragnea, B„ Preusser, J., Szarko, J.M., Leone, S.R., Hall, J.L., “External laser stabilization,” in Laser- and Hinsberg, W.D., “Pattern characterization of physics at the Limit, in Honour of the 60th birth- deep-ultraviolet photoresists by near-field infrared day of Theodor W. Hansch, ed. by H. Figger, D. microscopy,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 19, 142-152 Meschede, and C. Zimmermann (in press). ( 2001 ). Hall, J.L., “Optical frequency measurement: 40 Dragnea, B., Preusser, J., Szarko, J.M., McDonough, years of technology revolutions,” IEEE J. Selected L.A., and Leone, S.R., “Chemical mapping of Topics Quantum. Electron. 6, 1 136-1 144 (2000). patterned polymer photoresists by near-field infra- Hall, J.L. and Ye, J., Eds., “Laser Frequency red microsopy,” in Proc. of ICSFS-10, Appl. Surf. Stabilization, Standards, Measurement, and Appli- Sci. 175-176, 783-789 (2001). cations," (SPIE Proc., Vol. 4269, 2001). Dragnea, B. and Leone, S.R., “Advances in sub- Halonen, L., Bernasek, S.L., and Nesbitt, D.J., micron infrared vibrational band chemical imaging,” “Reactivity of vibrationally excited methane on Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 20, 59-72 (2001 ). nickel surfaces,” J. Chem. Phys. 115, 5611-5619 2001 ). Duxbury, G., Infrared Spectroscopy: From Free ( Radicals to the Infrared Shy (Wiley & Sons, Hamann, H.F., Kuno, M., Gallagher, A., and London, 2001 ), 456 p. Nesbitt, D.J., “Molecular fluorescence in the vicinity of a nanoscopic probe using apertureless Fair, J.R. and Nesbitt, D.J., “Cluster photofragmen- near- field microscopy,” J. Chem. Phys. 114, 8596- tation dynamics: Quasiclassical trajectory studies 8609 (2001). of Arn -FLS and Arn -SH (n=l,2),” J. Chem. Phys. 113, 10962-10972 (2000). Hamilton, A.J.S. and Fesen, R.A., “An ultraviolet Fe II image of SN 1885 in M31,” Astrophys. J. 542, Famik, M., Davis, S., and Nesbitt, D.J., “High- 779-785 (2000). resolution 1R studies of hydrogen bonded clusters: Large amplitude dynamics in (HCl)n,” Faraday Harper, W.W., Nizkorodov, S.A., and Nesbitt, D.J., “Differential scattering dynamics of F + goes Disc. Chem. Soc. 1 18 (in press). CH 4 to HF(v,J) + CH 3 via high-resolution IR laser Feldmann, J., Cundiff, S.T., Arzberger, M., Bohm, Dopplerimetry,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 335, 381-387 G„ and Abstreiter, G., “Carrier capture into InAs/ ( 2001 ). GaAs quantum dots via multiple optical phonon Hong, F.-L., Ye, J., Ma, L.-S. Picard, S., Borde, emission,” J. Appl. Phys. 89, 1180-1183 (2001). C. J., and Hall, J.L., “Rotation dependence of elec- Fortier, Jones, D.J., Diddams, S.A., Hall, J.L., T.M., tric quadrupole hyperfine interaction in the ground Ye, J., and Cundiff, S.T., “Carrier-envelope phase state of molecular iodine by high-resolution laser stabilization of lasers,” in Optical Pulse modelocked spectroscopy,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18, 379-387 and Beam Propagation III, ed. by Y.B. Band, SPIE ( 2001 ). Vol. 4271 (2001), pp. 188-192. Jin, D.S., DeMarco, B., and Papp, S., “Exploring Gawlik, W., Shuker, R., and Gallagher A., “Tem- a quantum degenerate Fermi gas,” in Proceedings, th poral character of pulsed-laser cone emission," Phys. 17 International Conference on Atomic Physics 1 Rev. A 64, 02 1 80 1 ( R)/ -4 (2001). (ICAP 2000) 17, 414-425 (2001). Haljan, P C., Anderson, B.P., Coddington, I.R., Klein, E.J., Ramirez, W.F., and Hall, J.L., “A and Cornell, E.A., “Use of surface-wave spectros- common-path heterodyne interferometer for copy to characterize tilt modes of a vortex in a surface profiling in microelectronic fabrication,” Bose-Einstein condensate,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, 2455-2466 (2001 ). 2922-2925 (2001). Kuno, M., Fromm, D.P., Hamann, H.F., Gallagher, “ Hall, J.L., Ye, J., Diddams, S.A., Ma, L.-S., A., and Nesbitt, D.J., On’/' Off fluorescence Cundiff, S.T., and Jones, D.J., “Ultra-sensitive intermittency of single semiconductor quantum spectroscopy, the ultra-stable lasers, the ultrafast dots,” J. Chem. Phys. 115, 1028-1040(2001). lasers, and the seriously-nonlinear fiber: A new Kuno, M., Fromm, D.P., Gallagher, A., Nesbitt, alliance for physics metrology,” J. and Quantum D. J. (Micic, O.I., and Nozik, A.J.), “Fluorescence Electron. (Special Issue on Optical Frequency intermittency in single InP quantum dots,” Nano (in press). Measurement) Lett, (in press). 169 + PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: PUBLICATIONS Lee, M.S., Dickinson, A.S., and Viehland, L.A., Parks, H.V., Faller, J.E., and (Robertson, D.S.), “A 4 “The mobility of He and He’ ions in their own suspended laser interferometer for determining the gases,” J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 33, 5121- Newtonian constant of gravitation,” in Proc. CPEM 5127 (2000). 2000, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 50, 598-600 ( 2001 ). Lee, S. and Leone, S.R., “Rate coefficients for the reaction of C2 H with 0 2 at 90 K and 120 K using a Parks, H.V. (Robertson, D.S., Pattee, A.M.), and pulsed Laval nozzle apparatus,” Chem. Phvs. Lett. Faller, J.E., “A suspended Fabry-Perot interfer- 329, 443-449 (2000). ometer for determining the Newtonian constant of gravitation,” in Laser Frequency Stabilization, Li, J.. Bierbaum, V.M., and Leone, S.R., “Laser- Standards, Measurement and Applications, ed. by induced fluorescence study of two weak vibra- J.L. Hall and J. Ye, SP1E Proc. Vol. 4269 (2001), tional - bands of the 0 : A‘D„ X~D U system,” 205-209. Chem. Phys. Lett. 330, 331-338 (2000). pp. Pesce, L., Amitay, Z., Uberna, R., Leone, S.R. Ma, L.-S., Shelton, R.K., Kapteyn. H.C., Mur- Ratner, M., and Kosloff, R., “Quantum dynamics nane, M.M., and Ye, J., “Sub- 10-femtosecond active synchronization between two passively simulation of the ultrafast photoionization of LL,” mode-locked Ti:sapphire oscillators,” Phys. Rev. J. Chem. Phys. 114, 1259-1271 (2001). A 64, 021802(R)/l-4 (2001). Reid, J.P., Loomis, R.A., and Leone, S.R., “Com- Mahan, A.H., et al. and Gallagher, A., “Saturated petition between N-H and N-D bond cleavage in defect densities of hydrogenated amorphous silicon the photodissociation of NH : D and ND 2 H,” .1. grown by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition at Phys. Chem. (C. Bradley Moore Special Issue) rates up to 150 A/sec,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 3788- 104, 10139-10149 (2000). 3790 (2001). Roberts, J.L., Claussen, N.R., Cornish, S.L., Marcy, T.P., Reid, J.P., Qian, C.X.W., and Leone, Donley, E.A., Cornell, E.A., and Wieman, C.E., S.R., “Addition-insertion-elimination reactions of “Controlled collapse of a Bose-Einstein conden- O('P) with halogenated lodoalkanes producing sate,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 421 1-4214 (2001). HF(v) and HCl(v),” J. Chem. Phys. 114, 2251-2258 Rozsa, K., Bano, G., and Gallagher, A., “The ( 2001 ). location of very small particles in silane rf Marcy, T.P., Diaz, R.R., Heard, D., Leone, S.R. discharge,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 29, 256- (Harding, L.B., and Klippenstein, S.J.), “Theoreti- 260 (2001). cal and experimental investigation of the dynamics Sarkisyan, D., Paul, B.D., 3 Cundiff, S.T., Gibson, of the production of CO from CH + O and E.A., and Gallagher A., “Conical emission by 2-ps CD' O reactions,” J. Phys. Chem. 105, 8361- excitation of potassium vapor,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 8369 (2001). 18, 218-224 (2001). Mirowski, E. and Leone, S.R., “Enhancement in Shelton, R.K., Ma, L.-S., Kapteyn, H.C., Mumane, the crystalline quality of palladium silicide films: M.M., Hall, J.L., and Ye, J., “Synchronization and multiple versus single deposition,” J. Cryst. phase lock of two mode-locked femtosecond lasers,” Growth 219, 368-378 *(2000). in Laser Frequency Stabilization, Standards, Meas- Mueller, D., Cornell. E.A., Prevedelli, M., Schwindt, urement, and Applications , ed. by J.L. Hall and J. P.D.D., Wang, Y.-J., and Anderson D.Z., “Magnetic Ye, SPIE Proc. Vol. 4269, 2001), pp. 1105-111. switch for integrated atom optics,” Phys. Rev. A Shelton, R.K., Ma, L.-S., Kapteyn, H.C., Murnane, 63, 04 1 602( R)/T-3 (2001). M.M., Hall, J.L., and Ye, J., “Active synchroniza- Nizkorodov, S.A., Harper, W.W., and Nesbitt D.J., tion and carrier phase locking of two separate mode- “Fast vibrational relaxation of OH(v=9) by ammonia locked femtosecond lasers,” J. Mod. Opt. (in press). and ozone,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 341, 107-1 14 (2001 ). Shelton, R.K., Ma, L.-S., Kapteyn, H.C., Mumane, Osborn, D.L. and Leone, S.R., “Spectral and inten- M.M., Hall, J.L., and Ye, J., “Phase-coherent opti- sity dependence of spatially resolved two-photon cal pulse synthesis from separate femtosecond conductivity defects on a photodiode,” J. GaAsP lasers," Science 293, 1286-1289 (2001). Appl. Phys. 89, 626-633 (2001). 170 1 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX B: PUBLICATIONS Sikora, M. ( Blazejowski, M.), Begelman, M.C., Wasik, G., Gawlik, W., Zachorowski, J., and and Moderski, R., “Modeling the production of Kowal, Z., “Competition of dark states: New flares in gamma-ray quasars,” Astrophys. J. 554, optical resonances with anomalous magnetic field 1-1 ( 2001 ). dependence,” Phys. Rev. Lett, (in press). Stauffer, H.U., Ballard, J.B., Amitay, Z., and Ye, J., Hall, J.L., and Diddams, S.A., “Precision Leone, S.R., “State-selective phase control of phase control of ultrawide bandwidth fs laser — A molecular wave packets in two electronic states,” network of ultrastable frequency marks across the Proc. Eighth Rochester Conference on Coherence visible spectrum,” Opt. Lett. 25, 1675-1677 and Quantum Optics, CQ08 (in press). ( 2000 ). Ubema, R., Amitay, Z., Qian, C.X.W., and Leone, Ye, J„ Yoon, T.H., Hall, J.L. Madej, A.A., S.R., “Ultrafast spectroscopy of wavelength- Bernard, J.E., Siemsen, K.J., Marmet, L., Char- dependent coherent photoionization cross sections tier, J.-M., and Chartier, A., “Accuracy compari- 1 + of Li: wave packets in the E 6 „ state: The role of son of absolute optical frequency measurement Rydberg states,” J. Chem. Phys. 114, 1031 1-10320 between harmonic-generation synthesis and a fre- ).'" ( 2001 quency-division femtosecond-comb,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3797-3800 (2000). Vakhtin, A.B., Lee, S„ Heard, D.E., Smith, I.W.M., and Leone, S.R., “Low-temperature kinetics of Yoon, T.H., Ye, J., Hall, J.L., and (Chartier. J.- reactions of the OH radical with propene and M.), “Absolute frequency measurement of the 1-butene studied by a pulsed Laval nozzle appa- iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser at 633 nm,” Appl. ratus combined with laser-induced fluorescence,” Phys. B 72,221-226 (2001). J. Phys. Chem. A 105 , 7889-7895 (2001). Yoon, T.H., Marian, A., Hall, J.L., and Ye, J., Vakhtin, A.B., Heard, D.E., Smith, I.W.M., and “Phase-coherent multilevel two-photon transitions Leone, S.R., “Kinetics of reactions of C: H radical in cold Rb atoms: Ultrahigh-resolution spectros- with acetylene, 02 , methylacetylene, and allene in copy via frequency-stabilized femtosecond laser,” = a pulsed Laval nozzle apparatus at T 103 K,” Phys. Rev. A 63 , 01 1402(R)/l-4 (2001 ). Chem. Phys. Lett. 344, 317-324 (2001). Yoon, T.H., Marian, A., Hall, J.L., and Ye, J., Vala, J., Amitay, Z., Leone, S.R., and Kosloff, R., “High-resolution Rb two-photon spectroscopy “Implementation of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm with ultrafast lasers,” in Laser Frequency Stabili- with rovibrational molecular wave packets,” in zation, Standards, Measurement, and Applications, Proc., International Conference on Quantum Infor- ed. by J.L. Hall and J. Ye, SPIE Proc. Vol. 4269, mation, ICQI (OSA, in press). 2001), pp. 50-58. van Enk, S.J., McKeever, J., Kimble, H.J., and Zimmermann, J., Cundiff, S.T., von Plessen, G., Ye, J., “Cooling of a single atom in an optical trap Feldmann, J., Arzberger, M., Bohm, G., Amann, inside a resonator,” Phys. Rev. A 64, 013407/1-14 M.-C., and Abstreiter, G„ “Dark pulse formation in ( 2001 ). a quantum dot laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett, (in press). 171 . . . . . PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C INVITED TALKS ANNUAL REPORT INVITED TALKS LABORATORY OFFICE ELECTRON & OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION (841) Gebbie, K.B., “Collaboration between NPL and the National Institute of Standards and Technology,” Clark, C.W., “Theory and experiment in Bose- National Physical Laboratory Centenary Meeting, Einstein condensation,” Symposium on Quantum London, UK, November 2000. Control of Atoms and Fields, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, October 2000. Gebbie, K.B., “Review of the Physics Laboratory - A Presentation to the Visiting Committee on Clark, C.W., “Soliton and vortex excitations of Advanced Technology,” Boulder, CO, December Bose-Einstein condensates,” March Meeting of 2000. the American Physical Society, Seattle, WA, March 2001 Gebbie, K.B., “From Light Bulbs to LEDs: How Clark, C.W., “Superfluid and laser analogies in We Measure What We See,” Centennial Standards quantum gases,” 2001 Quantum Electronics and Symposium on Standards in the Global Economy: Laser Science Conference, Baltimore, MD, May Past, Present, and Future, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, 2001 . March 2001. Clark, C.W., “Soliton and vortex excitations of Gebbie, K.B., “A Century of Physics at NIST,” Bose-Einstein condensates,” Quantum Optics V, American Physical Society Annual March Meeting, Koscielisko, Poland, June 2001 Seattle, WA, March 2001 Edwards, M., “Optical Manipulation of Bose- Gebbie, K.B., “Avenues to White Light,” National Einstein Condensates,” Quantum Electronics, Research Council Board on Science, Technology, Atomic and Molecular Physics Seminar, SUNY and Economic Policy Symposium on Partnerships Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, November 2000. for Solid State Lighting, Washington, DC, March 2001. Edwards, M„ “Optical Manipulation of a Bose- Einstein Condensate,” Department of Physics, Gebbie, K.B., “Broadening the Demographics at University of Georgia, Athens, GA, February NIST,” American Physical Society Annual April 2001 . Meeting, Washington, DC, April 2001 Edwards, M., “Optical Manipulation of a Bose- Gebbie, K.B., Third of a Century at NIST,” “A Einstein Condensate,” General Relativity Group, in Optics Working Group, International Women Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Society of Optical Engineering, San Diego, July College Park, MD. May 2001. 2001 . Feder, D.L., “Vortices in Trapped Bose-Einstein Ott, W.R., “AMO Physics at NIST: What’s New,” Condensates,” Quantum Optics and Condensed National Research Council Committee on Atomic, Matter Seminar, University of Toronto, Canada, Molecular, and Optical Physics, Washington, DC, October 2000. April 2001. Feder, D.L., “Solitons, vortices, and rings in trap- Ott, W.R., “100 Years of Optical Science and ped Bose-Einstein condensates,” Workshop on Metrology at NBS/NIST,” SPIE Conference, San Computational Methods for Few-Body Dynamical Diego, CA, August 2001 Systems, Gaithersburg, MD, November 2000. 173 ...... PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: INVITED TALKS Feder, D.L., “Solitons and vortex rings in trapped Hudson, E.W., “Information from Imperfection: Bose-Einstein condensates,” 31 st Winter Collo- Imaging Atomic Scale Perturbations in High Tem- quium on the Physics of Quantum Electronics, perature Superconductors,” University of Califor- Snowbird, Utah, January 2001. nia Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, March 2001 . Feder, D.L., “Vortices and Bose-Einstein conden- sation,” Interdisciplinary Problems in Chemistry Hudson, E.W., “Evidence for Nanoscale Phase and Physics Seminar, University of Maryland, Separation and Granular Superconductivity in College Park. MD. February 2001. Bi-2212,” Networks and Nanoscale Coherence in Feder, D.L.. “Vortices in trapped Bose-Einstein 2D Metals and HTSC 2001, Alberta, Canada, condensates,” Harvard/MIT Center for Ultracold August 2001 Atoms, Harvard University, March 2001. Levine, Z.H., “X-Ray Tomography of Integrated Feder, D.L., “Superfluid to solid crossover in a Circuit Interconnects: Past and Future,” 27 t * 1 Inti. rotating Bose-Einstein condensate,” lntl. Conf. on Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis, Santa the Theory of Quantum Gases and Quantum Coher- Clara, CA, November 2000. ence, Salerno, Italy, June 2001. McClelland, J.J., “A Critical Look at Atom Lithog- Grantham, S., “EUV Metrology at NIST,” Work- raphy,” DARPA Workshop on Non-Conventional shop on Metrology and Synchrotron Radiation. Patterning below 50 nm, Arlington, VA, January Orsay, France, May 2001 2001 . Hudson, E.W., “Information from Imperfection: McClelland, J.J., “Laser Manipulation of Chrom- Imaging Atomic Scale Perturbations in High Tem- ium Atoms,” Atomic Physics Seminar, University perature Superconductors,” Princeton University, of Bonn. Bonn, Germany, June 2001. Princeton, NJ, January 2001. Pierce, D. T„ “Spin-Polarized Electrons: How Hudson, E.W., “Information from Imperfection: Measurement Development Advances Science and Imaging Atomic Scale Perturbations in High Tem- Technology,” American Physical Society March perature Superconductors,” Case Western Univer- Meeting, Seattle, WA, March 2001. sity, Cleveland, OH, February 2001 Tarrio, “Improvements to the Hudson, E.W., “Information from Imperfection: C., NIST/DARPA EUV Reflectometry Facility,” EUV Imaging Con- Imaging Atomic Scale Perturbations in High Tem- ference, SP1E Meeting, July 2001 perature Superconductors,” MIT, Boston, MA, February 2001 Tarrio, C., “Absolute EUV Metrology,” NIST Hudson. E.W., “Information from Imperfection: Centennial Session, SPIE Meeting, August 2001. Imaging Atomic Scale Perturbations in High Tem- Unguris, J., “Scanning Electron Microscopy with perature Superconductors,” McMaster, University, Polarization Analysis (SEMPA) Imaging of Surface Toronto, Canada. February 2001. and Thin Film Magnetic Microstructure,” Ameri- Hudson, E.W., “Information from Imperfection: can Physical Society March Meeting, Seattle, WA, Imaging Atomic Scale Perturbations in High Tem- March 2001 perature Superconductors,” University of Florida, Vest, R.E., “Some NIST Calibration Services Gainesville, FF, February 2001. in the Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectral Hudson. E.W., “Information from Imperfection: Regions,” Thermospheric, Ionospheric, and Imaging Atomic Scale Perturbations in High Tem- Geospheric Research (TIGER) Conf., Boulder, CO, perature Superconductors,” University of Penn- June 2001 sylvania, Philadelphia, PA, February 2001. ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) Hudson, E.W., “Information from Imperfection: Imaging Atomic Scale Perturbations in High Tem- Browaeys, A., “Bose-Einstein condensation of perature Superconductors,” University of Califor- metastable Helium,” Gordon Research Conference, nia Eos Angeles, Eos Angeles, CA, March 2001. Williamstown, CT, June 2001. 174 ...... PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: INVITED TALKS Bryant, G.W. and W. Jaskolski, “Designing Quan- Helmerson, K„ “Photoassociation in a Conden- tum Dots and Quantum-dot solids,” Advanced sate,” 15^h International Conference on Laser Research Workshop on Semiconductor Nanostruc- Spectroscopy (ICOLS XV), Salt Lake City, UT, tures, Queenstown, New Zealand, February 2001 June 2001. Bryant, G.W., “Nanooptics for the Nanoworld,” Helmerson, K., Hensinger, W.K., Haffner, H., Institute Seminar, University Nicholas Copernicus, Browaeys, A., Heckenberg, N.R., Holmes, C.A., Torun, Poland, April 2001. McKenzie, C., Milbum, G.J., Phillips, W.D., Rolston, S.L., Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H„ and Upcroft, Bryant, G.W., “Designing Quantum Dots and B„ “Cold atoms in an amplitude modulated optical Quantum-Dot Solids,” Institut fur Theoretische lattice - dynamical tunneling,” International Con- Physik, Universitat Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, ference on Laser Spectroscopy in Snowbird, Utah, May 2001. June 2001 Bryant, G.W., “Designing Quantum Dots and Julienne, P.S., “Threshold resonances: A key to Quantum-Dot Solids,” National Research Council, cold collision physics,” Physics Seminar, Univer- Ottawa, Canada, May 2001. sity of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, March Burnett, J.H., “Intrinsic Birefringence in 157 nm 2001 . Materials,” 2 n<^ International Symposium on Julienne, P.S., “Threshold resonances: A key to 1 57 m Lithography, Dana Point, CA, May 2001. cold collision physics,” Seminar, Center for Ultra- Burnett, J.H., “Intrinsic Birefringence in 157 nm cold Atoms, Harvard/MIT, Cambridge, MA, May Materials,” SEMATECH CaF2 Birefringence 2001 . Workshop, San Francisco, CA, July 2001 Julienne, P.S., “Threshold resonances: A key to DeGraffenreid, W„ “High Precision Laser Spec- cold collision physics,” International Conference troscopy: Just Like Measuring the Distance Be- on Laser Spectroscopy, Snowbird, Utah, June tween Union College and Cal Poly Pomona to 2001 . Five Millimeters,” Union College Colloquia, Schenectady, NY, September 2001 Julienne, P.S., “Collisions of Cold Group II Atoms,” Workshop on Cold Atoms and Ultra- Gillaspy, J.D., “Recent Results from the NIST precise Atomic Clocks, Sandjberg, Denmark, Electron Beam Ion Trap Project,” Oxford Univer- September 2001 sity, Oxford, England, April 2001. Kim, Y.-K., “Excitation and Ionization of Neutral Gillaspy, J.D., “Applications of Highly Charged Atoms and Singly-Charged Ions,” National Inst, Ions in the Microelectronics Industry,” X-ion for Fusion Science, Toki, Japan, September 2001 Corporation, Paris, France, July 2001. Lett, P.D., “Atoms and Light: From Laser Cooled Helmerson, K., “Laser Cooling and Trapping of Atoms to Atom Lasers,” Washington Philosophical Atoms,” Ethiopian Student Day, Washington, DC, Society Meeting, Washington, DC, April 2001. February 2001 Lett, P.D., “Photon Statistics of Lasers and Atoms,” Helmerson, K„ “Photoassociation in a Condensate,” Coherence and Quantum Optics 8, Rochester, NY, Atomic Physics Seminar, University of Sao Paulo, June 2001 Sao Carlos, Brazil, May 2001. Matyi, R.J., “Advanced X-ray Scattering Methods Helmerson, K., “Bose-Einstein Condensates in for Microelectronic Materials Characterization,” Optical Lattices,” Brazilian Physical Society, Analytical Laboratory Mangers Council Meeting, Caxambu, Brazil, May 2001. Newport Beach, CA, March 2001. Helmerson, K., “Observation of Dynamical Tunnel- Matyi, R.J., “High Resolution Diffuse X-ray ing,” Workshop on Cold Quantum Gases, Zakopane, Scattering by Protein Crystals - from likl to 000,” Poland, June 2001 Michigan State University Workshop, Traverse Helmerson, K„ “Non-Linear Atom Optics,” DAMOP, City, MI, July 2001. StoiTS, CT, June 2001. 175 ...... PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: INVITED TALKS Mohr, P.J., “Fundamental Constants at NBS-NIST,” Phillips, W.D., “Super Cool Gases,” Innovative APS Meeting, Seattle, Washington, March 2001. Lives, Nobel Voices: Celebrating 100 Years of the Nobel Prize, Smithsonian National Museum of Phillips, W.D., “Atom Optics with BEC,” Physics American History, Washington, DC, April 2001. Colloquium. Rice University, Houston, TX, Feb- ruary 2001. Phillips, W.D., “Almost Absolute Zero: The Story of Laser Cooling and Trapping,” Physics Olympiad Phillips, W.D., “Almost Absolute Zero: The Story U.S. Team Training Conference, College Park, MD, of Laser Cooling and Trapping,” Houston Lecture, May 2001. Rice University, Houston, TX, February 2001. Phillips, W.D., “The Coldest Stuff There Is,” Phillips, W.D., “The Excitement of Science,” Ches- Wooton High School, Rockville, MD, May 2001. terfield County Schools, Richmond, VA, March 2001 . Phillips, W.D., “Coherent Matter Wave Optics, Meeting of Nobel Laureates, Lindau, Germany, Phillips, W.D., “Almost Absolute Zero: The Story June 2001 of Laser Cooling and Trapping,” Electrochemical Annual Society, Washington, DC, March 2001. Phillips, W.D., “Almost Absolute Zero: The Story of Laser Cooling and Trapping,” SURF Seminar, Phillips, W.D., “Almost Absolute Zero: The Story NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, July 2001 of Laser Cooling and Trapping,” Sigma Xi Presen- tation, Swarthmore, PA, March 2001. Phillips, W.D., “The Best Clocks (and the Coolest Stuff) in the World,” New NIST Employees Lec- Phillips, W.D., “Almost Absolute Zero: The Story ture. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, July 2001. of Laser Cooling and Trapping,” The Society for Physics Students (SPS), Mary Washington College, Ratliff, L.P., “Surface modification with highly Fredericksburg, VA, March 2001. charged ions,” International Symposium on Ion Atom Collisions,” Ensenada, Mexico July 2001. Phillips, W.D., “Optics with Matter Waves,” Physics Department Colloquium. Swarthmore, Reader, J. “Atomic Spectroscopy at NIST-2001,” PA, March 2001 46 1 * 1 Annual Meeting of SPIE, San Diego, CA, August 2001 Phillips, W.D., “Almost Absolute Zero: The Story of Laser Cooling and Trapping,” Benson Lecturer, Rolston, S., “Quantum Computing with Neutral Miami University of Ohio, Oxford, OH. April 2001 Atoms,” University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, January 2001. Phillips, W.D.. “The Coldest Stuff There Is,” Cherry Hill Elementary School, Cherry Hill, NJ, April Rolston, S., “Quantum Computing with Neutral 2001 . Atoms,” Australia National University, Canberra, Phillips, W.D., “Almost Absolute Zero: The Story Australia, January 2001 of Laser Cooling and Trapping,” Physics APS Rolston, S„ “Quantum Information Processing Teacher Day, Washington, DC, April 2001. with Atoms in Optical Lattices,” Inti. Conference Phillips, W.D., “Almost Absolute Zero: The Story on Experimental Implementation of Quantum of Laser Cooling and Trapping,” Ramapo College, Computing, January 2001. Lecture in honor of Prof. Teodoro Halperin, Rolston, S., “Entanglement in a BEC,” Southwest Mahwah, NJ, April 2001 Quantum Information Network Annual Meeting, Phillips, W.D., “Almost Absolute Zero: The Story Pasadena, CA, March 2001 of Laser Cooling and Trapping,” Sigma Zeta Lec- Rolston, S., “Nonlinear Atom Optics,” Joint ture, Asbury College. Wilmore, KY, April 2001 Atomic Physics Colloquium, Harvard University, Phillips, W.D., “Quantum Computation,” Annual Cambridge, MA, April 2001 meeting of the National Organization of the Ad- Rolston, S., “Ultracold neutral plasmas,” ITAMP vancement of Black Chemists and Chemical En- Workshop on Complex Phenomena with Rydberg gineers (NOBCCHE), Baltimore, MD, April 2001. Atoms, Cambridge, MA, April 2001. 176 ...... PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: INVITED TALKS Rolston, S., “Nonlinear Atom Optics’’ at the OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) DAMOP Conference; London, Ontario, Canada, Briggman, K.A., “Determination of Molecular May 2001. Structure at Polymer/Glass Interfaces by Sum Fre- Sansonetti, C.J., Blackwell, M.M., and Saloman, quency Generation,” Northeast Regional Meeting E.B., “Infrared spectra of Ne, Kr, and Xe,” Fourier of the American Chemical Society, Durham, NH, Transform Spectroscopy 2001, Topical Meeting August 2001 of the Optical Society of America, Coeur d’Alene, Brown, S.W., “Stray Light Characterizations for ID, February 2001 MOBY,” 2001 Ocean Color Research Team Meet- Sansonetti, C.J., Blackwell, M.M., and Saloman, ing, San Diego, CA, May 2001 E.B., “Infrared spectra of the noble gases,” 7^ Bruce, S.S., “The Quality System for Calibration International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Services offered by the Optical Technology Divi- Oscillator Strengths, Belfast, Northern Ireland, sion at NIST,” NRC-INMS Canada, November August 2001. 2001 . Wiese, W.L., “Progress on Atomic Databases,” Chang, E.K., “Excitonic Effects in Nonlinear 7th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra Optics,” University of Modena, Modena, Italy, and Oscillator Strengths, Belfast, Northern Ireland, July 2001. August 2001 Chang, E.K., “Excitonic Effects in Nonlinear Wiese, W.L., “The NIST Atomic Spectra and Optics,” Physics Department Seminar, University Ionization Cross Section Databases,” 16™ Atomic of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy, July 2001. and Molecular Data Center Network meeting. Datla, R.U., “NIST Report to on Earth International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Committee Observing Satellites (CEOS) WGCV 18,” ESA- Austria, September 200 1 ESRIN, Frascati, Italy, June 2001 Wiese, W.L., “Trends in Atomic Spectroscopy,” Eppeldauer, G.P., “Spectral Response Calibration Physics Colloquium, University of Graz, Austria, of Infrared Detectors,” Presentation at the Mea- September 2001. surement Science Conference (MSC-2000), Williams, C.J., “Quantum Computing with Neutral Anaheim, CA, January 2001. Atoms in Optical Lattices” INFM, University of Eppeldauer, G.P., “Photocurrent Measurement of Florence, Florence, Italy, February 2001. PC and PV HgCdTe Detectors,” Measurement Williams, C.J., “Ultracold Collisions and Clock Science Conference, Anaheim, CA, January 2001. Shifts in Rb and Cs,” Time and Frequency Divi- Germer, T.A., “Interpreting Light Scattering from sion, National Institute of Standards and Tech- Surfaces,” Conference on Optical Manufacturing nology, Boulder, CO, February 2001. for Dual-Use, Huntsville, AL, February 2001. Williams, C.J., “Quantum Computing and Optical Gibson, C.E., “Non-contact Thermometry in the Nanostructures” INFM, University of Pisa, Pisa, Optical Technology Division at NIST,” Thermal Italy, February 2001 Solutions Conference, Orlando, FL, April 2001. Williams, C.J., “An Introduction to Quantum In- Goldner, L.S., “Single Molecule Probe,” Univer- formation and Computing” Physics Colloquium, sity of Maryland, May 2001 Swarthmore University, Swarthmore, PA, Feb- ruary 2001. Goldner, L.S., “Single Molecule Probe,” SPIE meeting, San Diego, CA, August 2001 Williams, C.J., “An Introduction to Quantum In- formation and Quantum Computing” Physics Col- Hanssen, L.M., “Infrared Spectrophotometry at loquium, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, GA March 2001 NIST,” National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India, November 2000. Williams, C.J. “Cs Feshbach Spectroscopy and Atomic Clocks” Physics Colloquium, National Heilweil, E.J., “New Applications of Ultrafast, Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithers- Terahertz and Chemical Imaging Spectroscopies,” burg, MD, July 2001 University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, April 2001. 177 ...... PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: INVITED TALKS Heilweil, E.L., “FTIR Chemical Imaging Methods Ohno, Y„ “CIE Fundamentals for Color Measure- for Combinatorial Screening,” AIChE National ments,” IS&T NIP 16 International Conference on Meeting, Combinatorial Methods for Materials Digital Printing Technologies, Vancouver, Canada, R&D, Systems Integration in High Throughput October 2000. Experiments ATP Workshop, Los Angeles, CA, Ohno, Y., “Color Issues of White LEDs,” OIDA November 2000. Workshop on OLED Solid State Lighting, Berkeley, Heilweil, E.J., “Applications of Transient Infrared CA, November-December 2000. Spectroscopies,” Invited Plenary Lecture, Time- Ohno, Y., “Uncertainty in Sphere Photometry,” A Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy X, Inst, or Tutorial lecture, CIE Expert Symposium on Uncer- Mol. Science, Okazaki, Japan. May 2001. tainty Evaluation, Vienna, Austria. January 2001. Heilweil, E.J., “Using Broadband Infrared light Ohno, Y., “Numerical Method for Color Uncer- for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Chemical Imaging,” tainty.” CIE Expert Symposium on Uncertainty SURF 2001 Summer seminar series, June 2001 Evaluation, Vienna, Austria, January 2001 Hwang, J„ “Imagining Nanostructures with Near- Plusquellic, D.F., “Cavity Ring-Down Enhanced Field Scanning Optical Microscopy,” National Circular Dichroism and Rotationally Resolved UV Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Spectroscopy of Binaphthol,” Chemistry Seminar Bethesda. MD. July 2001 Series, Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, April 2001 . Jacox, M.E., “Chemical Reactivity of the Rare Gases,” Euroconference Matrix 2001: The Chem- Plusquellic, D.F., “Windows GUI Program for the istry and Physics of Matrix Isolated Species, Rotational Analysis of Molecular Spectra,” Mini- Szklarska Poreba, Poland, July 2001. Symposium: Freeware, 56*h International Symp. of Molecular Spectroscopy, Ohio State University, Johnson. B.C. “Remote Sensing Support at NIST” Columbus, OH, June 2001 SIMBIOS Science Team Meeting, Greenbelt, MD. Rice, J.P., Activities in support of Space- January 2001 “NIST Based Radiometric Remote Sensing,” SPIE Con- Johnson, B.C., “Non-contact Thermometry in the ference: Harnessing Light: Optical Science and Optical Technology Division at NIST,” Thermal Metrology at NIST, San Diego, CA, August 2001 Solutions Conference, Orlando, FL. January 2001 Shaw, P.S., “Characterization of UV Detectors at Kaplan, S.G., “Characterization of Infrared Optical Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF Materials and Components for Spectroradiometric III),”for the Synchrotron Radiation Instrumenta- Sensor Systems,” Symposium on Optics Manufac- tion Conference 2001, Madion, WI, August 2001. turing for Dual-Use, Huntsville, Alabama, April Shirley, E.L., “Aspects of practical radiometry: 2001 . terminology, uncertainty, and physical optics,” Kaplan, S.G., “Overview of NIST-Industry Con- Measurement Science Conference (MSC2001), sortium on Optical Properties of Materials,” SPIE Anaheim, CA, January 2001 Technical Group on Optical Materials and Optics Shirley, E.L., “Linear and Non-linear Optical Manufacturing Meeting, San Diego, CA, August Properties of Materials with the Bethe-Salpeter 2001. Equation,” Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, Miller, C.C., “Total Luminous Flux Calibrations France, August 2001. of LEDs at NIST,” Compound Semiconductor Shirley, E.L., “Inelastic x-ray Scattering and Manufacturing Expo, Hynes Convention Center, Detailed Core- and Valence-Excitation Spectra,” Boston, MA, July 2001 Inti. Conference on Inelastic X-ray Scattering (IXS2001), Haikko, Finland, August 2001. Miller, C.C., “Luminous Intensity Calibrations and Colorimetry of LEDs at NIST,” Compound Yoon, H.W., “Non-contact Thermometry in the Semiconductor Manufacturing Expo, Hynes Optical Technology Division at NIST,” Thermal Convention Center, Boston, MA, July 2001. Solutions Conference, Orlando, FL, January 2001. 178 ...... PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: INVITED TALKS IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) Coursey, B.M., “National Standards for Intra- vascular Brachytherapy,” Cardiovascular Radia- Adams, J.M., “Nuclear Science at the National Insti- tion Therapy and Restenosis Forum, Washington, tute of Standards and Technology: A Historical DC, February 2001 Overview,” 2000 American Nuclear Society/ European Nuclear Society International Meeting, Coursey, B.M., “Standards of Radium-226: From 3*h Washington, DC, November 2000. Marie Curie to the ICRM,” 1 International Con- ference on Radionuclide Metrology and Its Appli- Adams, J.M., “PENTRAN Modeling for Design cations (ICRM2001), Braunschweig, Germany, and Optimization of the Spherical-Shell Transmis- May 2001. sion Experiments,” 2001 American Nuclear Soci- ety Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, WI, June 2001 Desrosiers, M.F., “Using Bones and Teeth to Measure Radiation Doses,” Chemistry Department Adams, J.M., “A New Monte Carlo Tallying Meth- Seminar, University of California, Santa Barbara, odology for Optimizing the NERI Spherical-Shell CA, January 2001 Transmission Experiment,” 2001 American Nuclear Society Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, WI, June Desrosiers, M.F., “e-Calibrations: Using the Inter- net to Deliver Calibration Services in Real Time 2001 . at Lower Cost,” International Meeting on Radi- Carlson, A.D., “NIST Nuclear Data Activities,” ation Processing, Avignon, France, March 2001. Cross Section Evaluation Working Group Meeting, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, Desrosiers, M.F., “The Next-Generation in Trace- November 2000. ability: e-Calibrations,” Measurement Sciences Conference, Anaheim, CA, January 2001. Carlson, A.D., “Requirements of the Neutron Cross Gentile, T.R., “The NIST-lndiana-Hamilton Polar- Section Standards,” Consultants’ Meeting on Im- ized ^He Neutron Spin Filter Program,” Meeting provement of the Standard Cross Sections for Light of the European Neutron Polarization Initiative, Elements, International Atomic Energy Agency Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Headquarters, Vienna, Austria, April 2001. Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, June 2001. Carlson, A.D., “The International Evaluation of Gilliam. D.M., “NIST Neutron Physics and Dosim- the Neutron Cross Section Standards,” Working etry,” 2000 American Nuclear Society/European Party on International Evaluation Cooperation Nuclear Society International Meeting, Washing- Meeting, Santa Fe, NM, April 2001 ton, DC, November 2000. Carlson, A.D., “The NIST Nuclear Data Program,” Gilliam, D.M., “NIST and the National Program U.S. Nuclear Data Program Meeting, Brookhaven in Fundamental Neutron Physics,” Workshop on National Laboratory, Upton, NY, April 2001. Fundamental Physics with Neutrons at the SNS, Colle R„ “Activity Characterizations of Pure.- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, emitting Brachytherapy Sources,” 13th International September 2001. Conference on Radionuclide Metrology and Its Huffman, P.R., “Prospects for an Improved Neu- Applications (ICRM2001), Braunschweig, Germany, tron Lifetime Measurement Using Magnetically May 2001 Trapped Ultracold Neutrons,” Physics Colloquium, Colie, R., “A Dual-compensated Cryogenic Mi- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, crocalorimeter for Radioactivity Standardizations,” October 2000. 13th International Conference on Radionuclide Huffman, P.R., “Magnetic Trapping of Ultracold Metrology and Its Applications (ICRM2001), Neutrons,” Particle Physics Seminar, Brookhaven Braunschweig, Germany, May 2001 National Laboratory, Upton, NY, November 2000. Coursey, B.M., “NIST Standards for Nuclear Huffman, P.R., “Neutron Lifetime via Trapped Medicine,” 2000 American Nuclear Society/ UCN,” Workshop on Fundamental Neutron Phys- European Nuclear Society Meeting, Washington, ics at the Spallation Neutron Source (FNPSNS DC, November 2000. 2001 ), Oak Ridge, TN, September 2001 179 ...... PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: INVITED TALKS Huffman, P.R., “Neutron Physics at NIST and ILL Soares, C.G., “How Accurate Can We Get?,” and Prospects for the SNS,” Workshop on Funda- Cardiovascular Radiation Therapy and Restenosis mental Neutron Physics at the Spallation Neutron Forum, Washington, DC, February 2001. Source (FNPSNS 2001), Oak Ridge, TN, Septem- Soares, C.G., “Update on the Determination of ber 2001. AAPM TG43/60 Parameters for Photon and Beta Inn. K.G.W., “Analytical Uncertainties,” Quality Sources,” Cardiovascular Radiation Therapy and Assurance Task Force of the Pacific Northwest Restenosis Forum. Washington, DC, February 2001. Meeting, Seattle, WA, May 2001. Soares, C.G., “Comparing Methods for Verifying Inn, K.G.W., “A NIST Quality Assessment Pro- Source Output at Clinical Sites.” Meeting of the gram,” CSRA-REMP Meeting, Charleston. SC, German Medical Physics Society Working Group June 2001 18, Vienna, Austria, March 2001. Jacobson, D.L., “Phase Contrast Imaging at NIST,” Soares, C.G., “Calibration Procedures at NIST for Radiation Health Officer Seminar for the Armed Low-Energy Photon Sources and Beta-Particle Forces Radiobiology Research Institute. Bethesda, Sources,” Consultants’ Meeting, International MD, April 2001. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, May 2001 . Jacobson, D.L., “Neutron Phase Contrast Radiog- raphy,” Fourth International Topical Meeting on Soares, C.G., “Calibration of a Scintillator for Neutron Radiography, State College, PA, June Use in Beta-Particle Intravascular Brachytherapy Source Measurements,” Annual Meeting of the 2001 . American Association of Physicists in Medicine, Lin, Z„ “Competence of Alpha Spectrometry Salt Lake City, UT, July 2001 Algorithms Used to Resolve the -41 Am and -43 Am Alpha Perk Overlap.” 13^ International Confer- Soares, C.G., “National and International Standards ence on Radionuclide Metrology and Its Applica- and Calibration of Thermoluminescence Dosim- tions (ICRM2001), Braunschweig, Germany, May etry Systems,” 13^ International Conference on Solid State Dosimetry, Athens, Greece, July 2001. 2001 . Mitch. M.G., “Characterization of ' ( *3pd and Wietfeldt, F.E., “A Backscattering-Suppressed Beta 135i Prostate Brachytherapy Seeds by Air-kerma Spectrometer for Neutron Decay Experiments,” Strength, X-ray Spectrometry, and Well-ioniza- Fall Meeting of the APS Division on Nuclear tion Chamber Response Measurements,” Mid- Physics, Williamsburg, VA, October 2000. Atlantic Chapter of the American Association of Wietfeldt, F.E., “Cold Neutron Decay Experiments Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Annual Meeting, at NIST,” Nuclear Science Advisory Committee Georgetown Medical Center, Washington, DC, Long-Range Planning Meeting, Oakland, CA, June 2001 November 2000. Nico, J.S., “Searching for Time Reversal Violation Weitfeldt, F.E., “The Decay of the Neutron,” Los in Neutron Decay,” Institut Laue-Langevin Sem- Alamos National Laboratory Neutron Science inar. Grenoble, France, April 2001 Seminar, Los Alamos, NM, January 2001 Rich, D.R., “Progress in Optically Pumped 3He Wietfeldt, F.E., “The Parameters of Neutron Decay,” Neutron Spin Filters,” University of New Hamp- University of Colorado at Boulder, Nuclear Phys- shire, Durham, NH, January 2001. ics Seminar, Boulder, CO, February 2001 Rich, D.R., “Progress in Optically Pumped 3He Wietfeldt, F.E., “Cold and Ultracold Neutrons,” Neutron Spin Filters,” University of Michigan, University of Colorado at Boulder, Physics Collo- Ann Arbor, MI, May 2001 quium, Boulder, CO, February 2001. Seltzer, S.M., “Evolution of Physical Standards Wietfeldt, F.E., “Studies of Neutron Decay at the for Exposure/Air Kerma,” Annual Meeting of the NIST Center for Neutron Research,” North American Association of Physicists in Medicine, Carolina State University, Nuclear Engineering Salt Lake City, UT, July 2001 Seminar, Raleigh, NC, May 2001. 180 ...... PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: INVITED TALKS Wietfeldt, F.E., “The Decay of the Neutron,” Bollinger, J.J., “Quantum Information Processing National Institute of Standards and Technology, in a Penning Ion Trap,” Conference on Quantum Physics Lab Colloquium, June 2001. Information, Rochester, NY, June 2001 Zimmerman, B.E., “A Model for Analyzing Com- Bollinger, J.J. “A Laser-cooled Positron Plasma,” ponents of Uncertainty Encountered in ^H-standard 2001 Positron Workshop, Santa Fe, NM, July 2001 Efficiency Tracing in 4tt(3 Liquid Scintillation Bollinger, J.J. “A Laser-cooled Positron Plasma,” Counting,” with R. Colle, 2000 Meeting of the 2001 Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasmas, La Jolla, American Nuclear Society, Washington, DC, CA, July 2001. November 2000. Deutch, M., “NIST Time and Frequency Broad- Zimmerman, B.E., “Recent Activities of the cast from Radio Stations WWVB, WWV, and Nuclear Medicine Standards Program at NIST,” WWVH,” NCSL International Conference, National Laboratory for Ionizing Radiation Washington, DC, July 2001. Metrology, Institute for Radiation Protection and Dosimetry, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, February 2001. Diddams, S.D., “Absolute Frequency Measure- ments of Mercury and Calcium Laser-cooled Zimmerman, B.E., “The Effect of Liquid Scintil- Optical Frequency Standards,” SPIE Meeting, San lation Cocktail Composition on Measurement Jose, CA, January 2001 Stability in the Assay of Solutions of l^Lu,” poster presented at LSC2001, Karlsruhe, Germany, Diddams, S.D., “Phase Control of Fs Lasers,” May 2001. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, March 2001 Zimmerman, B.E., “The Standardization of l^W/ l&^Re by 47iP Liquid Scintillation Spectrometry Diddams, S.D., “Atomic Clocks in the Optical With the CIEMAT/NIST 3H-Standard Efficiency Domain,” University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, Tracing Method,” 13*h International Conference NM, March 2001. on Radionuclide Metrology and Its Applications Diddams, S.D., “Frequency Measurements of Cold (ICRM2001 ), Braunschweig, Germany, May 2001 Atom Clocks,” APS Conference, Washington, DC, April 2001. TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) Diddams, S.D., “Frequency Measurements of Bergquist, J.C., “SubdekaHz Optical Spectroscopy + the Hg and Ca Optical Standards with a Femto- of 199Hg+ ,” SPIE Meeting, San Jose, CA January second-laser-based Optical Clockwork,” 6™ 2001. Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrol- Bergquist, J.C., “Optical Timepieces,” DAMOP ogy, St. Andrews, Scotland, September 2001 Conference, London, Ontario, Canada, May 2001. Drullinger, R.E., “All Optical Atomic Clocks,” Bergquist, J.C., “A Single Ion Optical Clock,” Frequency Control Symposium, Seattle, WA, June ICOLS ‘01, Snowbird, UT, June 2001. 2001. Bergquist, J.C., “A Single Atom Optical Clock,” Gifford, G.A., “GPS Time Transfer,” United 6th Symposium on Frequency Standard and Nations Conference on Navigation and Timing, Metrology, St. Andrews, Scotland, September Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, September 2001. 2001. Heavner, T.P., “Preliminary Results from a Minia- Bergquist, J.C., “Clocks Using Quantum Entangle- ture Laser-cooled Cs Fountain Frequency Stan- ment,” Zentrum for Modeme Optik, Erlangen, dard,” 6th Symposium on Frequency Standard and Germany, September 2001. Metrology, St. Andrews, Scotland, September 2001 . Bollinger, J.J., “Phase Transitions and Self-Organ- ized Criticality in Laser-Cooled Crystallized Ion Hollberg, L.W., “Optical Clocks for the Future,” Plasmas,” APS Meeting, Washington, D.C., April SPIE Meeting, San Jose, CA, January 2001 2001 . 181 ...... PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: INVITED TALKS Hollberg. L.W., “Cold Atoms Plus Femtosecond Kitching, J.E., “Toward an Atomic Clock on a Lasers for Optical Clocks,” Yale University, New Chip: Miniaturization of Frequency References,” Haven, CT, April 2001. DAMOP Conference, London, Ontario, Canada, May 2001. Hollberg, L.W., “Optical Clocks for Space,” Pan Pacific Basin Workshop. Pasadena, CA, May Kitching, J.E., “Spectroscopic Line Shifts from 2001 . Frequency-Dependant Optical Pumping in Driven, Three Level Systems,” ICOLS ’01, Snowbird, UT, Hollberg, L.W., “Cold-Atom Optical Clocks and June 2001. Frequency Measurements,” ICONO’Ol, Minsk, Belarus, June 2001 Kitching, J.E., “A Compact Microwave Frequency Reference Based on Coherent Population Trapping Hollberg, L.W., “A Cold Ca Frequency Standard Resonances in Cs Vapor,” 6™ Symp. on Frequency and Second Stage Cooling.” ICOLS'01, Snowbird, Standards and Metrology, St. Andrews, Scotland, UT, June 2001. September 2001 Hollberg, L.W., “Dawn of the Age of Optical Kriesel, J.M., “Laser Induced Wakes in Ion Crys- Clocks: Fast Lasers and Cold Atoms,” SPIE Meet- tals,” University of California at San Diego, San ing, San Jose, CA. July 2001 Diego, CA, January 2001 Hollberg. L.W., “Laser-cooled Optical Clocks at Kriesel, J.M., “Laser Induced Wakes in Ion Crys- NIST,” 6*h Symposium on Frequency Standards tals,” University of California at San Diego, San and Metrology, St. Andrews, Scotland, September Diego, CA, July 2001 2001. Levine, J., “Carrier Phase GPS Over a Transatlan- Howe, D.A., “100 GHz NIST Phase Noise Test tic Baseline,” Frequency Control Symposium, Bed,” ONR Superconducting Electronics Program Seattle, WA, June 2001 Review, Sedona, AZ, February 2001 Levine, J., “Legal Traceability of Time,” National Howe, D.A., “Properties of Stable Frequency Conference of Standards Laboratories, Washing- Sources,” Frequency Control Symposium, Seattle, ton, DC, July 2001. WA. June 2001 Lombardi, M.A., “Time and Frequency Measure- Jefferts, S.R., “Laser-cooled at Cesium Clocks ments Using the Global Positioning System,” NIST,” American Physical Society Meeting, Measurement Science Conference, Anaheim, CA, Seattle, WA, February 2001. January 2001 Jefferts, S.R., “NIST F-l, Recent Evaluations,” Lowe, J.P., “NIS/NIST Time and Frequency Dis- 15th European Frequency and Time Forum. semination by Satellite,” National Conference of Neuchatel. Switzerland. February 2001. Standards Laboratories, Washington, DC, July 2001 . Jefferts, S.R.. “Spin Exchange Shift in Cs Foun- 6*h tains.” Symposium on Frequency Standards Meyer, V., “Experiments with Two Entangled and Metrology, St. Andrews, Scotland, September Beryllium Ions,” Cohevol Workshop, Dresden, 2001 . Germany, May 2001 Kielpinski, D.F., “Recent Results in Trapped Ion Meyer, V., “Trapped Ion Entanglement for Preci- Quantum Computing,” International Conference sion Measurement and Decoherence Suppression,” on Experimental Implementations of Quantum ICQL ’01 Conference, Rochester, New York, June Computation, Sydney, Australia, January 2001. 2001 . Kielpinski, D.F., “Recent Results in Trapped Ion Meyer, V., “Experiments with Two Entangled Quantum Computing.” Quantum Information Beryllium Ions,” 2001 International Symposium Workshop, Coolangatta, Australia, January 2001. on Quantum Information, Huangshan, China, September 2001 Kielpinski, D.F., “A Decoherence-Free Quantum Memory Using Trapped Ions,” DAMOP, London, Nelson, L.M., “Report from NIST,” CGSIC Meet- Canada, May 2001. ing, Crystal City, VA, March 2001 182 ...... PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: INVITED TALKS Nelson, L.M., “Understanding Limitations of GPS Sullivan, D.B., “Frequency Standards at NIST,” Carrier Phase Frequency Transfer on a Transatlan- International Microwave Symposium, Phoenix, AZ, tic Baseline,” IEEE Frequency Control Symposium, May 2001. Seattle, WA, June 2001 Sullivan, D.B., “Time and Frequency Measure- Nelson, L.M., “Report from NIST,” CGSIC Meet- ments at NIST: The First 100 Years,” Frequency ing, Salt Lake City, UT, September 2001. Control Symposium, Seattle, WA, June 2001. Oates, C.W., “Absolute Frequency Measurement Sullivan, D.B., “PARCS: A Laser-cooled Atomic of the 657nm Intercombination Line in Neutral Clock in Space,” 6*h Symposium on Frequency 40Ca,” CLEO/QELS 2001 Conference, Baltimore, Standard and Metrology, St. Andrews, Scotland, MD, May 2001. September 2001 Oates, C.W., “A Ca Optical Frequency Standard Weiss, M.A., “T1X1 Input to GPS3,” T1X1.3 at 657nm: Improvements and Frequency Measure- Meeting, Orlando, FL, June 2001 ments,” 6^ Symposium on Frequency Standards Weiss, M.A., “Information on NTIA Report 01- and Metrology, St. Andrews, Scotland, September 384,” T1X1.3 Meeting, Orlando, FL, June 2001. 2001 . Weiss, M.A., Precise Time and Frequency Using Parker, T.E., Introduction to Time and Frequency WAAS and EGNOS Satellites with High-Gain An- Transfers,” Frequency Control Symposium, tennas,” 6*h Symposium on Frequency Standard Seattle, WA, June 2001. and Metrology, St. Andrews, Scotland, September Parker, T.E., “First Comparison of Remote Fre- 2001 . quency Standards,” Frequency Control Symposium, Wineland, D.J., “Quantum Computation, Entangled Seattle, WA, June 2001. Atoms and Schrodinger’s Cat,” American Associa- Parker, T.E., “Comparing High Performance Fre- tion for the Advancement of Science Annual Meet- 6*h quency Standards,” Symposium on Frequency ing, San Francisco, CA, February 2001. Standards and Metrology, St. Andrews, Scotland, Wineland, D.J., “Elements of Quantum Computa- September 200 1 tion with Trapped Atomic Ions,” International Peppier, T.K., “Definitions of Total Estimators of School of Physics “Enrico Fermi; Course on Common Time-Domain Variances,” Frequency Quantum Computation and Information,” Lake Seattle, June 2001. Control Symposium, WA, Como, Italy, July 2001. Rowe, M.A., “Experimental Violation of Bell’s Wineland, D.J., “Entanglement Methods in Ion Inequalities with Efficient Detection,” Thirty First Traps,” International School of Physics “Enrico Winter Colloquium on the Physics of Quantum Fenni; Course on Quantum Computation and Electronics, Snowbird, UT, January 2001. Information,” Lake Como, Italy, July 2001 Rowe, M.A., “Ion Entanglement Experiments at Wineland, D.J., “Applications of Entanglement NIST,” Southwest Quantum Information and Tech- for Precision Measurement,” International School nology Network Annual Meeting, Pasadena, CA, of Physics “Enrico Fermi; Course on Quantum March, 2001 Computation and Information,” Lake Como, Italy, Rowe, M.A., “Ion Entanglement for Fundamental July 2001. Tests and Precision Measurements,” DAMOP Wineland, D.J., “Entanglement-enhanced Pre- Conference, London, Ontario, Canada, May 2001 cision Measurement,” 2001 Workshop on Laser Rowe, M.A., “Ion Entanglement Experiments at Physics and Quantum Optics, Jackson Hole, WY, NIST,” Exploring Quantum Physics Conference, August 2001. Venice, Italy, August 2001. Wineland, D.J., “Trapped-Ion Quantum Compu- Rowe, M.A., “Ion Entanglement Experiments at ting,” NSA/ARDA Quantum Computing Program NIST,” Mysteries in Quantum Measurements Review, Baltimore, MD, August 2001. Workshop, Gargnano, Italy, August 2001. 183 ...... PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: INVITED TALKS QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848) Cundiff, S.T., “Carrier envelope phase control of modelocked lasers,” SPIE Photonics West, San Cornell, E.A., “The Low-Temperature Magnifying Jose, CA, January 2001. Glass: Bose-Einstein Condensation and the Visible Machinery of Quantum Mechanics,” University of Cundiff, S.T., “Carrier-Envelope Phase Control of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, February 2001. Femtosecond Modelocked Lasers and Direct Opti- cal Frequency Synthesis,” University of Michigan, Cornell, E.A., “The Low -Temperature Magnifying Ann Arbor, Ml, February 2001 Glass: Bose-Einstein Condensation and the Visible Cundiff, S.T., “Carrier-Envelope Phase Control of Machinery of Quantum Mechanics,” York Univer- Femtosecond Modelocked Lasers and Direct Opt- sity, Toronto Canada, March 2001. ical Frequency Synthesis,” Conference on. Laser Cornell, E.A., “The Low-Temperature Magnifying Electrooptics, Baltimore, MD, May 2001. Glass: Bose-Einstein Condensation and the Visible Cundiff, S.T., “Optical Frequency Metrology with Machinery of Quantum Mechanics,” University of Modelocked Lasers,” Femtosecond Technology Michigan, Ann Arbor. Ml, March 2001. workshop, Tskuba, Japan, June 2001 Cornell. E.A., “The Story of Laser Cooling and Cundiff, S.T., “Carrier-Envelope Phase Control of BEC at NBS/N1ST,” APS Annual Meeting, Wash- Femtosecond Modelocked Lasers and Direct Opti- ington, DC. April 2001. cal Frequency Synthesis,” University of Tokyo, Japan. June 2001 Cornell, E.A., “The Low-Temperature Magnifying Glass: Bose-Einstein Condensation and the Visible Cundiff, S.T., “Phase Stabilization of Modelocked Machinery of Quantum Mechanics,” University of Lasers,” Nonlinear Optics Gordon Research Con- Colorado, Boulder, CO, April 2001. ference, July 2001 Cornell, E.A., “Rotating Bose-Einstein Conden- Cundiff, S.T., “Local Field Effects in a Dense sates,” CLEO/QELS. Baltimore, MD, May 2001. Atomic Vapor,” Alaska Meeting on Fundamental Optical Processes in Semiconductors, August 2001. Cornell, E.A., “Coherence and Decoherence in Magnetically Trapped Ultra-Cold Rubidium-87,” Faller, J.E., “Design of New Cam-Driven Gravim- eter and Thoughts on Dropping Atoms,” New Eighth Rochester Conference on Quantum Optics Technologies for Absolute Gravimetry at BIPM, (CQ08). Rochester, NY. June 2001. Severes, France, February 2001. Cornell, E.A., “Vortices from Rotating Clouds,” Faller, J.E., “Precision Measurements with Gravity,” Gordon Conference on Atomic Physics, Williams- University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, town, MA, June 2001. February 2001 Cornell, E.A., “Coherence and Decoherence in Faller, J.E., “NIST Centennial Celebration and and Ultracold Atoms,’ Condensed Noncondensed Keithley Award Session,” American Physical Enrico Fermi Summer School, Varenna, Italy, Society, Seattle, WA, March 2001. July 2001. Faller, J.E., “Physics of Music,” University of Colo- Cornell, E.A., “The Ultra-Low Temperature Mag- rado Wizards Program, Boulder, CO, March 2001 nifying Glass: How Bose-Einstein Condensation Faller, J.E., “The Current State of Absolute Gravim- Makes Quantum Mechanics Visible,” SPIE, San etry,” D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology Diego, CA, August 2001. (VNIIM), St. Petersburg, Russia, June 2001. Cornell, E.A., “Bose-Einstein Condensation Experi- Faller, J.E., “Prospects for a Truly Portable Abso- ments at JILA,” European Research Conference lute Gravimeter,” International Association of Bose-Einstein Condensation, Feliu de on San Geodesy, Helsinki, Finland, August 2001 Guixols, Spain, September 2001 Faller, J.E., “The Current State of and Future Cundiff, S.T., “Interaction effects in optically Prospects for Absolute Gravimetry,” International dense material,” SPIE Photonics West, San Jose, Association of Geodesy, Budapest, Hungary, CA, January 2001 September 2001 184 ...... PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: INVITED TALKS Hall, J.L., “Along the Highway to Optical Clocks: Leone, S.R., “Femtosecond time-resolved soft x-ray an Overview,” American Physical Society Annual photoelectron spectroscopy,” Gordon Research meeting, Washington DC, April 2001. Conference, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, July 2001. Hall, J.L., “Coherent Optical Frequency Synthesis and Distribution,” International Conference on Leone, S.R., “Wave packet phase control, evolu- Laser Spectroscopy, Snow Bird, UT, June 2001. tionary algorithms, and quantum information,” Gordon Research Conference, Mt. Holyoke College, Hall, J.L, “Overview of the Femtosecond Comb South Hadley, MA, July 2001. Approach to Optical Frequency Measurement,” B1PM Comite Consultatif de Longeur, Sevres Nesbitt, D.J., “Laser/FTIR Slit Jet Studies of Hydro- (Paris) France, September 2001 gen Bonded Clusters,” Optical Society of America -Interdisciplinary Laser Science National Meeting, Hall, J.L., “From Stabilized Lasers to Optical fre- Providence, RI, October 2000. quency Standards,” The Sixth Inti. Symposium on Standards Frequency and Metrology, St Andrews, Nesbitt, D.J., “Chemical Physics at the Single Fife, Scotland, September 2001 Molecule Level: From Quantum Dots to Biomole- Jin, D.S., “Exploring a Quantum Degenerative cules,” National Institute for Standards and Tech- Fermi Gas of Atoms,” Quantum Optics IX, Malorca, nology, Gaithersburg, MD, November 2000. Spain, October 2000. Nesbitt, D.J., “Dynamics from Single Collisions Jin, D.S., “A Two-Component Fermi Gas of to Single Molecules,” California Institute of Tech- Atoms,” APS Atomic, Molecular, and Optical nology, Pasadena, CA, January 2001. Physics Meeting, London, Ontario, May 2001. Nesbitt, D.J., “From Single Collisions to Single Jin, D.S., “A Two-Component Fermi Gas of Molecules,” Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, Atoms,” XXII International Conference on Pho- February 2001 tonic, Electronic, and Atomic Collisions, Santa Nesbitt, D.J., “Chemical Physics: One Molecule at Fe, NM, July 2001. a Time,” JILA Colloquium Series, University of Leone, S.R., “Ultrafast laser photoionization: Colorado, Boulder, CO, April 2001 Coherent control dynamics and time-resolved Nesbitt, D.J., “High Resolution IR Studies of Hydro- x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, “Argonne gen Bonded Clusters: Large Amplitude Dynamics National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, February 2001. in (HCl)n ,” Faraday Discussion, University of Leone, S.R., “Ultrafast laser studies of coherent Durham, Durham, UK, April 2001. control, evolutionary algorithms, and x-ray photo- electron dynamics,” The James Franck Institute, Nesbitt, D.J., “Photoluminescence Kinetics and University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, February 2001. Dynamics in Semiconductor Nanocrystals,” CLEO/ QELS 2001, Baltimore, MD, May 2001 Leone, S.R., “Ultrafast laser studies of coherent control, evolutionary algorithms, and x-ray Nesbitt, D.J., “IR Laser Studies of Radicals: From photoelectron dynamics,” Harvard/MIT Seminar, Spectroscopy to Dynamics,” 26th inti. Symposium Cambridge, MA, March 2001. on Free Radicals, Assisi, Italy, September 2001. Leone, S.R., “Ultrafast soft x-ray femtosecond Nesbitt, D.J., “Chemistry of Cooking,” University photoelectron spectroscopy,” The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, March 2001. of Colorado, Boulder, CO, September 2001. Leone, S.R., “Femtosecond soft x-ray time-resolved Ye, J., “Optical atomic clock and frequency syn- photoelectron spectroscopy,” American Chemical thesizers,” “Ultrasensitive laser spectroscopy and Society National Meeting, San Diego, CA, April its applications to fundamental physics,” “Trap- 2001 . ping and tracking of single atoms and real time quantum dynamics,” Bai-Yu-Lan Lecture Series, Leone, S.R., “Ultrafast molecular wave packet University, Jiao dynamics with triple resonance detail,” Inti. Con- (l)East China Normal (2) Tong ference, Spectroscopy in the 21st Century, Tokyo, University, and (3) FuDan University, Shanghai, Japan, March 2001 China, December 2000. 185 . . PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX C: INVITED TALKS Ye, J., “Ultrasensitive laser spectroscopy. Optical Ye, J. “Phase Stabilized Femtosecond Laser atomic clock and optical frequency synthesizers,” Combs: From Optical Frequency Synthesizer to General physics seminar, FOM Institute for Plasma Quantum Dynamics,” American Physical Society Physics ‘Rijnhuizen’ and University of Nijmegen, Annual meeting, Washington DC, April 2001. Netherlands. December 2000. Ye, J., “Optical atomic clock and coherent optical Ye. J., “Sub 10-femtosecond synchronization and waveform synthesis,” The 15™ Inti. Conference carrier phase locking of two passively mode-locked on Laser Spectroscopy (ICOLS-XV), Snowbird, Ti:sapphire oscillators,” The 31st Winter Collo- Utah, June 2001 quium on the Physics of Quantum Electronics, Ye, J., “Coherent synthesis of optical frequencies Snowbird, Utah, January 2001. and waveforms,” 2001 Atomic Physics Gordon Ye, J., “Precision phase control of femtosecond Research Conf., Williamstown, Massachusetts, lasers: optical atomic clocks, optical frequency June 2001. synthesizers, and optical waveform synthesis,” J., pulse synthesis from separate Physics Seminar, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Ye, “Coherent California, March 2001. ultrafast lasers,” Ultrafast Optics III, Chateau Montebello, Quebec, Canada. July 2001 Ye, J., “Precision phase control of femtosecond lasers: from optical frequency synthesizer to quan- Ye, J., “Coherent frequency synthesis and pulse tum dynamics,” Physics Seminar, University of waveform generation in the optical spectrum,” The California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 2001 Workshop on Laser Physics and Quantum March 2001. Optics, Jackson Hole, Wyoming, July 2001. 186 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX D COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP ANNUAL REPORT TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP LABORATORY OFFICE Robert Dragoset Barry N. Taylor Member, NIST Information Coordinators Member, Advisory Council of the U.S. Metric Member, NIST Web Designers Group, Sub- Association. group of the NIST Information Coordinators Chairman, WG 1, Expression of Uncertainty in Member, NIST Museum Committee Measurement, of the Joint Committee for Guides on Metrology (JCGM). Member, NIST 508 Accessibility Team Member, JCGM/WG 2, Basic and General Katharine Gebbie Terms in Metrology. Vice Chair, American Physical Society Selec- Member, ISO Technical Committee 12, Quan- tion Committee for the Hans A. Bethe Prize. tities, Units, Symbols, Conversion Factors. Member, Advisory Committee, American Insti- Member, CODATA Task Group on Funda- tute of Physics. mental Constants. Interagency Award Committee for the Enrico Vice-Chair, IEEE Standards Coordinating Fermi Award. Committee 14, Quantities, Units, and Letter Member, American Physical Society Physics symbols. Planning Committee. Member, International Union of Pure and ELECTRON & OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION plied Physicists Working Group on Women in ( 841 ) Physics. Robert J. Celotta Member, Fellowship Committee, Division of Chair, Gordon Research Conference on Mag- Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, Ameri- netic Nanostructures. can Physical Society. Member, Executive Committee, Group on Instru- William R. Ott ment and Measurement Science, American NIST Fiaison, SDI/BMDO Metrology Projects Physical Society. at NIST. Member, Committee on Implications of Emerg- Member, Program Committee, SPIE Sympo- ing Micro and Nano Technologies, National sium on Harnessing Light: Optical Science and Research Council Study Committee 2001-2002. Metrology at NIST, July 2001. Charles W. Clark Co-Chairman, NIST Committee on Society- sponsored Centennial Commemorative Events. Chair, Physics Panel II, U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation. Member, NIST Small Business Innovative Research Selection Committee. NIST Centennial Liaison with American Phys- ical Society. Member, Awards Committee, OSTP Presiden- tial Early Career Awards for Scientists and Member, Advisory Board, Harvard-Smithsonian Engineers. Institute for Theoretical and Atomic Physics. Chairman, NIST Colloquium Series for Distin- Member, Program Committee, March Meeting guished Speakers. of the American Physical Society. 187 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX D: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP Charles W. Clark (cont'd) John Unguris Member, Annual Program Committee Meeting, Member, Program Committee for the Ameri- American Association for the Advancement of can Vacuum Society-Magnetic Interfaces and Science. Nanostructure Group. Member, Peer Review Rapid Action Commit- tee, Optical Society of America. ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) Panelist, National Science Foundation Work- Garnett W. Bryant shop on Computational Physics. Program Committee for Nano-optics at C'LEO/ NIST Representative in Joint Atomic, Mo- QELS2001 and CLEO/QELS2002. lecular and Optical Science Program with Uni- John H. Burnett versity of Maryland. Chair, Metrology Session for the Second Inter- Adjunct Professor, University of Maryland. national Symposium on 157 nm Lithography, Physics Laboratory representative, NIST Infor- San Diego, California, May 2001. mation Technology Strategy Planning Team. Richard I). Deslattes Zachary H, Levine Member-at-Large of the Section on Physics (B) Chair, Scientific Computing Working Group, for the American Association for the Alvance- NIST Information Technology Strategic Plan- ment of Science. ning Team. Member, Working Group on the Avogadro Con- Member, Computational Material Science Net- stant, Consultative Committee for Mass, Inter- work. national Committee on Weights and Measures. Thomas B. Lucatorto Member, The Synchrotron Radiation Instrumen- tation-Cooperative Access Team at Advanced NIST Centennial Liaison with Optical Society Photon Source, Argonne. of America. Chair, American Physical Society Topical Group Member, review' panel to evaluate proposals on Precision Measurement and Fundamental submitted to the New York Scientific, Technical Constants. and Academic Research (NYSTAR) Program. Jeffrey R. Fuhr Jabez McClelland Vice-Chair, Working Group 2: Atomic Transi- Member, National Science Foundation Nano- tion Probabilities, Commission 14 (Atomic and technology Review Panel. Molecular Data) of the International Astro- Daniel T. Pierce nomical Union. Chair, International Organizing Committee, John D. Gillaspv International Colloquium on Magnetic Films Member, International Advisory Board, Nano- and Surfaces. logic, Inc. Working Group Member, Executive Committee, Division of Co-chair, Program Committee, International Materials Physics, American Physical Society. Workshop on New Ions for Micro- and Nano- Member, Spintronics 2001, Scientific Advisory electronics (NIM 2003, Paris). Committee. Yong-Ki Kim Mark Stiles Member, Program Committee, Conference on Member, Organizing Committee, Spintronics “Atomic Processes in Plasmas,” to be held in 2001: Novel Aspects of Spin-. Polarized Trans- Gatlinburg, TN, April 2002. port and Spin Dynamics. Paul D. Lett Charles Tarrio Member, CAMOS-National Research Council Member, Advisory Board, Extreme Ultraviolet (Committee on Atomic, Molecular and Optical Lithography Limited Liability Corporation. Sciences). 188 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX D: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP William C. Martin Wolfgang L. Wiese Member, Organizing Committee, Commission Chair, Working Group on Atomic Transition on Atomic and Molecular Data, International Probabilities, International Astronomical Union. Astronomical Union. th th Member, Program Committee, 7 and 8 Inter- Peter J. Mohr national Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Chair, CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Laboratory Plasmas, 2001 and 2004. Constants. Member, Organizing Committee, International Chair, Precision Measurement and Fundamen- Astronomical Union, Commission on Atomic tal Constants Topical Group of the APS. and Molecular Data. Member, U.S. National CODATA Committee. Member, Network of Atomic Data Centers for Physics Laboratory representative on the Inter- Fusion, coordinated by the International Atomic national Comparisons Database Project Energy Agency (IAEA). IUPAP Liaison to CODATA Member, Program Committee, International Conference on Atomic and Molecular Data and Gillian Nave Their Applications (ICAMDATA), Oak Ridge, Vice-Chair of Working group 1 “Atomic TN, 2002. Spectra and Wavelengths” of Commission 14 Carl J. Williams “Atomic and Molecular data” of the Interna- tional Astronomical Union. Secretary of Theoretical Atomic, Molecular, And Optical Committee (TAMOC). William D. Phillips Co-Chair, Cargese Summer School on Coher- OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) ent Atom Optics. Sally Bruce Member, National Academy of Science Com- mittee to update the report on the Future of Member, CORM (Council on Optical Radia- Atomic Molecular and Optical Science (FAMOS). tion Measurement). Member, National Academy of Sciences Com- Member, International Conference of Standards mittee on Women in Science and Engineering. Laboratories (NCSL), International liaison delegate from CORM. Joseph Reader h Member, American Society of Quality (ASQ), Member, Program Committee, 7 International Measurement Quality Division. Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Raju Datla Plasmas, 2001. Member, Space-Based Observations Systems, Steven I.. Rolston Committee on Standards, American Institute of Chair, 2001 Atomic Physics Gordon Research Aeronautics, Sensing Systems Working Group, Conference, Plymouth, NH. Subcommittee on IR Systems. Edward B. Saloman Member, SPIE International Technical Work- ing Group on Optical Materials. Member, Library Advisory Committee, Optical Society of America. Member, ASTM E- 13.03, Subcommittee on Jason Sanabia Infrared Molecular Spectroscopy. Summer Undergraduate Research Fellow Se- Member, Commission Internationale De L’ Eclair- lection Committee - NIST. age (CIE), USNC. Craig J. Sansonetti NIST/Gaithersburg Liaison to the Calibration Coordination Group (DoD/CCG). Member, Technical Program Committee, Fourier Transform Spectroscopy Topical Meeting, Opti- Member, CORM IR Optical Properties Sub- cal Society of America, Coeur d'Alene, ID. committee, OP-5. 189 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX D: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP Edward Early Charles Gibson Member, Council for Optical Radiation Meas- Member, American Society for Testing and urements. Materials Committee E20 on Temperature Measurement (ASTM). Member, ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance. Member, CORM. Member, PIMA Subcommittee 1T2-28 on Den- Leonard Hanssen sitometry. Chairman, CORM Optical Properties Sub- Member, CIE TC 2-39 on Geometric Toler- committee OP-5, Infrared Optical Properties of ances for Color Measurement. Materials. Member, CIE TC-2-36 on Retroreflection: Member, CIE TC 2-39 Technical Committee on Definition and Measurement. Geometric Tolerance for Colorimetry. George Eppeldauer Member, SPIE Working Group on Optical Materials and Optics Fabrication. NIST Representative to the CIE/USA National Committee of the CIE. Member, ISO/TC 172/SC 3/WG 3 Working Group for Characterization of IR Materials. Chairman, CIE TC 2-48 Spectral Responsivity Measurement of Detectors, Radiometers, and Jonathan Hardis Photometers. Chairman, ASTM Subcommittee El 2.06 on the Member, CIE TC 2-24 Users Guide for the Appearance of (Video) Displays. Selection of Illuminance and Luminance Meters. Member, ASTM Subcommittee E12 Color and Member, CIE TC 2-29 Measurement of Detec- Appearance. tor Linearity. Member, CORM Radiometry Subcommittee Member, CIE TC 2-37 Photometry Using CR-2. Detectors and Transfer Standards. Member, CIE TC 2-42 Colormetric Measure- Member, CORM (Council on Optical Radia- ments for Visual Displays. tion Measurement). Representative, Optics & Electro-Optics Stan- Member, CORM Subcommittee CR-3 Pho- dards Council. tometry. Participant, Optoelectronics Industry Develop- Participant, Revision of El 021 (Standard Test ment Association (OIDA) Roadmapping Ac- Method for Spectral Response Measurements of tivities. Photovoltaic Devices) of the ASTM Subcom- Edwin Heilweil mittee E44.09. Member, Membership Committee, NIST Joel Fowler Sigma XI Chapter. Member, CORM (Council for Optical Radia- Member, Steering Committee, NIST Combi- tion Measurements). natorial Methods Working Group. Coordinator for the CCPR Aperture Area Inter- Member, Technical Organizing Committee for comparison. Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy Inter- Thomas Germer national Conferences. Member, ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Angela Hight Walker Appearance. Chairperson, Membership Committee, NIST Member, ASTM Committee FI on Electronics. Chapter of Sigma Xi. Member, ASTM Committee FI. 06 on Silicon Member, Steering Committee, NIST Combina- Materials and Process Control. torial Methods Working Group. 190 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX D: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP Angela Hight Walker (Cont'd) Keith Lykke NIST Representative, Awards Committee, Chairman, International Advisory Committee PECASE. for NEWRAD. Physics Laboratory representative, NIST Cen- Participant, OIDA Roadmapping Activities. tennial Professional Societies Subcommittee. Member, CORM. Jon Ho gen u Alan L. Migdall Member, Editorial Board of the Journal of Member, Council for Optical Radiation Meas- Molecular Spectroscopy. urements (CORM). Member, International Advisory Committee for Consultant with EuroMet coordinating com- the Ohio State Symposium on Molecular mittee on correlated photon metrology. Spectroscopy. Member, Subcommittee on Quantum Optics Member, IUPAC Commission on Molecular for Quantum Electronic and Laser Conference. Structure and Spectroscopy, Subcommittee on Notations and Conventions for Molecular Spec- Member, Smithsonian National Academy of troscopy. Sciences, Physics Curriculum Evaluation Panel. Jeeseong Hwang Maria Nadal Member, NIST Working Group on Measure- Chairman, ASTM Subcommittee El 2.93 on Precision and Bias. ments and Materials at the Bio-Interface. Marilyn Jacox Member, ASTM Subcommittee El 2.02 on Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry. Chairman, Award Recognition Committee, NIST Member, Subcommittee El 2.03 on Chapter of Sigma Xi. ASTM Geometry. B. Carol Johnson Member, ASTM Subcommittee El 2- 12 on Member, Subcommittee E20.02 on ASTM Metallic and Pearlescent Colors. Radiation Thermometry. Member, ASTM Subcommittee El 2- 14 on Calibration Panel. Member, NASA/EOS Multi-Dimensional Characterization of Ap- Member, CORM. pearance. Member, American Society for Testing and Yoshi Ohno Materials. Chairman, ASTM E12.ll WG05 Flashing Simon G. Kaplan Lights. Member, CORM Subcommittee OP-5 on Infra- Chairmaa IEC TC100/TA2 Color Manage- red Optical Properties of Materials. ment and Measurement of Multimedia Systems. Member, SPIE Technical Group on Optical Chairman, CIE TC2-37 Photometry using De- Properties of Materials. tectors as Transfer Standards. Member, SPIE Technical Group on Polarization. Chairman, CIE TC2-49 Photometry of Flashing Lights. Thomas Larason Chairman, CORM Subcommittee CR-3 on Member, CIE Technical Committee, TC2-47, Photometry. Characterization and Calibration Methods of UV Radiometers. Member, CCPR Working Group of V(A) Cor- rected Detectors. Member, CIE Technical Committee, TC2-48, Spectral Responsivity Measurement of Detec- Member, IESNA Testing Procedures Commit- tors, Radiometers, and Photometers. tee. 191 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX D COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP Yoshi Ohno (Cont’d) Alternate, ASTM E-20, Temperature Measure- ments. Secretary, CIE Division 2 Physical Measurement of Light and Radiation. Member, USDA Steering Committee for UV-B Measurements. Member, CIE TC2-16 Characterization of the Performance of Tristimulus Colorimeters. Alternate, ASTM E-44, Solar Energy Conversion. Member, CIE TC2-24 Users Guide for the Selec- Member, USNC/CIE. tion of Illuminance and Luminance Meters. Member, ASTM Subcommittee E20.2 Radiation Member, CIE TC2-29 Measurement of Detec- Thermometry. tor Linearity. Member, CCPR Air UV Working Group. Member, CIE TC2-35 CIE Standard for V(Z) Member, CORM Radiometry Subcommittee and V'( ?c). CR-1 on Radiometric Lamp Availability. Member, CIE TC2-40 Characterizing the Per- Eric Shirley formance of Illuminance and Luminance Meters. Member, CORM Subcommittee OP5 on Infra- Member, CIE TC2-42 Colorimetry of Displays. red Optical Properties of Materials. Member, CIE TC2-43 Determination of Meas- Member, International Advisory Board for the th Ultra- urement Uncertainties in Photometry. 14 International Conference on Vacuum violet Radiation Physics (Austrailia 2004). Member, CIE TC2-44 Vocabulary Matters. Benjamin Tsai Member, CIE TC2-45 Measurement of LEDs, E07 Committee on Nonde- Revision of CIE 127. Member, ASTM structive Testing. Member, CIE TC2-46 CIE/ISO Standards on Member, ASTM Committee E-21 on Space Sim- LED Intensity Measurements. ulation and Applications of Space Technology. Member, CORM CR4 Integrating Devices. Howard Yoon Member, CORM CR5 Electronic Displays. Member of the CR-1 Committee of CORM. Delegate to Lamp Testing Engineers Confer- Member, Advisory Committee for Middle ence ( LTEC). School Science Project, Smithsonian Institution Task Member. SAE AE-8D Wire and Cables, and the National Academy of Sciences. Group for Wire Contrast. Albert Parr IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) Member, CIE. James M. Adams NIST Representative, CCPR. Chairman, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Task Group E10.05.05 on NIST Representative, CCPR Air UV Working Activation Reactions. Group. Secretary, ASTM Symposium Committee and Ex Officio Member, NIST Liaison, CORM Program Committee for the Eleventh Interna- Board of Directors. tional Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry. Delegate, National Conference of Standards Secretary, ASTM Subcommittee El 0.05 on Laboratories (NCSL). Nuclear Radiation Metrology. International Advisory Committee for Member, Member, ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear NEWRAD. Technology and Applications. Robert Saunders Member, American Nuclear Society (ANS) Neutron Flu- Member, ANSI Z31 1, Photobiological Safety of Committee ANS-19.10 on Fast Lamps and Lighting Systems. ence to Pressurized Water Reactors. 192 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX D: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP James M. Adams (cont'd) Alternate, NIST Ionizing Radiation Safety Review Subcommittee. Member, Council on Ionizing Radiation Measure- ments and Standards (CIRMS), Subcommittee Member, CIRMS Medical Subcommittee. on Industrial Applications and Materials Effects. Ronald Colle Member, Program Committee, Harnessing Light: Member, Interagency Committee on Indoor Air Optical Science and Metrology at NIST, SPIE Quality (CIAQ), Radon Workgroup. International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology. Editorial Board, NIST Journal of Research Member, Interagency Committee on Indoor Air Muhammad Arif Quality (CIAQ), Radon Workgroup. Chairman, NIST Research Advisory Committee Louis Costrell (RAC). Chairman, Department of Energy (DoE) National Paul M. Bergstrom Instrumentation Methods (NIM) Committee. Session Chair, International Conference on the Chairman, American National Standards Institute Application of Accelerators in Research and (ANSI) Committee N42, Radiation Instrumen- Industry. tation. Allan D. Carlson Secretary, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Chairman, Consultants' Meetings of the Inter- Engineers (IEEE) Nuclear Instrumentation and national Atomic Energy Agency on Improve- Detectors Committee. ment of the Standard Cross Sections for Light Member, IEEE Conference Policy Committee Elements of the Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society Member, Cross Section Evaluation Working Administrative Committee. Group (CSEWG), National Nuclear Data Center. Member, U.S. National Committee of the Inter- Member, Evaluation Committee of CSEWG. national Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Member, Measurements Committee of CSEWG Chief U.S. Delegate, IEC Committee TC45, Nuclear Instrumentation. Member, Coordinating Committee of the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) Nuclear Data Technical Advisor, U.S. National Committee Program. for IEC Committee TC45, Nuclear Instrumen- tation. Coordinator, Subgroup on Evaluation of the Nuclear Data Standards of the Working Party Member, IEC Committee TC45 Working on International Evaluation Cooperation of the Group 1, Nomenclature. NEANSC. Member, IEC Committee TC45 Working Member, International Technical Program Group 3, Interchangeability. Committee for the International Conference on Member, IEC Committee TC45 Working Nuclear Data for Science and Technology to be Group 9, Detectors. held in Japan, October 2001. Technical Advisor, U.S. National Committee Jeffrey T. Cessna for IEC Subcommittee SC45B, Radiation Pro- tection Instrumentation. Member, International Committee for Radio- nuclide Metrology (ICRM) Life Sciences Bert M. Coursey Working Group. Consultant, Radiation Therapy Committee of Member, ICRM Liquid Scintillation Commit- American Association of Physicists in Medi- tee Working Group. cine (AAPM). Member, European Association of Nuclear President, NIST Chapter Sigma Xi, the Scien- Medicine. tific Research Society. 193 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX D COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP Bert M. Coursey (Cont'd) Lisa R. karam Member, Low-energy Interstitial Brachyther- Member, ICRM Scientific Program Committee. apv Dosimetry Subcommittee of Radiation Member, CIRMS Medical Subcommittee. Therapy Committee, AAPM. Member, CIRMS Public and Environmental Member, Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Radiation Protection Subcommittee. Laboratory Subcommittee of Radiation Therapy Committee. AAPM. Member, NIST Institutional Review Board (IRB). Member ANSI Subcommittee N42.2 “ANSI Standards for Nuclear Radiation Detectors." NIST Representative, CCRI section 2 (Radio- activity Measurements). NIST Representative, Cl RMS. Paul J. Lamperti DOC Delegate, Subcommittee on Radiation Research, Committee for Health Safety and Consultant, AAPM Radiation Committee. Food Research and Development, National Jeffrey S. Nico Science and Technology Council. Member, NIST Radiation Safety Subcommittee. Rapporteur, North American Metrological Organization (NORAMET). C. Michelle O’Brien Marc F. Desrosiers Member, CIRMS Medical Subcommittee. Member, CIRMS, Radiation Effects Subcom- Member, AAPM TG-2 Subcommittee, Guide- mittee. lines for Accreditation of Dosimetry Calibration Laboratories in the Calibration of Instruments Member, ASTM Committee E10, Dosimetry'. Used to Measure Radiation Output of Diagnostic David M. Gilliam X-Ray Beams. Member, ASTM Subcommittee El 0.05, Nu- Stephen M. Seltzer clear Radiation Metrology. Member, International Commission on Radia- Chair, ASTM Task Group El 0.05. 10, Neutron tion Units and Measurements (ICRU). Metrology. Member, ICRU Committee on Fundamental Member, Symposium Committee, ASTM- Quantities and Units. EURATOM Symposium Committee on Re- Sponsor, ICRU Report Committee on Dosimetry actor Dosimetry. Systems for Radiation Processing. NIST Representative, CCR1, Section III Mesures Sponsor, ICRU Report Committee on Elastic Neutroniques. Scattering of Electrons and Positrons. Recording Secretary, International Nuclear Chairman, ICRU Advisory Group on Atomic Target Development Society. and Nuclear Data. Member, Program Advisory Committee. North Member, National Council on Radiation Pro- Carolina State University Reactor Facility. tection and Measurements (NCRP). Kenneth Inn Member, Radiation Therapy Committee Task Member, ASTM Nuclear Fuel Cycle Commit- Group on Kilovoltage X-Ray Beam Dosimetry, tee, Environmental Test Methods, C26.05.01. American Association of Physicists in Medi- Member, ASTM Water, Radioactivity Test cine (AAPM). Methods, D19. Member, CIRMS Subcommittee Medical Appli- Member, CIRMS, Sub-committee on Environ- cations. mental/Public Radiation Protection. U.S. Delegate, IAEA Advisory Group on the Member, Multi-Agency Radiological Labora- Evaluation of and Recommendations on the tory Procedures (MARLAP). Dosimetry Programme. 194 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX D: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP Jileen Shobe Member, ISO Technical Committee 85, Sub- committee 2, Working Group 2 (Reference Member, Laboratory Accreditation Assessment Radiations). Committee, Health Physics Society. Michael P. Lnterweger CIRMS Representative, Health Physics Society, ANSI N13 Parent Committee. Member and Co-Chairman, ICRM Radionu- clide Metrology Techniques Working Group Member, CIRMS Subcommittee on Medical Applications. Member, ASTM D022 Committee on Sam- pling and Analysis of Atmospheres. Member, CIRMS Subcommittee on Opera- tional Radiation Protection. Member, IEEE NIM/FASTBUS Committee. Christopher G. Soares Member, IEEE Nuclear Instruments and De- tectors Committee. Member, IAEA report committee, “Calibration of Beta-Ray and Low-Energy Photon Sources Member, IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences for Brachytherapy.” Society (NPSS) Administrative Committee. Member, IAEA report committee, “Calibration Member, ANSI N42.2, Radioactivity Measure- of Brachytherapy Sources.” ments. U.S. Technical Expert appointed by ANSI to the Convener and Assistant Technical Advisor for International Standards Organization working TC/45/WG9 IEC Committee. group (ISO TC 85/2/2), serving on subgroup 0 Brian E. (beta-particle reference radiations) and sub- Zimmerman group 5 (photon reference radiations). Member, ANSI Standard N42.13 /‘Calibration Member, AAPM Subcommittee, Intravascular and Usage of ‘Dose Calibrator' Ionization Brachytherapy. Chambers for the Assay of Radionuclides.” Member, ICRU Report Committee, “Beta Rays Member, CIRMS Medical Subcommittee. for Therapeutic Applications.” Coordinator, Life Sciences Working Group, Member, Data Safety Monitoring Committee, ICRM. Washington Hospital Center. Member, NIST Ionizing Radiation Safety Re- Member, Health Physics Society (HPS), Scien- view Subcommittee tific Subcommittee Work Group for the revision of ANSI N13.ll, “Personnel Dosimetry Per- TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) formance-Criteria for Testing.” J.C. Bergquist Member, Health Physics Society (HPS), Scien- Member, International Steering Committee for tific Subcommittee Work Group for the revision the Sixth Symposium on Frequency Standards of ANSI N545, “Performance, testing, and pro- and Metrology. cedural specifications for thermoluminescence dosimetry (environmental applications)” and the Member, NIST Precision Measurement Grants writing of ANSI N 13.29, “Criteria for testing Committee. environmental dosimetry performance.” John J. Bollinger Julian H„ Sparrow Member, International Advisory Board, Con- Chairperson, JANNAF Nondestructive Evalua- ference on Strongly Coupled Coulomb Sys- tion subcommittee panel, “Acceptance and NDE tems. Standards.” Member, Organizing Committee, 2001 Work- Alan K. Thompson shop on Non-Neutral Plasmas. Member, ANSI N 13-38, Standards for Neutron Robert E. Drullinger Personnel Protection Meters. Member, Technical Program Committee for Member, Bohmische Physical Society. CPEM 2000. 195 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX D: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP Leo Hollberg Member, Working Group on Two-Way Time th Transfer of the CCTF. Member, Program Committee, 17 Inti. Conf. on Coherent and Nonlinear Optics, ICONO-2001. Member, GPS Interagency Advisory Council (GIAC). Member, BIPM Consultative Committee on Length (CCL). Heidi Quartemont Member, BIPM Working Group on the mis en Administrative Officer Focus Group Committee pratique of the definition of the metre. NIST Communications Committee Co-Chair, Program Committee for Quantum Donald B. Sullivan Optics, International Quantum Electronics Con- Member, Executive Committee for the Confer- ference. ence on Precision Electromagnetic Measure- Wayne Itano ments (CPEM). Secretary-Treasurer of Topical Group on Preci- Member, Consultative Committee on Time and sion Measurement and Fundamental Constants Frequency (CCTF). of the American Physical Society. Member, Commission A on Time and Fre- Member, Executive Committee of the Division quency, International Telecommunications of Laser Science of the American Physical Union - Radiocommunications Sector. Society. Member, Executive Committee for the Annual Steve Jefferts IEEE Frequency Control Symposium. Member, Technical Program Committee, IEEE Marc W eiss Frequency Control Symposium. Member, Working Group on GPS Time Trans- John Kitching fer Standards of the CCTF. Member, Technical Program Committee for the Member, Telecommunication Industry Sub- Advanced Semiconductor Lasers and Applica- committee on Time and Synchronization. tions Workshop. Member, GPS Frequency Standards Working Judah Levine Group. Chairman, BIPM Committee on GPS and David J, Wineland Time Standards. GLONASS Member, National Academy of Sciences. Member, BIPM Working Group on TAT Member, DAMOP Nominating Committee Chairman, JILA Committee on Computing and General Co-Chair, QELS 2002. Electronics. Member, Multidisciplinary University Re- Michael Lombardi search Initiative (MURI) Executive Advisory Board and Technical Advisory Committee Delegate Member, National Conference of “Information Physics” Non-classical Informa- Standards Laboratory. tion Representation and Manipulation. Lisa M. Nelson Member, AIP Visiting Scientist Program in Co-Chair, Civilian GPS Service Interface Physics. Committee (CGSIC). Member, Advisory Editorial Board, Optics Thomas Parker Communication, 2000-2002. Member, Executive Committee for the An- QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848) nual IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium. Steven Cundiff Elected member, IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelec- Physics Panel Member, U.S. Civilial Research trics, and Frequency Control Society Adminis- and Development Foundation (promotes collabo- trative Committee. rations with former Soviet Union). 196 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX D: COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP James Fuller Stephen Leone Member, Public Information Committee of the Chairman of subsection for NSF Committee of American Geophysical Union. Visitors in Chemistry. Chairman, University of Colorado Institute Chairman, DOE Panel on Novel Coherent Directors Council. Light Sources. Vice Chairman, APS Topical Group on Preci- Chairman of APS Award Committee, Schawlow sion Measurement and Fundamental Constants. Prize Committee. Member, Directing Board, International Gravity Member, NSF Selection Committee of APS Bureau. Fellows for the Laser Science Division. Chair, Meeting at BIPM on New Techniques David Nesbitt for Absolute Gravity. Vice Chair, Physical Chemistry Division, Amer- Chair, Workshop at BIPM, Absolute Gravity ican Chemical Society. Instrument Intercomparison (ICAG-2001 ). Member, International Advisory Committee, Deborah S. Jin Molecular Spectroscopy Symposium, Columbus, Ohio ( 1995-present). Member, APS Division of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 2001 Thesis Prize Com- Member, Advisory Committee, Optical Society mittee. of America/Interdisciplinary Laser Science. Advisory Committee, International Conference on Near Field Optics. 197 . . PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX E: WORKSHOPS, CONFERENCES SYMPOSIA ANNUAL REPORT & SPONSORED WORKSHOPS, CONFERENCES, AND SYMPOSIA LABORATORY OFFICE Y. Ohno and C.C. Miller organized and chaired W.R. Ott is chairman and organizer of the biweekly the “NIST Short Course on Photometry,” at NIST, “NIST Staff Colloquium Series.” There were 12 Gaithersburg, Maryland, with the support of colloquia in 2001 Division 844 and PTB in Germany, August 2001. ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) DIVISION (841) J.M. Adams organized and chaired a special session entitled: Nuclear C.W. Clark served as co-organizer of the Work- NIST, hosted at the 2000 Amer- ican Nuclear Society/European Nuclear Society shop on Computational Methods for Few-Body International Meeting, Washington, D.C., Novem- Dynamical Systems, held at NIST November 15- ber 2000. (Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 83, 2000). 17, 2000. The workshop, co-sponsored by the American Physical Society, the National Science J.M. Adams was a program committee member of Foundation, and the University of Maryland, was a special session entitled Harnessing Light: Optical in attended by 70 researchers atomic and molecu- Science and Metrology at NIST, hosted at the SPIE lar physics, chemistry, applied mathematics, and International Symposium on Optical Science and nuclear and particle physics. Technology, San Diego, CA, July 29-August 3, 2001. (Proc. SPIE 4450, 2001). ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) J. S. Nico chaired the session on Nuclear Astro- W.L. Wiese served on the organizing committee physics and Neutrinos at the American Physical th of 7 International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra Meeting in Washington, DC in April 2001. and Oscillator Strengths, at Belfast, Northern K. G.W. Inn sponsored the Workshop on Estimating Ireland, August 2001 and is co-editing the proceed- Uncertainties for Low-Level Radiochemical Anal- ings. The colloquium had 90 participants from 17 yses at NIST, November 12-17, 2000. Participants different countries. included representatives from reference laboratories, regulatory and monitoring agencies, commercial OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) laboratories and aimed forces and national labora- nd L.M. Hanssen organized and conducted the 2 tories conducting mass spectrometry, radiobioassay, Annual Workshop of the NIST-Industry Optical environmental remediation, waste management, Properties of Materials Consortium, Gaithersburg, safeguards, commercial standards, intercomparison MD, December 2000. studies, and performance evaluation programs. T.A. Germer was session chair and program com- TIME & FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) mittee member for the “Surface Scattering and Diffraction for Advanced Metrology,” Conference D. Howe led a tutorial program in May 2001 at the at the SPIE Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, IEEE Frequency Control symposium to describe a set of new advanced statistical estimators and their August 200 1 application in time-prediction algorithms. The B.C. Johnson planned and coordinated a “NIST Allan variance has been an excellent basis for fre- Short Course on Temperature Measurement by quency stability measures since 1966 but has been Radiation Thermometry,” at NIST, Gaithersburg, problematic when used for tuning Kalman fdters, Maryland, with the support of Division 844, June which often play a main role in combining the best 2001 . stability traits of individual clocks in an ensemble. 199 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX E: WORKSHOPS, CONFERENCES & SYMPOSIA The lectures explained why and how to implement There were 12 attendees, most from calibration reliable statistical methods, particularly for man- laboratories. aging ensembles. Over 50 participants made this C. Nelson. D. Howe, and F. Walls led a 3-day work- tutorial one of the most lively and widely attended of the Symposium's 2001 programs. shop October 2000 on microwave-phase noise th measurements that was sponsored by the Office of D. Howe led the 26 Annual Time and Frequency Naval Research and involved 31 participants from Seminar held in Boulder, CO, May-June 2001. military and commercial organizations. The work- Among fundamental topics this year, the Seminar shop focused on methodologies for precise measure- emphasized the present and future role and applica- ment and reduction of phase noise of oscillator signal tion of smaller, cheaper industrial atomic standards. sources operating at frequencies up to 100 GHz. New, more accurate measurement, characteriza- tion, and modeling techniques were introduced. M. Weiss served as chairman for the NIST Telecom While continuing to provide the best technical Solutions “Workshop on Synchronization in Tele- training for engineers, scientists, and technicians communications Systems," held in Boulder, CO, in the time and frequency field, the 2001 seminar April 2001. The workshop involved 100 participants also focused on calibration, traceability, and legal and offered presentations on current requirements metrology issues for commercial and military and methods of synchronization in telecommunica- standards laboratories. There were participants. 20 tions systems to beginners and advanced workers J. Hitching organized a NIST-sponsored workshop in the synchronization field. on Chip-Scale Atomic Clocks. The workshop was arranged in response to a request from the Defense QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848) Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) D. J. Nesbitt served on the advisory committee and and held in Boulder on March 22, 2001. Attendance organized. Optical Society of America/Interdisci- was by invitation only and included key represen- plinary Laser Science, Fall Meeting, October 22-26, tatives from industry, academia, and government 2000. This conference serves as the annual meeting laboratories. Talks presented during the workshop of Division of Laser Science of the American Phys- focused on recent advances in micro-resonator ical Society and provides a forum for the latest work, development and atomic-clock concepts that might both in laser source development and laser appli- be most amenable to miniaturization. The objective of the meeting was to assess the prospects for mini- cations, to a broad range of important scientific aturization to the chip level. problems in physics, chemistry and biology. M. Lombardi and A. Novick conducted a two-day J. Ye and J. Hall served as conference chairs of a seminar called “Time and Frequency: Measure- symposium. “Laser Frequency Stabilization, Stan- ments and Applications" at the Measurement dards, Measurement, and Applications” at the SPIE Science Conference in Anaheim, CA, January 2001. Conference in San Jose, C’A, January 2001. 200 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX F: JOURNAL EDITORSHIPS ANNUAL REPORT JOURNAL EDITORSHIPS LABORATORY OFFICE Taylor, B.N., Chief Editor, Journal of Research of Wiese, W., Associate Editor, Journal of Quantita- the National Institute ofStandards and Technology’. tive Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. Taylor, B.N., Member, Editorial Board, Metro/ogia Wiese, W„ Member, Editorial Board, “Atomic Data Supplement Series” to Nuclear Fusion. ELECTRON & OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION Wiese, W., Member, Editorial Board, Interna- (841) tional Bulletin on Atomic and Molecular Data for Fusion , International Atomic Energy Agency. Celotta, R.J. , Co-editor, Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences Press Series. , Academic Williams, C., Associate Editor, Quantum Infor- Clark, C.W., Member, Editorial Advisory Board, mation & computation, Rinton Press. Physics ofAtoms and Molecules (Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers). OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) Hougen, J.T., Member, Editorial Advisory Board. Clark, C.W., Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Journal Molecular Spectroscopy. Physics B: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. of Johnson, B.C., Guest Editor for Tempmeko 2001, Lucatorto, T.B. , Co-editor, Experimental Methods th 8 International Symposium (Berlin, Germany). in the Physical Sciences , Academic Press Series. Lucatorto, T.B., Topical Editor for Ultraviolet and IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) X-ray Physics, Journal of the Optical Society’ of Bergstrom, P.M., Editor, Bulletin of the Inter- America. B. national Radiation Physics Society'. Pierce, D.T., Advisory Editor, Journal of Magnet- Colie, R., Member, Editorial Board, Journal of ism and Magnetic Materials. Research National Institute of Standards and Tamo, C.C., NIST Correspondent, Synchrotron Technology. Radiation News. Coursey, B.M., Editor-in-Chief, Editorial Board, Applied Radiation and Isotopes. ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) Coursey, B.M., Member, Editorial Board, Nuclear Deslattes, R.D., Member, Editorial Board, Physical Medicine and Biology’. Review A. Coursey, B.M., Member, Editorial Board, Cardio- Deslattes, R.D., Member, International Advisory vascular Radiation Medicine. Board, Journal of Physics B. Inn, K.G.W., Member, Editorial Review Board, Deslattes, R.D., Member, Editorial Board, Review Radioactivity’ and Radiochemistry. Scientific Instruments. of Soares, C.G., Member, Editorial Advisory Board, Gillaspy, J.D., Editor, “Trapping Highly Charged Vascular Radiotherapy. Ions: Fundamentals and Applications,” NOVA Soares, C.G., Editor, Cardiovascular Radiation Science Publishers. Medicine. Reader, J., Editor, “Line Spectra of the Elements,” Soares, C.G., Guest Associate Editor, Medical Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press. Physics. 201 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX F: JOURNAL EDITORSHIPS TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848) Letters ltano. W.M., Associate Editor, Optics Express of Cornell, E.A., Member, Physical Review the Optical Society of America. Review Committee. Parker, T.E., Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Leone, S.R.. Member, Advisory Editorial Board, Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control. Chemical Physics Letters. Wineland, D.J., Member, Advisory Editorial Leone, S.R., Editor, Annual Reviews of Physical Board, Optics Communication. Chemistry. Wineland. D.J., Managing Co-Editor, Quantum Nesbitt. D.J., Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Information and Computation. Chemical Physics. 202 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX G: INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS ANNUAL REPORT INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS COOPERATIVE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGREEMENTS - CRADAs ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) Atomic Data for Lighting Research. The Atomic Optics Corporation, John Hopkins University- Spectroscopy Group has a CRADA with the Electric Applied Physics Laboratory, Labsphere Inc., Kodak, Power Research Institute (EPRJ) to produce basic Hoffman-LaRoche and Zeiss. The second annual atomic data for lighting research. This is part of a workshop was held at NIST in Gaithersburg, MD joint EPRI-lead effort with Los Alamos National with presentations by both NIST and industrial Laboratory, the University of Wisconsin, the Univer- participants on current activities related to optical sity of Illinois, General Electric, Philips Lighting, properties. and Osram/Sylvania to find new approaches to the IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) design of high-efficiency lighting. The NIST group is measuring wavelengths and transition prob- Remote Control of Alanine Dosimeter Measure- abilities for complex atomic spectra using high- ments. The Radiation Interactions and Dosimetry resolution Fourier transform spectrometry, making Group under a CRADA is working with Bruker radiometric measurements of mercury discharges, Instruments, Inc., Billerica, MA, to facilitate soft- and using x-ray sources to map spatial distributions ware development to control alanine dosimeter of emitters in high intensity discharge lamps. measurements remotely for internet-based radia- tion calibration services. OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) Calibration Services for Low-Energy Electron Radiation Thermometry for RTP. NIST Beams. The Radiation Interactions and Dosimetry entered into a CRADA agreement with Applied Group is working with GEX Corporation under a Materials (CRADA CN-1530) titled “Characteriza- CRADA to jointly develop and field test a transfer tion of the Radiation Environment in RTP Wafer calibration service for industrial users of electron Backside Reflective Type Cavities,” and one with beams with energies less than 500 kV. Steag AST Elektronik (CRADA CN-1457) titled Measurement of Radiation Dose and Dose Dis- “Radiation Thermometry for RTP Applications.” tributions in Three Dimensions Using an Auto- The NIST Principal Investigators for both CRADA mated Water Phantom. The Radiation Interactions agreements were R.D. Saunders, B.K. Tsai, F.J. and Dosimetry Group has set up a CRADA with Lovas, and D.P. DeWitt. the Photoelectron Corporation, MA, to explore the NIST/Industry Consortium on Optical Proper- use of an automated water phantom and small ties of Materials (OPMC). The OPMC has been volume ionization chamber combination for the established to provide NIST with direct input from dosimetry of low-energy photon sources to work industry concerning industry's needs for optical towards the goal of developing an absorbed-dose properties of materials data, standards, calibration standard for photon brachytherapy sources. Essential services, materials research, measurement meth- to such standards is the measurement of absorbed odologies, etc. Currently six industrial and two dose rate in water or water-equivalent media. Tradi- academic members representing a variety of fields tional automated water phantoms move detectors are working with NIST personnel from several divi- in a Cartesian coordinate system. While this system sions under the Consortium CRADA agreements. is convenient for beam dosimetry, it poses problems The Optical Technology Division is currently for the dosimetry of brachytherapy sources. Since working with OPMC members Raytheon, Surface the radiation fields produced by these sources are 203 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX G: INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS inherently cylindrical in nature, detectors that have quality in drug manufacturing and use. The trace- angular dependent responses will perform poorly ability program operates by distributing calibrated when scanned in a field produced by a brachytherapy standards on a regular basis to participants as blind source. Scanning the detector in cylindrical coordi- samples, and as standard reference materials to the nates, however, will keep the detector surface public. parallel to the brachytherapy source axis and hence Standards and Traceability of the Nuclear avoid angular dependence problems. This enhance- Power and Standards Suppliers. The Radioac- ment in automated water phantom design will be tivity Group works under a CRADA with a group particularly crucial in intravascular brachytherapy combining the nuclear power industry and stan- applications where source to detector distances are dards production laboratories to provide standards very small and angular and radial distance accuracy and traceability services. These sources are used in is extremely important. Various source and detec- power plant monitoring of the waste, normal opera- tor combinations will be used in the water phantom tions, environmental monitoring, etc. to measure three-dimensional dose distributions in water for comparison with the results of other TIME ANI) FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) determinations, such as with radiochromic film. Software will be developed to control the water Development of an Optical Frequency Stan- phantom for these measurements, as well as to dard. J. Bergquist, the Ion Storage Group, and acquire and condition the data obtained. Mounting L. Hollberg are collaborating under the terms of systems for the sources and detectors will be a CRADA with Timing Solutions Corporation to designed and built. Sources to be used will include develop an optical frequency standard with an but not be limited to portable low-energy x-ray uncertainty and fractional instability that are lower )0 0" x 1 probe sources, Sr/Y seeds and plaque sources, than 1 1 by spectrally narrowing a laser 3“> 19*> ->5 . i "P wires and balloons, "Ir seed ribbons, I through its short-term lock to a high-finesse optical l0 seeds and ’Pd seeds. Detectors employed will cavity and its long-term lock to a narrow transition include but not be limited to small volume ioniza- in a single laser-cooled mercury ion or a crystal- tion chambers, scintillators, and diodes. Accuracy lized ensemble of laser-cooled ions. and reproducibility of the detector positioning will Two Way Satellite Time Transfer. D. Howe is be examined and quantified. collaborating under the terms of a CRADA with Timing Solutions Corporation to set up and imple- X-Ray Imaging System. Industrial Quality, Inc. ment two-way satellite time transfer to support of Gaithersburg, MD, in a CRADA with the Radia- and/or evaluate other existing or proposed time- tion Interactions and Dosimetry Group, is develop- transfer technologies. ing and testing an x-ray imaging system (variable- depth x-ray laminography) for manufacturing Secure Time Distribution. J. Levine is collabor- inspection and quality control of critical laminated ating under the terms of a CRADA with Certified structures, such as printed-circuit boards. Time, Inc., for the purpose of studying secure Pressure Vessel Dosimetry. J.M. Adams and methods of time-data distribution offering the greatest precision across open networks such as A.D. Carlson, via a CRADA with Ohio University, the Internet and across closed networks adjoining are involved in research for the DOE Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (NERI) on measurement of the Internet such as are common in the commercial sector. neutron inelastic scattering cross sections in iron. These standard methods and reference data are critical for the design of nuclear-reactor pressure QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848) vessels that are subjected to neutron-embrittlement Development of Instrumentation for Ultrafast of the steel structures. Optics. S.T. Cundiff has a CRADA with ThorLabs, Standards and Traceability of the Radiopharm- Inc. (Newton, NJ), to develop instrumentation for aceutical Industry. The Radioactivity Group and ultrafast optics. Currently the project is focusing the Nuclear Energy Institute, under the auspices of on developing compact and inexpensive designs a CRADA, work with the radiopharmaceutical in- for autocorrelators, which are used to measure the dustry to develop and provide necessary standards temporal width of ultrafast optical pulses (duration and calibration services to ensure measurement of 100 fs or less). 204 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX G: INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS Frequency Calibrating Optical Spectrum for portable frequency standards and instrument Analyzers. D.J. Nesbitt and S. Gilbert (EEEL) calibration in the 1.5 p region. have established a CRADA with Hewlitt Packard on the development of easily transportable methods Development of Diode-Pumped Solid State for frequency calibrating optical spectrum analyzers Lasers for LIDAR Application. J. Ye has estab- using overtone transitions in isotopically labeled lished a CRADA with Coherent Technology Inc. l H ’CN absorption cells. based in Colorado. 13 Synthesizing Isotopically Labeled H CN. Active Stabilization and Synchronization of D.J. Nesbitt has a CRADA with Environmental Femtosecond Lasers. J. Ye has established a Optical Sensors, Inc. to advise them in the tech- CRADA with the Kapteyn-Murnane Laboratories I3 nology of synthesizing isotopically labeled H CN LLC based in Boulder, Colorado. 205 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX G: INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS INFORMAL COLLABORATIONS ELECTRON & OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION Development of EUV Pulsed Radiometry. The (841) Photon Physics Group is working closely with Measurement of the Intrinsic Birefringence of the EUV-LLC to develop a calibration method Calcium Fluoride. SEMATEC'H, in support of the to accurately characterize the EUV wafer-plane semiconductor industry's effort to develop DUV dosimeters they will use in their EUV steppers. microlithography using 157 nm light, has requested Development of EUV Filter-Detector Packages. NIST help m fully characterizing refractive lens The Photon Physics Group has continued its long- materials that have high transmission at 157 nm. standing collaboration with International Radiation Thus far the prime candidate material for stepper Detectors, Inc. of Torrance, CA. The Group has lenses is calcium fluoride (CaF 2 h one of the few made several measurements in support of IRD’s materials that is highly transparent at 157 nm. Exper- effort to develop photodiodes with an Sn or In film imental work in the Atomic Physics Division (842) deposited directly onto the active area. Such a film revealed that CaF : has a significant amount of would render the device insensitive to radiation intrinsic birefringence at 157 nm. a fact that was outside a band in the far ultraviolet, enabling the totally unexpected and that will force the developers direct observation of important solar emission of 157 nm microlithography to make major adjust- lines while minimizing the effects of other far ments to their designs. Theoretical work in the ultraviolet emissions outside the wavelength range Photon Physics Group collaboratively performed of interest. with the Optical Technology Division (844) corrob- orated the experimental results and described the Development of Solar Blind Photodiodes. The symmetry properties of the birefringence which Photon Physics Group has worked with SVT will allow some cancellation of its effects by the Associates of Eden Prairie, MN to characterize proper orientation of different lenses of the stepper. GaN and AlGaN photodiodes. These devices are inherently solar blind, i.e., they do not respond Improved Accuracy for the NIST/DARPA appreciably to visible or infrared radiation. In some Reflectivity Facility. The EUV-LLC. a consortium applications, the utility of current Si photodiodes of Intel, Motorola, AMD. Micron Technology, is limited by the presence of a visible and infrared Infineon Technologies, and IBM, has embarked on radiation background that is not of interest to the a program to demonstrate the feasibility of EUV experimenter. We have made the first experimental lithography for the next generation of microcircuit measurements of detector quantum efficiency in fabrication. Proper operation of the EUV stepper the far ultraviolet, and have evaluated different requires that its EUV mirrors be measured to device architectures. At wavelengths less than unprecedented accuracy: i.e., 0.1% in reflectivity 200 nm, Schottky devices exhibit a higher quantum and 0.01% in peak wavelength. The Photon Phys- efficiency than p-i-n devices. SVT Associates is ics Group is in the process of upgrading the NIST/ currently fabricating large area devices; the largest DARPA Reflectometry Facility on SURF III to active area achieved to date is 5 mnr. attain this level of accuracy. Presently the NIST/ DARPA instrument is the only one in the world ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) large enough to measure the large mirrors in an EUV stepper. This year we have measured the Wavelengths of VUV Lasers for Lithography. largest mirror of a prototype stepper recently com- For deep UV photolithography with excimer-lasers, missioned by the EUC-LLC. We expect to play an precise wavelength specification and control is a increasing role in their effort, starting with our critical requirement, because chromatic effects in participation in an ongoing international intercom- the projection optics is a limiting factor in reducing parision of reflectivity measurements to establish a the size of circuit elements on new generations of more accurate scale for reflectivity. integrated circuits. As a result of contacts with 206 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX G: INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS laser manufacturers, the Atomic Spectroscopy sources used to test satellite components. Titan Group performed a collaborative experiment with Systems Corporation is performing these tests for the Lambda Physik Corporation, a subsidiary of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. The group Coherent, Inc., to measure accurate wavelengths has provided assistance in the areas of spectrom- for lasing lines at 157 nm emitted by a molecular eter design and ray-tracing software, reflectivity fluorine laser. A Lambda Physik fluorine laser, and absorption data, and relevant publications and sent from Germany especially for this experiment, reports. was mated to the NIST 10 m normal-incidence Optica! Computer Aided Tomography for vacuum spectrograph with a novel beam line Plasma Uniformity Control. The plasma radia- designed to eliminate shifts in wavelength that tion group has an ongoing effort with ATP Intra- might be caused by slightly different illumination mural funding to develop a plasma uniformity of the optics by the laser and the Pt/Ne hollow process control sensor based on optical computer cathode calibration lamp. Wavelengths for six aided tomography. Real or in-time measurements lasing lines were measured to an accuracy of of plasma uniformity is of interest to the semicon- 0.00010 nm. Three of the six were lasing lines that ductor industry and plasma etching tool manufac- had not been observed previously. Further work is turers such as LAM Research. continuing with the Lambda Physik Co. to address wavelength calibration problems for ArF lasers Analysis Software for Near-Field Optical operating at 193 nm. Microscopes. G.W. Bryant serves as COTR on Thin Film and Multilayer Metrology. Our work an SBIR Phase II with Field Precision, Inc. to simulation software for on x-ray analysis of thin film and multilayer struc- develop finite element near-field scanning optical microscopy. tures is motivated by applications in the area of materials deposition and process- semiconductor Stress Induced and Intrinsic Birefringence ing. More specifically, we have maintained a long- in UV Materials. We have been pursuing a standing relationship with SEMATECH and its SEMATECH sponsored project to determine the member companies in the application of high- stress-induced birefringence properties of all the resolution x-ray tools to the solution of specific materials potentially of use for deep UV precision manufacturing problems. Based on this industrial optics, including CaF 2 , BaF 2 , SrF2 , LiF, and fused connection, we have initiated the formation of the silica. These parameters are needed for the design Consortium for High-resolution X-ray Calibration of the optics of 157 nm lithography systems. In a Strategies. The overall goal of this Consortium will separate investigation we uncovered a different be to support the use and interpretation of high- birefringence phenomena that is intrinsic to these resolution x-ray analytical techniques by U.S. semi- materials, which is at least as important as the conductor materials and tool suppliers. The final stress-induced effect. Using unique UV polarim- technical program for the critical tasks of the Con- etry and interferometric apparatuses we built, sortium has been established, and a Cooperative we have been measuring these parameters on Research and Development Agreement has been materials from all the leading UV materials sup- drafted and approved by NIST. We are currently pliers in the U.S. and the world. [ACT Optics engaged in technical and management discussions (Cleveland, OH), Coming/ Optovac (Brookfield, with high resolution x-ray equipment vendors (Bede MA), Coming (Corning, NY), Korth (Germany), Scientific, Bruker AXS, Philips Analytical), semi- Saint-Gobain/Bicron (Solon, OH), Schott Glas conductor materials processing companies (Intel, (Germany, U.S. subsidiary: Duryea, PA)] We AMD, IBM, IQE, TriQuint), and production tool deliver these results directly to all the 157 nm suppliers (ThermaWave, EMCORE) to formally lithography system designers, including ASML initiate the work of the Consortium. Exploratory (Netherlands, U.S. subsidiary: SVGL, Wilton, contacts with other potential industrial members MA), Canon (Japan), Corning/Tropel (Fairport, are currently being made. NY), Nikon (Japan), Optical Research Associates X-ray Source Characterization with Crystal- (Pasadena, CA), Ultratech Stepper (Wilmington, Diffraction Spectrometry. The Quantum Metrol- MA), and to the key system component manufac- ogy Group is consulting with the Pulse Sciences turers. including Cymer (San Diego, CA), Hinds Division of Titan Systems Corporation on the Instalments (Hillsboro, OR), and Lambda Physik x-ray spectral characterization of high-power U.S. A. (Ft. Lauderdale, FL). 207 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX G: INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) electron-photon transport Monte Carlo simulations to calculate the spatial distribution of absorbed dose Infrared Optical Properties of Materials Char- in water around proposed “P sources, and (b) cali- acterization, L.M. Hanssen worked with ITT brating well-ionization chambers in terms of refer- industries Aerospace Division of Foil Wayne, IN ence absorbed dose and activity for existing "P to evaluate and develop high emittance coatings sources. for blackbody sources for infrared applications. Measurements of directional-hemispherical reflec- Interferometry and Tomography Imaging. tance and bi-directional reflectance distribution M. Arif and D.L. Jacobson in the Neutron Interac- function were performed at NIST to support this tions and Dosimetry Group are working with Dr. effort. Gregg Downing, with Nova Scientific, to develop L.M. Hanssen worked with the Tactical Defense a new, high resolution, neutron detector screen for Systems group at MIT Lincoln Laboratory, to ana- neutron imaging. The performance of the new lyze the infrared emittance properties of coatings screen will be demonstrated using the neutron used for the Airborne Laser Project. interferometry and tomography imaging facilities. S. G. Kaplan and L. M. Hanssen worked with Standards and Traceability for the Army. Surface Optics Corporation to establish higher M. Unterweger and P. Hodge are coordinating the accuracy reflectance scales for their commercial traceability program for the U.S. Army, which instrumentation that are used by a number of U.S. involves the calibration and measurement of swipe and U.K. aerospace companies. Transfer standard samples of various radionuclides to assess the per- reflectance samples (high reflectance infrared formance of U.S. Army measurement laboratories mirrors and infrared diffusers) are being spectrally (in addition to military ones listed last year), has characterized for this purpose. been in progress. The results of the first '"Ni samples have been reported to the participating laboratories. DIVISION 60 1 ' 7 IONIZING RADIATION (846) Samples of “"Am, Co, and Cs were sent to the participating laboratories and the results compiled Methods to Calibrate and Characterize Beta- 90 and reported to them. Samples of ‘’’Ni and Sr Particle Brachvtherapy Sources. C.G. Soares is were distributed and are being measured by the working with Novoste Corp. of Atlanta, GA; Guid- participating laboratories. ant VI Corp. of Houston, TX; Radiance Medical Systems of Irvine, CA; Radiovascular of Washing- Glow Discharge Resonance Ionization Spectros- ton, DC; Best Industries of Springfield, VA; Cordis copy Investigations. L. Pibida and R. Hutchinson, Corp. of Warren, NJ; Medtronic AVE of Santa in collaboration with Pacific Northwest National Rosa, CA; Xoft Microtube of Fremont, CA; AEA Laboratory (PNNL) and the University of Mainz, Technologies of Braunschweig, Germany; and Germany, have extended our RIMS system. Mea- L’ 5 L’ 7 BEB1G of Berlin, Germany to develop methods to surements of Cs/ Cs isotopic ratio in bum up calibrate and characterize intravascular brachv- samples were performed as well as investigations therapy sources for use in preventing restenosis in extending the NIST system to study difference after angioplasty therapy. The procedure of angio- radioisotopes in environmental samples. The ulti- plasty is performed over 500,000 times in the U.S. mate purpose is to assay environmental radioac- each year, and in about 40 % of the cases, restenosis tivity either in the original matrix or with minimal occurs, requiring another treatment. Research has chemical steps performed before measurement with shown that a dose of about 20 Gy, delivered to the the highest efficiency and selectivity achievable. wall of the blood vessel after the angioplasty has Cryogenic Calorimetry. R. Colle and B. Zim- been performed, is effective in inhibiting restenosis. merman have been working with SRL, Inc., of NIST has taken an early and leading role in devel- Boston, MA, which received SBIR phase II funding oping methods for the calibration of the sources for the development and production of a prototype used for this therapy, employing the NIST extrap- cryogenic calorimeter. The principle behind this olation chamber and radiochromic dye film. New device is that all ionizing radiations will be even- measurement methods are under active research. tually absorbed by the surrounding matter and con- Intravascular Brachytherapv. Members of the verted to heat. This is particularly true for alpha and Radiation Interactions and Dosimetry Group are beta emitters. Clearly, photonic radiations of high working with Guidant, Inc. in (a) performing energies, typically greater than 50 keV, will not be 208 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX G: INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS totally absorbed, or stopped, in a few centimeters A full-factorial experimental design/data analysis of any kind of source containment. Nevertheless, methodology was used to establish the optimum this device should be very useful for the activity conditions for these six extractions. Reaction time, assay of most alpha, beta and some isomeric (less reagent concentration, and reaction temperature than 50 keV) gamma-ray emission radioactivities. were chosen as experimental variables. A total of six peer-reviewed publications have resulted from Storage Photostimulable Phosphor Imaging. this collaborative project with The Department of Radioactive contamination poses a special challenge Oceanography at Florida State University. In the to environmental clean-up efforts, and site charac- coming year the collaboration will expand to include terization and post-remediation verification require researchers from Germany, Ireland, and Norway, innovative measurement techniques and strict who will participate in an intercomparison of the quality control. An important part of this effort optimized method developed thus far. involves the production and maintenance of large area sources for calibration of instruments used in Development of Standards for Radioimmuno- lw, military, medical and environmental applications. therapy. The radionuclide Ho is has been inves- The uniformity and accurate measurement of these tigated for a wide variety of therapeutic applications sources impact directly on the delivery of quality in nuclear medicine. NeoRx, Inc. and partners are services in these applications. Along with NeuTek, currently investigating ""'Ho for use in radioim- M. Unterweger, L. Karam, and P. Hodge have munotherapy of small cell cancers. As part of any been exploring the potential of applying a new application to the Food and Drug Administration radiation imaging concept based on the storage for approval of radiopharmaceuticals for use in photostimulable phosphor (SPP) technique for humans, NeoRx must demonstrate that they can radioactivity measurement of large area sources. accurately measure the amount of radioactive ""’Ho The combination of high resolution, high sensitivity present in the drug. The Radioactivity Group has with a linear response of over 1(T dynamic ranges worked with NeoRx, Inc.; Missouri University makes the SPP imaging detector especially suited Research Reactor; International Isotopes, Inc.; and for this task. The SPP measurement process is non- ABC Laboratories to develop a national standard destructive and quick, and is capable of providing for this radionuclide, verifying preliminary work a detailed radioactivity distribution map of a test previously performed at NIST. Work was also per- source, a capability very much needed in source formed to transfer this primary standard to the NIST characterization. ionization chamber, to facilitate the dissemination of the national standard. Previous work was done Characterization of the Fuji Imaging System using a solution of holmium in the form of a chlor- for Large-Area Alpha Sources. A contract with ide. Work this year extended the primary measure- Nucor Corporation for the characterization of the ment to solutions of the drug formulation, ""’Ho- Fuji imaging system for use as a calibration tool DOTMP, and developed “transfer standards;” i.e., for large-area alpha sources has been completed. calibration factors for commercially available re- Experimental verification of the linearity corrections entrant ionization chambers for specific geometries is being undertaken by M. Unterweger, P. Hodge, and solutions. and L. Karam. If successful, it will enable the system to be used for the calibration of low-level QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848) alpha-emitting sources. Collaboration with IBM. Development of novel Radionuclide Speciation in Soils and Sediments. measurement tools for latent images in photolitho- This project, led by K. Inn and C. McMahon, graphic films using infrared near field optical micro- addresses the identification of radionuclide parti- scopy. IBM provides samples of chemically ampli- tioning in soils and sediments. The approach fied polymer photoresists and infrared near field involves the development of the NIST Standard optical microscopy techniques are developed in Extraction Protocol for identifying the distribution the laboratories of S.R. Leone to measure the line of radioactive elements in soils and sediments. The dimensions and photoacid diffusion under differ- procedure is designed to partition a soil or sediment ent conditions of bake and irradiation. The results sample into six operationally defined fractions are important to characterize polymer photoresists (HN0 3 , HF, MgCl, HOAC, H 2 Q 2 , NH 2 OH HCl). for state-of-the-art line dimensions. 209 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX G: INDUSTRIAL INTERACTIONS Spectral Broadening in Microstructured graduate training program designed to meet the Optical Fiber. S.T. Cundiff, J.L. Hall, and J. Ye growing demand for individuals who have a are studying the spectrally broadened frequency thorough familiarity with optics in addition to grad- comb produced when an ultrashort pulses propa- uate training in Chemistry, Physics, or Electrical gates through microstructured optical fiber. The and Computer Engineering. The program is built microstructured optical fiber is being provided around the Employable Quintet of in-depth tech- by Lucent Technologies (Murray Hill, NJ). The nical knowledge, problem solving ability in a spectrally broadened frequency comb is being laboratory setting, flexibility in learning and work- used for optical frequency measurement and ing, an ability to work in teams, and clarity in oral synthesis. and written communication. By expanding its Optical Science and Engineering Program. connections to include the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and participating in a OSEP is a multi-department, interdisciplinary new industrial advisory board for OSEP, JILA collaboration among J1LA, NIST, and the University plans to strengthen and broaden its collaborations of Colorado’s departments of Physics, Electrical with industry while continuing to pursue basic Engineering and Computer Science, and Chemistry research of exceptional merit and relevance. and Biochemistry. The OSEP is an innovative 210 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H; OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH & CONSULTING ANNUAL REPORT OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH AND CONSULTING LABORATORY OFFICE (840) W.R. Ott is the NIST liaison for NIST's Ballistic J. Unguris, D.T. Pierce and RJ. Celotta performed Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) metrology research for the Office of Naval Research: Investi- projects (about $1 M program in the Physics gating magnetism in low-dimensional systems to Laboratory). better understand the magnetic properties of mag- netic thin films and multilayers. W.R. Ott gave a presentation on directions of research in the Physics Laboratory and participated ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) in discussions on the future of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics research at a meeting of the J.D. Gillaspy, research for NASA in collaboration NRC Committee on Atomic, Molecular, and Opti- with the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astro- cal Physics. physics: x-ray data from highly charged ions, in support of Chandra. Testing of microcalorimeter, ELECTRON & OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION in support of the development of detectors for (841) future satellite observatories. C.W. Clark developed quantitative models of quan- L.T. Hudson, research for the Naval Research Lab- tum-degenerate gases for the National Science oratory designing, fabricating, and calibrating a Foundation, through the University of Maryland. cluster of diagnostic x-ray crystal spectrometers for the diagnosis of plasmas at the National Ignition C.W. Clark worked on atom-laser design for the Facility of Lawrence Livermore National Labora- Office of Naval Research, in collaboration with tory. the Atomic Physics Division. P. Julienne and W. Phillips (with C.W. Clark, C.W. Clark worked on physical science applica- Div. worked on atom-laser design for the tions of the NIST Digital Library of Mathematical 841), Office of Naval Research. Functions, for the National Science Foundation. C.W. Clark worked on quantum communication Y.K. Kim, research for DOE: Theory of electron- ionization for the Defense Advanced Research Projects agency. impact for application to magnetic fusion. M. Furst performed absolute EUV radiometry for NASA to improve the reliability and accuracy of W. Phillips and others, research for ONR on laser space-borne spectrometers. cooling and trapping and cold collisions. A.H. Band (with G.A. Klouda, Div. 837), United W. Phillips and S. Rolston, research for NASA on States Air Force: Upgrade of NIST Low Level a Primary Atomic Reference Clock in space (Time Counting System. and Frequency Division is also involved). T.B. Lucatorto served on a review panel for the W. Phillips, C. Williams, and others, research for New York Scientific, Technical and Academic DARPA on the use of neutral atoms for quantum Research Program. information processing (with Div. 841 ). J.A. Stroscio, R.J. Celotta, and D.T. Pierce per- L. Podobedova and A. Robey, research for NASA: formed research for the Office of Naval Research: Compilation of data to support the Chandra X-ray Electronics and Magnetism at the Nanometer Scale. Observatory Emission Lines Project 211 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH & CONSULTING J. Reader, C. Sansonetti, and E. Saloman, research T. Early and D. Allen, research for the DOE to for DOE: Critical compilations of atomic spectro- look at fluorescent standards. scopic data of magnetic-fusion interest. G. Eppeldauer, research for the USAF: Develop J. Reader, research for DOE: Spectroscopy of spatially uniform infrared working standard radi- highly ionized atoms to obtain data needed for ometers for the 5 pm to 20 pm wavelength range. diagnostics of magnetic-fusion plasmas. G. Eppeldauer, S. Brown, and R. Lvkke, research J. Reader, research for NASA: compilation and for the USAF: Develop a Spectral Irradiance and dissemination of spectral data for light elements in Radiance Response Calibration with Uniform collaboration with Institute for Spectroscopy, Sources (S1RCUS) reference facility to increase Moscow. accuracy of detector based radiometric, photo- metric, color, and temperature measurements. C. Sansonetti and J. Reader, research for NASA: Wavelengths and isotope shifts for heavy elements G. Eppeldauer and H. Yoon, research for the U.S. needed for interpretation of spectra of chemically Air Force (USAF): Develop high sensitivity InSb peculiar stars. radiometer standards and a detector-based calibra- tion method and procedure to measure infrared \\ . Wiese principal investigator (PI), research for irradiance of target simulators. the Office of Fusion Energy Science, DOE: Efc- termination of atomic data for the fusion energy G. Eppeldauer and J. Lehman (NIST Boulder), program. This is a 4-component program, covering research for the USAF: Develop standards quality experimental and theoretical work on spectroscopy pyroelectric detectors and radiometers to extend and collision physics in the Atomic Physics Divi- the high accuracy spectral power responsivity sion and at JILA, including the above mentioned measurements from the visible wavelength range research by ,1. Reader, C. Sansonetti, E. Saloman. to the ultraviolet and infrared. and Y.-R. Rim. G.T. Fraser and D.F. Plusquellic, research for the W. Wiese, research for NASA: Critical evaluation Upper Atmosphere Research Program of NASA and compilation of transition-probability data per- for Infrared Spectroscopy Studies on Atmosphere tinent to the space astronomy program. Molecules. W. Wiese, research for NASA: Atomic Oscillator G.T. Fraser. D.F. Plusquellic. and W.J. Lafferty. Strength Measurements for the analysis of Hubble research for the NASA AQUA program to provide Space Telescope data. spectroscopic measurements of the water-vapor continuum absorption. C. Williams. Advance Research and Development Activity (ARDA) National Security Agency (NSA) G.T. Fraser, research for the Army on the valida- for Neutral Atom Quantum Computing w ith Opti- tion of FTMW for quantitative analysis. cal Lattices (PI). R. Gupta, measurements on UV degradation of C. Williams, Defense Advanced Research and photodiodes and optical constants of calcium fluo- Development Activity (DARPA) for a Scalable ride for MIT Lincoln Labs and Optical Stepper Quantum Information Network (PI). Manufacturer. L.M. Hanssen and S. Raplan. performed research OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) for the U.S. Na\y: Support for the Navy Primary Standards Laboratory Fourier Transform based T. Earh . funded by the Environmental Protection Blackbody calibration facility. Agency: Maintain a monitoring site for the National LA' Monitoring Center. L.M. Hanssen and G. Eppeldauer. performed research for the Ballistic Missile Defense Organi- T. Early. S. Brown. D. Allen, and C. Johnson, in zation: Pyroelectric detector calibration project. collaboration with Lockeed Martin. Seripps Insti- tute of Oceanography and Goddard Space Flight L. Hanssen and S. Raplan. research for the USAF: Center: Perform radiometric calibration of the Variable angle and temperature emittance for target Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC). discrimination. 212 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH & CONSULTING E. Heilweil, consulting with Drs. P. Manos and M. S.R. Lorentz and R.U. Datla, research for Ballistic Meadows, The Gillette Company, Gaithersburg, Missile Defense Organization: Infrared detector MD and Boston, MA: Use infrared imaging cam- transfer standards. eras to measure temperature increase and heat flow S.R. Lorentz and R.U. Datla, research for Ballistic in laser stimulated hair and hair follicle samples. Missile Defense Organization: Improved absolute E. Heilweil, collaborating with Drs. D. Guyeski cryogenic radiometer for the LBIR facility. and J. Pelegrino (NIST, EEEL): Use femtosecond S.R. Lorentz and R.U. Datla, research for Ballistic pump-probe methods to directly measure carrier Missile Defense Organization: BMDO transfer relaxation times of low-temperature grown GaAs standard radiometer (BXR) development, calibra- films used for THz generators and detectors. tion and deployment. E. Heilweil, in collaboration with Drs. O. Zohar S.R. Lorentz, S.G. Kaplan, L.M. Hanssen, and R.U. and D. Alkon, National Institute of Neuronal Datla, research for the BMDO (USAF): Develop- Disorders and Stroke, NIH: NIST's mid-infrared ment of measurement methodologies, calibration camera systems are being used to image heat services and standards for infrared detectors, black- release from electrically stimulated neutrons in bodies, and spectral emittance, reflectance and trans- live rat brain sections. We also measure tempera- mittance of materials. ture-sensitive phosphorescence lifetimes of a europium chelate in solution and model cell mem- A. Migdall, research for DARPA on a scalable branes. quantum information network. J. Houston and J. Rice, research for the U.S. Navy C.C. Miller and T. Early, research for providing and USAF CCG: Develop HACR2, a new primary calibration services for retroreflectance for the radiometric standard. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. C. Johnson, D. Allen, S. Brown, T. Early, J. Y. Ohno and R. Saunders research for U.S. Navy: Fowler, C. Gibson, J. Rice, and H. Yoon, research Wire Contrast Measurement Standards (CCG for NASA: EOS calibration and validation program. 00-462). C. Johnson and H. Yoon, research for the USAF J.P. Rice, research for Los Alamos National Labor- on the development of 2.25 irn radiation ther- atory (LANL): In-situ verification of the infrared mometer. radiometric scale used at the LANL space-simula- ting calibration chamber by development of the C. Johnson, S. Brown, and H. Yoon, research for NIST Thermal-infrared Transfer Radiometer. NOAA: Marine optical buoy ocean color program. J.P. Rice, consulting for NOAA, USAF and NASA: C. Johnson, S. Brown, and H. Yoon, research for wrote the NIST section of the NPOESS Prepara- NASA: SeaWiFS calibration and validation program. tory Project [NPP] Calibration and Product Vali- S. Kaplan, research for the Johns Hopkins Univer- dation Plan for the National Polar-Orbiting Opera- sity (JHU) Applied Physics Laboratory on the tional Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS). index of refraction for Sapphire, collaboration J.P. Rice and C. Johnson, research for NASA: with M.E. Thomas of JHU. participated in the 2001 IR Intercomparison Work- S. Kaplan, research for NOAA: measure the shop at the University of Miami, Rosential School infrared transmittance of fdters for the Geostation- of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Miami, FL. ary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) J.P. Rice, J.J. O'Connell, and D. Allen, research Sounder and Imager instruments. for NOAA: measured GOES calibration chamber S.R. Lorentz and R.U. Datla, research for Ballistic sources in Ft. Wayne, IN. Missile Defense Organization: Low Background J.P. Rice, research for DOE: measured LANL IR (LBIR) calibrations. calibration chamber sources in Los Alamos, NM. S.R. Lorentz, J.P. Rice, and K. Lykke, research E.L. Shirley and R.U. Datla, Infrared Test Cham- for NASA: calibrated a space-flight radiometer, ber Analysis and Optical Modeling for the Ballis- NISTAR, for the NASA Triana mission. tic Missile Defense Organization. 213 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH & CONSULTING H. Yoon, D. Allen and C. Johnson, research on the K.G.W. Inn, Z. Lin, Z.Y. Wu and C. McMahon, development of a 0.65 pm radiation thermometer. through an interagency agreement between NISI and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) Continue to develop metrology and verification techniques for radionuclide traceability evaluation J.M. Adams and A.D. Carlson, funded via in support of the National Voluntary Laboratory CRADA with Ohio University: research for the Accreditation Program’s Proficiency Testing DOE Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (NERI) Supplier's program. The Ionizing Radiation Divi- grant on measurement of neutron inelastic scat- sion is also providing technical support to NVLAP tering cross sections in iron. for the accreditation of Proficiency Testing Pro- M. Arif and D.E. Jacobson, with support from the viders. DOE: Research on neutron imaging of hydrogen K. G.W. Inn, Z. Lin, C. McMahon, and Z. Wu, fuel cells. through an interagency agreement with the A.D. Carlson, with support from the DOE: Re- DOE/EM National Analytical Management Pro- search on neutron cross section standards, both gram: Conduct traceability evaluations of their measurements and evaluations. Reference Laboratories — the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (NY) and the Radio- J. T. Cessna with support from Environmental logical and Environmental Sciences Laboratory Protection Agency (EPA): Perform traceability (ID). testing and ongoing review of appropriateness of tests for EPA's primary radon laboratory. L. R. Karam et ah, with support from the NEI and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Provide R. C'olle, through an interagency agreement be- standards and calibrations for the primary stan- tween the NIST Radioactivity Group and the U.S. dards laboratory of the FDA. EPA: Provide technical assistance to EPA in designing and constructing a pulse-ionization- L.R. Karam and M.P. Unterweger, with support chamber-based, primary radon-222 calibration from the U.S. Army: Perform traceability testing system at its Las Vegas Laboratory. This work of U.S. Army primary standards laboratory. includes development of various testing, operat- L.R. Karam and M.P. Unterweger, with support ing. and quality assurance protocols for the new from the U.S. Army: Perform traceability testing system. of the U.S. Army field testing program such as the T.R. Gentile and A.K. Thompson, through an calibration and measurement of swipe samples of interagency Agreement with the DOE: Research various radionuclides to assess the performance of f, on polarized He in neutron scattering. U.S. Army measurement laboratories. 'Ni sam- ples have been distributed to the participating K. G.W. Inn and Z.C. Lin with support from Uni- laboratories. versity of Utah (UOU), LANL, LLNL, and Duke Engineering & Services: Evaluate the most prom- L.R. Karam and M.P. Unterweger, with support ising atom-counting techniques of quantifying from the U.S. Air Force: Provide traceability 23 24u pBq level of Pu and Pu in urine for DOE's measurements and techniques assessments for the Marshall Island Resettling Program. U.S. Air Force primary laboratory. K.G.W. Inn with support from the DOE: Radio- Z.C. Lin and K.G.W. Inn, with support from the chemistry quality assurance to evaluate the state- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute 239 240 of-the-art of "'Pu in urine by inductively coupled (AFRRI): Provide Pu and Pu standards in plasma mass spectrometry and fission track analy- support of AFRRI’s efforts to demonstrate its ICP- sis. MS capability of detecting ultra low-level Pu in urine samples. K.G.W. Inn and L.L. Lucas, with support from the DOE Radiological and Environmental Sciences Z.C. Lin, with support from PNNL-DOE: Estab- Laboratory, Idaho Falls: Radiochemistry quality lish resin bead method for detecting ultra low- assurance to improve the traceability and level Pu isotopes in environmental and bioassay strengthen the credibility of their Radiobioassay samples by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry Laboratory Accreditation Program. (TIMS). 214 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H: OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH & CONSULTING Z.C. Lin and K.G.W. Inn, with support from J.P. Lowe, consulting to the U.S. Coast Guard EML-DOE and IRMM-EU: Evaluate the compe- (Dept, of Transportation): Broadcast of status of tence of alpha spectrometry analysis algorithms GPS satellites on WWV and WWVH. 24 243 used to resolve the 'Am and Am alpha peak J.P. Lowe, consulting to the State Department overlap. regarding the NILESAT-Egypt cooperative agree- L. L. Lucas and L.R. Karam, with support from the ment. Nuclear Regulatory Commission: Provide trace- J. Levine, consulting to the U.S. Air Force: Devel- ability testing of the NRC primary quality control opment of carrier-phase time transfer methods and laboratory. Rubidium clocks. Z.Y. Wu and K.G.W. Inn, with support from Oak J. Levine, research for NSA: Advance Time Trans- Ridge National Laboratory’s Intercomparison fer Concepts. Studies Program: Provide QC monitoring samples to the radiobioassay and environmental communi- T.E. Parker, consulting for the Jet Propulsion ties to assess the statistical control over routine Laboratory, NASA: Time transfer to NASA sites analytical measurements. In support of ORNL’s and analysis of time transfer data. efforts to demonstrate it’s own measurement T.E. Parker, research for NSA: Clock Synchroniza- traceability to NIST, the Radioactivity Group is tion Project conducting ongoing traceability evaluation studies with ORNL for radionuclides in urine and water. T.E. Parker, research and consulting for Space Furthermore, the Radioactivity Group is evaluat- Division, U.S. Air Force: Analysis of GPS data ing the calibration of ORNL’s internal standards to and systems and consultations on GPS operating assure the basis for accuracy of the source materi- procedures. als for the monitoring samples they produce for D.B. Sullivan, research and consulting for NASA: their customers. Development of a laser-cooled-cesium clock for R. Minniti, J. Shobe and S.M. Seltzer, research scientific and technical applications in space. with the U.S. Air Force/DOD to develop low-level D.J. Wineland, consulting to Office of Naval dosimetry traceability to national air-kerma stan- Research (ONR): Basic research on frequency dards. standards and study of cooled, trapped ions. M. P. Unterweger and L.R. Karam, with support D.J. Wineland, consulting to Office of Naval from the U.S. Air Force: Provide measurements Research (ONR): Research into strongly-coupled, and calculations that determine the 2k results to one-component plasmas stored in electromagnetic activity ratios for beta particles emitted from traps. arbitrarily thick sources plated on substrates of arbitrary atomic number. D.J. Wineland, consulting to the National Security Agency (NSA): Research on quantum computing. TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) D.J. Wineland, Consulting with USAF (NRO): for D.A. Howe, research the Office of Naval Research multiplexing of ion traps for quantum Research: Development of a 100 GHz PM/AM information processing. noise measurement system. D. J. Wineland and L. Hollberg, Consulting to D.A. research for the Phase Noise Howe, NSA: NASA: Research on space optical frequency Measurement System. standard. D.A. Howe, research for U.S. Army: Low Jitter Clock. QUANTUM PHYSICS DIVISION (848) D.A. Howe, research for USAF: Total Hadamard E. A. Cornell, S.T. Cundiff, A.C. Gallagher, J.L. development. Hall, D.S. Jin, S.R. Leone, D.J. Nesbitt, and J. Ye, research for NSF in atomic and molecular physics. J.P. Lowe, consulting to National Weather Service, NOAA: Broadcast of marine weather alerts on E.A. Cornell, research for NSF: Demonstration of WWV and WWVH. Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas. 215 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX H OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH & CONSULTING E.A. Cornell and D.S. Jin, research tor ARMY/ S.R. Leone, research for ARMY/ARO: Kinetic- ARO: Ultracold atom optics science and technology. energy-enhanced neutral etching. E.A. Cornell, research for Navy/ONR: Spontaneous S.R. Leone, research for NASA: Laboratory force optical traps. studies of low temperature rate coefficients: the atmospheric chemistry of the outer planets. E.A. Cornell, research for Navy/ONR: Neutral atom hoses and waveguides. S.R. Leone, research for AF/AFOSR: Ion dynam- ics related to hypersonics. S.T. Cundiff, research for W.M. Reck Foundation: Keck Optical Measurement Laboratory. S.R. Leone, research for NSF: Investigate align- ment and wave packet chemical dynamics. S.T. Cundiff, research for NSF: Nonlinear optical spectroscopy of mixed-valent materials. S.R. Leone, research for NSF: Infrared band-specific near field optical microscopy. S.T. Cundiff, research for DOE: Electronic struc- ture and phase transitions of complex electronic S.R. Leone, research for ARMY/ARO: Ultrafast oxides: Angle-resolved and pump probe photo- laser studies of molecular Rydberg wave. emissions experiments. S.R. Leone, research for AF/AFOSR: Ultrafast J.E. Fuller, research for NSF: Active seismic isola- soft x-ray laser probing of core level molecular tion for interferometric gravitational wave detectors. dynamics. A.C. Gallagher, research for NREL: Characteriza- S.R. Leone, research for NSF: Phase and ampli- tion of small particle formation in the preparation tude dynamics of rovibrational waves. of amorphous silicon solar cells, and determina- S.R. Leone, research for ARMY/ARO: Femtosec- tion of the electric field profile in solar cells. ond laser regenerative amplifier for quantum A.C. Gallagher, research for NREL: RGA Analy- information science. sis of the HWCVD process. D.J. Nesbitt, research for AFOSR: State-Resolved J.L. Hall and J. Ye„ research for NASA: Widely thermal/hyperthermal collision dynamics of atmos- tunable optical local oscillators with 1 E-15 stability: pheric species. EJltrastable laser system for space interferometry D.J. Nesbitt, research for NSF: High resolution 1R J.L. Hall, research for CRDF: Optical frequency studies in slit supersonic jets: dynamics of radi- standards and principal testing the new concept of cals, molecules and clusters. a direct fs-comb bridge between the optical and D.J. Nesbitt, research for NSF: State-Resolved microwave domains. spectroscopy and dynamics of chemical transients. D.S. Jin, research for Navy/ONR: Research in D.J. Nesbitt, research for Outreach: CU Wizard exploring an ultracold gas of fermionic atoms. science outreach. D.S. Jin. research for DOE: Explore expansion J. Ye, research for ResC’orp: Ultrastable optical toward cooper paring of fermionic atoms. frequencies across the entire visible spectrum and D.S. Jin, research for NSF: Research experience ultrahigh resolution spectroscopy using a femto- for undergraduates in Physics/JILA. second Laser. S.R. Leone, research for DOE: Time-resolved FT1R J. Ye, research for CPOP: Development of highly emission studies of laser photofragmentation and stable solid state lasers in the 1 urn to 2 uni wave- radical reactions. length region. 216 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX I: CALIBRATION SERVICES & SRMs ANNUAL REPORT CALIBRATION SERVICES AND STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS ELECTRON AND OPTICAL PHYSICS DIVISION (841) CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED Number of Number of Type of Service Customer Classification SP 250 Customers Tests Far UV Detector Industrial 405 3 0C 1 1 Far UV Detector University 4053 1C 1 1 Far UV Detector Industrial 4056 1C 1 1 Far UV Detector University 4056 1C 2 2 Far UV Detector Industrial 405 99S 8 8 Far UV Detector University 40599S 1 1 Far UV Detector Government 40599S 2 2 Far UV Detector Foreign 40599S 3 3 Spectrometer University N/A 1 3 Total 20 22 217 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX I: CALIBRATION SERVICES & SRMs ATOMIC PHYSICS DIVISION (842) CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED Number of Number Type of Service Customer Classification SP 25(1 Customers of Tests Deuterium Lamp Industrial 40040F 1 1 218 1 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX I: CALIBRATION SERVICES & SRMs OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED Number of Num her Type of Service Customer Classification SP 250 Customers of Tests* Spectroradiometry Industrial 390 10C 3 Sources through 1 37 Instrument and Calibration Lab. 7 39060S Government 5 Foreign 3 Spectroradiometry Industrial 3907 1C 1 Detectors through 1 86 Instrument and Calibration Lab. 19 39100C Government 7 Foreign 3 Photometry Industrial 37010C 8 through 75 1 Instrument and Calibration Lab. 1 371 10S Government 6 Foreign 1 Optical Properties Industrial 380 10C 8 through 61 of Materials 1 Instrument and Calibration Lab. 10 3906 IS Government 6 Foreign 2 Radiance Industrial 35010C 6 through 29 Temperature 1 Instrument and Calibration Lab. 4 35070S Government 9 *Number of lamps, detectors, optical filters or materials tested. 119 288 1 Universities were included in Instrument and Calibration Lab classification. 219 1 A PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX I: CALIBRATION SERVICES & SRMs OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION (844) (Continued) STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS SRM No. No. Title of SRM Customer Classification Calibration Supported Sold 1001 X-Ray Film Step Industrial Calibration of optical densitometers 76 Tablet Instrument and Cal. Lab and similar equipment used in the Government photographic, graphic ails, and x-ray Foreign fields. 1008 Photo Step Tablet Industrial Calibration of optical densitometers in 32 Instrument and Cal. Lab the photographic and graphic arts. Government Foreign 1010A Microcopy Test Industrial For determining the resolving power 51 Chart Instrument and Cal. Lab of microcopy systems. It meets all Government the requirements for ISO Test Chart Foreign No. 2. 1920A Near 1R Industrial For establishing the accuracy of the 14 Reflectance Instrument and Cal. Lab wavelength scale of reflectance Government spectrophotometers or reflectometers Foreign using hemispherical geometry 1921 IR Transmission Industrial Calibration of infrared spectropho- 208 Wavelength Instrument and Cal. Lab tometers Government Foreign 2003 First Surface Industrial Calibration of photometric scale of 8 Aluminum Mirror Instrument and Cal. Lab specular reflectometers Government Foreign 201 First Surface Gold Industrial. Instrument Calibration of reflectance scales of 2 Mirror and Calibration Lab., specular reflectometers Government, and Foreign 2023 Second Surface Industrial. Instrument Calibration of photometric scale of 4 Aluminum Mirror and Calibration Lab., specular reflectometers Government, and Foreign 2026 First Surface Industrial, Instrument Calibration of photometric scale of 2 Black Glass and Calibration Lab., specular reflectometers Government, and Foreign 2046- Transmission Industrial Calibration of transmittance measure- 3 2056 Filters Instrument and Cal. Lab ments using lasers or infrared spectro- Government photometers; for attenuating the optical Foreign power 1064 nm; and for characterizing the nonlinearity of detection systems. Total 400 220 1 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX I: CALIBRATION SERVICES & SRMs IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (B46) Radiation Interactions and Dosimetry Group CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED Dosimetry of X Rays, Gamma Rays, and Electrons Number of Number Type of Service Customer Classification SP 259 Customers of Tests X-ray and Gamma-ray Industrial 460 IOC 10 30 Measuring 4601 1C 18 Government 460 10C 8 24 4601 1C 63 Foreign 460 10C 1 1 Passive Dosimeters Industrial 46020C 2 5 4602 1C 37 Gamma-ray Sources and Medical 470 10C 15 29 Measuring Instruments 4701 1C 79 Beta Instruments Government 47035C 1 3 Total 37 289 High-Dose Calibration Services Performed Number of Number Type of Service Customer Classification SP 250 Customers of Tests* Supply Transfer Dosimeters Industrial 49020C 11 11 49030C 9 65 Foreign 49020C 1 1 Irradiate Dosimeters Industrial 490 10C 24 179 Government 490 10C 1 22 Foreign 490 10C 1 1 Total 47 289 * Number of radiation sources and detectors tested 221 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX I: CALIBRATION SERVICES & SRMs IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) (Continued) Neutron Interactions and Dosimetry Group CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED Number of Number Type of Service Customer Classification SP 250 Customers of Tests* Radioactive Neutron Source Industrial 440 10C 1 1 Government 440 1 0C 2 3 Neutron Survey Instrument Industrial 44060C 6 7 Government 44060C 1 1 Total 10 12 Radioactivity Group CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED Number of Number Type of Service Customer Classification SP 250 Customers of Tests Activity Measurement Instrument and Calibration Laboratory 43030C 1 14 43090S 1 14 Activity Measurement Government 43030C 3 1 1 43090S 1 2 Activity Measurement Industrial 430 10C 1 2 43030C 2 3 Totals 46 222 1 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX I: CALIBRATION SERVICES & SRMs IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) (Continued) Radioactivity Group (Continued) STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS SRM No. No. Title of SRM Calibration Supported Sold 420 IB Nb-94 (point source) Gamma spectrometry 1 4203D Co-60 (point source) Gamma spectrometry 6 4218F Eu-152 (point source) Gamma spectrometry 3 4222C C-14 hexadecane Liquid scintillation 5 4226C Ni-63 solution Liquid scintillation 4 4234A Sr-90 solution Liquid scintillation 2 424 1C Ba-133 (point source) Gamma spectrometry 2 i 425 1C Ba- 1 33 solution Gamma spectrometry 4288A Tc-99 solution Environmental 8 4320A Cm-244 solution Environmental 5 4321C U-natural solution Environmental 25 4322B Am-241 solution Environmental 6 4323B Pu-238 solution Environmental 5 4325 Be-9/10 solution Geological dating 4 4326 Po-209 solution Environmental 10 4328B Th-229 solution Environmental 37 4330B Pu-239 solution Environmental 1 4332D Am-243 solution Environmental 23 4334G Pu-242 solution Environmental 67 4338A Pu-240 solution Environmental 3 4340A Pu-241 solution Environmental 12 4341 Np-237 solution Environmental 7 4342 Th-230 solution Environmental 2 4350B River sediment Environmental 9 4351 Human Lung powder Environmental 1 4354 Lake sediment Environmental 8 4355 Peruvian soil Environmental 8 4356 Ashed bone Environmental 18 4357 Ocean sediment Environmental 13 223 H PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX I: CALIBRATION SERVICES & SRMs IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) (Continued) STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS (Continued) SRM No. No. Title of SRM Calibration Supported Sold 436 1C H-3 water Hydrology 6 4370C Eu- 1 52 solution Gamma spectrometry 2 440 1H 1-131 solution Radiopharmaceutical 6 440 1L 1-131 solution Radiopharmaceutical 13 4404 Tl-201 solution Radiopharmaceutical 9 4404L Tl-201 solution Radiopharmaceutical 4 4407H 1-125 solution Radiopharmaceutical 10 440 7 L 1-125 solution Radiopharmaceutical 17 441 OH Tc-99m solution Radiopharmaceutical 12 4412H Mo-99 solution Radiopharmaceutical 5 4412L Mo-99 solution Radiopharmaceutical 6 4415H Xe-133 gas Radiopharmaceutical 4 4415L Xe-133 gas Radiopharmaceutical 6 4416H Ga-67 solution Radiopharmaceutical 5 4416L Ga-67 solution Radiopharmaceutical 5 441 7H In-1 1 1 solution Radiopharmaceutical 6 4417L In- 1 1 1 solution Radiopharmaceutical 6 442 5 H Snt-153 solution Radiopharmaceutical 4 442 5 L Sm-153 solution Radiopharmaceutical 5 442 7 H Y-90 solution Radiopharmaceutical 6 4427L Y-90 solution Radiopharmaceutical 6 4915E Co-60 solution Gamma spectrometry 1 4919H Sr-90 solution Environmental and liquid scintillation 10 4926E H-3 water Hydrology and liquid scintillation 14 4915E Co-60 solution Gamma spectrometry 1 4919H Sr-90 solution Environmental and liquid scintillation 10 4926E H-3 water Hydrology and liquid scintillation 14 4927F H-3 water Hydrology and liquid scintillation 19 4947C H-3 toluene Liquid scintillation 4 4949C 1-129 solution Environmental 6 224 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX I: CALIBRATION SERVICES & SRMs IONIZING RADIATION DIVISION (846) (Continued) STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS (Continued) SRM No. No. Title of SRM Calibration Supported Sold 4966 Ra-226 solution Environmental 10 4967 Ra-226 solution Environmental 8 4968 Rn-222 capsule Environmental 7 4969 Ra-226 solution Environmental 3 4990C Oxalic acid powder Carbon- 14 dating 22 Total 554 No. Customers Classification Sold Public 192 Government (Federal. State. Local, and NIST) 216 Foreign Government 146 Total 554 225 SRMs PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX I: CALIBRATION SERVICES & TIME AND FREQUENCY DIVISION (847) CALIBRATION SERVICES PERFORMED Number of Number Type of Service Customers Classification SP 250 Customers of Tests Frequency Measurement Service Industrial 76100S 29 504 Government 13 Foreign 6 Global Time Service Industrial 76 1 1 OS 8 132 Government 2 Foreign 2 Charac. of Oscillators Industrial 77100C 5 5 Total 65 641 226 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS ANNUAL REPORT ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS AAPM American Association of Physicists in APS Advanced Photon Source Medicine ARDA Advance Research and Development ACRii absolute cryogenic radiometer Activity (second upgrade) ARO Army Research Office ACTS Automated Computer Time Service ART algebraic reconstruction technique ADCL Accredited Dosimetry Calibration ASQ American Society of Quality Laboratories ASTER Advanced Spacebome Thermal Emis- ADMIT analytical detection methods for the sion and Reflectance Radiometer irradiation treatment of foods ASTM American Society for Testing and AEDC Arnold Engineering Development Materials Center AT&T Atlantic Telephone & Telegraph AFGL Air Force Geophysics Laboratory ATI above-threshold ionization AFM atomic force microscope ATP Advanced Technology Program AFOSR Air Force Office of Scientific Research AURA Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy AFRRI Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute AXAF-I Imaging Advanced X-ray Astrophysical Facility AJ associative ionization BARC Bhabha Atomic Research Centre AIAA American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics BBIR broad-band infrared AIP American Institute of Physics BBXRT Broad-Band X-Ray Telescope AlChE American Institute of Chemical BCC broad-band calibration chamber Engineering BEB Binary-Encounter-Bethe AM amplitude modulation BEC Bose-Einstein Condensation AMI First launch in the morning series of BED Binary-Encounter-Dipole EOS platforms BEV Bundesamt fur Eich-und Vermes- AMF Advanced Measurement Laboratory sungswesen, Vienna, Austria AMO Atomic, Molecular and Optical BFRL Building and Fire Research AMS accelerator-mass-spectrometry Laboratory ANS American Nuclear Society BGSM Bowman Gray School of Medicine American National Standards Institute ANSI BIFL burst integrated fluorescence ANSOM Apertureless Near-field Scanning BIPM Bureau International des Poids et Optical Microscopy Mesures APAS Astrophysical, Planetary and BL beamline at SURF Atmospheric Sciences BMDO Ballistic Missile Defense Organization APOMA American Precision Optics Manufac- turers Association BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory APS American Physical Society BRAN Boulder Regional Area Network 227 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS BRDF bidirectional reflectance distribution CLEO Conference on Lasers and Electro- function Optics BSA bovine serum albumin CMC calibration measurement capabilities BSDF bidirectional scattering distribution CNIF Californium Neutron Irradiation function Facility BSS beta secondary standard CODATA Committee on Data for Science and Technology BSS2 beta secondary standard 2nd CORM Council for Optical Radiation BWO backward wave oscillators Measurements BXR BMDO transfer radiometer COSPAR Committee on Space Research CAD computer aided design COTR Contracting Office Technical CAMOS Committee on Atomic, Molecular and Representative Optical Sciences CPEM Conference on Precision Electro- CARS Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman magnetic Measurements Spectroscopy CPOP Colorado Photonics and Optoelec- CAST Council of Agricultural Science and tronics Program Technology CPU central processing unit CCD charged coupled device CR cascaded rectifier accelerator CCE Consultative Committee on Electricity CRADA Cooperative Research and CCG Calibration Coordination Group Development Agreement CCL Consultative Committee on Length CRCPD Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors CEOS Committee on Earth Observing Satellites CRI Cambridge Research Insturmentation CCPR Consultative Committee on CRP Coordinated Research Program Photometry and Radiometry CRYRING Institute in Stockholm CCRI Comite Consultatif pour CSEWG Cross Section Evaluation Working Rayonnements Ionisants Group CCTF Consultative Committee for Time CSI Compton scatter imaging and Frequency CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CEL correlated emission laser Cientificas CFS constant-final-state spectroscopy CSRA-REMP Central Savannah River Area - CGSIC Civilian GPS Service Interface Radiological Environmental Committee Monitoring Programs CIAQ Committee on Indoor Air Quality CSTL Chemical Science and Technology CIE Commission Internationale De Laboratory L'Eclairage CT computed tomography CIEMAT Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, CTI Critical Technologies Institute Medioambientales y Tecnologicas CVD chemical vapor deposition CIPM International Committee of Weights and Measures cw (CW) continuous wave CIRMS Council on Ionizing Radiation DAMOP Division of Atomic Molecular and Measurements and Standards Optical Physics CIRRPC Committee on Interagency Radiation DARPA Defense Advanced Research Project Research and Policy Coordination Agency 228 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS DMA Defense Mapping Agency EPG Electron Physics Group DMMP dimethylmethvlphosphonate EPIC Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera DNA Defense Nuclear Agency EPR electron paramagnetic resonance DNA deoxvribose nucleic acid EPRI Electric Power Research Institute DoC (DOC) U.S. Department of Commerce ERATO Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology Office DoD (DOD) U.S. Department of Defense ESA European Space Agency DoE (DOE) U.S. Department of Energy ESDIAD electron-stimulated desorption ion DOELAP Department of Energy Laboratory angular distributions Accreditation Program ESR electron spin resonance (EPR now DOTMP 1.4,7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane - preferred) 1 ,4,7, 1 0 tetramethylenephosphor acid ESR electrical substitution radiometer DRAM dynamic random access memory ESR experimental storage ring DSA digital subtraction angiography ETRAN electron transmission computer code DSC differential scattering cross-section EU European Union DUT device under test EURATOM European nuclear energy organization DUV deep-ultraviolet EUV extreme ultraviolet DVM digital voltmeter EUVE Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer EBIS Electron Beam Ion Source EUV-LLC Consortium of Intel, Motorola, AMD, Micron Technology, Infineon EBIT Electron Beam Ion Trap Technologies, and IBM ec electron-capture FAA Federal Aviation Administration ECP effective core potential FAD FASCAL accurate detector ECR electron cyclotron resonance FAMOS Future of Atomic Molecular and ECS energy-corrected-sudden Optical Science ECSED Electronic Commerce in Scientific FASCAL Facility for Automatic Spectro- and Engineering Data radiometric Calibrations EDX Energy- Dispersive X-ray Analysis FCDC Fundamental Constants Data Center EEEL Electronics and Electrical Engineerii FDA Food and Drug Administration Laboratory FEDS field-emitter displays EELS electron energy loss spectroscopy FEMA Federal Emergency Management EEP Einstein Equivalence Principle Agency EID excitation induced dephasing FIMS fissionable isotope mass standards EIS excitation induced shift FLIR forward looking infrared radiometer EML (EM) Environmental Management FNR Ford Nuclear Reactor Laboratory FOS Faint Object Spectrograph ENEA Ente Per Le Nuove Tecnologie, L'Energia E L'Ambiente FOV field of view ENDL Evaluated Nuclear Data Library FRET fluorescence resonant energy transfer EOS Earth Observing System FT Fourier Transform EPA Environmental Protection Agency FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS FT-IRAS Fourier Transform-Infrared Reflection HTBB high-temperature black body Absorption Spectroscopy HTD Heat Transfer Division FTMS Fourier Transform Microwave HTML hypertext markup language Spectroscopy HTS high-temperature superconductivity FTMW Fourier Transform Microwave HVL half-value layer FTS Fourier Transform Spectroscopy HWCVD hot-wire chemical vapor deposition FUV far ultraviolet IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency FY fiscal year IAG International Association of Gravity GAMS 4 NIST high resolution spectrometer IBM International Business Machines GE General Electric ICAMDATA International Conference on Atomic GEC Gaseous Electronics Conference and Molecular Data GFP green fluorescent protein ICAP International Conference on Atomic GIAC GPS Interagency Advisory Council Physics GIM grazing-incidence monochromator ICOLS International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System ICP inductively coupled plasma GMR giant magnetoresistance ICPEAC International Conference on the GOES Geostationary Operational Environ- Physics of Electronic and Atomic mental Satellite Collisions GPIB general purpose instrumentation bus ICQI International Conference on Quantum GPS Global Positioning System Information GRI Gas Research Institute ICRM International Committee for Radio- nuclide Metrology GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center ICRP International Commission on Radio- GSI Gessellschaft f. Schwerionenforschung logical Protection GUI graphical user interface ICRU International Commission on Radi- GVHD graft-versus host disease ation Units and Measurements HACR high accuracy cryogenic radiometer ID inside diameter HBM hybird bilayer membranes IEC International Electrotechnical Commission HDR high dose rate IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics HECT high energy computed tomography Engineers HFS (hfs) hyperfine structure IEN Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale (Italy) HFIR High Flux Isotope Reactor IESNA Illumination Engineering Society of HID high intensity discharge North America HIRDLS High Resolution Dynamics Limb IHPRPTP Integrated High Payoff Rocket Sounder Propulsion Technology Program HPS Health Physics Society ILL Institut Laue Langevin HR high resolution ILS International Laser Spectroscopy HR3DCT high resolution 3-D computed IMC isothermal microcalorimeter tomography IMECE International Mechanical Engineering HSST heavy section steel technology Congress and Exposition 230 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS IMS Institute for Molecular Science JHU Johns Hopkins University INFM National Institute for the Physics of JILA formerly Joint Institute for Laboratory Matter Astrophysics INISO-TTC experimental radiochromic film JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory INM Institute National de Metrologie KCDB key comparison and calibration database INMM Institute for Nuclear Materials LAGOS Laser Gravitational-Wave Observatory Management in Space INTERNET International Computer Network LAMSCAL large area monochromatic source for calibrations IPNS intense pulsed neutron source LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory IPSN Institut de Protection et de Surete Nucleaire LANSCE Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Center IQEC International Quantum Electronics LBIR low background infrared radiometry Conference LBL Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory IR infrared LBRS low background reference system IRB Institutional Review Board LCIF laser-collision-induced fluorescence IRD International Radiation Detectors LED light emitting diode IRDCF Infrared Detector Calibration Facility LEED low energy electron diffraction IRMM Institute of Reference Materials and LET linear energy transfer Measurements LIF laser induced fluorescence ISCC Inter-Society Color Council LIGO Laser Interferometric Gravitational- ISO International Organization for Wave Observatory Standardization LLNL Lawrence Livermore National ISSC information system to support Laboratory calibrations LMRI French Laboratories de Measure des ISS International Space Station Rayonnements Ionisants ITAMP International Meeting of Theoretical LORAN-C radio navigation system operated by Atomic and Molecular Physics the U.S. Coast Guard ITL Information Technology Laboratory LPRI Laboratoire Primaire des Rayonne- ITT thermal infrared transfer radiometer ments Ionisants, Gif-sur-Yvette, ITU International Telecommunication France Union LPRT light-pipe radiation thermometers IU Indiana University LPTF Primary Laboratory for Time and IUE International Ultraviolet Explorer Frequency, [Laboratoire Primaire du Temps et Frequences (France)] IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry LS liquid scintillation IUPAP International Union of Pure and LSC liquid scintillation counting Applied Physics LT low-temperature IWG Investigators Working Group LTE local thermodynamic equilibrium JANNAF Joint- A rmy-Navy- NA SA-A i r Force LTEC Lamp Testing Engineers Conference JCGM Joint Committee for Guides on Metrology LTG low-temperature-growth JCMT James Clerk Maxwell Telescope LWIR long wave infrared 231 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS MARLAP Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory MQDT Multichannel Quantum Defect Theory Procedures MPI multiphoton ionization MARS multiple-angle reference system MQA Measurement Quality Assurance MBE molecular beam epitaxy MQSA Mammography Quality Standards Act MBIR Medium Background Infrared MRA Mutual Recognition Arrangement Facility MRI magnetic resonance imaging MCNP Monte Carlo Neutron Photon (computer code) MSEL Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory MCT mercury-cadmium-telluride MSC Measurement Science Conference MDRF Materials Dosimetry Reference Facility MTG methanol to gasoline MEDEA microelectronics development for MURI Multidisciplinary University Research European applications Initiative MEL Manufacturing Engineering MW microwave Laboratory NAMP National Analytical Management MEMS micro-electro-mechanical systems Program MET Medium Energy Telescope NAS National Academy of Sciences MIL military NAS/NRC National Academy of Sciences/ National Research Council MIRD Medical Internal Radiation Dose (committee) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration MIRF Medical and Industrial Radiation Facility NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization MISR multi-angle imaging spectro- NBS National Bureau of Standards radiometer NBS NIST Beowulf System MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology NBSR National Bureau of Standards' MJD modified Julian date Reactor (retains the NBS name) MOBE modified optical Bloch equations NCI National Cancer Institute MOBY Marine Optical Buoy NCNR NIST Center for Neutron Research MODIL Manufacturing Operations Develop- NCRP National Council on Radiation ment & Integration Laboratory Protection and Measurements MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging NCSL National Conference of Standards Spectrometer Laboratories MOEMS micro-opto-electro-mechanical NDE non-destructive evaluation systems NDT nondestructive testing MOPITT measurement of pollution in the Nd:YAG Neodymium: Yttrium Aluminum troposphere Garnet (YAG doped with Nd) MOS Marine Optical System NEANDC Nuclear Energy Agency Nuclear MOS Marine Optical Spectrograph Data Committee MOS metal oxide semiconductors NEANSC Nuclear Energy Agency Nuclear Science Committee MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor NEC Nippon Electric Corporation MOT magneto optical trap NEI Nuclear Energy Institute 232 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS NEOS Newport Electro-Optic Systems NPP NPOESS Preparatory Project NERI Nuclear Energy Research Initiative NPSS Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society NESDIS Environmental Satellite Data and NRC National Research Council Information Serv ice NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission NEWRAD New Radiometry NREL National Renewable Energy NG6 neutron guide no. 6 Laboratory NGS National Geological Society NRIP NIST Radiochemistry Intercomparison Program NI&D (NID) Nuclear Interactions and Dosimetry Research Laboratory NIH National Institutes of Health NRL Naval NIM normal-incidence monochromator NRO National Reconnaissance Office NIM National Instrumentation Methods NRRS near resonance rayleigh scattering NIOF Neutron Interferometry and Optics NSA National Security Agency Facility NSBP National Society of Black Physicists NIPDE National Initiative for Product Data NSF National Science Foundation Exchange NSOM near-field scanning optical microscopy NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NSTC National Science and Technology Council NIST-7 former NIST primary frequency standard NTS network time service NIST-F1 current NIST primary frequency NVIS night vision imaging system standard NVLAP National Voluntary Laboratory NISTIR NIST Internal Report Accreditation Program NISTAR NIST Advanced Radiometer NYSTAR New York Scientific, Technical and Academic Research NMI National Measurement Institute Optical Associates, Inc. NMI National Metrology Institute OAI NML National Measurement Laboratory OD optical density (Japan) OFS Osterreichisches Forschungszentrum NMS natural matrix standard OIDA Optoelectronics Industry Development NNI National Nanotechnology Initiative Association NOAA National Oceanographic and OIML International Organization of Legal Atomospheric Administration Metrology NOAO National Optical Astronomy OMB Office of Management and Budget Observatory OMEGA 24-Beam Laser Facility at Rochester NOBCCHE National Organization for the Profes- sional Advancement of Black OMH National Office of Measures (Hungary) Chemists and Chemical Engineers OMP Office of Manufacturing NORA non-overlapping redundant array Partnerships NORAMET North American regional collaboration ONR Office of Naval Research in national measurement standards OP optical properties and services OPO optical parametric oscillator NPL National Physical Laboratory (U.K.) ORM Office of Radiation Measurement NPOESS National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory 233 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS OSA Optical Society of America PWR pressurized-water reactor OSEP Optical Science and Engineering PZT piezoelectric transducer Program QCD quantum chromodynamics OSL optical stimulated luminescence QED quantum electrodynamics OSTP Office of Science and Technology QELS Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Policy QMD Quantum Metrology Division OTD Optical Technology Division RAC Research Advisoiy Committee PA proton affinity RBS Rutherford backscattering PARCS Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space R&D research and development PC personal computer RDP rubidium di-hydrogen phosphate PCB polychlorinated biphenyls RF (rf) radio frequency PDML Photovoltaic Device Measurement RGA residual gas analyzer Laboratory RIMS resonance ionization mass PE performance evaluation spectrometry PECVD plasma-enhanced chemical vapor RMO Regional Metrology Organization deposition RNA ribonucleic acid PET positron emission tomography ROSPEC Rotating Spectrometer for Neutrons PID proportional, integral, and derivative RTC Radiochromic Film Task Group (a type of servo system) RTP rapid thermal processing PL Physics Laboratory SAM's self-assembled monolayers PM phase modulation SANS small-angle neutron scattering PMG Precision Measurement Grant SBIR Small Business Innovation Research PMMA polymethylmethacrylate SCATMECH A computer program PMT photomultiplier tube see spectral calibration chamber PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory see Standards Coordinating Committee POC Physical Optics Corporation SCLIR Secondary Calibration Laboratories for Ionizing Radiation POP plasma oscillation probe SDI Strategic Defense Initiative POPA Panel on Public Affairs of American Physical Society SDIO Strategic Defense Initiative Organization PRF Petroleum Research Fund SDL/USU Space Dynamics Laboratory/Utah PRM precision radiation measurement State University PSD photon-stimulated desorption SEBA Standards’ Employees Benefit PSL polystyrene-latex Association PT performance testing SEMATECH consortium of 14 U.S. semiconductor manufacturers PTB Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (Germany) SEMPA scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty SFA Sachs Freeman and Associates PTI Proxima Therapeutics, Inc. SFG sum frequency generation 234 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS SI Systeme International d' Unites or SUSIM Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance International System of Units Monitor SIA Semiconductor Industry Association SVGL Silicon Valley Group Lithography SID Society for Information Display SWIR short wave infrared SIMS secondary ion mass spectrometry SXR SeaWiFS transfer radiometer SIRCUS spectral irradiance and radiance TAI International Atomic Time calibration with uniform sources TAMOC theoretical atomic, molecular, and SIRREX-3 SeaWifs intercalibration round-robin optical physics community experiment TASSII total and spectral solar irradiance SLCO sapphire loaded cavity oscillator investigation SLMs synthetic layer microstructures TC technical committee SM single molecule TCAP time-correlated associated particle SME Solar Mesosphere Explorer TEMPMEKO Temperature and Thermal Measure- ments in Industry and Science SNS spallation neutron source TEXT Texas Experimental Tokamak SOG spin-on glass TFWM transient four-wave-mixing SOLSTICE Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment TG technical group SP special publication TGM toroidal-grating monochromator SPIE Society of Photo-optical TIGER Thermospheric, Ionospheric, and Instaimentation Engineers Geospheric Research SPP storage photostimulable phosphor TIMED Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics SPS Society for Physics Students TIMS thermal ionization mass spectrometry SQL structured query language TLC thin layer chromatography SRAM static random access memory TMA tri-methyl-aluminum SRD standard reference data TOMS Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer SRM standard reference material total quality management SSBUV Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet TQM SSDL Secondary Standard Dosimetry TuFIR tunable far infrared (radiation) Laboratory UA University of Arizona SSRCR state suggested regulations for UCN ultra cold neutron controlling ionizing radiations UHV ultrahigh vacuum ssuv Shuttle Solar Ultraviolet UK United Kingdom STARR spectral tri-function automated reference reflectometer UOU University of Utah STD standard UPS ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy STM Scanning Tunneling Microscope URL uniform resource locator STP standard temperature and pressure USA United States of America SUNY State University of New York USAF U.S. Air Force SURF Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation USCEA U.S. Council for Energy Awareness Facility (SURF II, second upgrade or SURF III, third upgrade) USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture 235 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX J: ACRONYMS USFDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration WDM wave-division multiplexing USNA U.S. Naval Academy WERB Washington Editorial Review Board USNC U.S. National Committee WG working group USNO U.S. Naval Observatory WKB Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin UTC coordinated universal time WPMA working party on measurement activities UV ultraviolet wwv call letters for NIST short-wave radio UV-B (UVB) ultraviolet-B station in Colorado VCSEL vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser WWVB call letters for NIST If radio station VEEL vibrational and electronic energy in Colorado levels WWVH call letters for NIST short-wave VLA very large array radio station in Hawaii VLBI very long baseline interferometer WWW World Wide Web (also www) (or interferometry) XML extensible markup language VNIIM Mendeleyev Institute of Metrology XROI x-ray optical interferometer XPS x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XTE/PCA x-ray timing explorer/proportional VRML virtual reality markup language counter array VR-SFG vibrationally resonant sum-frequency YAEL Yankee Atomic Environmental generation Laboratory VUV vacuum ultraviolet YAG yttrium-aluminum-garnet VXR visible transfer radiometer YBCO yttriuium-barium-cuprate WAFAC wide-angle free-air chamber 236 7 1 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX K: PANEL ROSTER ANNUAL REPORT 2001 EVALUATION PANEL FOR THE PHYSICS LABORATORY Dr. Janet S. Fender, Chair (2002) Dr. John F. Dicello (2004) Chief Scientist Director of Medical Physics Space Vehicles Directorate Johns Hopkins University Air Force Research Laboratory Johns Hopkins Oncology Center 3550 Aberdeen SE Room B 1-1 70 Kirtland AFB, NM 8711 7-5776 600 North Wolfe Street 505/846-2604/FAX 505/846-6689 Baltimore, MD 21287 [email protected] 410/61 4-4 1 94/FAX 4 1 0/955-369 dicelio(qd hmi.edu Dr. Duncan T. Moore, Vice Chair (2004) Rudolf & Hilda Kingslake Professor of Optical Dr. Jay M. Eastman (2002) Engineering President & CEO University of Rochester Lucid, Inc. The Institute of Optics 50 Methodist Hill Drive Rochester, NY 14627-0186 Rochester, NY 14623 716/275-5248/FAX 716/473-6745 716/359-7260/FAX 716/359-3866 moore/a'optics.rochester.edu jmefelucid-tech.com Dr. Patricia A. Baisden (2003) Dr. Stephen D. Fantone (2002) Deputy Associate Director for President, Optikos Corporation Science and Technology 286 Cardinal Medeiros Avenue Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Cambridge, MA 02141 7000 East Avenue, L-090 617/354-7557/FAX 617/354-5946 Livermore, CA 94551 sfantone6fLoptikos.com 925/422-6661 /FAX 925/422-2979 Prof. Thomas F. Gallagher (2002) [email protected] Jesse W. Beams Professor of Physics Mr. Anthony J. Berejka (2002) University of Virginia Consultant Jesse Beams Laboratory Four Watch Way P.O. Box 400714 Huntington, NY 1 1743 Charlottesville, VA 22904-4714 Phone and FAX: 631/549-85 1 804/924-6817/FAX 804/924-4576 [email protected] tfgfcLvirginia.edu Dr. John H. Bruning (2004) Dr. R. Michael Garvey (2004) President and CEO Chief Technical Officer Coming Tropel Corporation Datum Timing, Test and Measurement Inc. 60 O’Connor Road 34 Tozer Road Fairport, NY 14450 Beverly, MA 01915-5510 716/388-3400/FAX 716/377-1966 978-927-8220x148 [email protected] rmgarvev6fLdatum.com 237 1 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX K: PANEL ROSTER Prof. Lene Vestergaard Hau (2004) Dr. Dennis M. Mills (2004) Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics and Division Director, User Program Division Professor of Physics Advanced Photon Source Harvard University Argonne National Laboratory Physics Department 9700 South Cass Avenue Lyman Laboratory 223 Argonne, IL 60439 Cambridge, MA 02138 630/252-5680/FAX 630/252-3222 617/496-5967; alternate phone: 617/497-4649 [email protected] FAX 617/496-5144 Dr. James M. Palmer (2004) hau^physics.harvard.edu Research Professor Dr. Tony F. Heinz (2003) The University of Arizona Department of Physics Optical Sciences Center Columbia University 1630 E. University Blvd. 538 W. 120th Street Tucson, AZ 85721-0094 New York, NY 10027 520/621-1010/FAX 520/621-3389 2 1 2/854-6564/FAX 2 1 2/854- 1 909 [email protected] [email protected] Dr. William N. Partlo (2004) Dr. Jan F. Herbst (2003) Vice President of Research Principal Research Scientist and Manager Ad- Cymer, Inc. vanced Functional Materials Group 16750 Via Del Campo Couit GM Research & Development Center San Diego, CA 92127-1712 30500 Mound Road 858/385-6265/FAX 858/385-5353 Mail Code 480-106-224 bpartlo(a>cymer.com Warren, MI 48090-9055 Prof. Thad G. Walker (2003) 8 1 0/986-0580/FAX 8 1 0/986-309 Physics Department [email protected] University of Wisconsin-Madison Prof. Franz J. Himpsel (2003) 2531 Sterling Ednor M. Rowe Professor of Physics 1 1 50 University Avenue Department of Physics Madison, WI 53706 University of Wisconsin 608/262-4093/FAX 608/265-2334 B317 Sterling Hall [email protected] 1 150 University Avenue Prof. Frank W. Wise (2003) Madison, WI 53706-1390 Applied and Engineering Physics 608/263-5590/FAX 608/265-2334 Cornell University [email protected] 252 Clark Hall Dr. David S. Leckrone (2003) Ithaca, NY 14853 Senior Project Scientist 607/255-1184 Hubble Space Telescope Project fww 1 @cornel 1 .edu Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Building 7, Room 281 Mailstop 440.0 Greenbelt, MD 20771 301/286-5975 [email protected] 238 PHYSICS LABORATORY APPENDIX K: PANEL ROSTER SUBPANEL FOR JILA Dr. Frances A. Houle (2002) Prof. Mark A. Kasevich (2002) Member. Research Staff Professor of Physics Almaden Res. Center Physics Department IBM Corporation Sloane Physics Laboratory 650 Harry Road K.17/D1 Yale University San Jose, CA 95120-6099 P.O. Box 208120 408/927-2420/FAX 408/927-2510 New Haven. CT 06520-8120 [email protected] 203/432-3826/FAX 203/432-9710 [email protected] Prof. Dmitry Budker (2004) Associate Professor of Physics Prof. Michael D. Morse (2004) University of California at Berkeley Department of Chemistry Room 219 Birge, # 7300 University of Utah Berkeley, CA 94720-7300 315 S. 1400 East Rm 2020 510/643-1829 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850 [email protected] 80 1/58 1-83 19/LAX 801/587-9919 [email protected] Prof. Robert L. Byer (2004) Professor Prof. Douglas O. Richstone (2004) Stanford University Professor and Chair Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory University of Michigan Director, Hansen Experimental Physics Labora- Department of Astronomy tory Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1090 Chair, Department of Applied Physics 734/764-3440/FAX 734/763-6317 Stanford, CA 94305-4085 [email protected] 650/723 0226/FAX 650/723 2666 bver(a;stanford.edu Prof. Ian A. Walmsley (2002) Professor of Experimental Physics Prof. A. Welford Castleman, Jr. (2004) University of Oxford Eberly Distinguished Chair in Science Department of Atomic and Laser Physics Evan Pugh Professor Clarendon Laboratory Penn State University Parks Rd Departments of Chemistry and Physics Oxford OA1 3PU, United Kingdom 152 Davey Laboratory +44 1 865 272 254/FAX +44 1865 272 375 University Park, PA 16802 [email protected] 814/865-7242/FAX 814-865-5235 [email protected] Dr. Richard J. Colton (2004) Supervisory Research Chemist and Head Surface Chemistry Branch Naval Research Laboratory Code 6170 Washington, DC 20375-5342 202/767-0801/LAX 202/767-3321 [email protected] 239 '