Re-Hashing Haiti: Empowering the People

Syracuse University SURFACE

School of Architecture Dissertations and Architecture Senior Theses Theses

Fall 2010

Re-hashing Haiti: Empowering The People

Edward Dudley Syracuse University

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This Thesis, Senior is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Architecture Dissertations and Theses at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Architecture Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Re-hashing Haiti empowering the people

Edward Dudley

Professors Terrance Goode | Sekou Cooke Thesis Prep Fall 2010

1 ACRONYMS

AFD Agence Française de Développement CIDA Canadian International Development Agency EFA Education for All FTI Fast Track Initiative GDP gross domestic product HDA Haitian Development Authority MENFP Ministère de l’Education Nationale et de la Formation Professionnelle, or Ministry of Education and Training NGO Nongovernmental organization RAND Resarch and Development Corporation UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme

2 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION MATERIAL STUDIES 4 glossary bamboo 35 8 contention concrete 36 metal mesh | gabion wall 39 SUPPORTING DISCUSSION steel 40 10 proposal timber 42 12 time interval SITE 44 16 timeline THE NETWORK DISASTERS: HAITI AT THE FOREFRONT 52 20 DETERMINING THE PARTS 26 government prior to the earthquake 54 potential relationships 57 EDUCATION: REALIZING ITS ROLE AND RE- PRECEDENTS SPONSIBILITY druk white lotus 58 28 hand in hand for haiti 60

BUILDING CULTURE: HAITI BIBLIOGRAPHY 32 64 34 climate

3 GLOSSARY

configuration- the relative disposition or arrangement of the parts or elements incubator- a unique and highly flexible combination of business development processes, infrastructure and people, designed to nurture and grow new and small businesses by supporting them through early stages of development structure- a complex system considered from the point of view of the whole rather than of any single part defined by rules of selection and relation system- an assemblage or combination of things or parts forming a complex or unitary whole

AFTER THE QUAKE, AID GROUPS RUSHED IN PORTA-POTTIES TO PROVIDE SANITATION, BUT THEY COST $13 A DAY TO CLEAN AND EMPTY THE WASTES. SO MANY THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS EACH DAY GO TO COMPANIES WITH THE SPECIALIZED TRUCKS THAT CLEAN PORTA- POTTIES AND THEN DUMP THE WASTES UNTREATED AT THE CITY DUMP.

4 INTRODUCTION

The January 12th earthquake destroyed 80% of Port au Prince, killing an estimated 250,000, injuring 300,000 and leaving 1.5 million homeless and without livelihoods.1 The infrastructure, commercial, residential and institutional sectors of Haiti were dismantled. Many of the institutions and infrastructures were weak long before the quake, as Haiti is among the world’s poorest nations, reliant on international aid and subject to severe economic disparity. With these institutions physically dismantled, the Haitian government and international donor community have the opportunity to reevaluate and correctly rebuild these sectors. The Action Plan for National Recovery and Development of Haiti states, “We must act now, but with a clear vision for the future. We need to agree on a short-term program, while creating mechanisms that enable us to prepare and implement detailed programs and projects that will lead to clear action within a ten-year timeframe.”2

“THE PRESENT OF PAST, IT IS MEMORY THE PRESENT OF PRESENT, IT IS ACTION THE PRESENT OF FUTURE, IT IS EXPECTATION” -PAUL RICOEUR

5 6 AS ONE DESIGNER WHO HAS WITNESSED THIS INCREDIBLY DAUNTING AND COMPLEX SITUATION FIRST HAND, I MUST ASK MYSELF: HOW, WHERE AND WHEN IS THE MOST APPROPRIATE AND EFFECTIVE MOMENT TO INTERVENE? HOW CAN THIS MOMENT SUSTAIN ITSELF?

PLANNING SHELTER POTABLE WATER HEALTHCARE

WASTE REMOVAL RECONSTRUCTION AGRICULTURE INFASTRUCTURE

ENERGY GOVERNMENT EDUCATION ECONOMY 7 CONTENTION

I CONTEND THAT INTEGRATING AN ARCHITECTURE AT A LOCAL LEVEL THAT ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL SECTORS WILL PRODUCE A COMMUNITY THAT 8 TEMPORALLY MANIFESTS A RELATIONSHIP AMONG EXISTING SOCIAL, ACTIVELY CONTRIBUTES TO A SELF SUSTAINING HAITI OF THE FUTURE. 9 PROPOSAL

In the initial phase (first 6-9 months) there is a high premium on rapid implementation of relief and recovery programs. Delivery often overrides detailed planning. Large-scale infrastructure normally takes several months to complete procurement and mobilize teams to support works, while more decentralized, smaller programs such as household repair or community based redevelopment can

level of of activity level begin.1 It is important to start preparing these smaller programs early so that they can be implemented once the emergency effort triage transitional transitional strctring transormations reduces its intensity. Failure to coordinate all efforts in relation time to one another produces gaps that only slow recovery efforts.

EMERGENCY RELIEF LONG TERM DEVELOPMENT

POTENTIAL GAP OF DEVELOPMENT

MOMENT OF INTERVENTION

The contention will be tested through the plan- aerial perspective, the city of Leogane consists of a dense ning and design of a hybridized environment that strives and gridded core, which is comprised of stand-alone, to foster participation and collaboration among all mem- residential homes and small businesses. Radiating out bers acting within the context. This unbiased space will from this core are less dense residential zones, all encom- not discriminate against age, gender, social or economic passed by agricultural fields. South of the city’s core were status, and will instead operate as a networked system of three public schools, each operating on its own parcel of architectural interventions, spatially configured to integrate land and separated by a roadway. Although these schools post-disaster communities, safely, socially and economi- were completely destroyed in the earthquake, in prepara- cally. As time progresses and Haiti endures its recovery, tion to rebuild, the sites have since been cleared of all the space will evolve in parallel, accommodating an evolv- rubble and architectural proposals have been released for ing community. two of the sites. Embedded within the interstitial network of heavily trafficked roadway that separates the sites, is Leogane, Haiti is a coastal city which had an es- an overlooked transportation hub and an informal market. timated population of 134,000 people, located 18 miles Considering the central location of the site in relation to west of Port au Prince on the north shore of the country’s Leogane and Leogane in relation to the southern portion southern peninsula. Following the earthquake, an esti- of Haiti, I believe the site is vastly underutilized and has the mated 20,000 to 30,000 people were killed and 80- potential to function as a breeding ground of knowledge 90% of its built infrastructure was destroyed.3 From an 10 that could harvest a self-sustaining, model community of design, allowing it to be understood among a broader the future. network of similarly functioning and designed interventions, that support, depend and evolve with one another. The school typology has the opportunity to address a multitude of issues in a post disaster environment. Construction and materiality will play a Not only do these spaces provide a safe environment for crucial role in the appearance and inherently, the identity children, containing places for play, interaction with na- of the interventions and community. Building techniques ture, and interaction with other people, but they also al- will inspire future construction executed by individuals and low parents to take an active role within the community. larger relief efforts, while solving sustainable issues. Utiliz- Strengthening communities through the implementation ing the local potential of material and labor while appropri- of schools is a way to strengthen the country by cultivating ately incorporating sustainable technology will strengthen participatory residents. As residents feel involved, identity and develop regional identity . The result will respect ex- and pride are strengthened, having a larger impact on the isting Haitian culture, while applying it in a modern man- strengthening of the country. ner. Environmental responsibility will be not only be taught through example as a finished product, but through the My design proposal will accommodate for ar- actual process of construction. chitectural interventions that are spatially configured to promote collaboration and learning among High School students and community members, while optimizing the LEOGANE design of the existing proposals on the adjacent sites. The interstitial zones between these three sites and their PORT-AU-PRINCE relationship with the community is of equal importance. Considering the economic, social and political disparity EPICENTER that plagues Haiti, I intend to incorporate incentives that are situated to attract and activate additional residents of the community. These incentives will be architectur- ally realized through integrated spaces that promote job creation, agricultural production and the assimilation of large, diverse groups of people. This hybridized environment will be strategically linked to existing infrastructural and social networks. I believe consciously designing to facilitate a legible dialogue between program and sectors, both formal and informal will produce optimal results when integrating members of the community. Although this proposal focuses on a small community in Leogane, Haiti, prototypical connotations will be embedded in the 11 months

government

ideas/planning

government

-1months 1-3 months - months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 months

government ideas/planning

government

-1months 1-3 months - months

This diagram conveys the recovery process broken down into (4) time intervals. Following the earthquake ideas/ planning are essential to the nations recovery, with international aid organizations playing a primary role alongside Haiti’s government. The first phase (0-3 years) is organized by the percentage of funding allocated toeach sector broken down by 6 month intervals. The amount of funding was determined by the Post Disaster Needs . . . . . . . . .

Assessment. In the second phase (3-5 years), government and education should begin to surface as primary . . . . . . . . . . facilitators of recovery while working in tandem with aid organizations. Following the second phase, within (5- 20 years), an economy should be born out of agriculture and a industry that is fueled by educated Haitians. Relief organizations should begin to play a smaller, secondary role as the country begins to sustain itself. 13 “THE PROTOTYPICAL FRAGILE STATE IS INACCESSIBLE, OFTEN LAND- LOCKED, SURROUNDED BY WEAK OR PREDATORY NEIGHBORS, AND WRACKED BY TRIBAL, ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS, OR LINGUISTIC TENSIONS. HAITI SUFFERS FROM NONE OF THESE DISABILITIES. ”4

s m s m

14 Haiti is surrounded by comparatively prosperous neighbors with natural harbors and is in close proximity to the largest market in the world, the United States. It has no precious gems, minerals, or other resources that parties may fight over. The fragility of Haiti cannot be blamed on its geography or demography, but rather its unfortunate history.

per apita I orl atoo

15 TIMELINE

1801 - A former black slave who 2010 January - became a guerrilla 1994 - Military Up to 300,000 people are killed 1496 - Spanish leader, Toussaint regime 2004 May - Louverture, relinquishes power when a establish first 1971 - Duvalier Severe floods in 2008 conquers Haiti, in the face of an 2006 February - magnitude 7.0 European 1956 - Voodoo dies and is south, and in August/September - abolishing slavery 1990 - imminent US General elections, earthquake hits settlement in physician Francois succeeded by his 1997-99 - parts of Nearly 800 people and proclaiming Jean-Bertrand invasion; US 2000 November - Rene Preval is the capital western 1844- Eastern part "Papa Doc" 19-year-old son, Serious neighbouring are killed and 2009 May - himself Aristide elected forces oversee a Aristide elected declared the winner Port-au-Prince hemisphere at of Hispaniola 1905 Economic 1915 - US Duvalier seizes Jean-Claude, or political Dominican hundreds are left Former US governor-general president in transition to a president for a second of the presidential and its wider Haiti is Santo Domingo, breaks away to collapse causes invades Haiti power in military "Baby Doc", who deadlock; Republic, leave injured as Haiti is hit President Bill of an autonomous Haiti's first free civilian govern- non-consecutive term, vote after a deal is region - the worst inhabitated by the now capital of become the Haiti to cede following 1923 over 60% coup and is elected also declares new more than 2,000 by a series of Clinton appointed government over and peaceful ment; Aristide amid allegations of reached over spoiled in Haiti in 200 Taíno, an Dominican Dominican financial control to black-mulatto of Haiti’s land is president a year himself president- government dead or devastating storms UN special envoy all Hispaniola. polls. returns. irregularities. ballot papers. years. Arawakan people Republic. Republic. the United States. friction forested later. for-life. named. disappeared. and hurricanes. to Haiti. 1492 1801 1912 1915 1956 1986 1991 1997 2002 2006 2008 2010 prior to 1697 1804 1905 1930 1964 1990 1995 1999 2004 2007 2009 1492 1492 Christopher 1697 - Spain 1804 - Haiti becomes 1912- The National 1905 A long period 1915 - The resident 1934 - US 1964 - Duvalier 1986 - Baby 1991 - Aristide 1995 - UN 1999 - Preval 2002 July - Haiti 2004 July - 2006 less 2008 April - Food 2010 March - Columbus cedes western independent; former Palace is designed of political chaos U.S. naval withdraws declares himself Doc flees ousted in a coup peacekeepers declares that is approved as a International than 2% of riots. Government International donors discovers the part of Hispaniola slave Jean-Jacques by Georges H. during which there commander troops from president-for-life and Haiti in the led by Brigadier- begin to replace parliament's term has full member of the donors pledge Haiti’s land is announces pledge $5.3 billion for island and named to France, and Dessalines declares Baussan are twenty-two dissolves the Haitian Haiti, but establishes a wake of General Raoul US troops; Aristide expired and begins Caribbean more than $1bn forested emergency plan to post-quake it La Espanola this becomes himself emperor. All (1874–1958), a changes of congress and dictates maintains dictatorship with the mounting Cedras, triggering supporters win ruling by decree Community in aid. cut price of rice in reconstruction at a (”the Spanish Haiti, or Land of remaining whites are leading Haitian government that a new constitution. fiscal control help of the Tontons popular sanctions by the US parliamentary following a series of (Caricom) trade bid to halt unrest. donor conference at Island”), later Mountain expelled, and architect who results in heavy until 1947 Macoute militia. discontent and the Organisation elections disagreements with bloc. Parliament dismisses UN headquarters. known as Saint-Dominique graduated from the international and is of American States. deputies. Prime Minister Hispaniola, or becomes the first Ecole indebtedness, on replaced by Alexis. Little Spain. Black republic, the d'Architecture in top of burdensome Lieutenant- Recorded history result of the only Paris reparation General Henri of the island successful slave payments to Namphy as begins. revolution in history. France. head of a governing council.

architectural economic natural political/military architectural economic natural political/military 16 1801 - A former black slave who 2010 January - became a guerrilla 1994 - Military Up to 300,000 people are killed 1496 - Spanish leader, Toussaint regime 2004 May - Louverture, relinquishes power when a establish first 1971 - Duvalier Severe floods in 2008 conquers Haiti, in the face of an 2006 February - magnitude 7.0 European 1956 - Voodoo dies and is south, and in August/September - abolishing slavery 1990 - imminent US General elections, earthquake hits settlement in physician Francois succeeded by his 1997-99 - parts of Nearly 800 people and proclaiming Jean-Bertrand invasion; US 2000 November - Rene Preval is the capital western 1844- Eastern part "Papa Doc" 19-year-old son, Serious neighbouring are killed and 2009 May - himself Aristide elected forces oversee a Aristide elected declared the winner Port-au-Prince hemisphere at of Hispaniola 1905 Economic 1915 - US Duvalier seizes Jean-Claude, or political Dominican hundreds are left Former US governor-general president in transition to a president for a second of the presidential and its wider Haiti is Santo Domingo, breaks away to collapse causes invades Haiti power in military "Baby Doc", who deadlock; Republic, leave injured as Haiti is hit President Bill of an autonomous Haiti's first free civilian govern- non-consecutive term, vote after a deal is region - the worst inhabitated by the now capital of become the Haiti to cede following 1923 over 60% coup and is elected also declares new more than 2,000 by a series of Clinton appointed government over and peaceful ment; Aristide amid allegations of reached over spoiled in Haiti in 200 Taíno, an Dominican Dominican financial control to black-mulatto of Haiti’s land is president a year himself president- government dead or devastating storms UN special envoy all Hispaniola. polls. returns. irregularities. ballot papers. years. Arawakan people Republic. Republic. the United States. friction forested later. for-life. named. disappeared. and hurricanes. to Haiti. 1492 1801 1912 1915 1956 1986 1991 1997 2002 2006 2008 2010 prior to 1697 1804 1905 1930 1964 1990 1995 1999 2004 2007 2009 1492 1492 Christopher 1697 - Spain 1804 - Haiti becomes 1912- The National 1905 A long period 1915 - The resident 1934 - US 1964 - Duvalier 1986 - Baby 1991 - Aristide 1995 - UN 1999 - Preval 2002 July - Haiti 2004 July - 2006 less 2008 April - Food 2010 March - Columbus cedes western independent; former Palace is designed of political chaos U.S. naval withdraws declares himself Doc flees ousted in a coup peacekeepers declares that is approved as a International than 2% of riots. Government International donors discovers the part of Hispaniola slave Jean-Jacques by Georges H. during which there commander troops from president-for-life and Haiti in the led by Brigadier- begin to replace parliament's term has full member of the donors pledge Haiti’s land is announces pledge $5.3 billion for island and named to France, and Dessalines declares Baussan are twenty-two dissolves the Haitian Haiti, but establishes a wake of General Raoul US troops; Aristide expired and begins Caribbean more than $1bn forested emergency plan to post-quake it La Espanola this becomes himself emperor. All (1874–1958), a changes of congress and dictates maintains dictatorship with the mounting Cedras, triggering supporters win ruling by decree Community in aid. cut price of rice in reconstruction at a (”the Spanish Haiti, or Land of remaining whites are leading Haitian government that a new constitution. fiscal control help of the Tontons popular sanctions by the US parliamentary following a series of (Caricom) trade bid to halt unrest. donor conference at Island”), later Mountain expelled, and architect who results in heavy until 1947 Macoute militia. discontent and the Organisation elections disagreements with bloc. Parliament dismisses UN headquarters. known as Saint-Dominique graduated from the international and is of American States. deputies. Prime Minister Hispaniola, or becomes the first Ecole indebtedness, on replaced by Alexis. Little Spain. Black republic, the d'Architecture in top of burdensome Lieutenant- Recorded history result of the only Paris reparation General Henri of the island successful slave payments to Namphy as begins. revolution in history. France. head of a governing council.

architectural economic natural political/military architectural economic natural political/military 17 1801 - A former black slave who 2010 January - became a guerrilla 1994 - Military Up to 300,000 people are killed 1496 - Spanish leader, Toussaint regime 2004 May - Louverture, relinquishes power when a establish first 1971 - Duvalier Severe floods in 2008 conquers Haiti, in the face of an 2006 February - magnitude 7.0 European 1956 - Voodoo dies and is south, and in August/September - abolishing slavery 1990 - imminent US General elections, earthquake hits settlement in physician Francois succeeded by his 1997-99 - parts of Nearly 800 people and proclaiming Jean-Bertrand invasion; US 2000 November - Rene Preval is the capital western 1844- Eastern part "Papa Doc" 19-year-old son, Serious neighbouring are killed and 2009 May - himself Aristide elected forces oversee a Aristide elected declared the winner Port-au-Prince hemisphere at of Hispaniola 1905 Economic 1915 - US Duvalier seizes Jean-Claude, or political Dominican hundreds are left Former US governor-general president in transition to a president for a second of the presidential and its wider Haiti is Santo Domingo, breaks away to collapse causes invades Haiti power in military "Baby Doc", who deadlock; Republic, leave injured as Haiti is hit President Bill of an autonomous Haiti's first free civilian govern- non-consecutive term, vote after a deal is region - the worst inhabitated by the now capital of become the Haiti to cede following 1923 over 60% coup and is elected also declares new more than 2,000 by a series of Clinton appointed government over and peaceful ment; Aristide amid allegations of reached over spoiled in Haiti in 200 Taíno, an Dominican Dominican financial control to black-mulatto of Haiti’s land is president a year himself president- government dead or devastating storms UN special envoy all Hispaniola. polls. returns. irregularities. ballot papers. years. Arawakan people Republic. Republic. the United States. friction forested later. for-life. named. disappeared. and hurricanes. to Haiti. 1492 1801 1912 1915 1956 1986 1991 1997 2002 2006 2008 2010 prior to 1697 1804 1905 1930 1964 1990 1995 1999 2004 2007 2009 1492 1492 Christopher 1697 - Spain 1804 - Haiti becomes 1912- The National 1905 A long period 1915 - The resident 1934 - US 1964 - Duvalier 1986 - Baby 1991 - Aristide 1995 - UN 1999 - Preval 2002 July - Haiti 2004 July - 2006 less 2008 April - Food 2010 March - Columbus cedes western independent; former Palace is designed of political chaos U.S. naval withdraws declares himself Doc flees ousted in a coup peacekeepers declares that is approved as a International than 2% of riots. Government International donors discovers the part of Hispaniola slave Jean-Jacques by Georges H. during which there commander troops from president-for-life and Haiti in the led by Brigadier- begin to replace parliament's term has full member of the donors pledge Haiti’s land is announces pledge $5.3 billion for island and named to France, and Dessalines declares Baussan are twenty-two dissolves the Haitian Haiti, but establishes a wake of General Raoul US troops; Aristide expired and begins Caribbean more than $1bn forested emergency plan to post-quake it La Espanola this becomes himself emperor. All (1874–1958), a changes of congress and dictates maintains dictatorship with the mounting Cedras, triggering supporters win ruling by decree Community in aid. cut price of rice in reconstruction at a (”the Spanish Haiti, or Land of remaining whites are leading Haitian government that a new constitution. fiscal control help of the Tontons popular sanctions by the US parliamentary following a series of (Caricom) trade bid to halt unrest. donor conference at Island”), later Mountain expelled, and architect who results in heavy until 1947 Macoute militia. discontent and the Organisation elections disagreements with bloc. Parliament dismisses UN headquarters. known as Saint-Dominique graduated from the international and is of American States. deputies. Prime Minister Hispaniola, or becomes the first Ecole indebtedness, on replaced by Alexis. Little Spain. Black republic, the d'Architecture in top of burdensome Lieutenant- Recorded history result of the only Paris reparation General Henri of the island successful slave payments to Namphy as begins. revolution in history. France. head of a governing council.

architectural economic natural political/military architectural economic natural political/military 18 1801 - A former black slave who 2010 January - became a guerrilla 1994 - Military Up to 300,000 people are killed 1496 - Spanish leader, Toussaint regime 2004 May - Louverture, relinquishes power when a establish first 1971 - Duvalier Severe floods in 2008 conquers Haiti, in the face of an 2006 February - magnitude 7.0 European 1956 - Voodoo dies and is south, and in August/September - abolishing slavery 1990 - imminent US General elections, earthquake hits settlement in physician Francois succeeded by his 1997-99 - parts of Nearly 800 people and proclaiming Jean-Bertrand invasion; US 2000 November - Rene Preval is the capital western 1844- Eastern part "Papa Doc" 19-year-old son, Serious neighbouring are killed and 2009 May - himself Aristide elected forces oversee a Aristide elected declared the winner Port-au-Prince hemisphere at of Hispaniola 1905 Economic 1915 - US Duvalier seizes Jean-Claude, or political Dominican hundreds are left Former US governor-general president in transition to a president for a second of the presidential and its wider Haiti is Santo Domingo, breaks away to collapse causes invades Haiti power in military "Baby Doc", who deadlock; Republic, leave injured as Haiti is hit President Bill of an autonomous Haiti's first free civilian govern- non-consecutive term, vote after a deal is region - the worst inhabitated by the now capital of become the Haiti to cede following 1923 over 60% coup and is elected also declares new more than 2,000 by a series of Clinton appointed government over and peaceful ment; Aristide amid allegations of reached over spoiled in Haiti in 200 Taíno, an Dominican Dominican financial control to black-mulatto of Haiti’s land is president a year himself president- government dead or devastating storms UN special envoy all Hispaniola. polls. returns. irregularities. ballot papers. years. Arawakan people Republic. Republic. the United States. friction forested later. for-life. named. disappeared. and hurricanes. to Haiti. 1492 1801 1912 1915 1956 1986 1991 1997 2002 2006 2008 2010 prior to 1697 1804 1905 1930 1964 1990 1995 1999 2004 2007 2009 1492 1492 Christopher 1697 - Spain 1804 - Haiti becomes 1912- The National 1905 A long period 1915 - The resident 1934 - US 1964 - Duvalier 1986 - Baby 1991 - Aristide 1995 - UN 1999 - Preval 2002 July - Haiti 2004 July - 2006 less 2008 April - Food 2010 March - Columbus cedes western independent; former Palace is designed of political chaos U.S. naval withdraws declares himself Doc flees ousted in a coup peacekeepers declares that is approved as a International than 2% of riots. Government International donors discovers the part of Hispaniola slave Jean-Jacques by Georges H. during which there commander troops from president-for-life and Haiti in the led by Brigadier- begin to replace parliament's term has full member of the donors pledge Haiti’s land is announces pledge $5.3 billion for island and named to France, and Dessalines declares Baussan are twenty-two dissolves the Haitian Haiti, but establishes a wake of General Raoul US troops; Aristide expired and begins Caribbean more than $1bn forested emergency plan to post-quake it La Espanola this becomes himself emperor. All (1874–1958), a changes of congress and dictates maintains dictatorship with the mounting Cedras, triggering supporters win ruling by decree Community in aid. cut price of rice in reconstruction at a (”the Spanish Haiti, or Land of remaining whites are leading Haitian government that a new constitution. fiscal control help of the Tontons popular sanctions by the US parliamentary following a series of (Caricom) trade bid to halt unrest. donor conference at Island”), later Mountain expelled, and architect who results in heavy until 1947 Macoute militia. discontent and the Organisation elections disagreements with bloc. Parliament dismisses UN headquarters. known as Saint-Dominique graduated from the international and is of American States. deputies. Prime Minister Hispaniola, or becomes the first Ecole indebtedness, on replaced by Alexis. Little Spain. Black republic, the d'Architecture in top of burdensome Lieutenant- Recorded history result of the only Paris reparation General Henri of the island successful slave payments to Namphy as begins. revolution in history. France. head of a governing council.

architectural economic natural political/military architectural economic natural political/military 19 DISASTERS: HAITI AT THE FOREFRONT

“...RECONSTRUCTION HAS BARELY STARTED. MOST OF THE RUBBLE IS STILL WAITING TO BE CLEARED OFF, AND MORE THAN ONE MILLION PEOPLE ARE STILL LIVING IN TENTS. PART OF THE PROBLEM IS THAT THE GOVERNMENT, CRIPPLED BY THE QUAKE, HAS DONE LITTLE. ANOTHER IS THAT AID GROUPS CREATED A PARALLEL STATE THAT FURTHER DIMINISHES THE GOVERNMENT — AND A COUNTRY NEEDS A CENTRAL AUTHORITY TO MAKE DECISIONS. THE LIMITATIONS OF AID ARE VERY MUCH ON DISPLAY IN HAITI.”5

- NICHOLAS KRISTOF, NEW YORK TIMES It is critical that intervening organizations operate urban planners ever since, yet to little effect.7 The envi- in tandem with one another and the people of Haiti, fully ronmental and geological concerns raised by the earth- aware of individual and collective roles and responsibilities quake have made this approach seem all the more critical as they strive to achieve a common goal. Disconnected and even possible. I intend to operate within these poles parties will have a detrimental effect as they cause a slow of attraction, realizing the goals of the PDNA at a local and recovery. The Haitian government has made an attempt to tangible level. facilitate this critical communication with the release of the While the PDNA outlines an approach to rebuild- Post Disaster Needs Assessment, scripted by a joint team ing Haiti, it was also published in an effort to gain and of national and international experts, who were actively conjure international donor support. The PDNA, “already assisted by representatives of NGOs and the Haitian civil surpasses any of the early reconstruction plans for post- society on March 20, 2010. Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans or for the parts of Asia affected by the tsunami in 2004.”8 Fortunately, the guide- The PDNA proposes to relocate schools and lines’ well-reasoned thinking about environmental threats hospitals to smaller cities, in an effort to create an eco- and the history of urban development in Haiti suggests nomic incentive and deter people from returning to Port- that the plan should not only function as a reliable blue- au-Prince during the reconstruction process. The notion print for reconstruction, but also for solving many of the of shrinking the capital and reviving provincial cities dates urban issues that have plagued the country for decades. back to 1987.6 It was enshrined as a goal in the post-Du- valier constitution by a government seeking to redistribute The causes of Haiti’s troubles can be traced political power and has been brought up periodically by back a century. Haiti was once primarily rural, with its 20 FACTORIES PASS ATLANTIC OCEAN PORT DE PAIX FISHING PASS INSHORE FISHING MÔLE SAINT NICOLAS PASS

PASS INTERNATIONAL PORT GROS MORNE FORT LIBERTE SECONDARY PORT INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT OUANAMINTHE St RAPHAEL St MICHEL DE L’ATALAYE LOCAL AIRPORT GONAÏVES PIGNON MARCHAND DESDUNES PASS TOURISM DESSALINES

POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT PONT SONDE HINCHE CARIBBEAN SEA SAINT MARC PRIMARY ROAD PETITE RIVIERE

SECONDARY ROAD REPUBLIQUE DOMINICAINE

NATIONAL PARKS LA CHAPELLE MIREBALAIS BELLADERE AGRICULTURAL PLAIN PASS

JEREMIE

PASS LEOGÂNE PETIT PORT AU MIRAGOÂNE GOÂVE GRAND PRINCE GOÂVE

JACMEL

LES CAYES PASS PASS

PASS CARIBBEAN SEA

major economic activity distributed among several ports The growth of Port-au-Prince accelerated in the along the northern, western and southern coasts. But political turmoil after Duvalier’s son and heir, Jean-Claude, after the United States invaded in 1915, the Americans fled the country in 1986. Over the next 20 years, the began to concentrate most trade operations in Port-au- city’s population nearly doubled, to close to three million Prince, the site of their military headquarters.9 As the port people.11 The shift in power, population and resources was dredged to make room for large, new steamships; was essentially an urban disaster, putting more and more other major ports, to the north and west, began to lose pressure on the capital while draining the provinces of their importance. By the middle of the 1960s, François economic opportunity. The result of this build up in pres- Duvalier had shut down the other ports entirely as part of sure was eventually exposed to the world via the earth- an effort to concentrate his power base in the capital.10 quake, and now must be reversed.

21 Prior to the earthquake, Haiti’s textile industry provided more than 90 percent of country’s export revenues.

INSHORE FISHING NEAR JÉRÉMIE CINA QUAY SAINT MARC PORT

The deconcentration of economic activities will require the addition two more deep water ports

Haiti currently has only one international airport in Port-au-Prince, hindering ability to meet air supply needs

PASS

Expanding infastructure will increase and promote tourism, cruise ships currently visit the northern portion of the country

reviving the inadequate road network is crucial to facilitate development in rural zones and trade

22 agriculture provides the most amount of jobs for Haiti, accounting for 50% of the workforce PARC DE LA CITADELLE

PARC DE LA HOTTE

LEOGÂNE PORT AU PARC DE LA SELLE PRINCE

JACMEL

PASS

Since the earthquake, 600,000 people have left the capital and Port-au-Prince has lost 800,000 in- 12 habitants. Haiti must end the creation of mega urban NORTHERN REGION concentrations to avoid further demise and to promote balanced economic and social development among the country. Constructing networks of towns to share the use CAPITAL REGION of infrastructures and services are critical in realizing this SOUTHERN REGION vision. The creation of such a structure, decentralized and no longer concentrated in the capital, would be the symbol of the country’s rebirth.

RÉGIONS Population before Population movements Current population the earthquake (displaced persons and victims)

NORTHERN 4 424 482 +342 000 4 766 000 47% CAPITAL 3 867 000 - 854 000 3 013 000 29% SOUTHERN 2 164 000 +262 000 2 426 000 24% TOTAL 10 455 539 10 206 000 23 education

government

hospital

religious

HAITI MUST END THE CREATION OF MEGA URBAN CONCENTRATIONS

24 SECTION ENDNOTES 1 Republic of Haiti, Interim Cooperation Framework 2004–2006: Summary Report, July 2004. As of July 13, 2010 2 Ibid. 3 “Léogâne.” Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Nov. 2010 4 Dobbins, James, and Laurel Miller. “Education.” Building A More Resilient Haitian State. By Keith Crane. Santa Monica: RAND, 2010. 101-18. Print. 5 KRISTOF, Nicholas. “Haiti, Nearly a Year Later.” The New York Times. NY Times, 1 Dec. 2010. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. 6 OUROUSSOFF, NICOLAI. “A Plan to Spur Growth Away From Haiti’s Capital.” The New York Times. NY Times, 30 Mar. 2010. Web. 4 Dec. 2010. 7 Gans, Deborah. “Haiti and the Potential of Permaculture.” Places: Design Observer. Design Ob- server, 20 Sept. 2010. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. 8 Ibid. 9 Ourssoff 10 Ibid. 11 United Nations. Unite for Children. Newsline. By Roshan Khadivi. UNICEF, 18 Feb. 2010. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. 12 Ibid.

25 inistry of Social GOVERNMENT PRIOR TO THE EARTHQUAKE Affairs President of HaitiHead Presidential Cainet approved y ational of State elected y inistry of inistry of Assemly Eecutive Branch President and popular vote Commerce and ational Government Industry Education Prime ministerhead of and Training inistry of government appointed inisters and ustice y the President from Secretaries of Spain the maority party in State inistry of AECID the ational Assemly Agriculture atural Resources and Canada Rural Development CIDA inistry of Finance groupe and Economy S sectorielle de The Senate SAID upper house inistry of lducation one memer consists of thirty seats with ational sectoral representative Education and education three memers from each of Training from orld Bank the ten administrative group inistry of Pulic founded 200 departments orks Transportation Legislative Branch ational Assemly and Communications France inistry of AFD HAITI Interior and Chamer of Deputies ational Defense lower house memerswho are inistry of Pulic E elected y popular Health and Population vote to fouryear terms inistry of Planning and Childrens Foreign Aid fund

inistry of Foreign Affairs and Cults Fast Track Initiative- helps developing countries to achieve inistry of the MDG that, by 2015, all Information and children should complete a full udicial Branch Supreme Court Local Court Civil Court Coordination course of basic formal education. 2002

26 inistry of Social Affairs President of HaitiHead Presidential Cainet approved y ational of State elected y inistry of inistry of Assemly Eecutive Branch President and popular vote Commerce and ational Government Industry Education Prime ministerhead of and Training inistry of government appointed inisters and ustice y the President from Secretaries of Spain the maority party in State inistry of AECID the ational Assemly Agriculture atural Resources and Canada Rural Development CIDA inistry of Finance groupe and Economy S sectorielle de The Senate SAID upper house inistry of lducation one memer consists of thirty seats with ational sectoral representative Education and education three memers from each of Training from orld Bank the ten administrative group inistry of Pulic founded 200 departments orks Transportation Legislative Branch ational Assemly and Communications France inistry of AFD HAITI Interior and Chamer of Deputies ational Defense lower house memerswho are inistry of Pulic E elected y popular Health and Population vote to fouryear terms inistry of Planning and Childrens Foreign Aid fund

27 EDUCATION: REALIZING ITS ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY

“NEARLY 40 PER CENT OF ALL HAITIANS ARE BELOW 15 YEARS In order to develop a permanent and holistic environment that speaks to the aspirations and rates and levels of educational attainment were very low, advancement of Haiti, refining the educational sector with with about one-half of Haitian adults being illiterate, and post-disaster conditions in mind, must be understood as according to the World Development Indicators database, an investment, with results surfacing in 5-20 years. In the average adult has 2.8 years of schooling.3 post disaster environments, education is central to the The 2008 storms and the 2010 earthquake recovery of the nation. Providing a safe space for children, greatly exacerbated the weaknesses already inherent parents and community members to collaborate, learn in Haiti’s education system. Approximately 40,000 and subsequently rebuild both mentally and physically, school children and more than 1,000 teachers died in will produce larger reverberations felt by the country. January 2010. 4 An estimated 49,000 teachers out of As the Haitian government reported in its PDNA, an approximate total of 60,000 worked in earthquake- “(the) education system already presented deficiencies affected areas. 5 More than 80 percent of Port-au-Prince before the earthquake that made it unfit to contribute school buildings were destroyed.6 The system of higher to socio-economic development.”2 The incoherent education was virtually obliterated. Since university education system is a result of the state’s very limited buildings were concentrated in areas most affected by role in providing and regulating schooling. The byproduct the earthquake, 87 percent of the institutions of higher was low quality, lack of access, and little oversight education were damaged or destroyed. 7 The building characterizing the country’s education sector. Enrollment that housed the Ministry of Education and Training 28 OF AGE, AND RECOVERY MUST START WITH CHILDREN.”1

(MENFP) collapsed and formal schooling virtually zones directly impacted by the earthquake, the problem ceased in the first months after the earthquake.8 The UN of inadequate schooling was worse in rural areas prior to World Food Program began providing food to children the quake, where approximately three-quarters of children at school sites as of March 2010, with a plan to scale did not attend school, even though almost all children (98 up to serve approximately 150 schools and 800,000 percent) lived within 10 kilometers of a primary school.13 children. 9 Some schools first began to reopen for pupil The condition of primary and secondary education in instruction in April 2010.10 Haiti was scheduled to sign Haiti was, and remains, the worst of any country in the a grant agreement in the week of the earthquake that Americas. 14 would release $22 million into the Fast Track Initiative’s Given the extremely poor condition of the (FTI) Catalytic Fund, a trust fund supervised by the World education system, most donors focused on expanding Bank.11 Due to the earthquake, the originally planned uses and improving the formal basic education system. A for the funds have been shifted to a school resumption ‘formal basic education’ in Haiti is organized into three plan for the 2009–2010 year ($15 million), school periods over nine years. The first lasts about four years, a feeding programs ($5 million), a UNESCO post-disaster second period for two years, and a third (corresponding teacher-training program ($1 million), and the purchase to U.S. grades 7–9) for three years.15 The third period is of emergency equipment.12 separated into two branches: one for general education Although the issues were exacerbated within and a second for technical or professional preparation. 29 Beyond formal basic education, there is a three year dominate the education sector. Prior to the earthquake, secondary-school system, in which students can choose 80 percent of Haitian students were enrolled in nonpublic between traditional, technical, and vocational schools. schools. 17 Haitian private schools were largely unregulated with only about 10 percent of primary schools and one- Haiti lacks a precedent for an overarching third of secondary schools being licensed.18 Private education governance system; at no point in its history as schools are financed by a combination of parent fees and an independent country has Haiti had a universal system subsidies from organizations, such as churches, charities, of education for its children. Governmental reforms in and foreign government aid. More than half of private the 1980s and 1990s did establish a relatively uniform schools were religiously affiliated (Protestant groups ran structure for education and a system of national tests the largest share); church groups often operated rural administered at those schools that are accredited, but schools. 19 While public spending on education was about schools are not obligated to operate by these rules.16 2 percent of GDP prior to the earthquake, private spending Since the vast majority of schools, including those in higher comprised almost 7 percent of GDP—among the highest education, are unaccredited and private, the education rates in the world. 20 Annual school fees at private schools “system” effectively consists of ad hoc decisions made by were approximately $70 to $80 per child, which is equal individual schools. to one-sixth of per capita GDP. 21 Considering more than Haiti is unusual in that private institutions three-quarters of Haitians live on less than $2 per day, this is a daunting statistic. 30 According to the RAND Corporation, improving it is not surprising that teacher quality is extremely low. the education system can be simply broken down With such poor conditions, an ability to attract the Haitian into three categories: expanded access to education, Diaspora is difficult. Introducing a design that provides improved quality of education, and a system of adequate facilities for both teachers and students while oversight.22 Low quality characterizes all but a small set operating within a network of similarly functioning schools of elite schools; most private schools were considered will combat this dismal situation plaguing the education to be of lower quality than public schools, with school sector. An awareness of these facilities among the teachers at the heart of the issue. In a nation that lacks local, regional, international and global level will inspire a middle class, which would normally supply teachers, additional support.

SECTION ENDNOTES

3 UNICEF 4 Republic of Haiti (2010b) 5 RAND 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid. 8 MENFP (2010a). 9 Ibid. 10 RAND 11 World Food Programme (2010) 12 RAND 13 ibid. 14 IDB (2010). 15 Wolff (2008) 16 RAND 17 Ibid. 18 Ibid. 19 Ibid. 20 RAND 21 Ibid 22 Ibid. 31 BUILDING CULTURE: HAITI

“EXISTING VERNACULAR AREAS DISPLAY A BRILLIANT USE OF APPROPRIATE SPACE AND SHELTERING FOR TRANSITIONS FROM THE PRIVATE SPACE OF THE STOOP, TO INFORMAL NEIGHBORHOOD GATHERING SPACES LIKE PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES, TO THE MORE PUBLIC MARKET PLACES.”1

Traditional Haitian communities are fabric of a community. combinations of buildings that have developed slowly As witnessed in Haiti and most developing from the values and knowledge of the local people. The countries, there is reoccurring scenario regarding the signals and symbols of social status or other meaning relationship between owners of property and builders. may seem subtle to outsiders, but they are inherently Often this role is played by a single person, building obvious to residents. Repeated elements and consistent on their own property. This builder/owner scenario is spacing, such as set-back distance from the street common within Haiti due to a lack of available funding and and spacing between buildings, define a shared image almost no building regulations condemning the practice. of the community. The photographs above portray this With the majority of citizens being illiterate and operating desire for communal space. The image on the left was as their own builder, they often practice unsafe building published by the New York Times two days after the techniques. Rather than understood through written and earthquake. At the center of this informal settlement is accurate directions, their building techniques are learned an open, communal space, with additional open spaces through observation. This scenario proves especially along the periphery. In comparison to the photograph problematic when concrete construction was considered on the right which illustrates a settlement organized by a the conventional material in Haiti. relief organization that has not acknowledged a sense of community. The social impact of existing spaces should Solving the housing crisis of Haiti will require a be understood through their subtle gradation of use and return to reworked, low-tech solutions. Ideally, Haiti must implied ownership of outdoor spaces, enabling the social utilize a building material that is affordable, accessible, 32 and has the ability to resist hurricanes and earthquakes. Pegged and braced wood frames with infill were originally used for single story construction in Haiti. Infill often consists of a variety of material, including brick and stone. These heavy materials can be rendered ‘earthquake proof’ with the addition of reinforcing. Although these construction techniques weather earthquakes well due to their flexibility and strong connections, many of these materials are considered too expensive to the average Haitian. The common construction in the countryside involves wattle and daub, which consists of woven branches as wall panels between poles that are inserted directly into the ground. These structures are usually safe in quakes, yet they are subject to termite damage, and must be frequently replaced.When addressing the materiality of more infrequent, larger scale spaces that require the accommodation of large groups of people, I believe materiality has the opportunity and responsibility to play a critical role. A construction process that takes on a hybrid form of imported and vernacular materials and techniques will function as a symbol of awareness and inspiration to the local community. 33 CLIMATE

The climate of Haiti’s cities is mostly warm, humid, and usually sunny. Located along the 100 coastline, they usually receive about 8 hours 90 of sun every day, with frequent, intense rain 80 in the late afternoon. By late evening when 70 offshore breezes pick up, the air usually cools 10060 and becomes less humid. Haiti receives trade 9050 winds out of the northeast, but the northeastern 8040 slopes of the mountain ranges receive most of the humidity they carry. Rainfall varies from a 7030 very wet 142 inches per year in the southwest, 6020 to a low on the gulf side of the northern 5010 peninsula of only 24 inches per year. Port au 400 Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Prince receives about 54 inches of rain each 30 year. The monthly average temperatures range 20 Average Temperature (°F) Relative Humidity (%) Average Minimum Temperatures (°F) Average Maximum Temperature (°F) from a low of 68 degrees F to a high of 93 10 F. Mornings are comfortable in shady, breezy 14 0 Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec locations and shade is preferred during all 12 Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec hours of the day. The design must account for Average Temperature (°F) Relative Humidity (%) the air humidity and rainfall, while providing a 10 Average Minimum Temperatures (°F) Average Maximum Temperature (°F) 14 comfortable space that do not require the use 8 of mechanical cooling systems. Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 12 6

10 4

8 2

6 0 Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 4 Average Sunlight Hours/ Day Wet Days (>0.004 in) 2 Average Precipitation/ Rainfall (in)

0 Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Average Sunlight Hours/ Day Wet Days (>0.004 in) Average Precipitation/ Rainfall (in) 34 BAMBOO

Bamboo is a major non-wood forest product Pros and wood substitute. Bamboo is a naturally growing light plant within Haiti and is harvested every 3-5 years. It ability to be reinforced with concrete can be used as flooring, decking, panels, lumber, thatch locally available and furniture. The physical and environmental properties variety of techniques of bamboo make it an exceptional economic resource inexpensive for a wide range of uses and for poverty reduction. It grows quickly and can be harvested annually without Cons depletion and deterioration of the soil. Bamboo can grow technical skill required on marginal land, not suitable for agriculture or forestry, not permanent or as an agroforestry crop.6 It has a relatively light weight, maintenance required because the culms are hollow, and unlike wood can be easily harvested and transported without specialized equipment or vehicles. It splits easily for weaving and is thus easy to handle also for women. Bamboo is often cultivated outside the forest on farms, where it is more easily managed. Processing normally does not require highly skilled labor or special qualifications and can be started by rural poor communities at a minimal cost.7

35 CONCRETE

Concrete construction is very popular in Haiti due to frequent storms and termite damage. Much of the loss of life in the recent earthquake was related to the misuse of reinforced concrete, coupled with no building codes and regulation. The mixture of cement, aggregates and water determines the properties of concrete. Es- sential to concrete’s structural integrity is the quality of these raw ingredients and equally important is how these materials are prepared, placed and cured. When not mixed correctly and not reinforced, dangerous situations surface. SAND AND AGGREGATE

Earth and stone have formed the basis for inexpensive construction in many parts of the world for thou- Haiti’s local cement production is limited to sands of years. Unfortunately, Haiti’s seismic risk coupled grinding of imported clinker which in 2005 made up for with damp climate reduces the number of appropriate 45% of cement used in Haiti (Global Cement Report).3 ways to use them. Adobe requires a drier climate to allow The remaining amount of cement is imported from over- the drying of blocks and stone walls and requires signifi- seas with some coming from neighboring Dominican Re- cant amounts of reinforcing steel and cement to be safe public. Sand and aggregate is commonly sourced from in earthquakes. local quarries and river beds. It is believed that beach sand was often used in the mixture of concrete, although Concrete block is the earliest application of off- high salt content and the smooth nature of the sand re- site fabrication for this material. The system relies on a duces structural integrity. The majority of the aggregate small number of unique shapes and forms that can be used is limestone. Limestone with an adequate density will combined in endless ways to create an endless variety make quality concrete if mixed properly. of buildings. There is a low technology requirement for producing and building with masonry units, yet there is a relatively high cost of transporting them.

36 FORMWORK

Formwork for floors slabs consists of a standard PROS sized plywood sheet. These are typically recycled from Relatively inexpensive project to project and with time significant damage is encountered along the edges. Gaps in the formwork allow Ability to resist high winds and termites the cement paste to seep out of the freshly cast floors, Little maintenance which negatively impacts the quality of the final cast and cured concrete. Thermal Mass

CONS Improper technique often goes unnoticed

Laborious

Structural steel required

37 standard concrete

AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE In the production of this material Portland ce- This system replaces some or all of the cum- ment is mixed with lime, silica sand, or recycled fly ash bersome and labor intensive steel reinforcing bars of (a byproduct from coal-burning power plants), water, and standard concrete construction with short strands of fi- aluminum powder or paste and poured into a mold.4 The berglass, carbon, or steel fiber suspended in the concrete reaction between aluminum and concrete causes micro- mixture. scopic hydrogen bubbles to form, expanding the concrete to about five times its original volume. After evaporation PROS of the hydrogen, the now highly closed-cell, aerated Lighter, smaller section panels that can accommodate concrete is cut to size and formed by steam-curing in a far more complex shapes and curves pressurized chamber (an autoclave). The result is a non- Allows for mobile and less costly offsite concrete con- organic, non-toxic, airtight material that can be used for struction wall, floor, and roof panels, blocks, and lintels which according to the manufacturers, generate no pollutants or Fire resistant hazardous waste during the manufacturing process. Thermal mass PROS Light CONS

Requires less mix Reduced structural strength

CONS Technical skill required Technical skill and additional machinery required

Significantly reduced compressive strength compared to 38 METAL MESH | GABION WALL Expandable metal meshes are often used in wall rendering processes and for demarcating property as a barrier. In Haiti they are commonly seen in the form of galvanized steel, stainless steel and aluminum. When structurally constructed to encase stone, the mesh functions as a gabion wall. Gabion walls are commonly used as retaining walls among mountainsides to reduce erosion. Considering the amount of rubble in areas impacted by the earthquake, gabion walls may serve a critical function of defining affordable enclosure.

Pros Cons No loss of material through waste Not a local material Mesh can be cut to size without losing stability Difficult to install High stability and comparatively low weight May require large equipment Variety of forms and perforations Thickness of structure Ease of handling and transportation Speed of construction Flexibility Permeability to water Decrease water velocity Protect from soil erosion Combined with soil produces vegetation

39 STEEL

STRUCTURAL

Steel frame systems are composed of linear manufacturing process of steel can produce a variety of building elements such as columns and beams. shapes. Steel frame construction is not commonly used Combined with bracing elements, they provide stable in Haiti due to its cost. A building analysis executed by construction, capable of seismic loads. This frame engineers of Arup concluded that no steel was used in provides the opportunity of various infill wall systems residential housing. The only steel structures observed and non-load bearing room modules. The flexible use were industrial facilities and petrol station roofs. These of the building is possible within a column grid and the structures did survive the earthquake well.

“EMBEDDED IN ALL THAT CONCRETE ARE COUNTLESS TONS OF STEEL AND IRON, THERE FOR THE TAKING. LONG RODS OF IT, SHORT PLANKS OF IT. SPRAWLING, ARCHING LOOPS OF IT. METAL TWISTED, BUT STILL OF VALUE, STILL SUITABLE TO BE MELTED DOWN IN CHINA OR SOME OTHER FARAWAY LAND WITH THE MONEY AND MEANS TO TURN PIECES OF HAITI INTO SOMETHING NEW. THE METAL IS EVERYWHERE. SO MUCH OF IT THAT PORT-AU-PRINCE SHOULD BE A WONDERLAND FOR THE METAL SCAVENGERS, THE CARIBBEAN CONDUITS FOR AN INTERNATIONAL SCRAP-METAL MARKET.”5

40 REINFORCED

Reinforcing steel is imported primarily from the Dominican Republic. It is common among Haitian builders to reuse the reinforcement found on other sites. When these reinforcing bars are stressed, fractured and bent they are unsuitable for building and should be recycled.

Pros Cost to strength ratio

Ability to be assembled

Recyclable

Large spans with few constructional elements

Variety of shapes to accommodate load

Cons May require welding

Usually requires heavy equipment

Must be imported and shipped to site

41 TIMBER

Timber stud frame is a made of studs connected The dimensions of the elements and their resultant weight with nails that can be quickly erected. The studs provide are determined by the selection of transport methods and the structure of the floors and walls. These studs are then hoisting equipment. Considering the scarcity of wood in braced with cladding of horizontal boards. Timber stud Haiti, it is often not used in construction. construction are subdivided into platform and balloon Arup observed that timber was commonly used frame construction. In platform frames the structure of as a roof structure in housing. It was also observed in the floor rests on top of storey-high studs. The building is colombage construction. In colombage construction, erected storey by storey. In balloon frame construction, wood is used as a frame and walls are filled with brick, the vertical timber members of the external walls continue cob or plaster. The majority of wood is imported from through several stories. The intermediate floors are either the Dominican Republic. The Gingerbread district of directly fixed to the walls by means of attached brackets, Port-au-Prince is a historic district consisting of timber or the floor joists or beams rest on transverse members framed houses that were built in the late 1800s and connected at the level of each story to the vertical early 1900s.8 These houses feature high ceilings for members. enhanced ventilation, four-sided roofs to better resistance Timber panel construction systems are subdivided to hurricane winds and expert carpentry that allows more into panel construction, framework construction, block flexibility in earthquakes. The sophistication of joinery construction and building with timber modules. Timber seen in the Gingerbread district was not observed by Arup panel construction fulfills both structural and partitioning in recent wood construction.9 functions. The loads are transferred to the foundations via the panels, where the foundations are often concrete. The joints between the panels are often prefabricated. 42 = PROS CONS lightweight Currently not a local material, must be imported

variety of jointing guides an inherent process of Susceptible to termite damage assembly Technical skill required ability to be combined with alternative materials seismic stability

43 SITE

Léogâne was originally settled by the Spanish, who ruled until the cession of Haiti to France in 1697.1 The French built up Leogane, which served as an administrative center to the colony of Saint-Domingue.2 Al- though 80-90% of all buildings were destroyed in the earthquake, from an aerial perspective the structure of Leogane can be understood as a series of layers radiating outwards from a dense central. Along the periphery of the city center are less dense settlements all encom- passed by arable land.

The core is defined by an orthogonal street grid, with a open plaza near the center. The Mayor’s office (A) is situated on this open plaza and represents Leogane’s

44 G

A F D E C

O hospital J L M gas station K I oice o maor N an H ater treatment religios maret

police ecation NGO 45 only formal political connection to the capital city. Addi- tionally, this gridded core is composed of standalone residential homes, civic spaces and small businesses. North of the gridded core is an open space that functions as a market (G).

Vehicular access to Leogane from Port au Prince or Jacmel, the two closest and largest cities, is from the A | MAYOR’S OFFICE south along the national highway. To reach the center of the city, one must travel northwest, bisecting the three school locations. Continuing northwest along this road leads to the coast.

South of this core is the location of three schools that existed prior to the earthquake. While all the schools were destroyed in the earthquake, the Spanish Red Cross has sponsored plans to rebuild two of the three sites (1,2). These proposals have been drafted by two separate architectural firms, one located in the United States and the D | CHURCH OFF PLAZA other in Canada. Within the zone of the three schools is the city’s main public transportation hub, offering transport via buses, tap-taps and motorcycles. Additionally, there is an open, public space that was used for the storage of rubble and has since been cleared. An informal market consisting of street vendors line this highly trafficked area. Each firm has met with the school administrators and documented the site conditions to better understand the needs of the school. Unfortunately, the proposals act as separate entities and do not consider the existing context 46 or address an overall theme. G | MARKET B | VIEW FROM MAYOR’S OFFICE INTO PLAZA C | VOTING STATION

E | POLICE STATION F | SURVIVING RESIDENCE

47 H | GAS STATION I | WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM PORT-AU-PRINCE

COAST OPEN PLAZA MARKET JACMEL SITE OF 3 SCHOOLS CONNECTION TO PASS INFASTRUCTURE

HIGH DENSITY MEDIUM DENSITY LOW DENSITY FACTORIES FISHING INSHORE FISHING INTERNATIONAL PORT ARABLE LAND SECONDARY PORT INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT SITE LOCAL AIRPORT

48 TREE CANOPY PASS TOURISM PORT-AU-PRINCE

COAST OPEN PLAZA MARKET JACMEL SITE OF 3 SCHOOLS CONNECTION TO PASS INFASTRUCTURE

HIGH DENSITY MEDIUM DENSITY LOW DENSITY FACTORIES FISHING INSHORE FISHING INTERNATIONAL PORT SECONDARY PORT INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT LOCAL AIRPORT

PASS TOURISM 49 J| STREET VIEW_VENDORS ALONG EDGE K | TRANSPORTATION HUB_ROTARY

L | STREET VIEW_VENDORS M | RECREATION FIELD FOLLOWING QUAKE

50 N | RECREATION FIELD FOLLOWING QUAKE O | VIEW ON SITE 2

TREE CANOPY

GREEN SPACE

COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL SITE ACCESS 51 NETWORK

“IN ANY SYSTEM WE MAY DISTINGUISH TWO ASPECTS: CONFIGURATIONS AND STRUCTURE... CONFIGURATIONS RELATE SIMILAR PARTS IN SIMILAR WAYS, MANIFESTING VARIANTS OF THE SYSTEM. RULES OF SELECTION AND RELATION DEFINE WHAT THE VARIANTS HAVE IN COMMON: THIS IS THE SYSTEM’S STRUCTURE.”

-JOHN HABRAKEN 3

The concept of a ‘system’ can be understood on the relation of parts.6 I intend to implement and develop within nature and built form. Systems exist in the a similar process in the construction and evolution of the composition of plants out of stems, leaves, roots, flowers, intervention. Establishing a platform for collaboration will and fruits as well as, the composition of molecules out of allow those involved with the reconstruction process to elements.4 The system involved in quilt making illustrates remain aware of the overall scope, while knowing their a simple, dynamic process that successfully realizes a individual role. This forum will allow complex problems to complex product.5 Quilt making begins with a conceptual be broken down into more manageable issues that can framework that is understood by those involved in be solved within a separate time and space. In contrast to designing and creating the quilt. Once this conceptual quilt making, the assemblage of these solutions may not framework exists, the patches can be fabricated in any occur at the same time, rather these ‘patches’ will have order and assembled (sewn) together in any number of the ability to be updated and reprogrammed. permutations. A simple set of rules about size, theme, color, and pattern, allow small groups or individuals to design and make pieces of an artifact relatively independent of each other. When the pieces are complete, the makers communally function as assemblers to realize the quilt. Elements that were once separate are sewn together forming a new, complex whole. I believe that applying aspects of this methodology are of particular relevance to solving issues in Haiti.

Systems allow far greater freedom with the ability to create any configuration desired, dependent 52 LEOGÂNE PORT AU PRINCE

JACMEL

PASS al ion reg

loca l

intervention

53 DETERMINING THE PARTS

Programmatically, the existing proposals recreational field will be positioned to accommodate accommodate for spaces desired by the school student activity and weekend sporting events that involve administration and consist of classrooms, kitchens, the community. laboratory spaces, libraries and storage. A housing facility Given the lack of political stability, security is a is unique to the Saint Rose de Lima (site 1) and a large major concern to Haitians. Civic structures and wealthier recreational field is unique to the Lycee Anacaona de residential homes often contain perimeter walls, built of Leogane (site 2). The Saint Rose de Lima School had an CMU block and occasionally lined with barbed wire or enrollment capacity of 1,100 females between grades glass. Currently, there are security walls that encompass 1-12 prior to the earthquake. The Lycee Anacaona each site, providing a physical and unfortunate visual barrier High School has an enrollment capacity of 760 students between the interior and exterior. I intend to incorporate in grades 7-13 and the Louis Borno School had an a more permeable wall, one that accommodates for the enrollment capacity of 338 students in grades 1-6. Due externally operating street vendors while providing a visual to the sheer amount of students and lack of space and connection between the public and private. This visual resources, each school operates in two morning and connection will provide a sense of transparency and afternoon sessions. My proposed program is meant to openness, promoting those on the outside to participate. facilitate a more campus-like atmosphere, provoking a cross pollination between students and community The sidewalks and occasionally the street members. Rather than reproduce program and waste operate as informal markets, consisting of vendors resources, I propose to share certain spaces between under umbrellas, operating out of mobile carts. An array each school. The kitchen, cafeteria, library, and large of goods are sold, ranging from linens to produce and amphitheater spaces will provide for students during cellular devices. I wish to improve upon this already school hours and the community when school is not in existing activity by providing space for business incubation. session. For instance, the amphitheater may function These incubating zones will offer adaptable space and as a space to provide a lecture conducted by a teacher support services. Incubator support services will include addressed to students during school hours, a space for office space, financial assistance, and management demonstrations given by a NGO addressed to interested training linked to the school system. The incubators will community members during the weekend or a concert be designed for flexibility and supply space which can venue performed by students for the community. The easily be adapted to meet the needs of many types of 54 Laorator Classrooms

Amphitheatre

Restroom Transportation H Lirar Entrance

Secrit Kitchen Incator Garen Storage Mlti-Use

Hosing

Amin oice Sta oice

Plic Ecation Otoor

Oice Spport Direct relationship Inirect relationship 55 operations. These incubator graduates have the potential out of Leogane. It is likely that the informal market is a to create jobs, revitalize neighborhoods, commercialize byproduct of the heavy traffic created by those accessing new technologies, and strengthen local and national this critical node. While this node inherently attracts the economies. Their close relationship with the school will community to the space, I intend to transport students provide an additional amenity to the students, allowing into the outskirts of the city, essentially creating a mobile them to learn and become inspired by the process. classroom. This mobile classroom will connect students with those members of Leogane who are unable to reach The transportation that exists at the center of the city center, facilitating a learning environment that will the three sites, currently provides the only public access benefit both parties.

56 POTENTIAL RELATIONSHIPS

on on la ne on to ti e E dg e t pu la ti und p nn ec qu ires r nd oo r r nd oo r ee Str Co adjacent adjacent program program Gro mani t s un li gh t Direct Outdoor/ Outdoor/ I Outdoor I Re Mechanical System Connection to Adjacent Site Classroom(s)

Laboratory

Multi Use/ Training Area(s) Amphitheatre

Library

Kitchen

Housing

Incubator(s)

Admin office(s) Staff office(s)

Security

Restroom(s)

Garden(s)

Transportation Hub Storage

57 PRECEDENTS

DRUK WHITE LOTUS SCHOOL “The laying of a foundation stone in 1995 and the construction of an infants’ school was the first phase of a plan designed to foster the development of a curriculum integrating modern Location: Ladakh, India academic education, Buddhist principles, and the practical and Year: Opened in 2001. Expected completion 2013 particular needs of this developing area.” Architect: Jonathan Rose and Duncan Woodburn Engineer: Arup Contractor: Designers, volunteers, and local Ladakhis

Program: classrooms, workshops, computer facilities, science laboratories and studios, medical clinic, an open- air temple, a farm with cottage gardens, and residential accommodation for up to 200 pupils and staff.

Materials: locally obtained stone, mud mortar, mud bricks, willow infill, earth roof, heavy timber (fir)

Expected to accommodate 800 students, including 200 from remote areas aged 3 to 18

“The laying of a foundation stone in 1995 and the construction of an infants’ school was the first phase of a plan designed to foster the development of a curriculum integrating modern academic education, Buddhist principles, and the practical and particular needs of this developing area.”

The project is located in a small village, within close proximity to the Himalayas. It is in a not readily accessible area. Climate is extreme and essential services are scarce in 58 both money and materials. The design professionals have nine-square grid of the mandala surrounded by a se- assisted on site with the building construction. ries of concentric circles, largely correlating to Buddhist teachings. Each of the four corners of the figure is the site of a new school building. The outer rings are formed Water is a limited resource and has been a major influ- by low walls and willow trees. At the center forms the ence in shaping development. A solar powered pump ex- basis for a central temple and assembly courtyard. tracts ground water, which is distributed to a tank at the northern boundary of the site. The main water supply is Composting toilets use solar powered stacks. Solar en- routed along the north-south axis of development. The ergy is collected in black, south-facing walls; it heats a system reuses water for irrigation and directs the small duct that draws air through the latrines and expels it up amount of rainfall to planted areas. This distribution sys- through the duct, above roof level. tem forms the spine of the development and defines a series of sites for the home-farm gardens, residential ac- Solar panels utilize Ladakh’s consistent exposure to di- commodation and the school itself. rect sun and feed battery packs to provide basic daylight hours, power the water supply, school equipment and The complex is planned along the north-south axis and computers. The design generates its own energy and faces south. The master plan is based on the traditional exports no waste. 59 “THE MOST IMPORTANT INVESTMENT IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION OUTSIDE OF [CAPITAL CITY] PORT-AU-PRINCE IN THE PAST 30 YEARS”. - FRENCH AMBASSADOR DIDIER LE BRET

Developer: Hand in Hand for Haiti Location: Saint Marc, Haiti Year: projected opening January 2011, expected completion 2015

Architect/Engineer: Architecture and Development (firm in PAP)

Contractor: Atlus Page Kirkland

Goal: Design and build a hurricane-proof, anti-seismic, sustainable school complex, offering accessible education from pre-school to secondary school, in flood-free zones of Haiti in an area of great need. The project will be built in phases and is expected to accommodate 750 students by 2015, from pre-school to secondary school and has been endorsed by the Haitian Minister of Education, Joel Desrosiers Jean-Pierre.

Program: classrooms, workshops, computer facilities, science laboratories and studios, medical clinic, cafeteria, kitchen, basketball and volleyball courts, and residential accommodation 60 165.20

165.28

161.47 165.74

164.48 165.16

159.33

166.14

162.01

163.89

163.39163.40 163.27

165.62

160.18 163.66

162.32

155.97 162.16

162.26

158.11 161.74

160.87

162.18

161.86

161.10

161.70 160.55 162.01

159.28 160.52 160.02

161.82 162.19

158.26 159.92 158.86 160.82 158.02

156.97 152.08 157.66 162.42 162.18162.14 163.82 154.93 159.87 162.92 161.94 158.54 160.29 156.97 160.79 164.76

155.22 158.21 156.03 151.14 162.55 155.23155.40 164.02 157.48 162.95 166.33 160.88 160.28 164.71 161.83 154.38 159.94 157.07 157.42157.39 153.91 161.95 167.37 161.53

5.00 5. 00 160.84 162.78 160.37 157.05 149.80 156.42 155.85 149.36 162.49 159.72 166.35 163.73 154.96 5.00 153.12 164.36 156.68 161.53 151.94 157.29 157.54 157.94 158.45 157.16 158.88 161.70 159.62 153.88 160.27 160.71 155.08 156.50 156.13 162.23

155.25 163.37 147.97 152.04 164.23 147.98 157.67 158.79 157.23 161.54 157.93 158.37 161.24 159.44 160.15 153.23 148.13 156.22 156.82 160.70 165.93 152.99 154.38 154.58 154.78 159.01 151.38 155.54 151.20 163.91 158.46 157.12 157.78 163.33 156.78 160.05 159.40 162.24 166.46

159.11 153.36 147.70 161.14 152.77 154.76 150.51 155.96 160.46 165.60 152.43 149.25 147.30

154.18 155.16 147.10 151.69 151.72 159.39 163.96 158.61 163.22 153.58 160.04 154.39 162.13 157.62 160.98 151.64 155.91 156.65 152.50 160.52 155.57 149.43 154.70 147.22 158.84 148.54 174.21 152.99 160.20 157.98 148.54 154.49 153.81 163.64 149.16 150.42 164.26 164.94 152.52 161.04 147.97 150.57 156.94

146.50 5. 00 154.92 148.30 151.26 5.00 5. 00 156.48 151.95 153.48 156.01

5. 00 155.41 5.00 158.77 159.26 148.60 149.14 157.56 146.86 5.00 149.97 154.56 150.21 149.64 149.26 150.98 149.92 150.60 152.66 155.11155.12 156.38 172.04 Pedestrian Access 163.99

148.69 155.87 162.58 145.47 150.28 149.99 155.34 161.67

150.44 159.44 151.75 154.31 154.83 145.18 149.44 150.45 150.02 155.43 145.86 148.57 163.78 144.82 149.58 146.44 146.09 150.16 161.52 149.35 150.58 154.85 154.35 155.53 148.80 162.27 153.71 159.43 148.39 154.41 157.46 156.15 156.31 154.80 149.24 153.85 Main 144.62 149.41 148.88 150.22 162.72

155.57 152.77 158.68 152.32 161.73 Entrance 146.70 Access 153.36 155.97 145.07 Control (Cars)148.25 151.19 151.67 151.92 144.41 161.01 149.40 159.77 147.52 150.24 150.47 153.88 154.23 154.81 147.73 150.76 152.52 153.09 155.37 145.91 153.49 145.62 149.17 149.08 155.81 169.58 149.64 150.34 149.81 149.50 151.64 156.12 149.16 150.60 149.09 149.94 151.13 152.76 153.39 152.12 148.48 147.65 145.01 148.88 148.98 150.78 147.02 148.43 146.59 144.01 150.54

149.24 152.29 152.85 151.50 Service Road 157.53 158.32 153.55 156.61

148.46 152.24 147.83 149.64 152.76 155.30 144.66 154.04

149.66 154.70 152.64 145.44 146.84 147.71 149.28

145.19 147.72 148.09 146.85 148.02

148.08 152.16 147.56 147.40 166.71 144.14 151.37

145.01 147.22 147.91 146.84

146.73 147.02 Access 142.89 148.96 145.21 149.22 149.90 146.72 144.25

145.06 Control (Cars) 148.91 148.22 147.19

144.60

146.28

144.66

147.36

143.19 163.88 142.66 156.58 147.15 144.97

163.00

160.43 142.69 142.80 145.38 149.79

Sports Area Toward St-Marc Entrance 0 50 100 150 200 m 61 What parameters influenced the choice of site? - the roofs are standard metal structures - St. Marc is within driving distance from PAP What are the sustainable features?

- Given it’s proximity to PAP St. Marc was flooded with - we will be looking at incorporating water catchment refugees from the earthquake, and thus an amazing amount of systems, 1 per building children with no school - we have not installed air conditioning in all of the - St. Marc has it’s own easily accessible port, so importa- buildings, yet are relying on cross-ventilation and have designed tion of building materials will be much easier accordingly

- St. Marc has a tremendous potential for tourism in the - we are looking for solar options, connected to inverts to future, and as our school will be teaching 3 languages (English, those buildings which only have lighting French and Creole), so the proximity to what could be a great tourism area would be a good fit - if we install a well and need to pump water, we will install a solar pump - St. Marc and it’s prominent business men have a vision for the area, they have identified agricultural areas, resi- - we intend to shape the land so that we can take dential areas, industrial areas and even an international airport so advantage of the heavy rains and create a man-made lake, the growth is more likely here than in other areas. earth in the region has a very high clay content and can easily hold the water without a sealant. We may introduce tilapia and What issues have been encountered? other organisms to help create a new eco-center on site

- the single most pressing issue has been locating water, - we are installing dual-flush WC’s we have dug 75mts. Down and still have not been able to locate water - where possible we use T-5 fluorescent and/or LED light fittings - our site is at the base of a sloping hill and has fairly deep ravines on either side, water management needed serious An area of interest is the availability of skilled labor within Haiti. consideration If you could provide more detail concerning the relationship between APK and the local contractor, that would be great. What materials does the project incorporate? - Skilled labor as you can imagine is hard to come by in - we are aiming to use as many locally available materials Haiti but there are some crews that we have found that seem to as possible have capability. We are trying to engage local labor as much as possible in order to help give back to the local community. - having said that there are not many materials available on island - APK has no relationship with the local contractors other than potentially have worked together on projects previously. We - the project is mainly constructed with timber and are following a standard bid process for each of the various work concrete, we will make the concrete blocks on site and will need packages. to import the timber 62 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Cavallo, Eduardo A., Andrew Powell, and Oscar Becerra, Estimating the Direct Economic Damage of the Earthquake in Haiti, Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank, February 11, 2010. As of July 13, 2010: http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=35072649

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64 OUROUSSOFF, NICOLAI. “A Plan to Spur Growth Away From Haiti’s Capital.” The New York Times. NY Times, 30 Mar. 2010. Web. 4 Dec. 2010. .

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Williams, UN-HABITAT Representative for Washington, DC, Chris, Patrice Nevil, Director of Infrastructure for Haiti, Partners in Health, Deborah Gans, Principal, Gans Studio, and James Dart, Principal, DARCH. “Rebuilding a Sustainable Haiti: Public Symposium.” Lecture. Rebuilding a Sustainable Haiti: Public Symposium. Rose Auditorium, Cooper Union, New York, New York. 10 Nov. 2010. Institute for Urban Design. Institute for Urban Design, 4 June 2010. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. .

Wolff, Laurence, Education in Haiti: The Way Forward, Washington, D.C.: Programa de Promoción de la Reforma Educativa de America Latina y el Caribe, September 26, 2008. As of July 14, 2010: http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32&pubID=1605

Wolfgang Lauber, Tropical Architecture (Munich: Prestel, 2005) 9

World Food Programme, Earthquake in Haiti: External Situation Report, March 6,2010. As of July 14, 2010: http://home.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/newsroom/wfp214946.pdf

“Léogâne.” Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 29 Nov. 2010 .