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Silkeveien I Antikken Silkeveien i Antikken Utveksling, impulser og utvikling i det østlige Sentral-Asia i tiden til Han-dynastiet Philip Bye-Pedersen Masteroppgave i Historie Institutt for arkeologi, historie, kultur- og religionsvitenskap UNIVERSITETET I BERGEN 15. mai 2017 II Silkeveien i Antikken Utveksling, impulser og utvikling i det østlige Sentral-Asia i tiden til Han-dynastiet Av Philip Bye-Pedersen UNIVERSITETET I BERGEN Det humanistiske fakultet Masteroppgave i Historie Institutt for arkeologi, historie, kultur- og religionsvitenskap Universitet i Bergen Vår 2017 III © Philip Bye-Pedersen 2017 Silkeveien i Antikken Philip Bye-Pedersen https://bora.uib.no/ IV Abstract The Silk Road has traditionally been seen and treated as a system of exchange networks, linking together major empires of Eurasia and originating in the classical era. The emergance of the Silk Road has mainly been viewed in correlation with the large empires situated on each side of Eurasia, the Roman Empire in the West and the Han Empire in the East, and their economic incentives to establish, maintain and promote the flow of commodoties and luxuries between East and West. This thesis focuses on a lesser known part of the Eurasian landmass, situated between the great empires of East and West, the Tarim Basin polities located in Eastern Central-Asia. The thesis’ main concern will be with the emergence of complex societies within the Tarim Basin, and wether or not the development of complex societies is connected to exchange networks in the region, and if the emergence of these complex societies is connected with the emergence of the Silk Road. The surrounding empires, the Han Empire and the Kushan Empire, and their economic and cultural influence on the Tarim Basin will be analyzed to determine their significance for the development of the polities within the Tarim Basin, and their influence on exchange conditions in the region. The thesis’ timeframe will expand beyond the classical era and include the region’s bronze and iron-age, as it will be suggested that the Silk Road is probably a lot older than what is usually recognized, and that the networks origin actually is related to the internal warfare of chinese states within the «Warring States Period» which expanded the need for importation of goods located and produced on the Steppe, and the emergance of horse-riding steppenomads in the first milennium B.C.E. Scholars have mainly focused their studies on the large agrarian empires along the Silk Road, and little research has been done on the cultures, city-states and nomads within and surrounding Eastern Central-Asia compared to these empires. The lack of research is intriguing, as well as the fact that the Tarim Basin is located in the centre of the Silk Road, which almost guarantees that the region have been an important factor for assuring and maintaining the exchange networks in Central-Asia, and perhaps, the Silk Road as a whole. V VI Forord Arbeidet med denne masteroppgaven har vært interessant, givende, til dels frustrerende, men alltid spennende og lærerikt. Takk til min veileder Jørgen Christian Meyer, og min biveileder Tomas Larsen Høisæter, som har introdusert meg for emnet og bidratt med inspirasjon og kunnskap. Takk til antikkseminaret hvor både professorer og studenter har kommet med viktige bidrag og innspill. Takk til Vebjørn Granum Kjersheim og andre medstudenter for gode faglige diskusjoner, og gode ikke-faglige diskusjoner. Spesielt takk til min samboer Liv Stene for hennes hjelp, støtte og tålmodighet gjennom masterprosessen, og til min sønn, Ludvig, som har vært en uvurderlig bidragsyter med sin latter og sitt smil. Philip Bye-Pedersen Bergen 15. mai 2017 VII Innhold Kapittel 1: Historiografi og tematisk avgrensning .................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduksjon............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Tidligere forskning og forskningsfokus .................................................................................. 1 1.3 Avgrensning og problemstilling .............................................................................................. 5 1.4 Disposisjon .............................................................................................................................. 6 Kapittel 2: Kilder og metode ................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Det tilgjengelige kildemateriale .............................................................................................. 7 2.2 De litterære kildene ................................................................................................................. 7 2.3 De arkeologiske kildene ........................................................................................................ 12 2.4 Metode, begrepsavklaring og analytiske verktøy .................................................................. 13 2.5 Former for utveksling ............................................................................................................ 15 2.6 Samfunnsstrukturer og kompleksitetsnivåer ......................................................................... 17 2.7 By og bystat ........................................................................................................................... 20 Kapittel 3: Historisk bakgrunn og geografisk ramme ........................................................................... 23 3.1 Historisk bakgrunn ................................................................................................................ 23 3.2 Geografi og geografiske begrep ............................................................................................ 25 3.3 Konklusjon ............................................................................................................................ 28 Kapittel 4: Samfunn og utveksling i det østlige Sentral-Asia før Han-dynastiet .................................. 29 4.1 Xinjiang-kulturene – den tidlige perioden ............................................................................. 30 4.2 Xinjiang-kulturene – den sene perioden ................................................................................ 32 4.3 Utvekslingens betydning for samfunnsutvikling ................................................................... 35 4.4 Djoumboulak Koum .............................................................................................................. 38 4.5 Konklusjon ............................................................................................................................ 42 Kapittel 5: Samfunn og utvikling i Tarimbekkenet i tiden til Han-dynastiet ........................................ 44 5.1 Større konstellasjoner ............................................................................................................ 44 5.2 Soldater og militarisering ...................................................................................................... 48 5.3 Problemer vedrørende kildenes informasjon ......................................................................... 49 5.4 Konklusjon ............................................................................................................................ 51 Kapittel 6: Kinesisk ekspansjon og innflytelse fra øst .......................................................................... 53 6.1 Nomadetrusselen i nord ......................................................................................................... 53 6.2 Åpningen mot vest ................................................................................................................. 56 6.3 Kampanjen mot Dayuan – vendepunktet i vest ..................................................................... 60 6.4 Kinesisk kontroll og maktkonsolidering ............................................................................... 62 6.5 Fra kinesisk kolonisering og kontroll til dynastisk skifte og nedgang .................................. 66 VIII 6.6 Utvikling av handelen i det østlige Sentral-Asia ................................................................... 70 6.7 Konklusjon ............................................................................................................................ 72 Kapittel 7: Regional utvikling og innflytelse fra vest............................................................................ 75 7.1 Kinesisk tilbaketrekning – nye muligheter for lokale ledere ................................................. 75 7.2 En ny tilværelse i det østlige Sentral-Asia? ........................................................................... 77 7.3 Kaos, kontinuitet eller fremgang? ......................................................................................... 80 7.4 Kushanriket – En ny aktør i spillet om innflytelse i Tarimbekkenet ..................................... 82 7.5 Kushanrikets mynttradisjon ................................................................................................... 85 7.6 Sino-Kharosthi myntene ........................................................................................................ 88 7.7 Kvalitative og kvantitative trekk ........................................................................................... 91 7.8 Potensiell ekspansjon fra vest ...............................................................................................
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