Key Developments for Electric Vehicles in Local Transport

Journal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science e-ISSN: 2456-9860 Volume 4 Issue 2

Manoj Kumar1, Amit Ojha*2 1Senior Manager (Design),Control Equipment Engineering Department, BHEL, Bhopal, MP, India 2Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering Department, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India Email: *[email protected]

Abstract Environment protection in Metro cities is a growing concern. Automobile sector play a very important role in the vision of green friendly environment. Continual reduction of reserve of fossil fuel and increased level of pollution has further forced to think of alternative is an electric vehicle. Mission 2030 for Government of India-"All vehicle will be Electric Vehicle" has given a boost to the E-vehicle and it will lead to generate cumulative savings of 846 million tons of CO2 over the total deployed vehicle's lifetime. Many corporates have already jumped to this sector as it is future of automobile sector. Now, electric vehicle is a reality and available for local public transportation. This paper covers an overview of the present status of electric vehicles in India with respect to technological growth. Key challenges faced by electric vehicle are also discussed.

Keywords: Battery, electric vehicles motor, inverter

INTRODUCTION this paper, author has tried to gather the Nowadays, electric vehicle (EV) has major issues and emerging trends of become a public transport vehicle for EVs. The paper starts with basic short distance travel in many major requirement of EVs, covers history of cities in India. All vehicles will be electric vehicles. Further, the paper also electric vehicle by 2030 according to focuses on technological development to CEO, Niti Aayog. According to society make EVs more efficient. In the last part of Indian automobile manufactures, 84% of this paper energy storage options are of total EVs sold in India are being used discussed meeting basic requirement of in local public transport. Electric vehicle EVs. can be broadly classified as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric Today, battery powered electric vehicle vehicles (HEVs), and fuel-cell electric is a realty in India for short distance vehicles (FCEVs) 1, 2. EV involves public transportation due to its low multiple disciplines like electronics, running cost. Battery used in these electrical, physics, computer etc. But vehicles requires 8-10Hrs for charging main constraints in popularity of EVs and its runs around 50-60km per are energy efficient and battery charging. Further enhancement in technology [3−6]. Continual effort is running per charging and reduction in being made by researchers around the charging time requires improved technology. Author has made an attempt world to improve efficiency of EVs and to collect the development towards enhanced battery technology which can improvement in these two figures. give improved running per charging and Government of India is also supporting reduced charging time. It is very difficult to enhance use of electric vehicle by to write a technological survey on EVs providing subsidies to make cost as it involves more than one disciples. In effective but cost of battery is major

Journal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science e-ISSN: 2456-9860 Volume 4 Issue 2 challenge 6. Considering above factors, electric WHY ELECTRIC VEHICLES? vehicles are very much needed in Growing rate of population and pollution developing country like India. There is both are really alarming in India. As per one more force behind the need of data published for 2018, CO2 emission electric vehicle that is limited resource growth rate is maximum in India. Data of fossil fuels. published for 2018 are shown in Fig. 1. Growing environmental pollution is a concern around the world. Govt of India Growth rate of is allowing only Ultra Critical emission in 2018 Technology based power plant. Also, 10 thrust is given to energy conservation. 5 The development of EV technology has taken on an accelerated pace to fulfill 0 these needs. EVs are providing India China US EU -5 emission-free urban transportation 7, 8.

Figure 1: Growth rate of emission in PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF 2018. EVS

History of Electric Vehicle Electric vehicle has several advantages EV was invented in 1834, however, first over conventional vehicle. A few practical electric vehicle was available in advantages can be listed as: 1859 with the invention of lead-acid

battery. An early two-wheeler electric No Fossil Fuel: Electric vehicle taken was made available in 1967. France and electrical energy from battery which is UK supported the development of EVs charged by electricity, i.e., it does not initially and first German car was require fossil fuel and hence no announced in 1888. In the last decade of pollution. 19th century, EVs could gain attraction in

United states and in a few European Low Running Cost: The electric vehicle countries due to limited availability and has minimum running cost as of now. It high cost. Due to the limitations of is as low as less than Rs.1 per km in storage batteries at that time, electric local public transport. The running costs cars did not gain much popularity 9. can be further reduced by installing a rooftop solar installation to charge the Era of electric vehicle in India started in electric vehicle. Nowadays, it is possible late nineties by the launch of “Vikram” to entirely remove fuel costs from your in 1996 by Scooter India Ltd. life Subsequent to that Mahindra and

Mahindra launched three-wheeler in Low Maintenance: Electric vehicle has 1999. In 2000, BHEL developed an less nos. of rotating components, eighteen-seater electric bus with 96V therefore, it requires very low lead acid battery pack. Some 200 electric maintenance. vans were built and run in Delhi, Agra

and Calcutta. The major concern with Low Noise: Electric vehicle produce these vehicles was their poor very less noise compared to consistency, low life and very high cost conventional vehicle. of battery. Fig. 2 shows image of BHEL

make 18-seater electric bus.

Journal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science e-ISSN: 2456-9860 Volume 4 Issue 2

local transport vehicle and leading low energy efficiency. Weight reduction of battery will help in efficiency improvement.

Battery cost: Low cost lead acid batteries are cost effective, but its energy density is Figure 2: BHEL electric bus. very low. Recently, new batteries with 3-4 times energy density compared to lead In 2001, Bajaj auto announced 3-seater acid battery has been announced but its electric auto and REVA launched its 2- cost is very high. seater electric car. In 2007, many Indian company like Eurytherm, Tata, Hero Battery technology: In low cost public Motor etc. jumped into the market e-bikes. transport, lead acid batteries are in use. But, era of 2001 to 2013 was really painful Lithium battery are costly nowadays and it as most manufacture didn’t care for user. is expected that price of lithium battery will reduce by 100% by 2025, but lithium Goverment of India announced 'National resource is also limited like fossil fuel. Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) Fuel cell batteries has highest energy 2020' in 2013 to address the issues of density but yet to come in reality due very National energy security, vehicular high cost. Fig. 3 below represents energy pollution and growth of domestic density of various batteries. manufacturing capabilities and with commitment that all vehicles will be electric vehicle by 2030. A few options of Energy Density electric cars in India are as: (kWh/Kg) • Atom Motors 'Graphene-22' • Hyundai Kona Electric Hydrogen 34 15 • Mahindra e-Verito Gasoline 12 • Tata Tigor EV 2019 0.15 Lead acid battery 0.04 Present Major Issues 0 10 20 30 40 At present, the major driving force for EVs is the environment issue and very low Figure 3: Battery energy density. running cost. Still there are certain issues that need to be addressed to enhance Main question still remains that is cost of further its popularity 11. These can be EVs, the development of advanced listed as: batteries such as nickel-metal hydride (Ni- Battery Capacity: Battery is energy storage MH), zinc/air (Zn/Air), and lithium-ion bank in EVs and lead acid batteries are (Li-Ion) are in progress to address this very common in e-vehicle for local public problem. Major drawbacks of battery transport. These batteries give around 60- compared to gasoline are specific energy 70km running per charging and takes & energy density. These will be ruled out around 6-7hrs for charging, hence, this by the development of fuel cell in future must be improved. Limited battery energy and commercial growth of EVs will grow is main constraint. rapidly. But there is requirement of improved technology electric motors, Battery Weight: Battery is contributing power converters and electronic controllers around 20-40% of total vehicle weight in at low cost also.

Journal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science e-ISSN: 2456-9860 Volume 4 Issue 2

Development Trends Ni-MH battery, Li-Ion battery, FCs, and Key technology on which future of EV ultracapacitors. Researcher are also rely are electric drive consisting of motor making all-out efforts for weight reduction and its control electronics and energy by developing new body material, storage system i.e. battery. Popular EV reduction in drag force, aerodynamic player in the world are relying on resistance and low rolling resistance tires induction and permanent magnet motor for to reducing running resistance at low and EVs. Earlier DC motor were in use for medium driving speed. EVs but due to poor efficiency and high maintenance, DC motors are rarely in use In India, Tata motor announced premium for EVs. Induction motor is robust and hatchback Altroz EV and small SUV H2X cost effective whereas permanent magnet by 2020. These EVs have 3-phase machines have higher efficiency, high induction motor drive with Lithium Ion torque to volume ratio, better regenerative battery. Mahindra Electric Mobility capability, therefore, being preferred Limited formally know Company have nowadays over induction motor 11. REAW, REW Aai and Mahindra e-Verito EVs and announced luxury car by 2020. In country like India, price becomes first Hundai has launched EVs named Kona a constraints in product selection therefore premium car. Maruti Suzuki announced low-cost lead acid battery are very popular Wagon R EV by 2020. Audi e-tron, BMW in local public transport. Next option in i8, Jaguar I-pace are premium EV brand this segment is Lithium ion battery which have energy density 4 times than lead acid available. but costlier. Energy density of various options existing are compared in Fig. 3. ELECTRIC DRIVE SYSTEM But these options are yet to come, due to Basic Consideration cost and safety reasons in low cost vehicle. The electric drive system shown in Fig. 4 is the heart of EV 12,13. It mainly PRESENT STATUS consists of driving motor, power With the continual effort made by electronic converter, controller, gear box researcher around the world, tremendous and wheel. The major requirements of maturity has been in commercial EVs, the EVs drive system are as follows. hence, more reliable, more efficient and • Compact and high-power density more comfortable EVs are available motor. nowadays. But these upgraded • Maximum torque at low speed zone. technologies are available in high segment • Fast response. vehicle, i.e., cost of these vehicles is very • Regenerative braking for efficiency high. Government of India is supporting enhancement. with subsidiaries and income tax benefit to make EVs more viable. Such advance • Higher reliability. features in low cost public transport • Zero maintenance. vehicle is yet to come. Race in ON • Minimum cost. between advanced IM drives and PM brushless motor drives to improve the The choice of electric drive systems is electric propulsion system. Similarly, to mainly depending upon target application. improve energy storage source researcher However, addition of advance feature like are working day and night for new regenerative braking in low cost vehicle technology for battery such as advanced will give a boost to economy of medium valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery, earning people.

Journal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science e-ISSN: 2456-9860 Volume 4 Issue 2

Vdc Q1 Q2 Q3 PMSM BATTERY BANK

Q4 Q5 Q6 Iabc

SVPWM

Iq_ref ω_ref Abc abc PI PI ------dq dq

ω_est Iq

Id_ref PI

Id Speed Position Speed & Position Ta, Tb, Tc Vdc Estimation Position Generation Using ramp

Figure 4: EV drive system.

Conventional DC motors were used for development of high-speed DSP controller, traction application because of its torque- vector control of IM can be implemented speed characteristics suit traction easily, i.e., IM is taking place of DC motor in requirement well and their speed controls traction drive. PM brushless motors have are simple. Inherent problem of highest efficiency, high torque to volume and maintenance due to commutator and low better regenerative capability, therefore, efficient, it is out from the race of new better choice for EVs nowadays. Motor used EVs, however, it is still in use in high by major EVs manufacturer are listed in power traction drive. With the Table-1.

Table 1: The type of motor used in EVs. Hyundai Kona EV PMSMS GMEV1 IM Tata Tigor IM Mahindra e2o PLUS P4 IM Toyota Prius PMSM Chevrolet Bolt EV PMSM Ford Focus Electric PMSM Nissan Leaf PMSM Hinda Accord PMSM BMW i3 PMSM

Vector-Controlled Induction Motor robust design and easy availability. The Drives characteristic of IM is matched with DC Induction motor is most preferred in motor with the implementation of vector variable speed drive due to its low cost, control philosophy. In vector control

Journal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science e-ISSN: 2456-9860 Volume 4 Issue 2 methodology, torque and flux producing simple construction, these motors are still component of stator current can be struggling for their space in EVs due to controlled independently. Implementation noise issue and complex control 22. of vector control makes IM an ideal choice for EVs. For implementation of vector PMa-Syn RM Drives control, high speed DSP controller is These motors are under developing stage required and also efficiency of IM is lower and find space in high speed EVs as its than other contender in similar application performance is better than PM machine in 15. high speed zone and also capable for delivering better torque compared to PM PM Brushless Motor Drives machines 22. In modem motor drives, PM brushless motor drives are most capable of ENERGY SOURCES competing with IM drives for traction Basic Consideration application 20. Their advantages are Energy storage source is biggest hurdle to summarized as follows. boost of EV commercialization 14, 27. • Availability of high-energy PMs- The choice of batteries mainly depends on higher power density. its application. All low-cost public • No rotor losses-improved efficiency. transport vehicle in India are driven by • High torque to volume ratio. lead acid batteries due to its mature • Fast response. technology, easy availability and low cost. May suffer from the problem of But these batteries have lowest energy demagnetization in high speed range and density as pointed in Fig. 2. Next option torque ripple issues. available is lithium ion battery and it is being accepted in most EVs due to better PMSM Drives efficiency, reduced weight, lower charging In today’s scenario, this drive system is time, better power output, longer lifetime, most preferred for EVs. In these motors, and reduced environmental implications back EMF is sinusoidal and demonstrate from battery disposal. EV battery must better performance compared to other have following chrematistics: drive motor options, hence, it is only • High specific energy choice for high performance vehicle. PM • High energy density machines have better regenerative • High specific power capability compared to IMs, hence, • Power density preferred in EVs 25. • Fast charging • Longer Life SR Motor Drives • High-charging efficiency Switched reluctance motor also known as • Cost effective variable reluctance is also gaining • Maintenance-free attraction in high speed EVs due to its • Environmentally friendly i.e. robustness, low cost and simple recyclable construction. The performance of SR motor is superior in high speed operating Batteries range. It requires complex control for The following four types of batteries are obtaining speed torque characteristics commonly used today in EVs 28: meeting EVs requirement. Further • Lead Acid technology upgrade for noise reduction • Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) and availability of low-cost controller will enhance its popularity in EVs. In spite of • Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)

Journal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science e-ISSN: 2456-9860 Volume 4 Issue 2

• Lithium-ion - Lithium-ion batteries high-performance EV. In fact, the amount have higher specific energy relative to of energy involved in the acceleration and the other battery types. Limited deceleration transients is roughly 2/3 of lithium resource is main constraint for the total amount of energy over the entire these batteries. vehicle mission in the urban driving. Therefore, based on present battery Fuel Cells technology, the design of batteries has to A fuel cell (FC) is an electrochemical carry out the tradeoffs among the specific device that converts chemical energy of energy, specific power, and cycle life. The hydrogen and oxygen to electrical energy difficulty of simultaneously obtaining high by process called redox reaction. The values of specific energy, specific power, outcome of reaction is water, electricity and cycle life has led to some suggestions and heat. The electrical energy generation that EVs may best be powered by a pair of by this process does not produce any energy sources. The main energy source, harmful gases like thermal power plant. usually a battery, is optimized for the range while the auxiliary source for As there are no polluting contents from acceleration and hill-climbing. This fuel cell reaction, therefore, it is auxiliary source can be recharged from the considered as an ideal choice for energy main source during less demanding driving storage in future. Fuel cell have highest or regenerative braking. An auxiliary energy contents; hence, it is ideal choice energy source that has received wide for EVs.29. attention is the ultra-capacitor 33.

Fuel cells will be popular soon due to Ultra-capacitor have a positive and several advantages for EV use like fast re- negative electrode separated by an fueling, very low emissions, reliability and electrolyte like a battery, but, store energy higher energy density, low weight. There electrostatically rather than chemically. are a few drawbacks this energy resource Ultra-capacitors also have a dielectric and these are mainly high cost and safety separator dividing the electrolyte - like a factor in accident due to explosion. High capacitor. This internal cell structure segment EVs may use this source. In low allows ultracapacitors to have a very high cost public transport EVs, it will be rarely energy storage density compared to a visible. normal capacitor. Energy density is less compared to battery but charging and Ultra-Capacitors discharging is very fast. These capacitors Comparatively charging of battery is yet to come in low cost EVs. slowing that discharging, therefore, this basic battery characteristic become a Graphene Supercapacitor hurdle is energy recovery during Graphene is a magic material also known regenerative braking. Operation of EVs as honeycomb sheets of carbon atoms. It is demand for frequent start/stop, strongest material available till date. It is ultracapacitor find their space in EVs for harder than steel and lighter like quick charging capability. The average aluminum. It is conductive and its power required from the battery is conductivity is around 10 times better than relatively low while the peak power of copper. Its high electron movement relatively short duration required for acceleration or hill-climbing is much property made it suitable for making higher. The ratio of the peak power to the supercapacitor. Due magic property of average power can be as high as 16:1 for a graphene material, energy stored can be

Journal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science e-ISSN: 2456-9860 Volume 4 Issue 2 released instantly which is necessary Energy Rev., Volume 49, pp. 365– requirement of EVs. 385 EVs need an extra energy for acceleration, 2. CC Chan (2002), “The state of the therefore, graphene supercapacitors are an art of electric and hybrid ideal choice for meeting the requirement vehicles”, Proc. IEEE, Volume of such condition in EVs. They hold a 90, pp. 247–275. limited amount of charge, but they can 3. KT Chau (2015), “Electric Vehicle deliver it very quickly. Machines and Drives- Design, Analysis and Application”, Wiley- The conventional battery needs around 6-8 IEEE Press, hours for charging i.e. vehicle must wait 4. K Rajashekara (October 2013), for 6-8 hours to make itself ready for next “Trends in electric propulsion”, drive. Development of graphene IEEE Transportation supercapacitor will eliminate this Electrification Newsletter, bottleneck of EVs in future. Also, with 5. Szilárd Enyedi (2018), “Electric Government support, cost of graphene cars-Challenges and trends”, IEEE supercapacitor will come down to make it International Conference on popular in local public transport. Automation, Quality and Testing, Robotics (AQTR), In the future, it is expected that graphene 6. G Suciu, A Pasat (2017), supercapacitor energy density will be more “Challenges and opportunities for or equal to Li-Ion batteryand price will be batteries of electric vehicles”, 10th less compared to Li-Ion battery. International Symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical CONCLUSION Engineering (ATEE), pp. Increased environment pollution in India 113−117. has given boost to the EVs. It is further 7. X Zhou, L Zou, Y Ma (2017), supported by Government of India in term “Research on impacts of the of subsidiary and income tax benefits. electric vehicles charging and Availability of PM drive which is heart of discharging on power grid”, 29th EV has enhanced the efficiency of these Chinese Control And Decision vehicles. Battery is still a major concern Conference (CCDC), for EVs. Only lead-acid batteries are 8. Farhan Faisal (2017), “An analysis economical till date. Li-on battery have of electric vehicle trends in better energy density but its cost is high. developed nations: a sustainable Use of fuel cell, ultracapacitor and solution for India”, The Journal of graphene ultracapacitor will find its way in Undergraduate Research at the EVs. Author expect that better density University of Illinois at Chicago, battery will be available at low cost in Volume 10, Issue 1, future and this will really flourish the era 9. CC Chan (1999), “The past, of EVs. present and future of electric vehicle development”, REFERENCES International Conference on 1. JY Yong, VK Ramachandara Power Electronics and Drive Murthy, KM Tan, N Systems, (PEDS), Mithulananthan (2015), “A review 10. Lixin Situ (2009), “Electric on the state-of-the-art technologies vehicle development: The past, of electric vehicle, its impacts and present & future”, 3rd prospects”, Renew. Sustain, International Conference on

Journal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science e-ISSN: 2456-9860 Volume 4 Issue 2

Power Electronics Systems and application based on drive cycle Applications (PESA), analysis”, PEDES, 11. Ming Cheng, Minghao Tong 20. Gaurav Nanda, Narayan C Kar (September 2017), “Development (May 2006), “A survey and status and trend of electric comparison of characteristics of vehicles in China”, Chinese motor drives used in electric Journal of Electrical Engineering, vehicles”, Canadian Conference Volume 3, Issue 2, on Electrical and Computer 12. CC Chan, KT Chau (Feb. 1997), Engineering, “An overview of power 21. Xiangdong Liu et al. (2016), electronics in electric vehicles”, “Research on the performances IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., and parameters of interior PMSM Volume 44, pp. 3−13. used for electric vehicles”, IEEE 13. MA Rahman, R Qin (Feb. 1997), Transactions on Industrial “A permanent magnet hysteresis Electronics, hybrid synchronous motor for 22. Adrian Bălţăţanu, Leonard Marin electric vehicles”, IEEE Trans. Florea (2013), “Comparison of Ind. Electronics, Volume 44, pp. electric motors used for electric 46−53. vehicles propulsion”, International 14. D Coates, C Fox (1994), “Multiple Conference of Scientific Paper, advanced battery systems for Afases, electric vehicles”, Proceedings of 23. Thanh Anh Huynh, Min-Fu Hsieh 9th Annual Battery Conference on (2018), “Performance analysis of Applications and Advances, permanent magnet motors for Volume 110, electric vehicles (EV) traction 15. Wang Yi, Zhao Kaiqi (2005), considering driving cycles”, MDPI “Field-oriented vector control of Energies, induction motor for electric 24. Y Sato, K Fujita, T Yanase, S vehicles”, IECON, Kinoshita, “New control methods 16. S Wall (1995), “Vector control: a for high performance PM motor practical approach to electric drive systems”, Proc. 14th Int. vehicles”, IEE Colloquium on Electric Vehicle Symp, Vector Control and Direct Torque 25. XiaohongNian, Fei Peng, Hang Control of Induction Motors, Zhang (October 2014), 17. Heping Liu, Youwei Zhou, Yu “Regenerative braking system of Jiang, Lin Liu, Tongbing Wang, electric vehicle driven by Bo Zhong (2005), “Induction brushless DC motor”, IEEE motor drive based on vector Transactions on Industrial control for electric vehicles”, Electronics, Volume 61, Issue 10, IEEE International Conference on 26. S Raja Rajan, Andy Srinivasan, S. Electrical Machines and Systems, Visalakshi (2014), “Regenerative 18. S Wamique, S Kumar, SK Nirala, control of DC drive system”, IEEE SP Singh (2012), “Sensorless International Conference on vector control of induction motor Advanced Communication Control drive for electrical vehicle and Computing Technologies application”, ICETEEEM, (ICACCCT), 19. AK Singh, A Dalal, P Kumar 27. D Linden (1995), “Handbook of (2014), “Analysis of induction batteries”, 2nd ed. McGraw• Hill, motor for electric vehicle New York,

Journal of Instrumentation and Innovation Science e-ISSN: 2456-9860 Volume 4 Issue 2

28. D Berndt (1997), “Maintenance- in Sarakara Kheri, Bijnor UP India, in free batteries: Lead-Acid, 1972. He received B. Tech. degree in Nickel/Cadmium, Nickel/Hydride: Electrical Engineering from KNIT, A Handbook of Battery Sultanpur UP, India, in 1993. He received Technology”, Wiley, New York. M S (R) in Electrical Engineering from IIT 29. LJMJ Blomen, MN Mugerwa Delhi in 2001. He joined BHEL Bhopal in (1993), “Fuel cell systems”, 2002 and he is involved in the design and Plenum, New York. engineering of Excitation system, 30. AF Burke (Dec. 1994), governing systems, large current rectifiers, “Electrochemical capacitors for and controls of permanent magnet electric vehicles-technology machines. He has had more than 16 years update and implementation of industrial experience in dealing various considerations”, Proc. 12th i nt. projects. He is presently pursuing Ph. D. at Electric Vehicle Symp, pp. 27−36. MANIT Bhopal in Electrical Engineering. 31. KT Chau, YS Wong, CC Chan (July 1999), “An overview of energy sources for electric vehicles”, Energy Convers. Manage, Volume 40, Issue 10, pp. 1021−1039. 32. PF Howard (Dec. 1994), “Ballard Amit Ojha was born in zero emission fuel cell bus India, in 1974. He received B. E degree in engine”, in Proc. 12th int. Electric Electrical Engineering from MACT, Vehicle Symp, pp. 81−90. Bhopal, India, in 1998. He received M. 33. P Menga, A Savoldelli (Oct. Tech. and Ph. D. degrees from Maulana 1996), “Methodology for Azad National Institute of Technology economical and managerial (MANIT), Bhopal, India, in 2002 and assessment of electric vehicles 2013, respectively. He studied multilevel recharging infrastructures”, Proc. I converter fed induction motor drives while 3thint. Electric Vehicle Symp, working towards his Ph. D. He has had Volume 1, pp. 748−755. more than 14 years of teaching experience 34. K Shimizu (Dec 1997) “Status of and more than 5 years of research Japanese EV standardization experience. He is presently working as an activities in ' 97”, Proc. 14th int. Assistant Professor in Department of Electric Vehicle Symp, Electrical Engineering, MANIT. His 35. A Burke, “Ultracapacitors: Why, current research interests include electrical how and where is the technology”, machines, power electronics, electric drives, high-power-factor converters, and multilevel converters.

Manoj Kumar was born