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Key Developments for Electric Vehicles in Local Transport

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Key Developments for Electric Vehicles in Local Transport Journal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science e-ISSN: 2456-9860 Volume 4 Issue 2 Key Developments for Electric Vehicles in Local Transport Manoj Kumar1, Amit Ojha*2 1Senior Manager (Design),Control Equipment Engineering Department, BHEL, Bhopal, MP, India 2Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering Department, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India Email: *[email protected] Abstract Environment protection in Metro cities is a growing concern. Automobile sector play a very important role in the vision of green friendly environment. Continual reduction of reserve of fossil fuel and increased level of pollution has further forced to think of alternative is an electric vehicle. Mission 2030 for Government of India-"All vehicle will be Electric Vehicle" has given a boost to the E-vehicle and it will lead to generate cumulative savings of 846 million tons of CO2 over the total deployed vehicle's lifetime. Many corporates have already jumped to this sector as it is future of automobile sector. Now, electric vehicle is a reality and available for local public transportation. This paper covers an overview of the present status of electric vehicles in India with respect to technological growth. Key challenges faced by electric vehicle are also discussed. Keywords: Battery, electric vehicles motor, inverter INTRODUCTION this paper, author has tried to gather the Nowadays, electric vehicle (EV) has major issues and emerging trends of become a public transport vehicle for EVs. The paper starts with basic short distance travel in many major requirement of EVs, covers history of cities in India. All vehicles will be electric vehicles. Further, the paper also electric vehicle by 2030 according to focuses on technological development to CEO, Niti Aayog. According to society make EVs more efficient. In the last part of Indian automobile manufactures, 84% of this paper energy storage options are of total EVs sold in India are being used discussed meeting basic requirement of in local public transport. Electric vehicle EVs. can be broadly classified as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric Today, battery powered electric vehicle vehicles (HEVs), and fuel-cell electric is a realty in India for short distance vehicles (FCEVs) 1, 2. EV involves public transportation due to its low multiple disciplines like electronics, running cost. Battery used in these electrical, physics, computer etc. But vehicles requires 8-10Hrs for charging main constraints in popularity of EVs and its runs around 50-60km per are energy efficient and battery charging. Further enhancement in technology [3−6]. Continual effort is running per charging and reduction in being made by researchers around the charging time requires improved technology. Author has made an attempt world to improve efficiency of EVs and to collect the development towards enhanced battery technology which can improvement in these two figures. give improved running per charging and Government of India is also supporting reduced charging time. It is very difficult to enhance use of electric vehicle by to write a technological survey on EVs providing subsidies to make cost as it involves more than one disciples. In effective but cost of battery is major 36 Page 36-45 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved Journal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science e-ISSN: 2456-9860 Volume 4 Issue 2 challenge 6. Considering above factors, electric WHY ELECTRIC VEHICLES? vehicles are very much needed in Growing rate of population and pollution developing country like India. There is both are really alarming in India. As per one more force behind the need of data published for 2018, CO2 emission electric vehicle that is limited resource growth rate is maximum in India. Data of fossil fuels. published for 2018 are shown in Fig. 1. Growing environmental pollution is a concern around the world. Govt of India Growth rate of is allowing only Ultra Critical emission in 2018 Technology based power plant. Also, 10 thrust is given to energy conservation. 5 The development of EV technology has taken on an accelerated pace to fulfill 0 these needs. EVs are providing India China US EU -5 emission-free urban transportation 7, 8. Figure 1: Growth rate of emission in PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF 2018. EVS History of Electric Vehicle Electric vehicle has several advantages EV was invented in 1834, however, first over conventional vehicle. A few practical electric vehicle was available in advantages can be listed as: 1859 with the invention of lead-acid battery. An early two-wheeler electric No Fossil Fuel: Electric vehicle taken was made available in 1967. France and electrical energy from battery which is UK supported the development of EVs charged by electricity, i.e., it does not initially and first German car was require fossil fuel and hence no announced in 1888. In the last decade of pollution. 19th century, EVs could gain attraction in United states and in a few European Low Running Cost: The electric vehicle countries due to limited availability and has minimum running cost as of now. It high cost. Due to the limitations of is as low as less than Rs.1 per km in storage batteries at that time, electric local public transport. The running costs cars did not gain much popularity 9. can be further reduced by installing a rooftop solar installation to charge the Era of electric vehicle in India started in electric vehicle. Nowadays, it is possible late nineties by the launch of “Vikram” to entirely remove fuel costs from your in 1996 by Scooter India Ltd. life Subsequent to that Mahindra and Mahindra launched three-wheeler in Low Maintenance: Electric vehicle has 1999. In 2000, BHEL developed an less nos. of rotating components, eighteen-seater electric bus with 96V therefore, it requires very low lead acid battery pack. Some 200 electric maintenance. vans were built and run in Delhi, Agra and Calcutta. The major concern with Low Noise: Electric vehicle produce these vehicles was their poor very less noise compared to consistency, low life and very high cost conventional vehicle. of battery. Fig. 2 shows image of BHEL make 18-seater electric bus. 37 Page 36-45 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved Journal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science e-ISSN: 2456-9860 Volume 4 Issue 2 local transport vehicle and leading low energy efficiency. Weight reduction of battery will help in efficiency improvement. Battery cost: Low cost lead acid batteries are cost effective, but its energy density is Figure 2: BHEL electric bus. very low. Recently, new batteries with 3-4 times energy density compared to lead In 2001, Bajaj auto announced 3-seater acid battery has been announced but its electric auto and REVA launched its 2- cost is very high. seater electric car. In 2007, many Indian company like Eurytherm, Tata, Hero Battery technology: In low cost public Motor etc. jumped into the market e-bikes. transport, lead acid batteries are in use. But, era of 2001 to 2013 was really painful Lithium battery are costly nowadays and it as most manufacture didn’t care for user. is expected that price of lithium battery will reduce by 100% by 2025, but lithium Goverment of India announced 'National resource is also limited like fossil fuel. Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) Fuel cell batteries has highest energy 2020' in 2013 to address the issues of density but yet to come in reality due very National energy security, vehicular high cost. Fig. 3 below represents energy pollution and growth of domestic density of various batteries. manufacturing capabilities and with commitment that all vehicles will be electric vehicle by 2030. A few options of Energy Density electric cars in India are as: (kWh/Kg) • Atom Motors 'Graphene-22' • Hyundai Kona Electric Hydrogen 34 15 • Mahindra e-Verito Gasoline 12 • Tata Tigor EV 2019 0.15 Lead acid battery 0.04 Present Major Issues 0 10 20 30 40 At present, the major driving force for EVs is the environment issue and very low Figure 3: Battery energy density. running cost. Still there are certain issues that need to be addressed to enhance Main question still remains that is cost of further its popularity 11. These can be EVs, the development of advanced listed as: batteries such as nickel-metal hydride (Ni- Battery Capacity: Battery is energy storage MH), zinc/air (Zn/Air), and lithium-ion bank in EVs and lead acid batteries are (Li-Ion) are in progress to address this very common in e-vehicle for local public problem. Major drawbacks of battery transport. These batteries give around 60- compared to gasoline are specific energy 70km running per charging and takes & energy density. These will be ruled out around 6-7hrs for charging, hence, this by the development of fuel cell in future must be improved. Limited battery energy and commercial growth of EVs will grow is main constraint. rapidly. But there is requirement of improved technology electric motors, Battery Weight: Battery is contributing power converters and electronic controllers around 20-40% of total vehicle weight in at low cost also. 38 Page 36-45 © MAT Journals 2019. All Rights Reserved Journal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science e-ISSN: 2456-9860 Volume 4 Issue 2 Development Trends Ni-MH battery, Li-Ion battery, FCs, and Key technology on which future of EV ultracapacitors. Researcher are also rely are electric drive consisting of motor making all-out efforts for weight reduction and its control electronics and energy by developing new body material, storage system i.e. battery. Popular EV reduction in drag force, aerodynamic player in the world are relying on resistance and low rolling resistance tires induction and permanent magnet motor for to reducing running resistance at low and EVs. Earlier DC motor were in use for medium driving speed.
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