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Theory of the Beautiful Game: the Unification of European Football
Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 54, No. 3, July 2007 r 2007 The Author Journal compilation r 2007 Scottish Economic Society. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main St, Malden, MA, 02148, USA THEORY OF THE BEAUTIFUL GAME: THE UNIFICATION OF EUROPEAN FOOTBALL John Vroomann Abstract European football is in a spiral of intra-league and inter-league polarization of talent and wealth. The invariance proposition is revisited with adaptations for win- maximizing sportsman owners facing an uncertain Champions League prize. Sportsman and champion effects have driven European football clubs to the edge of insolvency and polarized competition throughout Europe. Revenue revolutions and financial crises of the Big Five leagues are examined and estimates of competitive balance are compared. The European Super League completes the open-market solution after Bosman. A 30-team Super League is proposed based on the National Football League. In football everything is complicated by the presence of the opposite team. FSartre I Introduction The beauty of the world’s game of football lies in the dynamic balance of symbiotic competition. Since the English Premier League (EPL) broke away from the Football League in 1992, the EPL has effectively lost its competitive balance. The rebellion of the EPL coincided with a deeper media revolution as digital and pay-per-view technologies were delivered by satellite platform into the commercial television vacuum created by public television monopolies throughout Europe. EPL broadcast revenues have exploded 40-fold from h22 million in 1992 to h862 million in 2005 (33% CAGR). -
The Effect of the UEFA Champions League Financial Payout System on Competitive Balance in European Soccer Leagues
The Effect of the UEFA Champions League Financial Payout System on Competitive Balance in European Soccer Leagues Nathan A. Vestrich-Shade Advised by: Timothy Lambie-Hanson Senior Thesis in Economics Haverford College April 28, 2016 Abstract The paper examines the effect of UEFA Champions League payouts on competitive balance across European leagues. A league-level specification identifies the magnitude of the effect of the UEFA payouts on three measures of competitive balance. The results confirm that the UEFA payouts have a statistically significant effect at the league-level depending on which competitive balance measure and league sample is used. However, the UEFA payouts had no statistically significant effect on individual clubs’ average annual payroll or the clubs’ qualification for the Champions League in the following season. Nathan Vestrich-Shade Table of Contents Section I: Introduction………………………………………………….........................................3 Section II: Literature Review……………………………………………………………………...4 Section III: Data…………………………………………………………………………………...9 Section IV: Methodology………………………………………………………………………...12 Section V: Results………………………………………………………………………………..15 Section VI: Discussion…………………………………………………………………………...19 Section VII: Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….23 Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………………24 References………………………………………………………………………………………..40 2 Nathan Vestrich-Shade Section I: Introduction Over the years, select clubs in European domestic soccer leagues tend to “control” the spots at the top of the end-of-season -
Annual Financial Review of Scottish Premier League Football Season 2010-11 Contents
www.pwc.co.uk/scotland Calm before the storm Scottish Premier League Football 23nd annual financial review of Scottish Premier League football season 2010-11 Contents Introduction 3 Profit and loss 6 Balance sheet 18 Cashflow 24 Appendix one 2010/11 the season that was 39 Appendix two What the directors thought 41 Appendix three Significant transfer activity 2010/11 42 Introduction Welcome to the 23rd annual PwC financial review of the Scottish Premier League (SPL). This year’s report includes our usual in-depth analysis of the 2010/11 season using the clubs’ audited accounts. However, we acknowledge that given the dominance of Rangers1 demise over recent months, these figures may be looked at with a new perspective. Nevertheless, it is important to analyse how the SPL performed in season 2010/11 with Rangers and explore the potential impact the loss of the club will have on the league. Red spells danger? Notwithstanding the storm engulfing The impact the wider economy has had The Scottish game has never been Rangers, the outlook for season on football – as well as other sports - under more intense financial pressure. 2010/11 was one of extreme caution. shouldn’t be ignored. The continuing This analysis reinforces the need for squeeze on fans’ disposable incomes member clubs to continue seeking out Amidst fears of a double dip recession has meant that additional spending on effective strategies in order to operate within the wider economy, SPL clubs areas outside of the traditional season on a more sustainable financial footing, continued to further reduce their cost ticket package – from additional including cutting costs in the absence bases, particularly around securing domestic cup games to merchandise – of new revenue streams. -
2016 Veth Manuel 1142220 Et
This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Selling the People's Game Football's transition from Communism to Capitalism in the Soviet Union and its Successor State Veth, Karl Manuel Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 03. Oct. 2021 Selling the People’s Game: Football's Transition from Communism to Capitalism in the Soviet Union and its Successor States K. -
Media Release
Media Release World Leagues Forum Schützengasse 4 8001 Zürich Switzerland The World Leagues Forum: “Domestic leagues unanimously reject the super league concept but also request better representation in the football governance” Zurich, Switzerland – 23 April 2021 – Following the recent events on the European breakaway league, the board of the World Leagues Forum (WLF), the association which represents professional football leagues on a world level met today. This board includes the following leagues: Premier League (England), Ligue de Football Professionnel (France), DFL Deutsche Fußball Liga (Germany), Lega Serie A (Italy), Russian Premier League (Russia), LaLiga (Spain), Premier League Soccer (South Africa), LigaPro (Ecuador), Major League Soccer (USA), Liga MX (Mexico), J.League (Japan) and Professional Saudi League (Saudi Arabia). The WLF issues the following statement: “The World Leagues Forum not only rejects the concept of the super league, but also requests better representation of the leagues in football governance. This is the consequence of the lessons which can be drawn from this week’s events: One: The European super league project reflected the money-driven vision a small group of already super rich clubs. This vision has been rejected by everyone in football and outside football. But most importantly, it has been rejected by the fans. It has shown that sport values such as sporting merit and solidarity must always prevail. Two: Any international competition where some clubs would have a permanent right to play without qualifying from domestic leagues is a terrible idea. Not only it disregards the values of sport, but it neglects the importance of domestic competitions from an historical, from an economic, and from a fan perspective. -
The Business World of Russian Football
THESIS – BACHELOR'S DEGREE PROGRAMME SOCIAL SCIENCES, BUSINESS AND ADMINISTRATION THE BUSINESS WORLD OF RUSSIAN FOOTBALL Issues and Prospects AUTHOR : Roman Andreev LI17SP SAVONIA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES THESIS Abstract Field of Study Social Sciences, Business and Administration Degree Programme Degree Programme in Business and Administration Author Roman Andreev Title of Thesis The Business World of Russian Football. Issues and Prospects Date 10.12.2020 Pages/Appendices 70/0 Client Organisation /Partners Abstract Beyond any doubt, football, known as soccer in North America, remains to be one of the most influential sport games in the history of humanity. Up to this day, soccer continues to captivate billions of sports enthu- siasts all over the globe. Football has achieved great recognition, and it is now considered the most popular sport in the world. Nowadays it is appropriate and entirely justified to talk about the emergence of the foot- ball industry. Basically, modern soccer can be viewed as an international business, since global player trans- fers are made on a regular basis and international professional tournaments are organized. Moreover, soccer leagues may be now rightfully classified as separate commercialized industries. Certain football tournaments perform much better than their competitors in a business sense. In this work, the Russian Premier League in particular is discussed. The aim of the study is to investigate the historic and current issues of Russian soccer, the reasons for their emergence, and the present state. Furthermore, the commercial prospects and possibilities for local football’s business development are inspected. Potential solu- tions to the outlined problems are demonstrated as well. -
Danish Football Analysis
Danish Football Analysis Prepared by StatsBomb for DivisionsForeningen April 2019 Contents ● Executive Summary ● Introduction ● Data Clarifications ● Goals, xG and Shots ● Passing, Possessions & Dribbling ● Defending ● Formations ● Age Analysis ● Phases ● Conclusions Executive Summary This project uses football event data to compare the Danish Superliga, English Premier League and German Bundesliga over a five season period beginning in 2014-15. While professional football contains many strong similarities across different leagues, it is also clear that distinct differences exist and StatsBomb was able to draw them out by evaluating datasets for each league. ● Open Play: The Danish Superliga has kept pace with the Premier League in terms of goals, shots, and expected goals volumes, yet both leagues sit below the more action packed Bundesliga. There is also a lessened disparity between the top and bottom Danish teams in comparison to the other leagues. ● Set Pieces: Danish teams score more goals from set pieces than their counterparts in the Premier League and Bundesliga. This includes direct free kicks, corners or indirect free kicks and especially throw ins. The last of which they utilise to a notable extent. Weaker teams across all leagues rely heavily on set pieces, however stronger teams in Denmark get more out of them than their English and German peers. ● Passing: All leagues are moving towards a shorter passing, possession focused approach. Yet the Danish Superliga overall remains a more direct competition. Danish teams also use the wide areas more for creating chances. ● Age: The average age of players in the Danish Superliga is younger than the Premier League and, to a lesser extent, the Bundesliga. -
The Unintended Consequence of Financial Fair Play
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive The unintended consequence of Financial Fair Play: An examination of competitive balance across five European football leagues PLUMLEY, Dan <http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7875-0969>, RAMCHANDANI, Girish <http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8650-9382> and WILSON, Robert <http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9657-7570> Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/22038/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version PLUMLEY, Dan, RAMCHANDANI, Girish and WILSON, Robert (2018). The unintended consequence of Financial Fair Play: An examination of competitive balance across five European football leagues. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk The unintended consequence of Financial Fair Play: An examination of competitive balance across five European football leagues Abstract Purpose This paper examines competitive balance in European football leagues before and after the inception of Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations by UEFA in 2011, designed to bring about financial stability and improve competitive balance in the European game. Design/Methodology/Approach Our research focuses on the top division football leagues in England (English Premier League), Germany (Bundesliga), France (Ligue 1), Italy (Serie A) and Spain (La Liga). The paper is organised into two distinct time periods: pre FFP, comprising the six seasons between 2005/06 and 2010/11; and post-FFP, comprising the six seasons between 2011/12 and 2016/17. -
Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………… 1
Table of contents ………………………………………………………………………… 1 Preface …………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 Countries ranking into tiers.……………………………………………………… 2 Part 1: European baseball commonalities …………………………………………. 3 Schedule ………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Professionalism ………………………………………………………………….. 4 Amount of importing and importing limits ……………………………………… 5 Importing trends by position …………………………………………………….. 6 Background of imports …………………………………………………………... 8 Expectations/duties of imports ………………………………………………….. 11 Compensation & contract ……………………………………………………….. 11 Level of play in detail …………………………………………………………….. 13 The visa conundrum …………………………………………………………….. 16 Lifestyle ……………………………………………………………………………. 18 Part 2: Country by country breakdown ……………………………………………… 20 Austria …………………………………………………………………………….. 20 Belgium …………………………………………………………………………… 23 Czech Republic ………………………………………………………………….. 26 France …………………………………………………………………………….. 29 Germany ………………………………………………………………………….. 32 Interleague ……………………………………………………………………….. 35 Italy ……………………………………………………………………………….. 38 Netherlands ………………………………………………………………………. 41 Spain ……………………………………………………………………………… 44 Sweden …………………………………………………………………………… 47 Switzerland ………………………………………………………………………. 50 Euro Baseball League ………………………………………………………….. 53 European Baseball Summary ………………………………………………………… 56 Preface I have produced this eBook as an easy to use and comprehend stepbystep guide for someone who wishes to get the facts quickly so they can begin their pursuit of playing or coaching baseball in Europe. Use the table -
Programme Challenges for Football, Aarhus University – 20-21Th June 2011
Programme Challenges for Football, Aarhus University – 20-21th June 2011 Venue: Aarhus University, Søauditorierne, 8, Vennelyst Boulevard 8000 Aarhus C Map Registration The conference is arranged in cooperation between: Challenges for Football 20-21 June, Aarhus, DK Programme Time Sunday 19 June 16:00-23.00 Optional excursion for invited speakers and guests to the UEFA U-21 Championship 2011 match England vs Czech Republic, Viborg (kick off 20:45 CET). Bus transport is provided by the organisers. Departure: 16:00 Radisson Hotel Time Monday 20 June 08.30-10.00 Aarhus University, Registration, breakfast and coffee Søauditoriet 10.00-12.00 Welcome to Aarhus Søauditoriet Lord mayor Nicolai Wammen, Aarhus Kommune Dean, Allan Flyvbjerg, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University Chairman Opening Session: International director Jens Sejer Andersen, Play the Game The European Club football landscape and the need for regulation Stéphanie Leach, Research Analyst, Club Licensing and Financial Fair Play, UEFA During the last years, UEFA has taken action to introduce new financial regulations in order to curb the financial difficulties experienced by many European football clubs in recent years. What are the measures which UEFA will introduce? Is stricter regulation of European professional football going to work? And what are the reasons for the huge financial difficulties in many European leagues? The reassuring stability of football capitalism Stefan Szymanski, Professor, CASS Business School One of the leading sport economics in the world, Stefan Szymanski, -
Pan European Analysis on the Fluidity of Football Matches
CIES Football Observatory Monthly Report n°64 - April 2021 Pan European analysis on the fluidity of football matches Drs Raffaele Poli, Loïc Ravenel and Roger Besson 1. Introduction Figure 1: study sample AUT Bundesliga 309 matches This report analyses different indicators regard- ing the fluidity in matches played since the 1st of BEL Pro League 491 matches July 2019 in a total of 37 European competitions: BLR Premier League 360 matches 30 top divisions of UEFA member associations, BUL First League 347 matches the five second divisions of the countries host- ing the big-5 leagues, as well as the Champions CRO 1. HNL 286 matches League and the Europa League. The data used are CZE Fortuna League 459 matches sourced from our partners InStat. DEN Superliga 348 matches The study first looks at the percentage of effec- ENG Premier League 642 matches tive playing time, i.e. the time during which the ENG/2 Championship 954 matches ball was in play, in each of the 37 competitions ESP Primera Division 628 matches taken into account, and then analyses in more depth the underlying reasons for stoppage time: ESP/2 Segunda Division 764 matches the interruptions due to the ball going out of play, FIN Veikkausliiga 220 matches as well as resulting from fouls committed by FRA Ligue 1 557 matches players. FRA/2 Ligue 2 559 matches GER Bundesliga 512 matches GER/2 2. Bundesliga 513 matches GRE Super League 403 matches HUN NB I 341 matches ISR Ligat ha'Al 396 matches ITA Serie A 623 matches ITA/2 Serie B 644 matches NED Eredivisie 446 matches NOR Eliteserien 379 matches POL Ekstraklasa 447 matches POR Primeira Liga 495 matches ROM Liga I 459 matches RUS Premier League 394 matches SCO Premier League 363 matches SRB Super Liga 466 matches SUI Super League 290 matches SVK Fortuna liga 289 matches SVN 1. -
Home Advantage of European Major Football Leagues Under COVID-19 Pandemic
Home advantage of European major football leagues under COVID-19 pandemic Eiji Konaka Meijo University [email protected] March 9, 2021 Abstract Since March 2020, the environment surrounding football has changed dramatically because of the COVID-19 pandemic. After a few months’ break, re-scheduled matches were held behind closed doors without spectators. The main objective of this study is a quantitative evaluation of “crowd effects” on home advantage, using the results of these closed matches. The proposed analysis uses pairwise comparison method to reduce the effects caused by the unbalanced schedule. The following conclusions were drawn from the statistical hypothesis tests conducted in this study: In four major European leagues, the home advantage is reduced in closed matches compared to than in the normal situation, i.e., with spectators. The reduction amounts among leagues were different. For example, in Germany, the home advantage was negative during the closed-match period. On the other hand, in England, statistically significant differences in home advantage were not observed between closed matches and normal situation. I. Introduction Sice March 2020, the environment surrounding football has changed dramatically — because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Similar to many other crowd-pleasing events, most football leagues were suspended. Some of the leagues had even been calcelled, whereas others resumed after a few months’ break. With regard to the resumed leagues, however, no decision as before the suspension, has been announced. Re-scheduled matches have therefore been held behind closed arXiv:2101.00457v2 [stat.AP] 8 Mar 2021 doors without spectators. The objective of this study was to analyze how this unfortunate closed-match situation af- fected the match outcomes of football.