Nobel Peace Prize Laureates in the Frauenkirche Dresden

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Nobel Peace Prize Laureates in the Frauenkirche Dresden Dr Mohamed ElBaradei 18 March 2014 Nobel Peace Prize Laureates in the Frauenkirche Dresden March | 18 2014 Nobel Peace Prize Laureates in the Frauenkirche Dresden 18 March 2014

MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 1 Nobel Peace Prize Laureates in the Frauenkirche Dresden 18 March 2014

MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 1 Contents

05 Nobel Peace Prize Laureates in the Frauenkirche Reverend Sebastian Feydt

06 Welcome address Bishop Jochen Bohl of the Saxon Regional Lutheran Church

07 Opening Saxon premier Stanislaw Tillich

08 Lecture by the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate: “Durable peace is not just wishful thinking” Dr Mohamed ElBaradei

22 Schools competition Reverend Holger Treutmann

24 The winning entries for the schools competition

27 Young people experience the Frauenkirche Dr Anja Häse

28 Impressions of the young people

30 Additional incentives to the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate's lecture Secretary of State David Gill Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger Prof Dr Volker Perthes

37 Dr Mohamed ElBaradei – Biography

38 Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 2014 – 1970

2 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 3 Contents

05 Nobel Peace Prize Laureates in the Frauenkirche Reverend Sebastian Feydt

06 Welcome address Bishop Jochen Bohl of the Saxon Regional Lutheran Church

07 Opening Saxon premier Stanislaw Tillich

08 Lecture by the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate: “Durable peace is not just wishful thinking” Dr Mohamed ElBaradei

22 Schools competition Reverend Holger Treutmann

24 The winning entries for the schools competition

27 Young people experience the Frauenkirche Dr Anja Häse

28 Impressions of the young people

30 Additional incentives to the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate's lecture Secretary of State David Gill Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger Prof Dr Volker Perthes

37 Dr Mohamed ElBaradei – Biography

38 Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 2014 – 1970

2 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 3 Nobel Peace Prize Laureates in the Frauenkirche

They are builders of peace. Often also the driving force behind peace. Sometimes, with their commitment to peace, they are far ahead of their time and only count among those who have shaped history much later. Because they do not give up in their efforts to give the world a more peaceful face and to awaken hope wherever peoples do not live in peace with ElBaradei, was invited to one such event. Alongside his public one another. There, committed men and women are always speech in the Frauenkirche and an evening meal with guests of needed to take action and promote understanding among honour and experts, particular emphasis was laid on meeting the nations. They are the ones for whom Alfred Nobel once the next generation. This involved the winners of a schools dreamt up a prize. The ones who play a key, lasting role in competition run jointly with the Free State of Saxony being encouraging the peoples of this world to understand one given the opportunity to discuss their ideas and reﬂ ections another, and who promote peace forums, are to be honoured on the subject of nuclear weapons in detail during a private with the Nobel Peace Prize. You could almost think that the meeting with Dr ElBaradei and Minister President Tillich. founding mothers and fathers behind the reconstruction of Dresden's Frauenkirche had that noble aim in mind when, in It is a pleasure and important for Dresden's Frauenkirche 1994, shortly after the Peaceful Revolution and the fall of the Foundation to use this publication to record how the Nobel Berlin Wall, they wrote in the Charter of Dresden's Frauenkirche Peace Prize Laureate, key guests and the young people who Foundation: “The reconstruction of the Frauenkirche is to took part answered the central question in this series of events: create a symbol calling for tolerance and peace between the peoples and religions, (…) a place where symposia, lectures What must we do today can be held …” Thus, what could be more natural than to to make the world more peaceful in twenty years’ time? invite Nobel Peace Prize Laureates to the Frauenkirche to share their experiences working towards world peace? Inspired by the speech by the former Finnish prime minister, Martti Ahtisaari, in December 2010 in the Frauenkirche, the Dresden Frauenkirche Foundation set up a series of events involving Sebastian Feydt Nobel Peace Prize Laureates. In 2014 the former head of the Reverend of the Frauenkirche International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Dr Mohamed

4 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 5 Nobel Peace Prize Laureates in the Frauenkirche

4 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 5 Welcome address Opening

Dr ElBaradei, Prime Minister Tillich, Dr Rößler, Ms Munz, “Anyone who has no fear has no imagination.” The man who Mr Gill, Mayor Orosz, children, ladies and gentlemen, said that was from Dresden: Erich Kästner. Following Kästner's line of thinking, it could be said that our guest today has This church is linked to the memory of the events that took made it his life's task to govern the space between “fear” and place on the 13th of February 1945, when Dresden was literally “imagination”. Nuclear crises and incidents have always shown obliterated by an aerial bombardment. In the 1980s, the ruins how serious and how real the risk is. The Cold War could just of the Frauenkirche themselves became a memorial for peace. as easily have become a “Hot War”. During the Cold War, the Young people, especially, drew inspiration from this place to world teetered several times on the brink of an atomic abyss. voice their opposition to nuclear armament and the nuclear That was made clear again once more last year, when Stanislav arms race. Here they prayed for peace. It was a ‘convention- Petrov was awarded the Dresden Prize. He was the man who, al’ war that laid the city to waste, but in the day and age of in 1983, working as a lieutenant colonel in the Soviet Air nuclear arms, we all know that things are conceivable and Defence Forces, decided that a US “attack” reported by the possible on a much grander scale in terms of destruction. and it speaks to your integrity that you sent out a very clear warning system was a false alarm, preventing a nuclear war. with nuclear warheads – each with the explosive force of message by resigning from your post as vice-president. 25 Hiroshima bombs. Dr ElBaradei, this brief introduction offers an insight into how Dear Dr EIBaradei, as Director of the International Atomic important your activity as Director General of the Interna- For all of these aforementioned reasons and as chairman of Energy Agency, you persistently warned of the dangers I tell you this story because it helps grasp the destructive tional Atomic Energy Agency has been for peace in the world. the Board of Trustees of the foundation for the Church of and made repeated calls for action. You were the “face” of power of nuclear weapons and the threat they pose. Because With the help of inspections, amongst other things, the IAEA, Our Lady, I am very grateful to welcome you here. Your life- the IAEA. Your efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being it illustrates why nuclear disarmament is important. And in accordance with its mission statement, has to prevent nu - time achievement represents the call to peace, a call to which misused for military purposes were rewarded with the Nobel because it demonstrates how precious peace in Europe is. clear materials from being used contrary to international law for the Frauenkirche Dresden is also so strongly committed. Peace Prize. Sadly, nuclear weapons are still a real threat all over the world. military means and purposes. During the years of your tenure It is still up to us all to change that. But we are all well aware at the head of this organization you have made a signiﬁ cant We are absolutely delighted that you have come and taken up It was often not known how close the nuclear threat came. that just because something needs doing, this does not in any contribution to avoiding a possible nuclear clash. In certain the invitation to deliver the second Nobel Peace Prize speech That was the experience of those living around the Taucher way mean it will be done. That takes far-sightedness, courage situations you have also tried to maintain peace directly. here at this very place, after Martti Ahtisaari. Forest near Bautzen. It was clear that the Soviet forces were and adamance. I would like to remind everyone at this point that it was you marshalling their resources: in 1982 the woods near Uhyst am who, in spring 2003, publically doubted the existence of Taucher were closed off. In 1983 the Bischofswerda barracks weapons of mass destruction in Iraq: in doing so you rightly were extended, and in April 1984 troops and materials were contradicted the argument that was to lend legitimacy to the brought in during the night. Afterwards, the Taucher Forest intended war. was sealed off. But it was only four years later that it became Jochen Bohl clear what was hidden in the woods. On 25 February 1988, a In recent times you have committed to further democracy and Bishop of the Saxon regional Lutheran church missile unit, whose arrival and existence had been known to Stanislaw Tillich justice in your home country, in Egypt. And you have tried to Chairman of the but a few, was withdrawn via Bischofswerda. It was only upon Prime Minister of the Free State of Saxony bring about reconciliation between the different parties. You Frauenkirche Dresden Foundation Board of Trustees its withdrawal that people realised the Taucher Forest had personally did not eschew risks, because you did not want to been one of the “hot spots in the Cold War”. The Soviet Type stand up for a policy that denied the principle of reconciliation, 55-12 intermediate-range missiles based there were armed

6 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 7 Welcome address Opening

6 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 7 “Durable peace is not just wishful thinking”

Lecture given by Dr Mohamed ElBaradei 2005 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, former Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

in the lecture series “Nobel Peace Prize Laureate's Lectures in the Frauenkirche Dresden”

This is the audio transcript of the speech presented.

8 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 9 “Durable peace is not just wishful thinking”

Lecture given by Dr Mohamed ElBaradei 2005 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, former Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

in the lecture series “Nobel Peace Prize Laureate's Lectures in the Frauenkirche Dresden”

This is the audio transcript of the speech presented.

8 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 9 It is a great honor for me to take part in this lecture series in the and regional wars continue around the globe. We developed underestimate the power of the human spirit. With the right common view is that the solution to such confl icts lies in the Frauenkirche, which has become a widely recognized symbol a so-called ”international humanitarian law” governing armed mind-set and strategy we are capable of magnifi cent action discovery of common values. I disagree. Across a richly diverse of peace and reconciliation. The fact that I stand before you confl ict, so we can kill each other more humanly, so to speak, – and astonishing progress. At the current pace of change, a texture that makes up the human family, we already share as an Arab Muslim in a German Lutheran cathedral discussing sparing civilians and improving the treatment of prisoners; decade is a long time. So when I considered what we could a body of core values that transcend all religions and belief ways of moving toward global peace, speaks volumes about but even that humanitarian law is now cited more because of achieve in ten years, I was full of hope. I've translated that systems. our common destiny and shared humanity. violations than adherence to it. hope in ten steps – realistic, practical measures in my view that will transform our society and our outlook for the future. The The problem lies in human subjectivity: sharply different Three days ago we passed the 3-year point of the civil war What has become of our sense of humanity? After thousands fi rst fi ve call for change in our understanding and mind-set, perceptions of past events that have led to grievances and in Syria: a senseless, destructive, dehumanizing confl ict. More of years of civilization, have we learned nothing about the the last fi ve constitute a plan of action. different perceptions of the current “reality”. Jews and Arabs than 130,000 men, women and children have lost their lives. peaceful settlement of these disputes? Are we condemned to in Palestine are not fi ghting because their core values are More than 2 million refugees have fl ed their homeland. repeat the cycle of violence forever? different. They fi ght because each read the history of the Step 1: region through a different lens: each believes the land belongs Three weeks ago, the Russian Parliament authorized the Despite the litany of violence and confl ict I have just recited, We must understand the duality of human nature: to their people. deployment of troops to Ukraine in what could by default my answer is a resolute, ”No. We are not condemned.” common values diverted on perspectives. turn into a major confrontation. This is still very much work Humans are not fatally fl awed. I refuse to believe that, we are The solution, therefore, is to create an environment for in progress. For the past three years in Egypt, our struggle not born to hate. The arts of war are learned behaviors. We The British political philosopher Thomas Hobbes articulated dialogue that will account for these subjective views while toward genuine democracy has been sidetracked repeatedly are equally capable of learning – and teaching to our children this duality four centuries ago in a word called “De Cive, shifting the emphasis toward a shared vision of a peaceful by violent repression. Even as we gather today, armed confl icts – the arts of peace. As Albert Camus once said: ”Peace is the On The Citizen”. Hobbes observed that people of diverse future, thus bringing out the best in each participant. Whether are taking their toll in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Central Africa only battle worth fi ghting.” backgrounds – different economic classes, different political at the national or the international level this requires the Republic, South Sudan, and many other countries. and religious persuasions – fi nd it easy to agree when development of an institution and processes that are rooted It is based on this premise that I've entitled my talk today describing the ideal FUTURE. They all hope for a future of in human solidarity, designed to achieve equitable resolution Our evolution as a species – In terms of both caring for our “Durable peace is not just wishful thinking.” The question peace, justice and freedom for coming generations. Likewise, to grievances and differences of views, to ensure equal fellow humans and settling our differences in a peaceful I put you is: What can be accomplished in ten years? I was they are in agreement on the behaviors and conditions that opportunity for economic and political participation by all manner – seems to have made little progress since the asked about twenty, but I'll even talk about ten years. If a would characterize that future and make it possible: virtues parties, and to employ checks and balances, to guard against beginning of recorded history. Wars dominate the human decade seems like a short time, consider a few standout such as honesty, tolerance, generosity and respect for human aberration, manipulation, or domination by any one party. I time line: Greek Wars, Roman Wars, the Mongol Conquest, events of the past ten years. The launch and expansion of the dignity. will speak more about the institution and processes a bit later. the Crusades, civil wars, the Napoleonic Wars, World Wars, European Union by thirteen countries. The launch of Facebook with hundreds of millions who have lost their lives to violence. and Twitter and YouTube – as well as the fi rst iPhone. The Yet Hobbes also observed that when acting in the PRESENT, Today we can barely remember the causes of many of these inauguration of the Large Hadron Collider and a few years these same people make excuses as to why they are compelled wars. Many of the countries involved no longer exist. later the discovery of the HiggsBoson particle. The world's fi rst to exhibit the opposite behavior: fi erce competition, deception, artifi cial organ transplant. WikiLeaks. Occupy Wall Street. The exploitation and even violence. These behaviors driven by Empires and dynasties have arisen, each overthrowing the groundswell of pro-democracy movement in Arab countries greed, fear and other human passions lead to a destructive last in bloodshed. We signed the Peace of Westphalia and across the Middle East and North Africa. cycle of revenge, repression, civil strife and the loss of human the Congress of Vienna, to recognize a sovereignty of the dignity. individual state and set up rules for international conduct; but Many of these events we could not have predicted. Ten years the fi ghting continued. We created the League of Nations; ago, if you would have told me about the dramatic changes we This human disparity between forward-looking positive values but it could not avert World War II. We established the United would witness in the Arab society, I would have been sceptical and current negative behaviors is of direct relevance to the Nations; yet a nuclear holocaust still hangs over our heads, that it could happen in my lifetime. The lesson is clear: Never peaceful resolution of confl icts – including longstanding tensions such as Israeli-Palestinian situation, for example. A

10 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 11 It is a great honor for me to take part in this lecture series in the and regional wars continue around the globe. We developed underestimate the power of the human spirit. With the right common view is that the solution to such confl icts lies in the Frauenkirche, which has become a widely recognized symbol a so-called ”international humanitarian law” governing armed mind-set and strategy we are capable of magnifi cent action discovery of common values. I disagree. Across a richly diverse of peace and reconciliation. The fact that I stand before you confl ict, so we can kill each other more humanly, so to speak, – and astonishing progress. At the current pace of change, a texture that makes up the human family, we already share as an Arab Muslim in a German Lutheran cathedral discussing sparing civilians and improving the treatment of prisoners; decade is a long time. So when I considered what we could a body of core values that transcend all religions and belief ways of moving toward global peace, speaks volumes about but even that humanitarian law is now cited more because of achieve in ten years, I was full of hope. I've translated that systems. our common destiny and shared humanity. violations than adherence to it. hope in ten steps – realistic, practical measures in my view that will transform our society and our outlook for the future. The The problem lies in human subjectivity: sharply different Three days ago we passed the 3-year point of the civil war What has become of our sense of humanity? After thousands fi rst fi ve call for change in our understanding and mind-set, perceptions of past events that have led to grievances and in Syria: a senseless, destructive, dehumanizing confl ict. More of years of civilization, have we learned nothing about the the last fi ve constitute a plan of action. different perceptions of the current “reality”. Jews and Arabs than 130,000 men, women and children have lost their lives. peaceful settlement of these disputes? Are we condemned to in Palestine are not fi ghting because their core values are More than 2 million refugees have fl ed their homeland. repeat the cycle of violence forever? different. They fi ght because each read the history of the Step 1: region through a different lens: each believes the land belongs Three weeks ago, the Russian Parliament authorized the Despite the litany of violence and confl ict I have just recited, We must understand the duality of human nature: to their people. deployment of troops to Ukraine in what could by default my answer is a resolute, ”No. We are not condemned.” common values diverted on perspectives. turn into a major confrontation. This is still very much work Humans are not fatally fl awed. I refuse to believe that, we are The solution, therefore, is to create an environment for in progress. For the past three years in Egypt, our struggle not born to hate. The arts of war are learned behaviors. We The British political philosopher Thomas Hobbes articulated dialogue that will account for these subjective views while toward genuine democracy has been sidetracked repeatedly are equally capable of learning – and teaching to our children this duality four centuries ago in a word called “De Cive, shifting the emphasis toward a shared vision of a peaceful by violent repression. Even as we gather today, armed confl icts – the arts of peace. As Albert Camus once said: ”Peace is the On The Citizen”. Hobbes observed that people of diverse future, thus bringing out the best in each participant. Whether are taking their toll in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Central Africa only battle worth fi ghting.” backgrounds – different economic classes, different political at the national or the international level this requires the Republic, South Sudan, and many other countries. and religious persuasions – fi nd it easy to agree when development of an institution and processes that are rooted It is based on this premise that I've entitled my talk today describing the ideal FUTURE. They all hope for a future of in human solidarity, designed to achieve equitable resolution Our evolution as a species – In terms of both caring for our “Durable peace is not just wishful thinking.” The question peace, justice and freedom for coming generations. Likewise, to grievances and differences of views, to ensure equal fellow humans and settling our differences in a peaceful I put you is: What can be accomplished in ten years? I was they are in agreement on the behaviors and conditions that opportunity for economic and political participation by all manner – seems to have made little progress since the asked about twenty, but I'll even talk about ten years. If a would characterize that future and make it possible: virtues parties, and to employ checks and balances, to guard against beginning of recorded history. Wars dominate the human decade seems like a short time, consider a few standout such as honesty, tolerance, generosity and respect for human aberration, manipulation, or domination by any one party. I time line: Greek Wars, Roman Wars, the Mongol Conquest, events of the past ten years. The launch and expansion of the dignity. will speak more about the institution and processes a bit later. the Crusades, civil wars, the Napoleonic Wars, World Wars, European Union by thirteen countries. The launch of Facebook with hundreds of millions who have lost their lives to violence. and Twitter and YouTube – as well as the fi rst iPhone. The Yet Hobbes also observed that when acting in the PRESENT, Today we can barely remember the causes of many of these inauguration of the Large Hadron Collider and a few years these same people make excuses as to why they are compelled wars. Many of the countries involved no longer exist. later the discovery of the HiggsBoson particle. The world's fi rst to exhibit the opposite behavior: fi erce competition, deception, artifi cial organ transplant. WikiLeaks. Occupy Wall Street. The exploitation and even violence. These behaviors driven by Empires and dynasties have arisen, each overthrowing the groundswell of pro-democracy movement in Arab countries greed, fear and other human passions lead to a destructive last in bloodshed. We signed the Peace of Westphalia and across the Middle East and North Africa. cycle of revenge, repression, civil strife and the loss of human the Congress of Vienna, to recognize a sovereignty of the dignity. individual state and set up rules for international conduct; but Many of these events we could not have predicted. Ten years the fi ghting continued. We created the League of Nations; ago, if you would have told me about the dramatic changes we This human disparity between forward-looking positive values but it could not avert World War II. We established the United would witness in the Arab society, I would have been sceptical and current negative behaviors is of direct relevance to the Nations; yet a nuclear holocaust still hangs over our heads, that it could happen in my lifetime. The lesson is clear: Never peaceful resolution of confl icts – including longstanding tensions such as Israeli-Palestinian situation, for example. A

10 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 11 Step 2: This changing understanding must lead to a change in mind- We must acknowledge how globalization set. If it is inevitable that we become a globalized society, has changed the equation. reason compels a corresponding adjustment: the core values we share must be applied across the entire society. Thomas Hobbes used his observations to argue for the Our traditional family is now the human family. As with any importance of sound governance at the level of city-state. family, the human family should expect disagreements and But during the intervening centuries, the scope of the playing competing interest: but our response to dispute can no longer fi eld has changed dramatically. Globalization – the rapid resort to armed confl ict or the deprivation of human dignity. movement of goods, services, information, fi nance and people This is not a matter of choice; it is only a logical outcome. across national and continental boundaries – has redefi ned For centuries we have regarded the alternative for confl ict human interaction. We are all connected, more literally than resolution as a question of ethics; it is now a practical solution ever before. The City is now the Planet. of global survival. I am not secure until everyone in my family is secure. I am not free, unless everybody is free. What does this mean in practical terms? First, the advancement of civilization is no longer a zero sum game, in which one country or group can gain security or resources by exploiting Step 3: another. Creating adverse conditions for a given country or We must understand the impact of extreme group, whether motivated by greed or ideology, will have inequality of wealth. a rebound effect. For example, by subjecting one segment of society to poverty or repression of human rights, the The unequal distribution of global wealth has reached obscene circumstances would produce extremism or disease in a way, proportions. Last October, Credit Suisse Research Institute that inevitably ripple back to threaten the oppressors. I am not issued a report stating that more than 40 per cent of global asking you to believe in karma. I am saying we have become wealth is held by less than 1 per cent of the world population. irreversibly interconnected as a global society. Roughly 2.8 billion people, nearly half of our fellow human beings, survive on less than $2 per day. A January 2014 a report Second, when we consider our most signifi cant global from Oxfam International put the contrast in stark terms: the challenges – terrorism, climate change, poverty, the scarcity of richest 85 individuals on the planet have the same amount of resources or weapons of mass-destruction – we see that they wealth as the poorest 3.5 billion. are all threats without borders. Traditional notions of national security are becoming obsolete. By their nature, these threats Too often these statistics seem to go in one ear and out of the require multinational and often global cooperation. National other, but they are not merely numbers: there is a human face, decisions must of course be taken, but one measure of the a career, a set of aspirations that goes with each life that makes merit of national action must now be its global impact. No up these sterile statistics. As the Nobel Prize winning economist government or limited alliance can overcome these threats by Amartya Sen points out, inequality impacts the capability of working alone. an individual to function to his or her own potential: it affects health, nourishment, education, life style and, ultimately, self- respect and the ability to contribute meaningfully to a community.

12 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 13 Step 2: This changing understanding must lead to a change in mind- We must acknowledge how globalization set. If it is inevitable that we become a globalized society, has changed the equation. reason compels a corresponding adjustment: the core values we share must be applied across the entire society. Thomas Hobbes used his observations to argue for the Our traditional family is now the human family. As with any importance of sound governance at the level of city-state. family, the human family should expect disagreements and But during the intervening centuries, the scope of the playing competing interest: but our response to dispute can no longer fi eld has changed dramatically. Globalization – the rapid resort to armed confl ict or the deprivation of human dignity. movement of goods, services, information, fi nance and people This is not a matter of choice; it is only a logical outcome. across national and continental boundaries – has redefi ned For centuries we have regarded the alternative for confl ict human interaction. We are all connected, more literally than resolution as a question of ethics; it is now a practical solution ever before. The City is now the Planet. of global survival. I am not secure until everyone in my family is secure. I am not free, unless everybody is free. What does this mean in practical terms? First, the advancement of civilization is no longer a zero sum game, in which one country or group can gain security or resources by exploiting Step 3: another. Creating adverse conditions for a given country or We must understand the impact of extreme group, whether motivated by greed or ideology, will have inequality of wealth. a rebound effect. For example, by subjecting one segment of society to poverty or repression of human rights, the The unequal distribution of global wealth has reached obscene circumstances would produce extremism or disease in a way, proportions. Last October, Credit Suisse Research Institute that inevitably ripple back to threaten the oppressors. I am not issued a report stating that more than 40 per cent of global asking you to believe in karma. I am saying we have become wealth is held by less than 1 per cent of the world population. irreversibly interconnected as a global society. Roughly 2.8 billion people, nearly half of our fellow human beings, survive on less than $2 per day. A January 2014 a report Second, when we consider our most signifi cant global from Oxfam International put the contrast in stark terms: the challenges – terrorism, climate change, poverty, the scarcity of richest 85 individuals on the planet have the same amount of resources or weapons of mass-destruction – we see that they wealth as the poorest 3.5 billion. are all threats without borders. Traditional notions of national security are becoming obsolete. By their nature, these threats Too often these statistics seem to go in one ear and out of the require multinational and often global cooperation. National other, but they are not merely numbers: there is a human face, decisions must of course be taken, but one measure of the a career, a set of aspirations that goes with each life that makes merit of national action must now be its global impact. No up these sterile statistics. As the Nobel Prize winning economist government or limited alliance can overcome these threats by Amartya Sen points out, inequality impacts the capability of working alone. an individual to function to his or her own potential: it affects health, nourishment, education, life style and, ultimately, self- respect and the ability to contribute meaningfully to a community.

12 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 13 Ultimately, inequality of opportunity creates personal Millions of human lives are lost to armed confl icts, hunger and radicalization – which in turn can fuel civil wars and inter- engage in dialogue. I am troubled by the reluctance of many challenges that expand into disasters of national and global and disease; but the global response to those deaths – the s t a t e c o n fl i c t s . leaders to talk to certain adversaries unless preconditions are proportions. Recent economic crisis had begun in the emotional reaction, the press coverage and the willingness met. Dialogue and diplomacy are the most meaningful tools wealthiest nations, but their most severe impact has been to dedicate funding to fi x the situation – depends on who Ironically, we have been witnessing the ineffectiveness of for confl ict resolution and reconciling differences. This is on the poorest economies. Fifty years ago, Africa was a net is dying and where the deaths occur. For example, despite military power in the face of these interconnected global something we need to remember in these days. exporter of food; today it imports one-third of its grain. Tonight enormous death toll in the recent armed confl ict in Congo insecurities. The United States, the world's only superpower, roughly 900 million people will go to bed hungry: more than and Darfur, the international community did little more than maintains a military force that cannot be matched on land, the population of the United States and the European Union wring its hands, because those locations had little so-called sea or sky. Yet the U.S.-led wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have Step 6: combined. Another example is the brain drain: more than “strategic value”. Throughout the Iraq war we knew exactly dragged on for years. Despite vastly superior fi repower and We must reform our dysfunctional international two-thirds of medical doctors that graduate in Ghana and how many US and other coalitions soldiers had been killed, but enormous fi nancial expenditures, victory has been elusive. institution and governance mechanism. Zimbabwe emigrate – primarily to the UK – within fi ve years. no one bothered to keep more than the vaguest telling of the At this moment there are more Ethiopian doctors practicing Iraqi civilians who lost their lives. And as far as for the fi fteen When we understand the nature of the insecurities facing At the 2005 World Summit in New York, the United Nations medicine in Chicago than in all of Ethiopia. refugee children from Central African Republic, the United our globalized human family we also realize it is time to re- hosted the largest number of heads of states ever convened. Nations strategic response plan for the crisis in that country evaluate our traditional reliance on military power. Smart High on the agenda was a newly articulated norm, the This is but a small sampling of these impacts; yet it illustrates has to date received only one-fi fth of the $550 million needed. bombs cannot feed the hungry. Tanks and missiles cannot “Responsibility to Protect”. This norm asserted that a state's why we must no longer view wealth inequality as a set of fi ght disease or solve the unequal distribution of wealth. And sovereignty must be considered not only a right but also a sterile economic fi gures. The effects of poverty are real; they Yet the global budget for military spending annually stands as we have recently seen in Egypt, armies are ill-suited to responsibility to protect its people against major violations are human. Correcting inequality does not equate by any at 1.7 trillion dollars. The problem therefore is not a case correct a lack of good governance. of human rights: genocide, crimes against humanity, war means to anti-capitalism, it requires a thoughtful strategy and of insuffi cient funds. We have the money to address these crimes and ethnic cleansing. The norm further asserted that cooperation on a global scale, but we must begin by facing up tragedies. Nor is the problem in our shared core values. The Instead, many of us now are advocating the exercise of more if a state fails to protect its people from these atrocities, to the facts and the truths. crux of the matter is in the blinkered or skewed way we apply “soft power”, the non-military attributes that make a country the international community has the responsibility to use those values. The results can be predicted in our budgets. The a prominent actor on a global stage. As American political appropriate humanitarian and other peaceful means. And if value we place on human life is unequal depending on whose scientist Joseph Nye has stated, “A country has more soft those are inadequate it must take stronger measures including Step 4: life it is. power if its culture, values and institutions incite admiration collective use of force, authorized by the UN Security Council. We must acknowledge the unequal value we and respect in other parts of the world”. Many well- are placing on human life. established democracies like Germany have a broad array of But norms are only as meaningful as an institution that translates Step 5: these attributes ready to export freedom of speech, economic them into action. The years since have seen several instances Two weeks ago Reuters reported on fi fteen children who We must redefi ne human security and place and social dynamism. Frameworks to ensure the rule of law. in which the “Responsibility to Protect” has been invoked, had crossed as refugees from Central African Republic into more emphasis on “soft power”. Advanced science and technology. These attributes are the such as in Darfur, Kenya, Libya, Côte d'Ivoire, Yemen, Mali, Cameroon, but were so malnourished that they died upon envy of oppressed and impoverished societies worldwide. If Sudan, South Sudan and Central African Republic. Generally, arrival. Let me pose a question: What value should we place Inequity and insecurity are our two greatest global challenges. wealthy countries put half as much creativity and resources however, the intervention by the international community on the lives of fi fteen African children? How does this compare Understood properly, they are the two sides of the same coin. into “soft power” – spreading these instruments of peace and is usually quite late, and it should be most effective when to the value we would assign if these had been fi fteen Poverty is frequently linked to a lack of good governance. progress – as they spend on weapons of war, our world would applied at the earliest stage when humanitarian assistance is malnourished German or American children, fl eeing a scene The lack of good governance is tied to multiple problems: be much more secure in every sense. The return on investment needed, when peaceful resolutions are possible. Yet in most of brutality? How would the news coverage be different? corruption, denial of social justice and political freedom, would be immediate. cases Security Council waits to intervene until the use of force scarcity of economic opportunity and failure of the rule of law. has become necessary or possibly the only option. These breakdowns produce loss of hope, a sense of injustice Coupled with these cultural values should be the willingness to

14 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 15 Ultimately, inequality of opportunity creates personal Millions of human lives are lost to armed confl icts, hunger and radicalization – which in turn can fuel civil wars and inter- engage in dialogue. I am troubled by the reluctance of many challenges that expand into disasters of national and global and disease; but the global response to those deaths – the s t a t e c o n fl i c t s . leaders to talk to certain adversaries unless preconditions are proportions. Recent economic crisis had begun in the emotional reaction, the press coverage and the willingness met. Dialogue and diplomacy are the most meaningful tools wealthiest nations, but their most severe impact has been to dedicate funding to fi x the situation – depends on who Ironically, we have been witnessing the ineffectiveness of for confl ict resolution and reconciling differences. This is on the poorest economies. Fifty years ago, Africa was a net is dying and where the deaths occur. For example, despite military power in the face of these interconnected global something we need to remember in these days. exporter of food; today it imports one-third of its grain. Tonight enormous death toll in the recent armed confl ict in Congo insecurities. The United States, the world's only superpower, roughly 900 million people will go to bed hungry: more than and Darfur, the international community did little more than maintains a military force that cannot be matched on land, the population of the United States and the European Union wring its hands, because those locations had little so-called sea or sky. Yet the U.S.-led wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have Step 6: combined. Another example is the brain drain: more than “strategic value”. Throughout the Iraq war we knew exactly dragged on for years. Despite vastly superior fi repower and We must reform our dysfunctional international two-thirds of medical doctors that graduate in Ghana and how many US and other coalitions soldiers had been killed, but enormous fi nancial expenditures, victory has been elusive. institution and governance mechanism. Zimbabwe emigrate – primarily to the UK – within fi ve years. no one bothered to keep more than the vaguest telling of the At this moment there are more Ethiopian doctors practicing Iraqi civilians who lost their lives. And as far as for the fi fteen When we understand the nature of the insecurities facing At the 2005 World Summit in New York, the United Nations medicine in Chicago than in all of Ethiopia. refugee children from Central African Republic, the United our globalized human family we also realize it is time to re- hosted the largest number of heads of states ever convened. Nations strategic response plan for the crisis in that country evaluate our traditional reliance on military power. Smart High on the agenda was a newly articulated norm, the This is but a small sampling of these impacts; yet it illustrates has to date received only one-fi fth of the $550 million needed. bombs cannot feed the hungry. Tanks and missiles cannot “Responsibility to Protect”. This norm asserted that a state's why we must no longer view wealth inequality as a set of fi ght disease or solve the unequal distribution of wealth. And sovereignty must be considered not only a right but also a sterile economic fi gures. The effects of poverty are real; they Yet the global budget for military spending annually stands as we have recently seen in Egypt, armies are ill-suited to responsibility to protect its people against major violations are human. Correcting inequality does not equate by any at 1.7 trillion dollars. The problem therefore is not a case correct a lack of good governance. of human rights: genocide, crimes against humanity, war means to anti-capitalism, it requires a thoughtful strategy and of insuffi cient funds. We have the money to address these crimes and ethnic cleansing. The norm further asserted that cooperation on a global scale, but we must begin by facing up tragedies. Nor is the problem in our shared core values. The Instead, many of us now are advocating the exercise of more if a state fails to protect its people from these atrocities, to the facts and the truths. crux of the matter is in the blinkered or skewed way we apply “soft power”, the non-military attributes that make a country the international community has the responsibility to use those values. The results can be predicted in our budgets. The a prominent actor on a global stage. As American political appropriate humanitarian and other peaceful means. And if value we place on human life is unequal depending on whose scientist Joseph Nye has stated, “A country has more soft those are inadequate it must take stronger measures including Step 4: life it is. power if its culture, values and institutions incite admiration collective use of force, authorized by the UN Security Council. We must acknowledge the unequal value we and respect in other parts of the world”. Many well- are placing on human life. established democracies like Germany have a broad array of But norms are only as meaningful as an institution that translates Step 5: these attributes ready to export freedom of speech, economic them into action. The years since have seen several instances Two weeks ago Reuters reported on fi fteen children who We must redefi ne human security and place and social dynamism. Frameworks to ensure the rule of law. in which the “Responsibility to Protect” has been invoked, had crossed as refugees from Central African Republic into more emphasis on “soft power”. Advanced science and technology. These attributes are the such as in Darfur, Kenya, Libya, Côte d'Ivoire, Yemen, Mali, Cameroon, but were so malnourished that they died upon envy of oppressed and impoverished societies worldwide. If Sudan, South Sudan and Central African Republic. Generally, arrival. Let me pose a question: What value should we place Inequity and insecurity are our two greatest global challenges. wealthy countries put half as much creativity and resources however, the intervention by the international community on the lives of fi fteen African children? How does this compare Understood properly, they are the two sides of the same coin. into “soft power” – spreading these instruments of peace and is usually quite late, and it should be most effective when to the value we would assign if these had been fi fteen Poverty is frequently linked to a lack of good governance. progress – as they spend on weapons of war, our world would applied at the earliest stage when humanitarian assistance is malnourished German or American children, fl eeing a scene The lack of good governance is tied to multiple problems: be much more secure in every sense. The return on investment needed, when peaceful resolutions are possible. Yet in most of brutality? How would the news coverage be different? corruption, denial of social justice and political freedom, would be immediate. cases Security Council waits to intervene until the use of force scarcity of economic opportunity and failure of the rule of law. has become necessary or possibly the only option. These breakdowns produce loss of hope, a sense of injustice Coupled with these cultural values should be the willingness to

14 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 15 What is worse is that intervention has been grossly inconsistent such instruments are most effective when wielded collectively in the past couple of decades: Inaction in places like Rwanda with countries working together through international and Syria, where the mass slaughter of civilians has taken place institutions such as the United Nations and its agencies. or continues to take place; forceful action in Iraq and Serbia, But here again, these agencies cannot be effective unless but without a Security Council mandate demanded of the its member states are willing to equip it with the necessary Security Council as in the case of NATO action in Libya. To resources and authority. On the humanitarian front, for be effective, the “Responsibility to Protect” must have precise example, the UN is currently almost begging for $12.9 defi nition, criteria and modalities, and cannot be subject to billion to deal with humanitarian catastrophes, if I recall in 52 the whims of the P5, the members of the council with veto countries and dealing with 17 million people. But they have power. Too often unfortunately the UN Security Council diffi culty in securing the funding – which equates to one-half enacts a parody of its intended function offering nothing but of one percent of what countries are spending on armament. handwringing, rhetoric, and political squabbles. It is time, in my view, to reform these dysfunctional institutions. We cannot keep doing the same thing and expecting different The same standard of accountability must also be applied results. The Security Council, in particular, must have the across the board. The Security Council has been effective in structure, authority and resources needed to respond to referring thirteen cases to the International Criminal Court, threats to international peace and security solely on the basis such as those in Sudan and Libya; but it has been utterly of human solidarity, irrespective of the geopolitical interest silent on atrocities committed in Iraq and Afghanistan. This is of any individual member state. Similarly, the humanitarian selective justice: if the perpetrator has friends in high places institutions of the United Nations must be granted both the – essentially in the P5 – the standards do not apply. Currently authority and resources to ensure the dignity of every human the International Criminal Court is considering eight cases: all being by meeting basic needs – nutritious food, clean water, are African. sanitation, health care and education – when the state fails to do so. As a member of the human family we can accept no These inconsistent standards are also apparent in how lesser standard. resources are committed to a given United Nations action. Under the UN Charter, in 1945 member states committed to make armed forces available under a special agreement with Step 7: the Security Council: however, no single country for the last We must put technology to work 70 years has concluded such an agreement until today. Thus, in the service of development. in some engagements, such as Afghanistan, the operation is well-supplied with forces and equipment through NATO, At the outset I mentioned a number of recent advances because of their perception of the “strategic value” by a in science and technology. We are living in an era of major power. In other cases, such as Darfur, the UN has been unprecedented progress in medicine – information technology, compelled to rely on African forces that are short on numbers biotechnology, nanotechnology, and many other fi elds; yet and equipment. we seem incapable of harnessing these advances to make our world more peaceful and humane. Innovation, invention Similarly, when we consider the “soft power” and the use of and entrepreneurship are keywords close to the top of every dialogue and diplomacy for confl ict resolution it is clear that national agenda in the industrialized world; but relatively little

16 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 17 What is worse is that intervention has been grossly inconsistent such instruments are most effective when wielded collectively in the past couple of decades: Inaction in places like Rwanda with countries working together through international and Syria, where the mass slaughter of civilians has taken place institutions such as the United Nations and its agencies. or continues to take place; forceful action in Iraq and Serbia, But here again, these agencies cannot be effective unless but without a Security Council mandate demanded of the its member states are willing to equip it with the necessary Security Council as in the case of NATO action in Libya. To resources and authority. On the humanitarian front, for be effective, the “Responsibility to Protect” must have precise example, the UN is currently almost begging for $12.9 defi nition, criteria and modalities, and cannot be subject to billion to deal with humanitarian catastrophes, if I recall in 52 the whims of the P5, the members of the council with veto countries and dealing with 17 million people. But they have power. Too often unfortunately the UN Security Council diffi culty in securing the funding – which equates to one-half enacts a parody of its intended function offering nothing but of one percent of what countries are spending on armament. handwringing, rhetoric, and political squabbles. It is time, in my view, to reform these dysfunctional institutions. We cannot keep doing the same thing and expecting different The same standard of accountability must also be applied results. The Security Council, in particular, must have the across the board. The Security Council has been effective in structure, authority and resources needed to respond to referring thirteen cases to the International Criminal Court, threats to international peace and security solely on the basis such as those in Sudan and Libya; but it has been utterly of human solidarity, irrespective of the geopolitical interest silent on atrocities committed in Iraq and Afghanistan. This is of any individual member state. Similarly, the humanitarian selective justice: if the perpetrator has friends in high places institutions of the United Nations must be granted both the – essentially in the P5 – the standards do not apply. Currently authority and resources to ensure the dignity of every human the International Criminal Court is considering eight cases: all being by meeting basic needs – nutritious food, clean water, are African. sanitation, health care and education – when the state fails to do so. As a member of the human family we can accept no These inconsistent standards are also apparent in how lesser standard. resources are committed to a given United Nations action. Under the UN Charter, in 1945 member states committed to make armed forces available under a special agreement with Step 7: the Security Council: however, no single country for the last We must put technology to work 70 years has concluded such an agreement until today. Thus, in the service of development. in some engagements, such as Afghanistan, the operation is well-supplied with forces and equipment through NATO, At the outset I mentioned a number of recent advances because of their perception of the “strategic value” by a in science and technology. We are living in an era of major power. In other cases, such as Darfur, the UN has been unprecedented progress in medicine – information technology, compelled to rely on African forces that are short on numbers biotechnology, nanotechnology, and many other fi elds; yet and equipment. we seem incapable of harnessing these advances to make our world more peaceful and humane. Innovation, invention Similarly, when we consider the “soft power” and the use of and entrepreneurship are keywords close to the top of every dialogue and diplomacy for confl ict resolution it is clear that national agenda in the industrialized world; but relatively little

16 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 17 research, funding or venture capital is focused on solving the Step 8: intimidation, nor by name-calling or accusations, but through have provided these young people with a window to the challenges of the developing world – related, for example, to We must abolish nuclear weapons. dialogue and negotiation. Recent dialogue with direct world. They are hungry for the opportunities they know exist microgrid-scale energy generation, or to small-scale water interaction between Iran and the United States is a welcome elsewhere. Smart corporate investment in high-tech skills purifi cation, or to inexpensive medical solutions to infectious As we focus technology innovations more broadly on solving step forward. The grievances and mistrust between these two training, in ICT infrastructure, in seed funding and supportive diseases. In fact, we regularly witness examples of advanced the challenges of the development, the return on the countries has accumulated over 50 years. As progress is made environment for entrepreneurs, can tap into this population technologies being misused to encroach on our basic values – investment will be rapid and obvious. This, in turn, will make towards resolving the mistrust surrounding Iran's nuclear and yield a high return. such as high-tech wiretapping methods that violate the right clear the wastefulness and futility of investing in ever more program more opportunities will arise to chart a new course to privacy. powerful weapons and maintaining arsenals of weapons of based on reconciling differences across a broader spectrum. The third area for economic innovation is in helping emerging mass destruction. democracies create the institutions and mechanisms for Consider the medical arena. Successful anti-retroviral good governance. This is a far smarter strategic investment treatment regimens have been developed for HIV/AIDS, but The abolition of nuclear weapons unfortunately is not a Step 9: than selling weaponry or providing military aid to these they are largely inaccessible to the poor and therefore mostly fashionable topic today. Yet it should be evident that with the We must put economics to work countries. By jump-starting a process of social and economic irrelevant as a solution to the tragic toll that AIDS continues spread of advanced science and technology, as long as some in the service of all humanity. development – exporting “soft power” as I said earlier – we to take across Africa. As a director of UNAIDS told the human countries choose to rely on nuclear weapons, others will seek will create stable, reliable partners that will also be markets rights council early last year, ”It is outrageous that …when to acquire them. Human security, I would reiterate, is not a For centuries, humans have understood the economics of how and pools for talent for our companies. Generosity of this sort we have all the tools to address this epidemic, more than 1.7 zero sum game. to make war profi table, of how to exploit the poor and the is not an act of charity, it is an investment in our own survival. million people will die this year in 2013 because they do not less powerful for profi t. This model is no longer sustainable. have access to treatment.” In low- or middle-income countries, It is imperative that no more countries acquire these deadly It is time for a new approach to global economics, focusing out of 29 million of eligible patients, only 9 million will receive weapons. But to that end, it is equally imperative that nuclear- explicitly on achieving prosperity through peace. Step 10: treatment. weapon states accelerate their nuclear disarmament efforts. We must reeducate ourselves and most of all This, in turn, demands national security policies that reduce The fi rst practical area for strategic change involves a reeducate the young in the arts of peace. Once again, we come back to the disparity between our the strategic role given to these weapons. And nuclear balancing of government R&D budgets. Innovations follow forward-thinking values, which are shared across the human weapons should have no room in our doctrine of collective investment. If all wealthy governments continue to spend Each of the nine steps I have outlined so far involve some family, and our narrowly focused behaviors as individuals, security. It is nothing short of madness that – nearly a quarter ten times more money on armament and defense than they elements of re-education with practical strategic benefi ts. corporations and governments. It is not that we want our of a century after the end of the Cold War – we still have more do on humanitarian aid, this will infl uence where investors, Education is key. Curiosity and belief in the power of learning fellow human beings to starve or live in suffering. It is that we than 17,000 nuclear weapons, more than 4,000 in operational corporations and research universities put their money and is central to what makes us human. With the rapid pace of are so immersed in the priorities of the moment that we miss status and 2,000 in high alert status: ready to go in less than effort. But if the same government were to sponsor R&D on change we are experiencing, a global reeducation program the big picture. half an hour. the most costly challenges of developing societies the result along these lines will enable us to solve our insecurities as one How does Iran fi t into this equation? Iran's nuclear program would be the creation of new technologies, the opening of human family. has been a dominant headline for more than a decade. Nuclear new industries and new markets and, ultimately, a revolution weapons – in the Middle East and elsewhere – have long been in how we approach the cost of humanitarian aid. Above all we must educate our youth. Ensuring a solid primary seen as conveying power and prestige and insurance against and secondary education for boys and girls in the poorest attack. The second area for economic innovation lies in harnessing countries is vital if they are to be lifted out of poverty. Current the untapped potential of human capital in developing efforts to ensure universal education are far from adequate. Iran's determination to master nuclear technology in my countries. These are highly motivated populations, many UNESCO's latest report on global education says that if current view has been driven by the desire to be recognized as an with a disproportionately high percentage of young people. trends continue it will take until 2072 until the poorest young important regional power. As we have begun to witness lately, In Egypt, for example, 50 per cent of the population is under women in developing countries are literate. This cannot stand. the Iran nuclear issue can be resolved – not by threats and 25. More than ever before, television and internet access

18 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 19 research, funding or venture capital is focused on solving the Step 8: intimidation, nor by name-calling or accusations, but through have provided these young people with a window to the challenges of the developing world – related, for example, to We must abolish nuclear weapons. dialogue and negotiation. Recent dialogue with direct world. They are hungry for the opportunities they know exist microgrid-scale energy generation, or to small-scale water interaction between Iran and the United States is a welcome elsewhere. Smart corporate investment in high-tech skills purifi cation, or to inexpensive medical solutions to infectious As we focus technology innovations more broadly on solving step forward. The grievances and mistrust between these two training, in ICT infrastructure, in seed funding and supportive diseases. In fact, we regularly witness examples of advanced the challenges of the development, the return on the countries has accumulated over 50 years. As progress is made environment for entrepreneurs, can tap into this population technologies being misused to encroach on our basic values – investment will be rapid and obvious. This, in turn, will make towards resolving the mistrust surrounding Iran's nuclear and yield a high return. such as high-tech wiretapping methods that violate the right clear the wastefulness and futility of investing in ever more program more opportunities will arise to chart a new course to privacy. powerful weapons and maintaining arsenals of weapons of based on reconciling differences across a broader spectrum. The third area for economic innovation is in helping emerging mass destruction. democracies create the institutions and mechanisms for Consider the medical arena. Successful anti-retroviral good governance. This is a far smarter strategic investment treatment regimens have been developed for HIV/AIDS, but The abolition of nuclear weapons unfortunately is not a Step 9: than selling weaponry or providing military aid to these they are largely inaccessible to the poor and therefore mostly fashionable topic today. Yet it should be evident that with the We must put economics to work countries. By jump-starting a process of social and economic irrelevant as a solution to the tragic toll that AIDS continues spread of advanced science and technology, as long as some in the service of all humanity. development – exporting “soft power” as I said earlier – we to take across Africa. As a director of UNAIDS told the human countries choose to rely on nuclear weapons, others will seek will create stable, reliable partners that will also be markets rights council early last year, ”It is outrageous that …when to acquire them. Human security, I would reiterate, is not a For centuries, humans have understood the economics of how and pools for talent for our companies. Generosity of this sort we have all the tools to address this epidemic, more than 1.7 zero sum game. to make war profi table, of how to exploit the poor and the is not an act of charity, it is an investment in our own survival. million people will die this year in 2013 because they do not less powerful for profi t. This model is no longer sustainable. have access to treatment.” In low- or middle-income countries, It is imperative that no more countries acquire these deadly It is time for a new approach to global economics, focusing out of 29 million of eligible patients, only 9 million will receive weapons. But to that end, it is equally imperative that nuclear- explicitly on achieving prosperity through peace. Step 10: treatment. weapon states accelerate their nuclear disarmament efforts. We must reeducate ourselves and most of all This, in turn, demands national security policies that reduce The fi rst practical area for strategic change involves a reeducate the young in the arts of peace. Once again, we come back to the disparity between our the strategic role given to these weapons. And nuclear balancing of government R&D budgets. Innovations follow forward-thinking values, which are shared across the human weapons should have no room in our doctrine of collective investment. If all wealthy governments continue to spend Each of the nine steps I have outlined so far involve some family, and our narrowly focused behaviors as individuals, security. It is nothing short of madness that – nearly a quarter ten times more money on armament and defense than they elements of re-education with practical strategic benefi ts. corporations and governments. It is not that we want our of a century after the end of the Cold War – we still have more do on humanitarian aid, this will infl uence where investors, Education is key. Curiosity and belief in the power of learning fellow human beings to starve or live in suffering. It is that we than 17,000 nuclear weapons, more than 4,000 in operational corporations and research universities put their money and is central to what makes us human. With the rapid pace of are so immersed in the priorities of the moment that we miss status and 2,000 in high alert status: ready to go in less than effort. But if the same government were to sponsor R&D on change we are experiencing, a global reeducation program the big picture. half an hour. the most costly challenges of developing societies the result along these lines will enable us to solve our insecurities as one How does Iran fi t into this equation? Iran's nuclear program would be the creation of new technologies, the opening of human family. has been a dominant headline for more than a decade. Nuclear new industries and new markets and, ultimately, a revolution weapons – in the Middle East and elsewhere – have long been in how we approach the cost of humanitarian aid. Above all we must educate our youth. Ensuring a solid primary seen as conveying power and prestige and insurance against and secondary education for boys and girls in the poorest attack. The second area for economic innovation lies in harnessing countries is vital if they are to be lifted out of poverty. Current the untapped potential of human capital in developing efforts to ensure universal education are far from adequate. Iran's determination to master nuclear technology in my countries. These are highly motivated populations, many UNESCO's latest report on global education says that if current view has been driven by the desire to be recognized as an with a disproportionately high percentage of young people. trends continue it will take until 2072 until the poorest young important regional power. As we have begun to witness lately, In Egypt, for example, 50 per cent of the population is under women in developing countries are literate. This cannot stand. the Iran nuclear issue can be resolved – not by threats and 25. More than ever before, television and internet access

18 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 19 On the positive side, we are witnessing many efforts to re- invigorate and re-imagine a global approach to education. My alma mater, New York University, is running a global education campus in Abu Dhabi. Every year they take in a new batch of roughly 200 students drawn from more than ﬁ fty countries based solely on merit. Some come from abject poverty with all expenses paid by the United Arab Emirates. The idea is to bring these young people together, to develop truly multicultural and global perspective for their roles as future leaders. The NYU President, Joseph Sexton, tells me that in just a few short years, the results have been amazing. Efforts such as these give us hope.

Education pays multigenerational dividends. We cannot afford any more lost generations. In conclusion, the challenges we face are bigger than any single country, conﬂ ict, or issue. We are engaged in a struggle for the heart of humanity. What kind of world do we want to leave to our children? What are the values, the institutions, the protocols of governments, the behaviors and mindset that will enable our global society to achieve an enduring peace?

The solutions are within reach – because the solutions are within us. No matter how formidable the challenge, a sustained investment in human security is an investment in our collective future as one human family.

Thank you.

20 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 21 On the positive side, we are witnessing many efforts to re- invigorate and re-imagine a global approach to education. My alma mater, New York University, is running a global education campus in Abu Dhabi. Every year they take in a new batch of roughly 200 students drawn from more than ﬁ fty countries based solely on merit. Some come from abject poverty with all expenses paid by the United Arab Emirates. The idea is to bring these young people together, to develop truly multicultural and global perspective for their roles as future leaders. The NYU President, Joseph Sexton, tells me that in just a few short years, the results have been amazing. Efforts such as these give us hope.

Thank you.

20 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 21 Schools competition Saxon schoolchildren invited to an ideas competition

The Nobel Peace Prize is an accolade awarded for a lifetime's on this issue prior to the speech. The goal is not only to send work. Individuals or organisations are honoured for inspiring out a special invitation to young people to the Frauenkirche acts which have had an outstanding effect on peaceful to attend the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate's speech, but also fraternity between the world's peoples. Looking back, the to give them the chance to participate in a political discourse prize is a recognition of achievement; looking forward, it is eye to eye with well-known politicians, at this historical site of an obligation. injury and reconciliation.

Schoolchildren want to shape their lives, and school education The prize for the winning groups was deliberately not of plays a key role in that. The theme of sensitivity for peace material, but instead of symbolic value: a day at Dresden issues can be developed in various school subjects. As a Frauenkirche, giving them the chance to experience the rule, young people think and communicate on a worldwide history and message of this church in a special format; opening level, and at the same time face the challenge of shaping up opportunities to meet other schoolchildren and their ideas; their personal environment in a meaningful and peaceful eating and learning together, and creatively working out the manner. The experience of your personal commitment questions and interests they wanted to explore that evening being recognised and having effects which go far beyond in an exclusive discussion with the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate. your personal environment is precious. Among other things, schoolchildren very often base their goals on personal role The young people's wishes and ideas concerning a models. Information can be passed on more lastingly when it peaceful future were collected in a transparent globe, the is connected to emotions. In this context, personal esteem and “WishfullWorld”, where they will remain for years to come human contact play a crucial role. It is thus no great leap for on display in the Frauenkirche, as a legacy. The children were Nobel Peace Prize Laureates to come into direct contact with personally acknowledged by the high-ranking panel and the young people. Ideally, both parties will gain a great deal from Saxon premier, paving the way for a mutually appreciative, this encounter. interested conversation between the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and the winning groups of schoolchildren. The In cooperation with the Saxon State Ministry of Cultural intimate format of a private two-hour discussion in the lower Affairs, the Frauenkirche Foundation has set up a competition church immediately before the public speech in the main for schoolchildren on a theme to accompany the speech of body of the Frauenkirche opened up the exclusive opportunity Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Dr Mohamed ElBaradei, bringing to get to know Dr ElBaradei not only as a political ﬁ gure, with it up to date in line with the situation of young people today. the background of his life's work, but also as a person just like A world without nuclear weapons: an illusion, or a duty for the you and me, with hopes, disappointments and ideals. world's young generation? Encouraged by the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, school classes and small working groups worked Holger Treutmann Reverend of the Frauenkirche

22 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 23 Schools competition Saxon schoolchildren invited to an ideas competition

22 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 23 The winning entries for the schools competition

One hundred and twenty-fi ve participants followed the call by the Frauenkirche Dresden Foundation to take part in the peace competition “schoolchildren meet Nobel Peace Prize Laureates at Dresden Frauenkirche”. Dr Mohamed ElBaradei asked, “A world without nuclear weapons: an illusion, or a duty for the world's young generation?” and called upon the “It's your schoolchildren to grapple intensively with this topic, presenting their wishes, fears, ideas and proposed solutions. Dresden's “Peace, not war” “ten” decision!” Frauenkirche Foundation received entries in the form of fi lms, audio dramas and school newspapers, among other things. On the road to a world without nuclear weapons Posting theses For a future without nuclear weapons The three panel members praised the level of commitment among entrants and the high quality of their entries. They Victoria Lê, Livia Koenitz, Charlotte Bäcker, Hannes Lienig, Adrian Laugsch, Valentin Gies, Daniel Hofmann, Pia Weigel, Milena Hauser, Henriette Weiß, Charlotte Pech, particularly emphasised the creativity with which the Silvia Dietze, Anna Dorothea Uschner, Sophia Lehne, Nora Helena Kieß – Protestant School of the Holy Cross Victoria Tost – Protestant School of the Holy Cross schoolchildren presented on one hand the reasons why people Hartmann, Oleksiy Bezugly, Jenny Steinert, Mei Yang, want nuclear weapons, and on the other the consequences Stefanie Pusch (teacher) – Dresden-Plauen high school The entry comprised a fi lm performance and a corresponding Explaining their choice, the panel stated that “Above all, the which the possession of such weapons have on international essay, and envisioned as its subject ten fundamental theses. entry brings up the question of the dilemmas we face, whether safety, not forgetting what might happen if they were used. The eleven young people covered the topic in a special The panel unanimously agreed that, “Boldly and daringly, ten the world is without nuclear weapons or holds onto them. In contrast with the thinking of the 1980s, the schoolchildren issue of a fi ctional youth magazine entitled “The Road”. theses tell of a more peaceful world of safety, and freedom This sophisticated analysis, which offers some surprises for the not only took a European perspective but also addressed the First, they dealt with the history and current global location from the atomic threats to the existence of mankind.” viewers, combined with the challenge to viewers to decide global aspects of nuclear weapons spreading (or failing to do of nuclear weapons, before going on to carry out a survey “As well as the very soundly argued pamphlet, which reveals for themselves which world is the better, is likely to produce so) and how they can be controlled. Of the thirteen group and activities at their school open day to draw attention to and registers the longings, appeals, refl ections and demands of more long-lasting commitment to nuclear disarmament entries, the panel named three equal winners who dealt with the topic and form opinions. In their explanation of why the the young generation, the schoolchildren have entered a fi lm than are stark warnings against nuclear war.” The young the competition topic in an outstanding manner. As well as entry had won, the panel wrote: “The magazine stands out version of their words, which, in their expressive symbolism, people entered a short fi lm which used a historical overview the Federal Government Commissioner for Disarmament and positively for its factual accuracy, professional design and the amount almost to an apocalyptic outcry.” Another feature of the development of nuclear weapons to sketch out some Arms Control, Antje Leendertse, the other panel members thoroughly nuanced way in which it deals with the subject of praised was the outstanding fi lm music by 15-year-old Adrian alternative future scenarios. were Herbert Wolff, Secretary of State at the competition. It is an excellently researched, extremely well Laugsch, one of Saxony's youngest composers. the Saxon State Ministry of Cultural Affairs, thought-out issue which inspires interest in the topic among and Dr Oliver Meier, Scientifi c and Political young people (and others).” Foundation at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs.

24 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 25 The winning entries for the schools competition

24 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 25 Young people experience the Frauenkirche

What impression did the schoolchildren from the schools competition gain of the Frauenkirche?

“I hear a sound made of many sounds: peace, peace where visitors walking about looking at the church, sitting lost in God resides” – the fi nal words of the poem fade away. Written contemplation or talking to a volunteer church guide acting as by Christian Lehnert in 2003 for the Peace Bell, Isaiah, they their host, or up to the painted panels on the inner dome – or, marked the consecration of the new Frauenkirche bells. of course, across to the altar. After a few introductory words The young people stand closely packed in the two narrow on historical background facts, and why the church interior belfries, facing the bells, whose names and decorations is Protestant theology made in stone, we move a level down indicate their liturgical function. One of the many discoveries and up close to the broken altar on the singers' gallery. Of the the schoolchildren have made on their way through the many images before us, our attention focuses on the central Frauenkirche is why the church's eight-bell peal is made up altar scene, where the destruction of war has been deliberately not only of seven new bells but also of an almost fi ve-hundred- left in place, for example on the fi gure of Judas and where year-old memorial bell. a second glance reveals the “scars of healed wounds”. The Their route starts out in the lower church, the Room of Silence. memories and reminders these scars represent are repeated in Once a burial place, a church cellar and a refuge in times of the old cross standing in the main body of the church. Before war, this sparingly designed sacred space shows visible signs the discovery tour continues, there is an invitation to light a of existential subjects such as death and resurrection, war prayer candle later that day at the old cross: in remembrance and destruction, injury and healing. The exploration of the … This is followed by the visit to the belfries, then a climb to Frauenkirche offers a chance to enter the silence of this space, the viewing platform. becoming quiet yourself, turning your attention to the old and new stones side by side and the message they convey; to Like the view this provides across Dresden and out into the read the words of eye witnesses remembering the bombing distance, the message of the Frauenkirche, too, crosses the of Dresden, to consciously appreciate the meaning of modern borders of time and space into a future world for which the design elements and, fi nally, to raise your own voice in a song young people of today will take very special responsibility. In which fi lls this simple, bare stone room with living sounds. The their award-winning entries, the schoolchildren have shown aim is to allow people to encounter the Frauenkirche and its to great effect that they are ready to bear this responsibility. inherent message individually, making this the right place for a speech by a Nobel Peace Prize Laureate.

From the lower church we go up to the church interior, the main stage for life in the Frauenkirche during services, Anja Häse concerts, speeches and open church times. The second Dr Anja Häse has been in charge of Dresden's Frauenkirche gallery offers a view over this space, either down to the day Foundation visitor service since 2002.

26 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 27 Young people experience the Frauenkirche

What impression did the schoolchildren from the schools competition gain of the Frauenkirche?

26 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 27 “As I had never even set foot in the Frauenkirche until that day, “So they do still exist – fearless and brave people; people “I got to know the Frauenkirche though I am from Dresden, I personally have especially strong with a vision: the meeting with Mohamed ElBaradei gave me that day both as a retreat and memories of the moments in the belfry and – despite the wind – a feeling of euphoria but also made me thoughtful. as a space in which to meet out on the dome, which defi nitely had something to do with all Sometimes, in your everyday routine, you seem to lose the all kinds of different people, the interesting, sometimes historical information. The discussion overview, getting caught up in trivialities instead of facing up but more than anything else I with the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Mohamed ElBaradei was to the great global problems with prescience, wisdom and experienced it as a place with a defi nitely a unique experience for everyone listening, or even tenacity, as the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate chooses to do history which serves as a asking questions. The comment that our world's future lies in day after day. What especially impressed me was his down- warning to us that we need to the hands of young people particularly reinforces my views.” to-earth nature, telling us that at the moment he was told he establish and maintain peace. Silvia Dietze had won the coveted prize, he was wearing pyjamas, and his Meeting ElBaradei in person and being able to ask him questions love for humanity, which he revealed as the motive behind his actions in many things he said. “Arriving in the Room of and listen to him was an For me, the dome of the Frauenkirche became the canopy of a fairer and more peaceful world Silence was something very “The guided tour of the Frauenkirche was lovely, and something unforgettable experience for when ElBaradei announced what he was calling for on the evening of that day of moments of special for me. First of all really special for me, as I'd never been in the Frauenkirche before. me, and will stay that way. peace. March the 18th: to me, that is a day which has burned itself deep into my memory, and we had the chance to calm The Nobel Peace Prize Laureate held a wonderful speech, I fi nd it hard to say exactly an encounter with a hero.” Helena Kieß down, then we were allowed which once more pointed to the most important aspects for what was so special about that to test out the room's making the world more peaceful. His speech showed me again day. All the places we visited acoustics by practising and that everyone in the community has to do something if we “In my opinion the day in the Frauenkirche was a great together at the Frauenkirche then singing an old hymn. are to get a step closer to our aim of a world without nuclear success. Apart from the events connected to the – the Room of Silence, the The conversation was the weapons. All in all, it was an unforgettable day that I would not competition, what I liked especially was the guided tour galleries, the bells and fi nally most exciting part. We had swap for anything.” Nora Hartmann of the Frauenkirche. It taught you things that you don't the dome – and the time we the chance to discuss the topic fi nd out as a ‘normal’ tourist. I thought the evening speech were able to spend with the of nuclear weapons with the was very clearly presented, as ElBaradei put forward so Nobel Peace Prize Laureate all Nobel Peace Prize Laureate. many arguments. What I found particularly persuasive was “I thought that the day of the prize-giving, the discussion and the left such an impression on me A great honour! The when he showed that not only governments and high-up speech were great. It's actually the fi rst event I've attended where with their unique nature and conversation also gave institutions can bring about change. Every one of us is able reality exceeded my expectations. The discussion was even more atmosphere.” me a new view. ElBaradei to stand up against nuclear weapons.” Sophia Lehne important than the speech, as everything was shorter, easier to Anna Dorothea Uschner encouraged us to stand up understand and more direct than in the speech. The idea of ‘if against nuclear weapons. He the USA can carry out global surveillance today, then lots of other made it clear to us that we people will be able to do it tomorrow’ is the most important thing fi nally need to do something, I feel I've got out of the discussion, as my motivation even at the “I am pleased that I took part in this project. It led me as it is high time we did. It start of the project was to be able to ask someone who really has to explore the topic of nuclear weapons in detail and impressed me that he was been under close surveillance what they think of it; what it feels engage with the topic for the fi rst time. In this context, planting the seeds of hope like to discover that you were being watched. ElBaradei‘s ideas that our thinking has to become for me, the church represented a place of both peace in a group of totally normal more peaceful for something to change in the world really gave me food for thought: we really do and strength. The meeting with the Nobel Peace Prize children, and travelled here think more about war than about peace. And there are more media covering war than covering Laureate which took place that day was one of the especially to spur us on.” peace. It remains to be seen whether that can change.” Aljoscha Bezugly highlights.” Livia Koenitz Mei Yang

28 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 29 “As I had never even set foot in the Frauenkirche until that day, “So they do still exist – fearless and brave people; people “I got to know the Frauenkirche though I am from Dresden, I personally have especially strong with a vision: the meeting with Mohamed ElBaradei gave me that day both as a retreat and memories of the moments in the belfry and – despite the wind – a feeling of euphoria but also made me thoughtful. as a space in which to meet out on the dome, which defi nitely had something to do with all Sometimes, in your everyday routine, you seem to lose the all kinds of different people, the interesting, sometimes historical information. The discussion overview, getting caught up in trivialities instead of facing up but more than anything else I with the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Mohamed ElBaradei was to the great global problems with prescience, wisdom and experienced it as a place with a defi nitely a unique experience for everyone listening, or even tenacity, as the Nobel Peace Prize Laureate chooses to do history which serves as a asking questions. The comment that our world's future lies in day after day. What especially impressed me was his down- warning to us that we need to the hands of young people particularly reinforces my views.” to-earth nature, telling us that at the moment he was told he establish and maintain peace. Silvia Dietze had won the coveted prize, he was wearing pyjamas, and his Meeting ElBaradei in person and being able to ask him questions love for humanity, which he revealed as the motive behind his actions in many things he said. “Arriving in the Room of and listen to him was an For me, the dome of the Frauenkirche became the canopy of a fairer and more peaceful world Silence was something very “The guided tour of the Frauenkirche was lovely, and something unforgettable experience for when ElBaradei announced what he was calling for on the evening of that day of moments of special for me. First of all really special for me, as I'd never been in the Frauenkirche before. me, and will stay that way. peace. March the 18th: to me, that is a day which has burned itself deep into my memory, and we had the chance to calm The Nobel Peace Prize Laureate held a wonderful speech, I fi nd it hard to say exactly an encounter with a hero.” Helena Kieß down, then we were allowed which once more pointed to the most important aspects for what was so special about that to test out the room's making the world more peaceful. His speech showed me again day. All the places we visited acoustics by practising and that everyone in the community has to do something if we “In my opinion the day in the Frauenkirche was a great together at the Frauenkirche then singing an old hymn. are to get a step closer to our aim of a world without nuclear success. Apart from the events connected to the – the Room of Silence, the The conversation was the weapons. All in all, it was an unforgettable day that I would not competition, what I liked especially was the guided tour galleries, the bells and fi nally most exciting part. We had swap for anything.” Nora Hartmann of the Frauenkirche. It taught you things that you don't the dome – and the time we the chance to discuss the topic fi nd out as a ‘normal’ tourist. I thought the evening speech were able to spend with the of nuclear weapons with the was very clearly presented, as ElBaradei put forward so Nobel Peace Prize Laureate all Nobel Peace Prize Laureate. many arguments. What I found particularly persuasive was “I thought that the day of the prize-giving, the discussion and the left such an impression on me A great honour! The when he showed that not only governments and high-up speech were great. It's actually the fi rst event I've attended where with their unique nature and conversation also gave institutions can bring about change. Every one of us is able reality exceeded my expectations. The discussion was even more atmosphere.” me a new view. ElBaradei to stand up against nuclear weapons.” Sophia Lehne important than the speech, as everything was shorter, easier to Anna Dorothea Uschner encouraged us to stand up understand and more direct than in the speech. The idea of ‘if against nuclear weapons. He the USA can carry out global surveillance today, then lots of other made it clear to us that we people will be able to do it tomorrow’ is the most important thing fi nally need to do something, I feel I've got out of the discussion, as my motivation even at the “I am pleased that I took part in this project. It led me as it is high time we did. It start of the project was to be able to ask someone who really has to explore the topic of nuclear weapons in detail and impressed me that he was been under close surveillance what they think of it; what it feels engage with the topic for the fi rst time. In this context, planting the seeds of hope like to discover that you were being watched. ElBaradei‘s ideas that our thinking has to become for me, the church represented a place of both peace in a group of totally normal more peaceful for something to change in the world really gave me food for thought: we really do and strength. The meeting with the Nobel Peace Prize children, and travelled here think more about war than about peace. And there are more media covering war than covering Laureate which took place that day was one of the especially to spur us on.” peace. It remains to be seen whether that can change.” Aljoscha Bezugly highlights.” Livia Koenitz Mei Yang

28 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 29 Gauck's agenda this year will focus to a signifi cant degree on partner. I sincerely hope that your country, Egypt, will master Additional incentives to the the remembrance of these historical dates. However, when we its diffi cult transitional phase. planned his agenda for this historical year we did not image Nobel Peace Prize Laureate's lecture how relevant it would become these days to deal with and Thank you for your attention. learn from our history, raise awareness of the past and thereby Secretary of State David Gill, Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger, and Professor Dr. Volker Perthes to contribute to stability, security and peace in Europe and the on the occasion of a formal dinner following the lecture: world. I sincerely hope that the current crisis in and around the Ukraine can be solved in a peaceful manner. Secretary of State David Gill Secretary of State David Gill is the head of I believe that the new series of events “Nobel Peace Prize the Offi ce of the Federal President. Secretary of State David Gill It is for this reason that the Nobel Peace Prize Committee Winners in the Frauenkirche” that was launched today with sometimes not only awarded the organization itself with Dr ElBaradei's speech will help to raise awareness that peace Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, a prize, but ad personam, also the main individual behind cannot be taken for granted, but has to be actively maintained it, like tonight's guest of honor, Dr ElBaradei, who led the and cared for. I am sure that the answers to the guiding In the last 15 years, a remarkable number of Nobel Peace Prize International Atomic Energy Agency for 12 years from 1997 question “What do we have to do today to make tomorrow's Winners were international organizations, such as the United until 2009. world more peaceful?” will be full of visionary but also very Nations (2001), the European Union (2012) or, most recently, concrete result-oriented measures and suggestions. The the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons We cannot deny that in our times, states are confronted with speeches and discussions we will hear, like today's, will bring (2013). Out of all the 126 Nobel Peace Prizes that were challenges that they often cannot solve themselves anymore. back the important contributions and achievements of former awarded since 1901, 25 went to international, governmental Multilateralism therefore seems to me more important Nobel Peace Prize Winners to our collective memory and will and non-governmental organizations. Two organizations, than ever before. In some cases states need international give us a chance to refl ect on them and use them as a source namely the International Committee of the Red Cross and the organizations as a forum to cooperate. In other cases states of inspiration for current and future action. It will also make United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, were even voluntarily become members of international organizations as visible innovative ideas of Nobel Peace Prize Winners and it awarded the prize several times. a trust-building measure. Multilateral cooperation in Europe will – maybe – even create future Nobel Peace Prize Winners. has become a guarantor for peace and security. There couldn't be a better environment for refl ection and I fi nd these facts rather interesting since they show that those inspiration than the Frauenkirche in Dresden as a symbol of international organ izations were and are obviously considered The success of multilateralism, though, fi nally relies on reconciliation. to be the main contributors to international peace – at least the initiatives and willingness of states. It was in this spirit during the time they were awarded the prize. I fi nd it also that President Gauck also asked Germany to make “a more Your Excellency, dear Dr ElBaradei, remarkable that the percentage of organizations that were substantial, an earlier and a more decisive contribution” awarded the prize as opposed to individuals seems to have internationally. It is almost exactly 4 years ago that you received the increased in recent times. One could conclude that, recently, Bundesverdienstkreuz in Schloss Bellevue for your role as a collective efforts to promote peace and security were more It is a sad truth that some states still prefer unilateral actions Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency effi cient and successful than individual efforts. and abuse the powers they have in the UN system. 2014 is the and for your successful efforts to implement effective “year of remembrance”: we will remember sad occasions like multilateralism in this organization and beyond. Former This conclusion, of course, could only be partly true since all the 100th anniversary of the beginning of World War I, or the President Köhler in his speech called you a “visionary for a collective measures need individuals to initiate, to decide on 75th anniversary of the start of World War II, but also happy family of humankind”. The world needs visionaries like you and to implement them. occasions like the fall of the Berlin Wall 25 years ago. President and we Germans are glad to have you as a close friend and

30 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 31 Gauck's agenda this year will focus to a signifi cant degree on partner. I sincerely hope that your country, Egypt, will master Additional incentives to the the remembrance of these historical dates. However, when we its diffi cult transitional phase. planned his agenda for this historical year we did not image Nobel Peace Prize Laureate's lecture how relevant it would become these days to deal with and Thank you for your attention. learn from our history, raise awareness of the past and thereby Secretary of State David Gill, Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger, and Professor Dr. Volker Perthes to contribute to stability, security and peace in Europe and the on the occasion of a formal dinner following the lecture: world. I sincerely hope that the current crisis in and around the Ukraine can be solved in a peaceful manner. Secretary of State David Gill Secretary of State David Gill is the head of I believe that the new series of events “Nobel Peace Prize the Offi ce of the Federal President. Secretary of State David Gill It is for this reason that the Nobel Peace Prize Committee Winners in the Frauenkirche” that was launched today with sometimes not only awarded the organization itself with Dr ElBaradei's speech will help to raise awareness that peace Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, a prize, but ad personam, also the main individual behind cannot be taken for granted, but has to be actively maintained it, like tonight's guest of honor, Dr ElBaradei, who led the and cared for. I am sure that the answers to the guiding In the last 15 years, a remarkable number of Nobel Peace Prize International Atomic Energy Agency for 12 years from 1997 question “What do we have to do today to make tomorrow's Winners were international organizations, such as the United until 2009. world more peaceful?” will be full of visionary but also very Nations (2001), the European Union (2012) or, most recently, concrete result-oriented measures and suggestions. The the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons We cannot deny that in our times, states are confronted with speeches and discussions we will hear, like today's, will bring (2013). Out of all the 126 Nobel Peace Prizes that were challenges that they often cannot solve themselves anymore. back the important contributions and achievements of former awarded since 1901, 25 went to international, governmental Multilateralism therefore seems to me more important Nobel Peace Prize Winners to our collective memory and will and non-governmental organizations. Two organizations, than ever before. In some cases states need international give us a chance to refl ect on them and use them as a source namely the International Committee of the Red Cross and the organizations as a forum to cooperate. In other cases states of inspiration for current and future action. It will also make United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, were even voluntarily become members of international organizations as visible innovative ideas of Nobel Peace Prize Winners and it awarded the prize several times. a trust-building measure. Multilateral cooperation in Europe will – maybe – even create future Nobel Peace Prize Winners. has become a guarantor for peace and security. There couldn't be a better environment for refl ection and I fi nd these facts rather interesting since they show that those inspiration than the Frauenkirche in Dresden as a symbol of international organ izations were and are obviously considered The success of multilateralism, though, fi nally relies on reconciliation. to be the main contributors to international peace – at least the initiatives and willingness of states. It was in this spirit during the time they were awarded the prize. I fi nd it also that President Gauck also asked Germany to make “a more Your Excellency, dear Dr ElBaradei, remarkable that the percentage of organizations that were substantial, an earlier and a more decisive contribution” awarded the prize as opposed to individuals seems to have internationally. It is almost exactly 4 years ago that you received the increased in recent times. One could conclude that, recently, Bundesverdienstkreuz in Schloss Bellevue for your role as a collective efforts to promote peace and security were more It is a sad truth that some states still prefer unilateral actions Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency effi cient and successful than individual efforts. and abuse the powers they have in the UN system. 2014 is the and for your successful efforts to implement effective “year of remembrance”: we will remember sad occasions like multilateralism in this organization and beyond. Former This conclusion, of course, could only be partly true since all the 100th anniversary of the beginning of World War I, or the President Köhler in his speech called you a “visionary for a collective measures need individuals to initiate, to decide on 75th anniversary of the start of World War II, but also happy family of humankind”. The world needs visionaries like you and to implement them. occasions like the fall of the Berlin Wall 25 years ago. President and we Germans are glad to have you as a close friend and

30 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 31 Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger promised a “more for more” approach of increased aid, trade Small enterprises are key public sector, but by directly supporting private enterprises. liberalization and work and student visas. The EU summed this Majid Jafar, for instance, the CEO of Crescent Petroleum, has Your Excellency, Ladies and Gentlemen, approach up under the 3 Ms: money, markets and mobility. The Arab model of creating jobs on the public sector payroll called for a Marshall plan for the Arab world, fi nanced by the Given that the EU's objectives were to support peaceful is no longer sustainable. Only private enterprise will be able rich Gulf countries and spent on infrastructure projects. These Thank you for offering me an opportunity for some additional political transition to democracy and balanced economic to take up the slack. Although there are lots of start-ups in projects are to be realized by private enterprises or public- thoughts on the economic perspective. growth, it is fair to say that this approach has not delivered. the region, these companies struggle to grow and create private partnerships. But perhaps our expectations were infl ated to start with. employment. The business environment in Northern Africa is The countries of the Arab world have so far paid a heavy The European countries have long been divided about how not helping. It takes two months to set up a business in Libya Conclusion: performance, not ideology economic price for their attempts to gain economic freedom. to deal with their southern neighbors; the EU's resources for and getting connected to the electricity supply costs three The picture is particularly grim for the non-oil-exporting infl uencing such a large number of different countries are times the average salary. In Egypt, setting up a business can In the last couple of years, our focus was on political instability countries in the region. In the fi ve years before the Arab limited; and the euro crisis has made the EU feeble, inward be done in a week or two. But then your average entrepreneur and religious extremism. It is now time to redirect it to the uprisings, average GDP growth in these countries was over 5%. looking and less generous. Even stronger obstacles exist on will spend almost 400 hours a year dealing with his tax bill and socio-economic underpinnings of successful political change. Since then, it has been just 2 to 3%. That is roughly in line with the other side of the Mediterranean. Unlike in Ukraine, the over 1,000 hours trying to enforce contracts with his suppliers It is perhaps no coincidence that Tunisia – the country with population growth, which means that average per-capita GDP people of Tunisia and Egypt did not go into the streets wearing and other business partners (World Bank Doing Business the best economic data before 2011 – has also been the most is stagnating. In reality, there are no average incomes. Stark EU fl ags. New and self-confi dent Arab governments often see database 2014). Governments are, if anything, a hindrance successful in its political transition so far. The way towards differences in income and wealth have contributed to the Arab EU conditionality as unwelcome interference. And they have to enterprise growth rather than a help. Corruption is one balanced economic development will be long and hard. uprisings. These differences are not narrowing. Traditionally, alternatives. Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Kuwait have given problem. Tunisia is perceived to be the least corrupt country Expectations are high. Governments are under extreme Arab governments have sought to counter these inequalities almost 14 billion dollar in assistance to Egypt. That allows in the region. But even Tunisia ranks 77th in the Transparency pressure to deliver quick results. And of course, economic through public job creation and generous subsidies for fuel Egypt to say no to Western money and conditionality. Jordan, International index, well below Cuba or Saudi Arabia. Morocco growth and jobs are not suffi cient conditions for successful and other basic goods. They did so again after 2011, which Morocco and Tunisia have also received support from their and Algeria follow at places 91 and 94 with Egypt even worse political transition but they are necessary ones. Events like this is why budget defi cits have exploded to unsustainable levels. oil-exporting neighbors in the region. Algeria and Libya, at 114. one, where leaders like Mohamed ElBaradei can voice their In future, growth and job creation will have to shift back from themselves oil and gas exporters, have massively expanded Moreover, all governments have reacted to the turmoil of visions for peace and prosperity and encourage others to think the public to the private sector. This is not happening at the their own government spending. EU money simply does not 2011 with increased public spending. Public borrowing is hard about it, are essential as we move forward. I hope that moment. Recorded unemployment in Tunisia has risen to buy change in this environment. Giving the MENA countries crowding out private lending. Only 8% of bank credit goes this series of speeches here at the Frauenkirche – a symbol of 17% and in Egypt to over 13%. Youth unemployment is much better access to the European single market is a good idea – to smaller companies in the MENA region (World Bank/Union “rebuilding peace” from the ashes of war and confl ict – will worse: at 25% across the region it is the highest in the world. although for most sectors, they already enjoy tariff-free access. of Arab Banks survey, 2011). It is therefore encouraging that over time become, as one might say, the “Lindau” for Nobel Although the youth bulge passed its peak almost 20 years ago, And that holds true even for 80% of agricultural goods. But the European Union, through the EIB and the Commission's Peace Prize Laureates. millions are pushing onto the region's rigid and ill-functioning bilateral trade is asymmetric. For many countries in the region, budget, is now contributing to an SME fi nancing facility that is labor markets each year. To absorb these new entrants, and the EU is an important trading partner. But for us, the region is to bring up to 800 million euros in credit. also the unemployed, the non-oil-exporting countries in the not (yet) a key market. What is more promising perhaps, is the region would have to create over 18 million full-time jobs over direct engagement of German companies in the region. Over SMEs need a well developed fi nancial sector that can help them Wolfgang Ischinger the next decade (IMF estimate, 2012). 80 German companies in Egypt employ over 24,000 people. invest and expand. They need more fl exible labor markets, Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger has Some 250 German companies are in Tunisia, mostly members non-corrupt and fast government services and effi cient tax been Chairman of the Munich Security Limited infl uence of the European Union of the German Mittelstand. And – unlike some of the French systems. These are areas where the EU and Germany can do Conference since 2008. and Germany and Italian companies there – they stayed put even during the more to help, through technical assistance, institution building recent political turmoil. These companies can perhaps help to and strengthening of the fi nancial sector. Another idea might How can we help? The European Union redesigned its build a more vibrant private sector, which brings me to my be to support those actors in the Arab world who would like neighborhood policy at the time of the Arab uprisings. It last point. to bring positive change – not by encouraging an even bigger

32 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 33 Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger promised a “more for more” approach of increased aid, trade Small enterprises are key public sector, but by directly supporting private enterprises. liberalization and work and student visas. The EU summed this Majid Jafar, for instance, the CEO of Crescent Petroleum, has Your Excellency, Ladies and Gentlemen, approach up under the 3 Ms: money, markets and mobility. The Arab model of creating jobs on the public sector payroll called for a Marshall plan for the Arab world, fi nanced by the Given that the EU's objectives were to support peaceful is no longer sustainable. Only private enterprise will be able rich Gulf countries and spent on infrastructure projects. These Thank you for offering me an opportunity for some additional political transition to democracy and balanced economic to take up the slack. Although there are lots of start-ups in projects are to be realized by private enterprises or public- thoughts on the economic perspective. growth, it is fair to say that this approach has not delivered. the region, these companies struggle to grow and create private partnerships. But perhaps our expectations were infl ated to start with. employment. The business environment in Northern Africa is The countries of the Arab world have so far paid a heavy The European countries have long been divided about how not helping. It takes two months to set up a business in Libya Conclusion: performance, not ideology economic price for their attempts to gain economic freedom. to deal with their southern neighbors; the EU's resources for and getting connected to the electricity supply costs three The picture is particularly grim for the non-oil-exporting infl uencing such a large number of different countries are times the average salary. In Egypt, setting up a business can In the last couple of years, our focus was on political instability countries in the region. In the fi ve years before the Arab limited; and the euro crisis has made the EU feeble, inward be done in a week or two. But then your average entrepreneur and religious extremism. It is now time to redirect it to the uprisings, average GDP growth in these countries was over 5%. looking and less generous. Even stronger obstacles exist on will spend almost 400 hours a year dealing with his tax bill and socio-economic underpinnings of successful political change. Since then, it has been just 2 to 3%. That is roughly in line with the other side of the Mediterranean. Unlike in Ukraine, the over 1,000 hours trying to enforce contracts with his suppliers It is perhaps no coincidence that Tunisia – the country with population growth, which means that average per-capita GDP people of Tunisia and Egypt did not go into the streets wearing and other business partners (World Bank Doing Business the best economic data before 2011 – has also been the most is stagnating. In reality, there are no average incomes. Stark EU fl ags. New and self-confi dent Arab governments often see database 2014). Governments are, if anything, a hindrance successful in its political transition so far. The way towards differences in income and wealth have contributed to the Arab EU conditionality as unwelcome interference. And they have to enterprise growth rather than a help. Corruption is one balanced economic development will be long and hard. uprisings. These differences are not narrowing. Traditionally, alternatives. Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Kuwait have given problem. Tunisia is perceived to be the least corrupt country Expectations are high. Governments are under extreme Arab governments have sought to counter these inequalities almost 14 billion dollar in assistance to Egypt. That allows in the region. But even Tunisia ranks 77th in the Transparency pressure to deliver quick results. And of course, economic through public job creation and generous subsidies for fuel Egypt to say no to Western money and conditionality. Jordan, International index, well below Cuba or Saudi Arabia. Morocco growth and jobs are not suffi cient conditions for successful and other basic goods. They did so again after 2011, which Morocco and Tunisia have also received support from their and Algeria follow at places 91 and 94 with Egypt even worse political transition but they are necessary ones. Events like this is why budget defi cits have exploded to unsustainable levels. oil-exporting neighbors in the region. Algeria and Libya, at 114. one, where leaders like Mohamed ElBaradei can voice their In future, growth and job creation will have to shift back from themselves oil and gas exporters, have massively expanded Moreover, all governments have reacted to the turmoil of visions for peace and prosperity and encourage others to think the public to the private sector. This is not happening at the their own government spending. EU money simply does not 2011 with increased public spending. Public borrowing is hard about it, are essential as we move forward. I hope that moment. Recorded unemployment in Tunisia has risen to buy change in this environment. Giving the MENA countries crowding out private lending. Only 8% of bank credit goes this series of speeches here at the Frauenkirche – a symbol of 17% and in Egypt to over 13%. Youth unemployment is much better access to the European single market is a good idea – to smaller companies in the MENA region (World Bank/Union “rebuilding peace” from the ashes of war and confl ict – will worse: at 25% across the region it is the highest in the world. although for most sectors, they already enjoy tariff-free access. of Arab Banks survey, 2011). It is therefore encouraging that over time become, as one might say, the “Lindau” for Nobel Although the youth bulge passed its peak almost 20 years ago, And that holds true even for 80% of agricultural goods. But the European Union, through the EIB and the Commission's Peace Prize Laureates. millions are pushing onto the region's rigid and ill-functioning bilateral trade is asymmetric. For many countries in the region, budget, is now contributing to an SME fi nancing facility that is labor markets each year. To absorb these new entrants, and the EU is an important trading partner. But for us, the region is to bring up to 800 million euros in credit. also the unemployed, the non-oil-exporting countries in the not (yet) a key market. What is more promising perhaps, is the region would have to create over 18 million full-time jobs over direct engagement of German companies in the region. Over SMEs need a well developed fi nancial sector that can help them Wolfgang Ischinger the next decade (IMF estimate, 2012). 80 German companies in Egypt employ over 24,000 people. invest and expand. They need more fl exible labor markets, Ambassador Wolfgang Ischinger has Some 250 German companies are in Tunisia, mostly members non-corrupt and fast government services and effi cient tax been Chairman of the Munich Security Limited infl uence of the European Union of the German Mittelstand. And – unlike some of the French systems. These are areas where the EU and Germany can do Conference since 2008. and Germany and Italian companies there – they stayed put even during the more to help, through technical assistance, institution building recent political turmoil. These companies can perhaps help to and strengthening of the fi nancial sector. Another idea might How can we help? The European Union redesigned its build a more vibrant private sector, which brings me to my be to support those actors in the Arab world who would like neighborhood policy at the time of the Arab uprisings. It last point. to bring positive change – not by encouraging an even bigger

32 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 33 Prof Dr Volker Perthes Middle East – at least since 2011 – have nothing to do with and there will be no one to put it back together ever again. the war does not end, if it does not end soon, the state system Great-Power confl ict. This is not about a Great-Power struggle. This does not only imply geopolitical consequences, it will in the Arab East will fragment and splinter as well. Secondly – Mr Landesbischof, Mr Mohamed ElBaradei, It is essentially, it is basically a struggle inside societies or have – and I do not even know whether such a concept exists and probably even more diffi cult – those who still want to Mr Ministerpräsident, Your Excellency, Ladies and Gentlemen, between societies and authorities: a struggle against the old – ”geocultural” consequences as well. Geopolitically, a lot of continue the fi ghting from inside or from the outside need to authoritarian social contract, which does not work anymore. things have been said about Syria and it is rather clear that a realise that there is no way for any of the confl icting parties Like Wolfgang Ischinger, I was asked to speak about the Middle It is a struggle for dignity, a struggle for justice, the struggle Syrian fragmentation means a broader fragmentation, an end of Syria to achieve a military victory and to preserve the state East and like Wolfgang Ischinger I fi nd it diffi cult not to say a of a whole generation for a fair share which they think and of the Post-World War I or the Post-Ottoman order, at least of at the same time. A military victory might be achievable in few words about the current situation which we are witnessing which they have experienced that they do not get. And if the state system in the Arab East. The Syrian borders are already certain parts of the territory, in parts of the country, but you in the “much nearer” East than the Near and Middle East. I we want to speak about what needs to be done in order to evaporating. There are neither any more defi ned border lines cannot gain a military victory and preserve the state as it is at will speak on the Middle East, but allow me to start with three have a more peaceful world - or at least a more peaceful Arab between Syria and the Iraq, nor between Syria and Lebanon. the same time. Last but not least: While it is useful to continue brief remarks on the situation in Ukraine. region and Middle East – than, of course, it is about economic And so we will most likely see a zone of disorder and a quite the mission of Lakhdar Brahimi as UN envoy and invite the and social development, particularly for this young, strong different situation compared to the state system prevailing parties for a Geneva III Conference, we also have to realize I got a feeling in the last few days – and it refers a little bit to generation which is better educated, but has less chances, less there since the end of World War I. This time, there will be no that such a focus on government-opposition relations is stuck what Wolfgang Ischinger just said – that some policy makers in opportunities than their fathers. If this new generation does external powers to design and enforce a new regional order. and will not progress unless it is supported by some form of Russia, but not only in Russia, feel rather comfortable with the not get its fair share, then we will have another two decades of There will be no international intervention recreating a new societal dimension, unless we also have a gathering of credible prospect of a new Cold War. It seems simple – not as complex turbulence in the Middle East and all over the place. Not only state order and the region will be left to itself. Whether that is representatives of the Syrian people of all different regions as the interconnected, globalized, interdependent world in in Egypt, in Syria, or in Libya – the countries where we have a good thing or not, you can decide for yourself. But beyond somewhere outside the country. Different regions imply which we are living – and some enjoy the idea that they know seen turbulences or even civil war – but also in countries that politics, there is something I call the ”geocultural impact” different creeds and different ethnicities coming together how to operate it. They probably underestimate how diffi cult have not been affected by these turbulences or seem not to of the civil war in Syria. If Syria fragments, if it splinters into under some form of mediation. I guess Martti Ahtisaari could the Cold War actually was. And the main reason may be that have been affected by these turbulences so far. Just consider, if pieces and warlord regimes, I fear that the very idea of a be the person to bring such a group together and to lead that policy makers do not like complexities very much. That is you could imagine, that Iran – or Saudi-Arabia for that matter – multi-confessional and multi-ethnic state in the Middle East necessary mediation. He has some experience in mediation something I guess you, Mohamed ElBaradei, have experienced still look the same as today in twenty years from now. Though will be gone. Syria was a quintessential multi-ethnic, multi- and it is now that his professional skills are in dire need: The in your different positions, both as Director General of the we cannot really imagine such a case, we do know even less confessional state. It has been very badly governed over the different Syrian interest groups need to come together and IAEO and as a policy maker – if only for a short time – in Egypt. how they will change. Will there be reforms from above? Will last decades, but it remained multi-confessional. So if it should discuss if they still want to live together in one country and The second remark is that Ukraine is a country whose nuclear there be no reforms and repression? Will there be struggles, fragment, there will be no multi-confessional state left in on which constitutional basis this country could be rooted weapons have been dismantled, which voluntarily gave up its civil war? We cannot answer all of these questions right now, the Arab East. What we will have, at best, is a form of rather upon. This process would need to be accompanied by parallel nuclear weapons. And now the country is dismantled. I do not but we know that these countries will look different from what unequal tolerance against minorities. But tolerance is different agreements, both between the United States and Russia and know what that means for the future of non-proliferation or they do today. So we can assume that there will be a decade, from citizenship. Tolerance does not entail equality, it implies between Saudi Arabia and Iran to make it work. To reach what it means for other countries. They might think that they probably even two decades of turbulences ahead. that one dominating creed or one dominating community these fl anking treaties seems to get more diffi cult from week do need more security and more armament. And thirdly, the would allow others to be there and live there to a certain to week. That does not mean to give up and I would be a current polarization or confrontation between Russia and the Let me just focus on one country here. A country that is very extent. So can we end the war in Syria? Of course the war can lousy policy advisor if I were to say, ”Well, don't bother, it does West will impact the Middle East and certainly not in a positive dear to my heart, and that is Syria: It is the one country in the and will end at some point in time, but if we want to bring not work anyway”. I think we should still try to make it work. way. And it will impact our efforts to get the Middle East to Middle East region Mohamed ElBaradei has mentioned in his that about in a rather short time, there will have to be at least And therefore let me conclude with two recommendations become a little bit more peaceful. That thought brings me just lecture in the Frauenkirche an hour ago. I think we need to a minimal consensus on three core aspects: addressed to ourselves – ourselves being ”us in Germany”, ”we in the middle of the subject I was asked to speak about. speak about the confl ict in Syria – not only because it is such a in Europe” or ”we in the United Nations”, however you want Even though I said the confrontation between Russia and the humanitarian tragedy – but because Syria actually has become First, local, regional, and international decision-makers have to defi ne it: West will impact the Middle East, we should be very clear pivotal for the development of the entire region. The longer to realize that the current state system in the Arab East will be The fi rst recommendation is that we must not further that the turbulences which we have been experiencing in the the war in Syria drags on, the more likely Syria will fragment preserved only by putting an end to the fi ghting in Syria. If geopoliticise the confl ict in Syria. This confl ict in Syria is not

34 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 35 Prof Dr Volker Perthes Middle East – at least since 2011 – have nothing to do with and there will be no one to put it back together ever again. the war does not end, if it does not end soon, the state system Great-Power confl ict. This is not about a Great-Power struggle. This does not only imply geopolitical consequences, it will in the Arab East will fragment and splinter as well. Secondly – Mr Landesbischof, Mr Mohamed ElBaradei, It is essentially, it is basically a struggle inside societies or have – and I do not even know whether such a concept exists and probably even more diffi cult – those who still want to Mr Ministerpräsident, Your Excellency, Ladies and Gentlemen, between societies and authorities: a struggle against the old – ”geocultural” consequences as well. Geopolitically, a lot of continue the fi ghting from inside or from the outside need to authoritarian social contract, which does not work anymore. things have been said about Syria and it is rather clear that a realise that there is no way for any of the confl icting parties Like Wolfgang Ischinger, I was asked to speak about the Middle It is a struggle for dignity, a struggle for justice, the struggle Syrian fragmentation means a broader fragmentation, an end of Syria to achieve a military victory and to preserve the state East and like Wolfgang Ischinger I fi nd it diffi cult not to say a of a whole generation for a fair share which they think and of the Post-World War I or the Post-Ottoman order, at least of at the same time. A military victory might be achievable in few words about the current situation which we are witnessing which they have experienced that they do not get. And if the state system in the Arab East. The Syrian borders are already certain parts of the territory, in parts of the country, but you in the “much nearer” East than the Near and Middle East. I we want to speak about what needs to be done in order to evaporating. There are neither any more defi ned border lines cannot gain a military victory and preserve the state as it is at will speak on the Middle East, but allow me to start with three have a more peaceful world - or at least a more peaceful Arab between Syria and the Iraq, nor between Syria and Lebanon. the same time. Last but not least: While it is useful to continue brief remarks on the situation in Ukraine. region and Middle East – than, of course, it is about economic And so we will most likely see a zone of disorder and a quite the mission of Lakhdar Brahimi as UN envoy and invite the and social development, particularly for this young, strong different situation compared to the state system prevailing parties for a Geneva III Conference, we also have to realize I got a feeling in the last few days – and it refers a little bit to generation which is better educated, but has less chances, less there since the end of World War I. This time, there will be no that such a focus on government-opposition relations is stuck what Wolfgang Ischinger just said – that some policy makers in opportunities than their fathers. If this new generation does external powers to design and enforce a new regional order. and will not progress unless it is supported by some form of Russia, but not only in Russia, feel rather comfortable with the not get its fair share, then we will have another two decades of There will be no international intervention recreating a new societal dimension, unless we also have a gathering of credible prospect of a new Cold War. It seems simple – not as complex turbulence in the Middle East and all over the place. Not only state order and the region will be left to itself. Whether that is representatives of the Syrian people of all different regions as the interconnected, globalized, interdependent world in in Egypt, in Syria, or in Libya – the countries where we have a good thing or not, you can decide for yourself. But beyond somewhere outside the country. Different regions imply which we are living – and some enjoy the idea that they know seen turbulences or even civil war – but also in countries that politics, there is something I call the ”geocultural impact” different creeds and different ethnicities coming together how to operate it. They probably underestimate how diffi cult have not been affected by these turbulences or seem not to of the civil war in Syria. If Syria fragments, if it splinters into under some form of mediation. I guess Martti Ahtisaari could the Cold War actually was. And the main reason may be that have been affected by these turbulences so far. Just consider, if pieces and warlord regimes, I fear that the very idea of a be the person to bring such a group together and to lead that policy makers do not like complexities very much. That is you could imagine, that Iran – or Saudi-Arabia for that matter – multi-confessional and multi-ethnic state in the Middle East necessary mediation. He has some experience in mediation something I guess you, Mohamed ElBaradei, have experienced still look the same as today in twenty years from now. Though will be gone. Syria was a quintessential multi-ethnic, multi- and it is now that his professional skills are in dire need: The in your different positions, both as Director General of the we cannot really imagine such a case, we do know even less confessional state. It has been very badly governed over the different Syrian interest groups need to come together and IAEO and as a policy maker – if only for a short time – in Egypt. how they will change. Will there be reforms from above? Will last decades, but it remained multi-confessional. So if it should discuss if they still want to live together in one country and The second remark is that Ukraine is a country whose nuclear there be no reforms and repression? Will there be struggles, fragment, there will be no multi-confessional state left in on which constitutional basis this country could be rooted weapons have been dismantled, which voluntarily gave up its civil war? We cannot answer all of these questions right now, the Arab East. What we will have, at best, is a form of rather upon. This process would need to be accompanied by parallel nuclear weapons. And now the country is dismantled. I do not but we know that these countries will look different from what unequal tolerance against minorities. But tolerance is different agreements, both between the United States and Russia and know what that means for the future of non-proliferation or they do today. So we can assume that there will be a decade, from citizenship. Tolerance does not entail equality, it implies between Saudi Arabia and Iran to make it work. To reach what it means for other countries. They might think that they probably even two decades of turbulences ahead. that one dominating creed or one dominating community these fl anking treaties seems to get more diffi cult from week do need more security and more armament. And thirdly, the would allow others to be there and live there to a certain to week. That does not mean to give up and I would be a current polarization or confrontation between Russia and the Let me just focus on one country here. A country that is very extent. So can we end the war in Syria? Of course the war can lousy policy advisor if I were to say, ”Well, don't bother, it does West will impact the Middle East and certainly not in a positive dear to my heart, and that is Syria: It is the one country in the and will end at some point in time, but if we want to bring not work anyway”. I think we should still try to make it work. way. And it will impact our efforts to get the Middle East to Middle East region Mohamed ElBaradei has mentioned in his that about in a rather short time, there will have to be at least And therefore let me conclude with two recommendations become a little bit more peaceful. That thought brings me just lecture in the Frauenkirche an hour ago. I think we need to a minimal consensus on three core aspects: addressed to ourselves – ourselves being ”us in Germany”, ”we in the middle of the subject I was asked to speak about. speak about the confl ict in Syria – not only because it is such a in Europe” or ”we in the United Nations”, however you want Even though I said the confrontation between Russia and the humanitarian tragedy – but because Syria actually has become First, local, regional, and international decision-makers have to defi ne it: West will impact the Middle East, we should be very clear pivotal for the development of the entire region. The longer to realize that the current state system in the Arab East will be The fi rst recommendation is that we must not further that the turbulences which we have been experiencing in the the war in Syria drags on, the more likely Syria will fragment preserved only by putting an end to the fi ghting in Syria. If geopoliticise the confl ict in Syria. This confl ict in Syria is not

34 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 35 about us. It is not about us, Russia, Iran, or the Saudis winning. It is about the need to share power to ﬁ nd an inclusive solution Dr Mohamed and to end the killing. And for that – whether we like it or not – we still need the cooperation with our Russian partners and ElBaradei colleagues. We still need cooperation with Iran. It will be even Biography more difﬁ cult than it was a month ago. But it is still necessary.

The second recommendation is to continue something Mohamed ElBaradei has been working on for a long time: We Dr Mohamed ElBaradei was born in 1942 in Cairo. He earned need an even more serious effort to solve the confl ict with a degree in law from the University of Cairo, later gaining Iran about its nuclear program. I think we have achieved some a doctorate in international law at the New York University milestones over the last decade with a very diligent diplomacy School of Law. He started his diplomatic career in 1964 in led by the Europeans, trying to get the Americans and other Egypt, serving in the Permanent Missions of Egypt to the United stakeholders aboard. The situation will remain complicated, Nations in New York and in Geneva, in charge of political, legal probably because Russia might not truly be interested in and security policy issues. Among other things, he worked for having Iran back on the world gas and oil market. Still, we the United Nations General Assembly, the UN Security Council, “This principle fi nds its clearest expression today in the work need to continue our efforts: We need to continue the bilateral the Geneva Disarmament Conference, the UN Commission on of the IAEA and its Director General.” talks between Western powers and Iran. Because if we can Human Rights, the World Health Organisation, the Organisation In his native country, the Egyptian was the central fi gure of reach some form of understanding with Iran in this regard, of African Unity and the Arab League. From 1974 to 1978, the National Association for Change, a movement founded in giving us at least some form of security about limitations Dr ElBaradei worked as a legal adviser to the Egyptian Ministry 2010 by various oppositional politicians which worked towards and transparency in the Iranian nuclear program, it might be of Foreign Affairs. In 1989 he left the diplomatic service and democratic reform. In September 2010, ElBaradei called for a little bit easier to solve some of the other confl icts in the moved to the United Nations. He has lectured all over the a boycott on the upcoming parliamentary election in Egypt. Middle East - including the one in Syria. world on international law, international organisations, global At the end of April 2012 he launched his own political party security, weapons control and the peaceful use of atomic named the “Constitution Party”. In July 2013, ElBaradei was Thank you very much. energy, and is the author of several publications. named Vice President of the Egyptian interim government, but he resigned soon after, on 14 August 2013, giving as a From 1997 to 2009, Mohamed ElBaradei was Director General reason the attempt by the Egyptian government to solve the of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which he political crisis in Egypt with violence. joined in 1984. In October 2005, Dr ElBaradei was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize along with the International Atomic Prof Dr Volker Perthes Energy Agency, which he ran. Director of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs and In doing this, the Nobel Prize Committee in Oslo was Executive Chairman of the Board of SWP honouring the work carried out by the IAEA and their Director General to stop the spread of nuclear weapons. The prize committee explained that the threat presented by nuclear weapons should be met with broad international cooperation:

36 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 37 about us. It is not about us, Russia, Iran, or the Saudis winning. It is about the need to share power to ﬁ nd an inclusive solution Dr Mohamed and to end the killing. And for that – whether we like it or not – we still need the cooperation with our Russian partners and ElBaradei colleagues. We still need cooperation with Iran. It will be even Biography more difﬁ cult than it was a month ago. But it is still necessary.

36 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 37 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2001 United Nations (U.N.) and Kofi Annan 1992 Rigoberta Menchú Tum Nobel Peace Prize “for his important efforts, on several continents and “for their work for a better organized and more “in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno- over more than three decades, to resolve international peaceful world” cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of Laureates confl icts” indigenous peoples” 2000 Kim Dae-jung 2014 – 1970 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) “for his work for democracy and human rights in South 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and “for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human “for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater reconciliation with North Korea in particular” rights” knowledge about man-made climate change, and to 2014 Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai lay the foundations for the measures that are needed 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev “for their struggle against the suppression of children to counteract such change” “in recognition of the organization's pioneering “for his leading role in the peace process which today and young people and for the right of all children to humanitarian work on several continents” characterizes important parts of the international education” 2006 Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank community” “for their efforts to create economic and social 1998 John Hume and David Trimble 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of development from below” “for their efforts to fi nd a peaceful solution to the 1989 The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso Chemical Weapons (OPCW) confl ict in Northern Ireland” 1988 The United Nations Peace-keeping Forces “for its extensive efforts to eliminate 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and 1987 Oscar Arias Sánchez chemical weapons” Mohamed ElBaradei 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) 1986 Elie Wiesel “for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being and Jody Williams 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention 2012 European Union (EU) used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear “for their work for the banning and clearing of anti- of Nuclear War “for over six decades contributed to the advancement energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest personnel mines” 1984 Desmond Mpilo Tutu of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human possible way” 1983 Lech Walesa rights in Europe” 1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta 1982 Alva Myrdal and Alfonso García Robles 2004 Wangari Muta Maathai “for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to 1981 Offi ce of the United Nations High Commissioner 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee “for her contribution to sustainable development, the confl ict in East Timor” for Refugees and Tawakkol Karman democracy and peace” 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel “for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women 1995 Joseph Rotblat and Pugwash Conferences on Science 1979 Mother Teresa and for women's rights to full participation in peace- 2003 Shirin Ebadi and World Affairs 1978 Mohammad Anwar Al-Sadat and Menachem Begin building work” “for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She “for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear 1977 Amnesty International has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to 1976 Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan 2010 Liu Xiaobo women and children” eliminate such arms” 1975 Andrei Sakharov “for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental 1974 Seán MacBride and Eisaku Sato human rights in China” 2002 Jimmy Carter 1994 Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin 1973 Henry A. Kissinger and Le Duc Tho “for his decades of untiring effort to fi nd peaceful “for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East” 1972 No Nobel Prize was awarded in 1972. 2009 Barack H. Obama solutions to international confl icts, to advance 1971 Willy Brandt “for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen democracy and human rights, and to promote 1993 Nelson Mandela and Frederik Willem de Klerk 1970 Norman Ernest Borlaug international diplomacy and cooperation between economic and social development” “for their work for the peaceful termination of the … peoples” apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa”

38 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 39 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2001 United Nations (U.N.) and Kofi Annan 1992 Rigoberta Menchú Tum Nobel Peace Prize “for his important efforts, on several continents and “for their work for a better organized and more “in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno- over more than three decades, to resolve international peaceful world” cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of Laureates confl icts” indigenous peoples” 2000 Kim Dae-jung 2014 – 1970 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) “for his work for democracy and human rights in South 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and “for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human “for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater reconciliation with North Korea in particular” rights” knowledge about man-made climate change, and to 2014 Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai lay the foundations for the measures that are needed 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev “for their struggle against the suppression of children to counteract such change” “in recognition of the organization's pioneering “for his leading role in the peace process which today and young people and for the right of all children to humanitarian work on several continents” characterizes important parts of the international education” 2006 Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank community” “for their efforts to create economic and social 1998 John Hume and David Trimble 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of development from below” “for their efforts to fi nd a peaceful solution to the 1989 The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso Chemical Weapons (OPCW) confl ict in Northern Ireland” 1988 The United Nations Peace-keeping Forces “for its extensive efforts to eliminate 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and 1987 Oscar Arias Sánchez chemical weapons” Mohamed ElBaradei 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) 1986 Elie Wiesel “for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being and Jody Williams 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention 2012 European Union (EU) used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear “for their work for the banning and clearing of anti- of Nuclear War “for over six decades contributed to the advancement energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest personnel mines” 1984 Desmond Mpilo Tutu of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human possible way” 1983 Lech Walesa rights in Europe” 1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta 1982 Alva Myrdal and Alfonso García Robles 2004 Wangari Muta Maathai “for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to 1981 Offi ce of the United Nations High Commissioner 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee “for her contribution to sustainable development, the confl ict in East Timor” for Refugees and Tawakkol Karman democracy and peace” 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel “for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women 1995 Joseph Rotblat and Pugwash Conferences on Science 1979 Mother Teresa and for women's rights to full participation in peace- 2003 Shirin Ebadi and World Affairs 1978 Mohammad Anwar Al-Sadat and Menachem Begin building work” “for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She “for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear 1977 Amnesty International has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to 1976 Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan 2010 Liu Xiaobo women and children” eliminate such arms” 1975 Andrei Sakharov “for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental 1974 Seán MacBride and Eisaku Sato human rights in China” 2002 Jimmy Carter 1994 Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin 1973 Henry A. Kissinger and Le Duc Tho “for his decades of untiring effort to fi nd peaceful “for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East” 1972 No Nobel Prize was awarded in 1972. 2009 Barack H. Obama solutions to international confl icts, to advance 1971 Willy Brandt “for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen democracy and human rights, and to promote 1993 Nelson Mandela and Frederik Willem de Klerk 1970 Norman Ernest Borlaug international diplomacy and cooperation between economic and social development” “for their work for the peaceful termination of the … peoples” apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa”

38 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN | 39 Frauenkirche Dresden Foundation would like to thank you for your kind support:

Special thanks also go to all the staff and volunteers from the Frauenkirche, whose hard work played a key role in making this event possible.

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Publishing details Published by Frauenkirche Dresden Foundation | Georg-Treu-Platz 3 | 01067 Dresden | Germany | [email protected] Managing directors: Rev. Sebastian Feydt | Dipl. rer. pol. Christine Gräﬁ n von Kageneck | Rev. Holger Treutmann Editor: Mandy Dziubanek Text: Mandy Dziubanek, Grit Jandura (unless otherwise indicated) Graphic design | production: THORN werbeagentur Leipzig Photographs: Steffen Füssel, Grit Jandura (World of Wishes), Federal Government/Photographer: Steffen Kugler (Secretary of State David Gill)

40 | MOHAMED ELBARADEI | 18.03.2014 | FRAUENKIRCHE DRESDEN