ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE PROPOSED FLAT CREEK TO INDIAN CREEK 69KV SANTEE-COOPER TRANSMISSION LINE, CHESTERFIELD COUNTY,

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CHICORA RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION 227 ©2001 by Chicora Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of tins publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission of Chicora Foundation, Inc. except for brief quotations used in reviews. Full credit must be given to the authors, publi.her, and project sponsor. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE PROPOSED FLAT CREEK TO INDIAN CREEK 69KV SANTEE-COOPER TRANSMISSION LINE, CHESTERFIELD COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA

Prepared for: Mr. Ken Smoak Sabine and Waters PO Box 1072 Summerville, SC 29483

Prepared by: William B. Barr

Chicora Research Contribution 227

Chicora Foundation, Inc. PO Box 8664 • 861 Arbutus Drive Columbia, South Carolina 29202 803/787-6910 Email: [email protected]

August 18, 1997

This report is printed on permanent paper CXl AlBS'flRAC'f

This study presents the results of an any National Register properties, sites, districts, or intensive archaeological survey of the proposed objects. An intensive archaeological survey of the Flat Creek - Indian Creek 69 KV transmission line 10,800 foot long corridor failed to identify any corridor about 0.75 mile southeast of the City of archaeological sites or standing structures within Pageland in Chesterfield County, South Carolina. the presumed project area. The purpose of this investigation was to locate any "rchaeological sites which may exist in the corridor The survey, however, was hindered by the an

List of Figures iv

Introduction 1

Natural Environment 5

Background Research 7 Previous Archaeology 7 Prehistoric Synopsis 7 Protohistoric Period 11 Historic Synopsis 11

Field Methods and Results 15 Field Methods 15 Results of the Survey 15

Conclusions 19

References Cited 21

m JLHS'll' OJI? Jl?HGlJRES

Figure l. Location of the project area on the 1:100,000 scale Lancaster planimetric map 2 2. Location of the project area on USGS quadrangle maps 3 3. Chronology of the Woodland and Protohistoric Periods in South Carolina 9 4. Mills Atlas 1826 12 5. Civil War Activity in the project area 12 6. Survey corridor running through open swamp 16 7. Wooded area showing the project corridor runnii:tg on the side slope 16

iv llN'fRODUC'fllON

This investigation was conducted by Mr. 25, was accepted on July 30, 1997. William B. Barr of Chicora Foundation, Inc. for Mr. Ken Smoak of Sabine and Waters. The Ms. Rachel Campo examined the site files proposed 10,800-foot long transmission line of the S. C. Institute of Archaeology and corridor is located in northwestern Chesterfield Anthropology and no sites had been previously County, about 0.75 miles southeast of the town of identified on the tract. A project area map was Pageland (Figures 1 and 2). faxed to Dr. Tracy Powers of the S. C. Historic Preservation Office on August 18, 1997, with a The survey corridor begins at Station request for information on any previous 83+53 where it separates from an existing architectural surveys or the presence of any transmission line about 830 feet west of an existing National Register sites, districts, properties, or substation on S-683. From this existing corridor the objects in the project area. We have not yet survey line runs north-northwest for about 3,900 received a response to our inquiry. feet before it turns to the northwest and continues for an additional 4,100 feet. From this point it runs The field investigations were undertaken almost due north for nearly 2,500 feet before by Chicora Research Archaeologist Mr. William B. turning to the east and terminating at the proposed Barr and archaeologist technicians Mr. John D. substation location southeast of the intersection of Hamer and Ms. Bonnie Frick on August 11-12, S-440 and SC Highway 151. Throughout the 1997. The report preparation took place at length the proposed corridor is no wider than 70 Chicora Foundation's offices in Columbia on feet. August 13, 1997.

Topography in the corridor area consists of gently to moderately rolling hills, with steep slopes adjacent to an intermittent stream. Much of the corridor was a grassed pasture. Vegetation elsewhere consisted of oak-pine forest with a heavy to dense understory of vegetation. A large portion of the corridor is swamp. The proposed undertaking will require the clearing and grubbing of the project corridor. Further impact to any archaeological resources will include the actual installation of the metal towers or poles, as well as subsequent maintenance. Combined, these activities have the potential to damage or destroy archaeological resources if such resources are within the affected portion of the tract.

This study is intended to provide a detailed explanation of the archaeological survey of the Flat Creek to Indian Creek 69 kV transmission line proposed by Santee-Cooper. Chicora received a request for a budgetary proposal for an intensive survey on July 24, 1997. Our proposal, dated July

1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE FLAT CREEK TO INDIAN CREEK TRANSMISSION LINE

Figure l. Location of the project area·;;,; the 1:100,000 scale Lancaster planimetric map.

2 INTRODUCTION

Figure 2. Location of the project area on the 1968 Jefferson NE, Jefferson, Pageland and Hornsboro 7 5 USGS topographic maps.

3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE FLAT CREEK TO INDIAN CREEK TRANSMISSION LINE

4 NATURAJL lENVll.RONMlENT

Chesterfield County is situated in the Fall smaller species such as holly and leatheiwood. Line and Sand Hills area of South Carolina. It is Herbaceous flora is generally varied, but includes bounded to the north by Union County, North n1any species of the xeric woodlands as well as Carolina, to the east by Marlboro County, South those more prevaleni in the (Barry Carolina and the Great , to the 1980:138-140). south by Darlington County, South Carolina and to the west by Lancaster and Kershaw counties, South Elevations in the county range from about Carolina as well as Lynches River. The western 75 feet above sea level at the Pee Dee River to half of the county is drained by Lynches River about 725 feet above sea level near the town of while the eastern half is drained by the Great Pee Pageland (Morton 1995). The survey corridor is Dee. The project area itself is drained by Black characterized by elevations ranging from about 500 Creek and one of its tributaries, which both feed to 580 feet above mean sea level (AMSL). There into Lynches River in Darlington County. are rolling hills throughout the area, but in general the topography slightly drops from S.C. 207 The Fall Line lie 10 a northward. From the eastwardly turn the corridor discontinuous belt 5 to 15 miles wide through the climbs to a high point just beyond S-486 and then center of the Midlands, paralleling the coast. Fall begins a fairly rapid descent to Black Creek. From I ,ine topography is formed by the vigorous erosion there it follows dissected side slopes eastwardly and of strean1s that pass from the piedmont bedrock to southerly to the terminus. the loose sands of the coastal plain. The streams rapidly descend to form shoals in major rivers or The soils in Chesterfield County were waterfalls on small streams (Barry 1980:97). formed in material weathered from rock and in sediment that was deposited by the ocean, by Cooke (1936) has divided the sandhills streams, or successively by both. In general, the into the Aiken Plateau, the Congaree Sand Hills, underlying rocks are crystalline and metamorphic the Richland Sand Hills, and the High Hills of the rocks such as Carolina Slate, gneiss, schist, and Santee. The Richland Red Hills and the High granite. Mills describes the soils as being poor for Hills of the Santee are both similar in size and cultivation. He states: morphology. These two groups are considered the "Red Sand Hills" while the remaining groups are [a] large proportion of this district considered the "White Sand Hills" (Colquhoun presents pine barren sand hills, 1965 ). The vegetation in the Red Sand Hills not worth cultivation, except when reflects a more mesic climate while the White Sand intersected by streams; where a Hills are more xeric. The project area is located in little good soil is found. Along the Fall Line region, with the Red Sand Hills just the northern boundary the land east of the area. inclines towards the clayey and stony kind, and present a rolling In this region, the dominant vegetation is surface. The river lands are of a the white oak which is either dominant itself or in rich soil, as also those bordering combination with loblolly pine. Other overstory the creeks, in proportion to their trees consist of sweetgum, beech, southern red oak, extent (Mills 1972[1826]:497). post oak, mocken1ut hickory, and southern sugar maple. Understory vegetation is dominated by Soils in the project area consisted primarily of well !lowering dogwood, sourgum, redbud, and other drained Badin and Goldston soils. Badin soils area

5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE FLAT CREEK TO INDIAN CREEK TRANSMISSION LINE silty clay loam with slopes ranging from 2 to 10 percent, while Goldston soils are classified as channery silt loam with slopes also ranging from 2 to 15 percent. Soils in the area of drainages and gullies consist of somewhat poorly drained Chewalca clay loam which is frequently flooded (Morton 1995).

Although erosion does occur along the drainages on the steep slopes, the 1934 erosion sutvey found that the area south of Pageland was in generally good condition (Lowry 1934 ). This was not, however, consistent with the obse-tvations made during this smvey, which indicated erosion on both slopes and hill tops. It is likely that much of this erosion post-dates the 1934 erosion survey, perhaps being assocaited with truck farming during the 1940s and 1950s.

6 IBACKGIROUN]) IRESEAIRCJHI

Previous Archaeology Middle Archiac presence located on an upland margin adjacent to a spring head feeding the Great Very little archaeological research has Pee Dee River. It seems reasonable to suggest been performed in Chesterfield County. Most of that Middle Archaic sites, as well as other the work has been performed at the survey level prehistoric sites, will be found in similar settings, at and consists of work associated with highway least in the Pee Dee region. projects (e.g., Cable and Cantley 1979; Trinkley 1982; Trinkley and Barr 1996). Other projects Prehistoric Synopsis consist of a survey of the Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge (Wright 1978) as well as The Paleoindian period, lasting from at golf course survey at Cheraw State Park (Barker least 12,000 to about 8,000 B.C., is evidenced by 1990). Presently, there are just over 200 sites basally thinned, side-notched projectile points; recorded in the county. This is in sharp contrast to fluted, lanceolate projectile points; side scrapers; counties like Beaufort where there are end scrapers; and drills (Coe 1964; Michie 1977; approximately 1700 sites recorded. Williams 1968). The Paleoindian occupation, while widespread, does not appear to have been In 1992, Garrow and Associates performed intensive. Artifacts are most frequently found data recovery excavations at a prehistoric site to be along major river drainages, which Michie inlpacted by Highway Department activities interprets to support the concept of an economy associated with the Jefferson Bypass. Site 38CT58 "oriented towards the exploitation of now extinct contained prin13rily Middle Archaic artifacts and mega-fauna" (Michie 1977:124). subsequent analysis indicated that the site had been used as a residential base camp. A feature Unfortunately, relatively little is known was identified which dated to the Guilford Phase, about Paleoindian subsistence strategies, settlement producing a chronometric date of 5,350 + 60 B.P. systems, or social organization. Generally archaeologists agree that the Paleo-Indian groups Although 38CT58 was occupied were at a band level of society (see Service 1966), throughout most of prehistory, the bulk of were nomadic, and were both hunters and foragers. occupation was during the Middle Archaic. The While population density, based on the isolated location of the site on an upland margin is finds, is thought to have been low, Walthall suggest interesting in that it differs from residential that toward the end of the period "there was an occupations on the Congaree River which were increase in population density and in territoriality located on the floodplain. In the Savannah River and that a number of new resource areas were basin, settlement spread to higher elevations beginning to be exploited" (Walthall 1980:30). progressively through the Middle Archaic, and achieved permanence there during the Early The Archaic period, which dates from Woodland. Nut remains found at the site suggest 8000 to 2000 B.C., does not form a sharp break a fall occupation (Gunn and Wilson 1993). with the Paleo-Indian period, but is a slow transition characterized by a modern climate and The site is located at the head of an an increase in the diversity of material culture. intermittent creek, which may have been the Associated with this is a reliance on a broad reason for its occupation. Work at the Roche spectrum of small mammals, although the white Carolina tract in Florence County (Trinkley et al. tailed deer was likely the most commonly exploited 1993) identified a prehistoric site with a very strong mammal. The chronology established by Coe

7 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE FIAT CREEK TO INDIAN CREEK TRANSMISSION LINE

(1964) for the Piedmont may be economy during this early period was based applied with little modification to the South primarily on deer hunting and fishing, with Carolina coastal plain and piedmont. Archaic supplemental inclusions of small mammals, birds, period assemblages, exemplified by comer-notched reptiles, and shellfish. and broad-stem projectile points, are fairly common, perhaps because the swamps and Like the Stallings settlement pattern, drainages offered especially attractive ecotones. Thom's Creek sites are found in a variety of environmental zones and take on several forms. The two primary Middle Archaic phases Thom's Creek sites are found throughout the found in the coastal plain are the Morrow Sonth Carolina Coastal Zone, Coastal Plain, and Mountain and Guilford (the Stanly and Halifax up to the Fall Line. The sites are found into the complexes identified by Coe are rarely North Carolina Coastal Plain, but do not appear to encountered). Our best information on the Middle extend southward into Georgia. Woodland comes from sites investigated west of the Appalachian Mountains, such as the work in In the Coastal Plain drainage of the the Little Tennessee River Valley. The work at Savannah River there is a change of settlement, Middle Archaic river valley sites, with their and probably subsistence, away from the riverine evidence of a diverse floral and fauna! subsistence focus found in the Stallings Phase (Hanson base, seems to stand in stark contrast to Caldwell's 1982:13; Stoltman 1974:235-236). Thom's Creek Middle Archaic "Old Quartz Industry" of Georgia sites are more commonly fonnd in the npland areas and South Carolina, where axes, choppers, and and lack evidence of intensive shellfish collection. ground and polished stone tools are very rare. In the Coastal Zone large, irregnlar shell middens; Recent work by Gunn and Wilson (1993) identified small, sparse shell middens; and large "shell rings" a Middle Woodland sit in Chesterfield County on are found in the Thom's Creek seitlement system. an upland margin which appears to have been occupied during the fall of the year. Inland, sites such as 38AK228-W, 38LX5, 38RD60, and 38BM40 indicate the presence of an The Late Archaic is characterized by the extensive Deptford occupation on the Fall Line appearance of large, square stemmed Savannah and the Coastal Plain, although sandy, acidic soils River projectile points (Coe 1964). These people preclude statements on the subsistence base continued the intensive exploitation of the uplands (Anderson et al. 1979; Trinkley 1978, 1980). These much like earlier Archaic gronps. The bulk of our interior or upland Deptford sites, however, are data fro this period, however, comes from work in strongly associated with the swamp terrace edge, the Uwharrie region of North Carolina. and this environment is productive not only in nutmasts, but also in large mammals such as deer. The Woodland period begins by definition Perhaps the best data concerning Deptford "base with the introduction of fired day pottery about camps" comes from the Lewis-West site (38AK228- 2000 B.C .. along the South Carolina coast (the W), where evidence of abundant food remains, introduction of pottery, and hence the beginning of storage pit features, elaborate material culture, the Woodland period, occurs much later in the mortuary behavior, and craft specialization has Piedmont of South Carolina). It should be noted been reported (Sassaman et al 1990:96-98). that many researchers call the period from about 2500 to 1000 B.C. the late Archiac because of a Throughout much of the Coastal Zone and perceived continuation of the Archaic lifestyle in Coastal Plain north of Charleston, a somewhat spite of the manufacture of pottery. Regardless of different cultural manifestation is observed, related terminology, the period from 2500 to 1000 B.C. is to the "Northern Tradition" (e.g., Caldwell 1958). well documented on the South Carolina coast and This recently identified assemblage has been is characterized by Stallings (fiber-tempered) termed Deep Creek and was first identified from pottery (see Figure 3 for a synopsis of Woodland northern North Carolina sites (Phelps 1983). The phases and pottery designations). The subsistence Deep Creek assemblage is characterized by pottery

8 BACKGROUND RESEARCH

------~------SOurnERN LOWER SANIEE NORTHERN NORTH CAROLINA NORTII CAROLINA VALLEY, GEORGIA COAsr PIEDMONT COAST SOlJil-£ ClillOUNA

(PHEU'5 LQ83) (ANDERSON 1981) (OEPRATIER 1979) (COE~)

GUALE - ( msroruc WACCAMAW PEE DEE ASHLEY ALTAMAHA

AD 1500 PEBDEE !RENE OAK UWHARRIB . ISLAND JEREMY SAVANNAH . 1~-

SANTEE II ST CA1HERJNES AD 1000 . CLEMENTS Wll.MINGTON SANTEE I u YADKIN

MCClELLANVJLLE AD 500 Wll.MlNU IUfil I DEPTFORD III DEPTFORDil MOUNT VINCENT PLEASANT WOODLAND AD DEPTFORD II DBPTFORDl BC BADIN

DEP'rFORD l ··-·-·-··-- DEEP CREEK Ill 500 BC , ------REFUGE DEEP CREEK II REFUGE I! m

REFUGE! DEEP CREBKI lOOOBC - REFUGE II REFOGE I THOM'S C'REEKII ST SIMONS II ARCl!AIC 1500 BC ·

1HOM'S CREEK! ST SIMONS I 2000 BC STAUlNGS

2500 BC

Figure 3. Chronology of the Woodland and Protohistoric periods in the Carolinas.

9 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE FIAT CREEK TO INDIAN CREEK TRANSMISSION LINE

\Vith medium to coarse sand inclusions and surface A.O. 300 coexisted with this Triangular Tradition. treatments of cord marking, fabric impressing, The Yadkin series in South Carolina was first simple stamping, and net impressing. Much of this observed by Ward (1978, 1983) from the White's material has been previously designated as the Creek drainage in Marlboro County, South Middle Woodland "Cape Fear" pottery originally Carolina. Since then, a large Yadkin village has typed by South (1960). The Deep Creek wares date been identified by DePratter at the Dunlap site from about 1000 B.C. to A.O. 1 in North Carolina, (38DA66) in Darlington County, South Carolina but may date later in South Carolina. The Deep (Chester DePratter, personal co=unication 1985) Creek Settlement and subsistence systems are and Blanton et al. (1986) have excavated a small poorly known, but appear to be very similar to Yadkin site (38SU83) in Sumter County, South those identified with the Deptford phase. Carolina. Anderson et al. (1982:299-302) offer additional typological assessments of the Yadkin The Deep Creek assemblage strongly wares in South Carolina. resembles Deptford both typologically and temporally. It appears this northern tradition of These Middle Woodland Coastal Plain and cord and fabric impressions was introduced· and Coastal Zone phases continue the Early Woodland gradually accepted by indigenous South Carolina Deptford pattern of mobility. While sites are populations. During this time some groups found all along the coast and inland to the Fall continued making only the older carved paddle­ Line, shell midden sites evidence sparse shell and stamped pottery, while others mixed the two styles, artifacts. Gone are the abundant shell tools, and still others (and later all) made exclusively worked bone items, and day balls. Recent cord and fabric stamped wares .. investigations at Coastal Zone sites such as 38BU747 and 38BU1214, however, have provided The Middle Woodland in South Carolina some evidence of worked bone and shell items at is characterized by a pattern of settlement mobility Deptford phase middens (see Trinkley 1990). and short-term occupation. On the southern coast it is associated with the Wilmington phase, while In many respects the South Carolina Late on the northern coast it is recognized by the Woodland may be characterized as a continuation presence of Hanover, McClellanville or Santee, of previous Middle Woodland cultural assemblages. and Mount Pleasant assemblages. The best data While outside the Carolinas there were major concerning Middle Woodland Coastal Zone cultural changes, such as the continued assemblages comes from Phelps' (1983:32033) work development and elaboration of agriculture, the in North Carolina. Associated items include a Carolina groups settled into a lifeway not small variety of the Roanoke Large Triangular appreciably different from that observed for the points (Coe 1964:110-111), sandstone abraders, previous 500 to 700 years (cf. Sassaman et aL shell pendants, polished stone gorgets, celts, and 1989:14-15). This situation would remain woven marsh mats. Significantly, both primary unchanged until the development of the South inhumations and cremations are found. Appalachian Mississippian complex (see Ferguson 1971). On the Coastal Plain of South Carolina, researchers are finding evidence of a Middle The South Appalachian Mississippian Woodland Yadkin assemblage, best known from Period (ca. A.O. 1100 to 1641) is the most Coe's work at the Doerschuk site in North elaborate level of culture attained by the native Carolina (Coe 1964:25-26). Yadkin pottery is inhabitants and is followed by cultural characterized by a crushed quartz temper and cord disintegration brought about largely by European marked, fabric impressed, and linear check disease. The period is characterized by stamped surface treatments. The Yadkin ceramics complicated stamped pottery, complex social are associated with medium-sized triangular points, organization, agriculture, and the construction of although Oliver (1981) suggests that a continuation temple mounds and ceremonial centers. The of the Piedmont Ste=ed Tradition to at least earliest phases include the Savannah and Pee Dee

10 BACKGROUND RESEARCH

(AD. 1200 to 1500). Craven County in 1682. In 1731 the township of Queensboro was laid out at the confluence of the Protohistoric Period Great Pee Dee and the Little Pee Dee Rivers to entice settlement in that region. However, settlers No historic Indian villages are known to were slow coming in. exist in Chesterfield County. The Pedees were located east of Chesterfield in the vicinity of Welsh began settling the area in the late Marion County on the Great Pee Dee River, while 1730s and other immigrants, including Scots, Irish, the Catawbas occupied land to the west on the Germans, French, and English, soon followed. In Catawba River in Lancaster and Yark Counties. addition, settlers from Virginia and Pennsylvania Probably the closest historic Indian group were the moved into the area. While subsistence based, Waxhaw which were located in Lancaster County, farmers discovered that can brakes were perfect for South Carolina and Union and Mecklinburg raising livestock. As more land was cleared, other counties, North Carolina. economic sources such as lumber developed. During the colonial period the major crops were The principal secondary sources for the wheat, com, and indigo. Native Americans of South Carolina are Mooney (1894) and Swanton (1952). The first reference to In the 1760s colonists attempted to bring the Waxhaw was by John Lederer writing about law and order to the area. Colonists complained 1670. He discusses the Waxhaw under the name that they were too far from existing courts and Wisacky and descnbes them as being associated magistrates for them to be of any use. Frustrated with the Catawbas. The Waxhaws were also by their unheard cries for assistance, they began referred to as the "flatheads" because of their taking matters into their own hands. These practice of head deformation (Swanton 1952:102). 11 regulators 11 allowed only writs and warrants to be served which had been given their consent. At the end of the Yemassee War, the Waxhaws refused to make peace with the English During the American Revolution a and the majority of them were killed by the number of skirmishes took place in the Catawba. The remaining members fled to the backcountry. British Major McArthur was Cheraw in western North and South Carolina. A stationed ·at Cheraw, where a number of small number of them accompanied a group of encounters took place between he and Colonel Yemassee Indians to Florida in 1715 and were still Powell of the ContlnentalArmy. Unaccnstomed to noted as present in 1720 (Swanton 1952). the warm subtropical climate, many of the British fell ill and died. McArthur was forced to withdraw Historic Synopsis to Lynches Creek, about two miles from Jefferson, to recuperate and received reinforcements. Other The early history of Chesterfield County than these developments, very little war related was only briefly presented by Mills: activities took place in Chesterfield County (Gregg 1867). This district was originally settled by emigrants from Virginia and After the war, the Cheraw district grew Pennsylvania, about the year rapidly and in 1785 the district was divided into 1745. At that time it formed a three counties: Marlboro, Chesterfield, and part of Craven connty, afterwards Darlington. Improvements were then made in the of Cheraw precincts; and now transportation system creating more roads and constitutes in itself an public ferries. By 1820 the population of the independent judicial district (Mills county consisted of 4,412 white and 2,333 black 1972 [1826]:496). inhabitants (White 1972).

The Cheraw district was originally part of

11 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ,FLAT CREEK TO INDIAN CREEK TRANSMISSION LINE

Carolina remained a state based on subsistence fanning and one crop cotton staple (Wallace 1951).

Few Chesterfield County citizens owned slaves, making the residents more like their North Carolina neighbors. Although against secession, the county sent five companies of infantry, as well as supplies, for the Confederate cause. Chesterfield County did not see much action until the last days of the war .Artplist .!LR.ii during Sherman's return from his "March to the Sea". In March of 1865 Union forces reached Chesterfield (Figure 5). After a skirmish with Confederate troops, a number of public \ buildings were burned. Figure 4. Mills' Atlas of 1826 showing the project area. After Sherman's troops reached Cheraw, they located a large number of In 1826 the town of Chesterfield became Confederate military supplies sent up from the county seat. At this time the towu consisted of Charleston. Sherman inventoried 24 cannons, 2000 12 houses, two stores, and a new courthouse. Mills muskets, 3600 barrels of gunpowder, and "other Atlas ( 1826) shows the project area as containing things" (Glatthaar 1985). Unfortunately a careless no subscnbers at that time. Most of the soldier caused many of the supplies to be lost in an subscnbers shown are situated along major creeks explosion that also killed several men and wounded which probably

accurately depicts ~------the settlement I Marohl"'' ~tar~h'~:s;. H pattern in the area at that time L-·-·--· (Figure 4). '

Between 1820 and 1856 South Carolina saw an increase in / manufacturing and business. In the late 1820s gold was discovered near Miller's Store (now Jefferson). Although some increases Figure 5. Civil War activity in the project vicinity (Official Military Atlas of the Civil occurred, War, Plate 80, Number 6). generally South

12 BACKGROUND RESEARCH many more. The arrival of the railroad can be attnbuted to the eventual recover of the county. In the 1880s lines were built connecting Chesterfield County to important towns including Salisbury, North Carolina and Camden, South Carolina. During reconstruction and into 1900, small subsistence fanning continued. Those larger farmers who had been dependent on slaves turned to sharecropping and tenant fanning. The early 1900s brought improvements to the county, although by in large, the area was still impoverished. Cotton was still the staple crop although farmers began experimenting with growing melons, grapes, and other fruits. Chesterfield County shipped 30,000 bales of cotton in 1925 and had become the state's largest peach producer.

A major shift in agriculture occurred over the next several decades. By 1940 the tractor was widely used. Low cotton yields forced a conversion to soybean production in the 1960s. By the 1970s, poultry and eggs had replaced cotton as the leading income for the county. Today, agriculture remains an important part of the economy, although industry is beginning to offset its importance. Chesterfield has become on of the largest wood pulp producing counties in the state. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE FIAT CREEK TO INDIAN CREEK TRANSMISSION UNE

14 FIELD METHODS AND RESULTS

Field Methods This required that the entire corridor be subjected to shovel testing. One other factor, however, is The initially proposed field techniques worthy of note. Approximately 1,000 feet of the involved essentially two techniques. We would project corridor extended through a swamp (Figure conduct a visual inspection of plowed fields 6), characterized by very low, wet soils, identified evidencing good surface visibility with opportunistic on the plan sheets as umuck. 11 This segment of the shovel tests to verify surface indications and soil corridor was not shovel tested, although it was conditions. We also would excavate shovel tests at walked (primarily because it otherwise would have 100 foot intervals in those areas where visible been difficult to identify the opposite high ground inspection was not possible. Given the short portion of the corridor). length of the project corridor we anticipated treating the entire project as a high probability Although portions of the corridor were area for archaeological resources and did not well cut, other segments had grown up and the anticipate conducting any tests at 200 foot exact location of the survey corridor was difficult intervals. to determine. In these areas we used paced distances and compass bearings to estimate the Sbould sites be identified either by shovel corridor location. testing or surface inspection, further shovel tests would be used to obtain data on site boundaries, Field notes have been prepared for artifact quantity and diversity, site integrity, and curation using archival standards and will be temporal affiliation. The information required for transferred to the South Carolina Institute of completion of South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology as soon as the Archaeology and Anthropology site forms would project is complete. be collected and photographs would be taken, if warranted in the opinion of the field director. For Results of the Survey this survey, an archaeological site was defined as three or more artifacts within a 200 foot area. ~o archaeological resources were Modern garbage (dating to the past fifty years) encountered in the survey corridor. Much of the would be disregarded unless associated with earlier area was found to be strongly sloping (Figure 7) remains. with lowland swamp and drainage. Elsewhere, clay subsoil was commonly found just below the surface. All soil would be screened through %-inch mesh, with each test numbered sequentially. Each No additional survey or managemeut test would measure about 1 foot square and would activities are recommended for the project, normally be taken to subsoil. All cultural remains although our study should be reviewed by the State would be collected, except for shell, mortar, and Historic Preservation Office. brick, which would be quantitatively noted in the field and discarded. Notes would be maintained In addition, it is always possible that for profiles at any sites encountered. unidentified archaeological remains may be found during construction. If concentrations of pottery, These field methods were put into effect stone tools, bricks, bottles, or other prehistoric or with only one minor deviation. The survey corridor historic remains are encountered, Santee-Cooper provided few areas of cleared ground, so only should suspend construction and immediately minimal areas were available for pedestrian survey. notify either Chicora Foundation or the State

15 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE FLAT CREEK TO INDIAN CREEK TRANSMISSION LINE

Figure 6. Survey corridor running through open swamp with indistinct cut line.

Figure 7. Wooded area showing the project corridor running on the side slope.

16 FJELD METHODS AND RESULTS

Historic Preservation Office.

17 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE F1AT CREEK TO INDIAN CREEK TRANSMISSION LINE

18 ------

CONCJLUSllONS

While some prehistoric occupation of the until they have been examined by an archaeologist. tract might be expected in the form of small lithic scatters, particularly on knolls and ridge noses, these landforms, when they were encountered in the survey corridor, were too far away from an appropriate drainage to attract occupation. Historic occupation was undoubtedly limited by the steep slopes, the absence of nearby water, as well as a limited transportation network. Industrial sites, such as mills, would have been limited by the small size of Black Creek west of the survey tract.

Of equal importance to our understanding of occupation in the survey area is the evidence we encountered of significant erosion. Wooded hill tops generally had shallow A horizons with a typical soil profile of 0.2 foot of brown (lOYR 4/3) sand overlying a light yellowish brown ( lOYR 6/4) sandy clay. Shovel tests excavated in hay fields revealed a dark brown (lOYR 34/3) sandy loam upwards of 0.7 foot in depth overlying this same yellowish brown clay subsoil. Drainage bottoms and swamp n1argins revealed a very dark gray (lOYR 3/1) from 0.2 foot to 2.1 feet in depth overlaying a gray (lOYR 5/1) sandy loam from 1.2 to 2.5 feet in depth. In general, the corridor exhibited clear evidence for significant erosion and soil Joss. Consequently, it is likely that whatever sites might have been present are now lost.

While we see no reason to conduct any further investigations in the suiveyed corridor, it is possible that archaeological remains may be encountered in the survey corridor during construction, especially if the final corridor is appreciable different from that examined during this study. Construction crews should be advised to report any discoveries of concentrations of artifacts (such as bottles, ceramics, or projectile points) or brick rubble to the project engineer, who should in turn report the material to the South Carolina State Historic Preservation Office or to the client's archaeologist. No construction should take place in the vicinity of these late discoveries

19 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE FIAT CREEK TO INDIAN CREEK TRANSMISSION LINE

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