EGA - RAC/SPA waterbird census team

Co-ordination of field activities Khaled Etayeb and Abdulmaula Hamza (2005-2006) - Abdulmaula Hamza (2007-2008) - Essam Bouras (2009-2010)

RAC/SPA Co-ordination Lobna Ben Nakhla (2005-2010)

Scientific participants Mhemed Aboena (2008) - Ismail Basher Alkonti (2007) - Anees Almagore (2008, 2010) - Hichem Azafzaf (2005-2010) Nicola Baccetti (2005, 2006, 2008, 2010) - Abdulmola Alarifi Bichia (2009) - Wajih Bashimam (2009-2010) Ali Berbash (2010) - Essam Bouras (2008-2010) - Salah Beki (2008) - Pierre Defos du Rau (2005-2008) Habib Dlensi (2005-2009) - Elmaki Ayed Elagil (2009) - Mohamed F. Essghaier (2005-2007) - Khaled Etayeb (2005-2007) Ashraf Galidan (2009-2010) - Abdulmula Hamza (2005-2008, 2010) - Waheed Hamed (2006) - Noufel Hamouda (2009) Alhassan Khairallah (2007) - Ali Mdaies (2008) - Abdul Allah Moad (2008) - Al Mokthar Saied (2006-2010) Michael Smart (2005-2008) - Ibrahim Tabouni (2006) - Jaber Yahia (2008-2010) - Mohamed Zaed (2008) - Marco Zenatello (2010).

Organizations Environment General Authority (EGA Libya) - Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA, Tunis) University of Tripoli (Tripoli) - Waha Oil Company (WOC, Tripoli) - Zueitina Oil Company (Tripoli) Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS, France) Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA, formerly INFS, Italy) Association “Les Amis des Oiseaux” (AAO, Tunis). Also contributed: Wetlands International (WI) - African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA) Vogelbescherming Netherlands (VBN) - Tour du Valat Biological Station (TDV, France) French Coastline Conservation Agency (CdL, France) - The Rhone Mediterranean and Corsica Water Agency (Agende de l’Eau RMC, France) Fond Français pour l’Environnement Mondial (FFEM, France) - The British Council (BC, Libya).

Authors of the text sections AB, Ali Berbash - AH, Abdulmaula Hamza - BA, Barbara Amadesi - EB, Essam Bouras - HA, Hichem Azafzaf HD, Habib Dlensi - JJB, John J. Borg - JS, Joe Sultana - JY, Jaber Yahia - MS, Michael Smart - MZ, Marco Zenatello NB, Nicola Baccetti - PDR, Pierre Defos du Rau - WB, Wagih Bashimam.

Atlas production Barbara Amadesi (GIS analysis and maps) - Hichem Azafzaf (editing) - Nicola Baccetti (supervision, editing) Ali Berbash (assistant GIS, database manager and review of Arabic text) - Adriano De Faveri (photo editing) Michael Smart (editing) - Marco Zenatello (database management, editing) - Khaouthar Chebbi (Arabic translation) Mohamed Abouzainen (review of Arabic text) - Essam Bouras (Arabic translation and review of Arabic text) Osama Rayani (review of Arabic text and proof reading). CONTENTS

FOREWORD BY EGA 6 FOREWORD BY RAC/SPA 6 AUTHORS’ PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7

INTRODUCTION 1. Why monitoring, and why waterbirds? 9 2. Ramsar criteria for identifying wetlands of international importance, and the Ramsar wetland classification 9 3. Libya and the conventions on waterbird and wetland conservation 10 4. Waterbird studies in Libya 11

METHODS AND STUDY AREA 1. Targets and methods of monitoring 13 2. Details of the fieldwork 14 3. Libyan wetlands and site identification 15 4. Wetland subdivision and the concept of “macroareas” 17 5. Structure of the “Species accounts” and the assessment of international and national importance of wetlands 17 6. Conservation status and the flyway concept in the “Species accounts” 18

GENERAL RESULTS 1. Population estimates and geographic coverage 19 2. Qualification of wetlands according to Ramsar criteria 22 3. Species distribution and occurrence 27 4. Wetlands and the wintering waterbird community of Libya 29

APPENDIX 1 - List and map of Libyan wetlands 35 APPENDIX 2 - Ranking of Libyan wetlands 42 APPENDIX 3 - Addendum 46

Design by REFERENCES 47 iGD communication - B416 Résidence Maryem Av. de l’Indépendance - 2083 Ariana - Tunisia.

ISBN 978-9938-9521-0-0 SPECIES ACCOUNTS 51 Recommended citation EGA - RAC/SPA waterbird census team (2012) - Atlas of wintering waterbirds of Libya, 2005-2010. Imprimerie COTIM, Tunisia. AUTHORS' PREFACE 6 FOREWORDS 7 AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Environment General Authority (EGA), Libya God has bestowed on Libya the diversity and multiplicity of ecosystems located on its territory and coasts, which contribute to the The aim of the fieldwork on which this Atlas reports was two-fold: to monitor a significant component of Libyan biodiversity; and, breathtaking beauty and scenic charm that abound in the country. In their turn, these diverse ecosystems contribute to the presence more importantly, to train new local operators in a country that had previously lacked ornithological expertise. It soon became clear of many natural habitats, which harbour vital and unique plants and animals. that our multi-national approach to surveying a vast territory - or, at least, a very long coastline - resulted in real teamwork and gave operational flexibility that could hardly have been achieved by a strictly regulated scientific programme. At first glance, it often seems that Libya is a barren land lacking wildlife, but a closer look reveals a rich and diverse landscape, including coastal systems, mountains, semi-desert and desert, with many distinctive ecosystems, the unexpected presence of forests, scrub The rapid transmission of the love of birds (the so-called ‘birding virus’) seems a key factor for future monitoring, which will not now formations, plant systems and agricultural land... in addition to a considerable number of wetlands: swamps, lagoons, marshes and be dependent on external funding. After six years, it is also starting to be clear that our activities are going to turn into a long term oases, mostly coastal. These diverse ecosystems provide support, especially where nature reserves exist, for the Libyan environment scheme, standing on its own feet, and that the role of each single participant can now easily be replaced without major consequences. and natural resources, and in particular for migratory and resident birds which use these places for feeding and resting, or nesting and Moreover, investigations have begun in seasons other than winter, with new team members most notably two Maltese experts who mating. This is demonstrated by the results of the survey reported in this volume: 101 species of waterbirds (including some seabirds have joined the tern ringing expeditions in eastern Libya and also contributed to the text of the present Atlas. Libyans have monitored and some raptors associated with wetlands) were found, 110 wetlands were visited (and many others worthy of future investigation wetlands during migration seasons and have participated in activities in the countries of origin of other team members, joining seabird identified), while six globally threatened bird species (not yet including the very rare Slender-billed Curlew!) were recorded. censuses on Tunisian islands and flamingo ringing operations in Italy; two of them are now completing ornithological doctorates in The idea of publishing this Atlas sprang from the fact that there is a lack of specialized references to Libyan birds, and from the universities in the UK. need to make recent information available to researchers, university students and those interested in bird migration. Therefore, to The Libyan Environment General Authority (EGA) was instrumental in providing all necessary authorizations and facilities during the demonstrate the findings and data collected from 2005 to 2010, a significant reference work called “Atlas of Wintering Waterbirds fieldwork in Libya. RAC/SPA (the Regional Activities Centre / Specially Protected Areas - MAP - UNEP) provided - and continues to of Libya” has seen the light. provide - most of the economic support for field activities. Many international and national bodies contributed to the costs of the Despite the difficulties and obstacles encountered by the team, their considerable efforts have led to the publication of the Atlas, the operation, notably travel expenses and the additional cost of visiting particularly remote areas; they are listed in full in the opening first of its kind in northern Africa. Our commitment and our contacts with organizations which have the same goals have made the pages and the team offers its grateful thanks to them all. process of producing the book the more interesting, and our increased understanding and realization of the importance of maintaining The production of this Atlas was made possible by generous support from RAC/SPA, which allowed a technician from EGA (Ali biodiversity have had positive results. Berbash) to work on the data collected during a three month stay in Italy at EGA’s counterpart organization, the Italian National I therefore offer my deepest thanks to the specialists and researchers of the Environment General Authority who have exerted and Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA, Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale) which is also are still exerting great efforts to publish the book in the best possible way. Thanks also to the Regional Activity Centre for Specially the national reference point for Wetlands International’s International Waterbird Census (IWC) network. Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) in Tunis for its continuous support of our team throughout the study period, as well as to ISPRA in Italy, Special thanks go to the French Ministry in charge of the environment (Ministère de l’Écologie, du Développement Durable, des and to ONCFS and the Conservatoire du Littoral coastal protection agency in France and the many other international and national Transports et du Logement), the French wildlife agency (ONCFS, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage), the French organizations which have directly or indirectly participated in the studies related to the publication of this Atlas. Finally, I hope that coastline conservation agency (Conservatoire du Littoral) and to the Tunisian consultancy bureau Thetis, whose input was decisive in the publication of this book will encourage subsequent scientific works on the road to achieving sustainable development. providing additional funding for the publication of the present book. Many staff members of these bodies, too numerous to mention individually by name, made crucial contributions to the Atlas and we trust that they will be satisfied with the end result of our joint labours, this “Atlas of Wintering Waterbirds in Libya”. Elmakie Ayad Elagil Almost a whole year of civil unrest (2011) coincided with the final phase of the preparation of our Atlas and led to the end of a political Director of Nature Conservation Department situation that had lasted in Libya for more than forty years. Communication among the authors was interrupted for several months, Environment General Authority (EGA), Libya resulting - not surprisingly - in a delay in the publication schedule. Finally our work sees the light, under a new democracy that will hopefully take full advantage of our results, and ensure conservation of this important component of Libya’s natural heritage.

Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA-MAP-UNEP) In the framework of the Barcelona Convention, the Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA-MAP-UNEP) aims EGA - RAC/SPA to assist Mediterranean countries in implementing the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the waterbird census team Mediterranean (SPA/BD Protocol) and its related Action Plans and Programmes. As part of the implementation of the “Action Plan for the Conservation of Bird Species listed in Annex II to the SPA/BD Protocol”, and in order to fill some of the many gaps in knowledge of coastal and pelagic birds in the Mediterranean, RAC/SPA has, for several years, supported the organization of winter waterbird censuses in Libya, in close collaboration with the Environment General Authority (EGA, Libya). Many other national and international organisations have participated in this activity. This fieldwork has made it possible to assemble valuable data that form the basis for the “Atlas of Wintering Waterbirds of Libya”. This Atlas will constitute a reference work not only for Libya but for the entire Mediterranean region. RAC/SPA has had the pleasure of contributing to the setting up of a team of national and international ornithologists, who have shown great enthusiasm and passion in working together in Libya. RAC/SPA would like to take this opportunity to congratulate this team, which has worked so hard, and to thank all the national and international organizations, which have helped in the fieldwork and/or the preparation of this Atlas, particularly the Environment General Authority, the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA), Wetlands International (WI), the Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA, Italy), the National Office for Hunting and Wildlife (ONCFS, France), Vogelbescherming Netherlands (VBN), Tour du Valat Research Centre (TdV, France) and the “Conservatoire du Littoral” (France).

Abderrahmen Gannoun Director of RAC/SPA INTRODUCTION 9

1 . Why monitoring, and why waterbirds?

A pioneering conference held in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, set the foundations for wetland conservation by establishing the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (www.ramsar.org). Subsequently the Convention approved the first criteria for evalua- tion of the international importance of wetlands, based on birds and other natural features. It also promoted the concept of sustainable exploitation (or “wise use”) of natural sites by local communities, a key issue also for later, broader conser- vation agreements (e.g. the Convention on Biological Diversity). Most waterbird species, strictly dependent on wetlands, do indeed represent a suitable tool for measuring changes in habitat conditions or other conservation problems, both at a local and broader scale. Their numbers have been assessed internationally and simultaneously during a short period in winter, centred around mid-January, when movements between sites are reduced; this ‘International Waterbird Census’ has been coordinated since 1967 by Wetlands International (formerly IWRB). The importance of regular monitoring of waterbird numbers was also stressed by AEWA (African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement) within CMS (Convention on Migratory Species, or Bonn Convention, (www.unep-aewa.org), and still now Matthews’ (1967) comment holds, that “… while man is recklessly unleashing new insults on his environment, background monitoring of populations is essential to detect the threats as they develop and before they become catastrophes apparent to all”. [NB, MS]

2 . Ramsar criteria for identifying wetlands of international importance, and the Ramsar wetland classification

Criteria for assessing international importance of wetlands

The Ramsar Convention has developed a series of nine criteria to help governments identify wetlands on their territory which may be designated under the convention as “wetlands of international importance” (often called “Ramsar sites”). These criteria fall into two groups: sites containing representative, rare or unique wetland types; and sites important for conserving biological diversity; this second group is sub-divided into criteria based on spe- cies and ecological communities, those based on waterbirds, those based on fish, and those based on other taxa.

The criteria related to representative, rare or unique wetland types would cover sites in Libya such as typical Mediterra- nean coastal lagoons, the large, shallow, endorheic salt basins (“sabkhats”) found across the steppe/desert interface in North Africa, or rarer Mediterranean wetlands such as tidal mudflats or karstic lakes. The criteria related to conservation of biological diversity highlight three types of site: those important for endangered or threatened species (in Libya, such birds as Audouin’s Gull Larus audouinii, or Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca, but potentially also mammals, reptiles, many invertebrates and plants that are locally endemic or live in vulnerable habitats); those important for maintaining regional biological diversity (i.e. any “hotspots” for Mediterranean or Saharo-Sindian birds or other fauna or flora); and those im- portant for species at critical stages of their life-cycle (e.g. in birds, migration stopovers, moulting sites, breeding areas). The quantitative bird criteria concentrate firstly on sites with large numbers of waterbirds (20,000 individuals or more), and secondly those regularly holding 1% or more of the total of a species, subspecies or geographical population. The fish criteria relate to sites important for fish biodiversity and sites important as spawning grounds. The final criterion states that sites holding 1% of the population of non-avian taxa should also be considered as internationally important.

Libya has already declared two wetlands as Ramsar sites. It is clear that many other Libyan wetlands qualify as wetlands of international importance, and our team has started identifying a number of sites which appear to meet the bird criteria as a guide for the Libyan authorities. The Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type This List includes fifteen species of bird, and at the Conference of the Parties in Catania, Sicily in November 2003, an Action Plan for the conservation of these species was adopted, following similar plans on monk seal, sea turtles, ce- 10 The Ramsar Convention has also developed a wetland classification system, which is applicable worldwide and taceans and marine vegetation. At a later meeting in 2009, another ten species were added to the list of endangered 11 allows comparison of similar wetlands in different parts of the world. The Ramsar Information Sheet for each species in Annex II (see http://www.rac-spa.org/sites/default/files/annex/annex_2_en.pdf). The Action Plan for Birds Ramsar site includes an entry on the type(s) of wetland found within the site. Especially in large wetlands, notes initiatives taken by bodies such as BirdLife International partners in Mediterranean countries, WWF, IUCN, more than one type may be present. The categories listed are intended to provide only a very broad framework Medmaravis and Tour du Valat, which contributed to the development of the text. to aid rapid identification of the main wetland habitats represented at each site. The Convention on Biodiversity, CBD, has the broader task of the conservation of world biodiversity; it encourages Contrac- The classification is divided into Marine/Coastal Wetlands (12 types); Inland Wetlands (20 types); and Human-made ting Parties to protect biodiversity through several measures, including the declaration of protected areas. As a part of Wetlands (9 types). A complete list is available at www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-document-info-information- Libya’s commitment to this and other conventions Libya has launched several projects regarding biodiversity conservation. sheet). Since this is a worldwide classification, some wetland types (e.g. mangrove swamps or alpine wetlands) do As an acknowledgement to the Countdown initiative and to 2010 being the International Year for Biodiversity, as declared not occur in Libya because of its climate and topography. by the United Nations, the publication of the present Atlas is intended to represent a specific contribution by Libya to international biodiversity conservation and a tool to address future site management and conservation actions. Wetland types which are widespread in Libya include coastal brackish/saline lagoons; seasonal/intermittent sa- line/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools; freshwater springs and oases; and salt exploitation sites. One problem of Furthermore, BirdLife International, in its 2001 publication on Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands Arabic nomenclature arises in Libya (as in other North African countries); the Arabic term “sabkha/sabkhat” is used which covers the whole African continent, identifies eight IBAs in Libya, five of which are coastal sites including rather loosely to mean any kind of saline marsh, whether coastal or inland. For wetland classification purposes in wetlands: the Qarabulli reserve; Jabal Akhdar National Park; the Benghazi reserve including Ayn Zayanah; the Libya, it seems worthwhile to distinguish between seasonal saline marshes with an outlet to the sea (even though island of Ulba and Ayn al Ghazalah bay; and the island of Garah. [EB] they may be dry or only slightly damp for some parts of the year), and inland seasonal or intermittent saline lakes, often in a closed basin with no outlet; the former would be classified as Ramsar type J, the latter as type R (although both may be called “sabkha” in popular parlance). [MS] 4 . Waterbird studies in Libya

Since the earliest attempt at a general inventory of the Libyan avifauna (Zavattari 1934), at least two major overviews 3 . Libya and the conventions have been produced (Toschi 1969, Bundy 1976). Other papers have since appeared, also reporting about waterbirds on waterbird and wetland conservation (e.g. Gaskell 2005, Smart et al. 2006, Hering 2009), as well as some unpublished reports (e.g. Defos du Rau et al. 2001, Etayeb 2002). Nevertheless, Libya remained one of the least studied countries in the Mediterranean. Our Libya has joined a large number of international agreements, treaties and conventions; not many of them, however, activities started as a direct application of the 1995 Barcelona Protocol, with particular emphasis on the most are related to waterbirds or, more generally, to biodiversity-related issues. endangered bird in Annex II, the Slender-billed Curlew Numenius tenuirostris, which might have had its last winter stronghold in the hitherto poorly studied area in Libya. Unfortunately, this proved apparently not to be the case and The Ramsar Convention is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework for national action and records dating back to February and March 1931-32 (Cavazza 1932) still remain the only evidence of the species’ international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. It was adopted in presence, despite widespread suitable habitat in the country. the Iranian city of Ramsar in 1971 and came into force in 1975; it is the only global environmental treaty that deals with a particular ecosystem world wide and among its functions is the identification and protection of wetlands Plans for the 2005 survey in Libya aimed at checking curlew flocks, seeking records of the other 14 species in the of international importance, selected by governments according to common criteria. Libya became a Party to the Action Plan, investigating the status in Libya of other endangered species, and collecting data for the IWC. These Ramsar Convention in 2000. Since becoming a member Libya has declared two wetlands as Ramsar sites, the plans ripened in 2003 during the Slender-billed Curlew Survey, Training and Awareness Raising Project funded by adjacent coastal lagoons of Ain ash Shaqiqah and Ain az Zarga, both located within the Kuf National Park in the AEWA and implemented by the Association ”Les Amis des Oiseaux” (AAO), the BirdLife Partner in Tunisia (Hichem Jabal Akhdar. Azafzaf, Habib Dlensi, Adel Dabbar, Khaled Etayeb, Adam Gretton, J. Botond Kiss, Rachid Rouag, Mike Smart and Marco Zenatello) and then during informal sessions at the Pan-African Ornithological Congress on Djerba island, AEWA, the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds, is an Agreement under the organized again in Tunisia by AAO, at the end of 2004. Winter expeditions then became a regular event and some Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). AEWA entered into force in 1999. preliminary results were published (Azafzaf et al. 2005a, Smart et al. 2006), others simply presented in unpublished It is a specific agreement requiring nations to take coordinated measures to conserve migratory waterbirds, given reports (Azafzaf et al. 2005b, 2006a, Etayeb et al. 2007, Hamza et al. 2008a). their particular vulnerability due to their migration over long distances and their dependence on site networks that are decreasing in extent and becoming degraded through non-sustainable human activities. The Agreement Furthermore, in November 2007, RAC/SPA and EGA with the help of the French Conservatoire du Littoral organised provides a comprehensive framework that recognizess the importance of waterbird population data, including the the first waterbird training course in Libya. This course was attended by participants from Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, need to “initiate or support research into the biology and ecology of migratory waterbirds plus the harmonization Egypt, Syria and Libya (trainers: Nicolas Sadoul and Hichem Azafzaf). This action demonstrates the importance of of research and monitoring methods, and, where appropriate, the establishment of joint or cooperative research the involvement of EGA in the waterbird programme in Libya. [NB, HA] and monitoring programmes”. Libya became a member in 2005, right at the time of the first wintering census: not surprisingly, this was carried out under the AEWA umbrella and with its support.

The UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) brings together 21 countries round the Mediterranean (including of course Libya), operating within the framework of the Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the marine environment and the coastal region of the Mediterranean. They adopted in 1995 a “Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean”, administered by RAC/SPA, which includes in its Annex II a “List of Endangered or Threatened Species”. METHODS AND STUDY AREA 13

1 . Targets and methods of monitoring

Ramsar ornithological criteria developed for assessing the importance of wetlands (see above), mainly refer to ‘wa- terbirds’, a taxonomically-defined array of species that includes all taxa belonging to selected families (Wetlands International 2006). As a result, waterbirds are generally the main focus of monitoring in wetlands. Such a taxono- mic - rather than ecological - approach inevitably implies that a minority of the selected species may actually have nothing to do with wetlands in their distribution: the most notable examples in Libya are perhaps Stone Curlew Burhinus oedicnemus (which does not even figure among AEWA waterbirds) and Cream-coloured Courser Cursorius cursor (Fig. 1), a species actually inhabiting the desert edges. These and other ‘aberrant’ waterbirds were regularly recorded in our surveys, but only in areas surrounding wetlands, so that numbers and distribution obtained are far from being representative of the real situation of these species.

Fig. 1 Cream-coloured Courser Cursorius cursor, a ‘waterbird’ inhabiting sub-desert environments and usually avoiding wetlands (Photo: H.Azafzaf, S Tunisia, 2005).

However, we also decided to include among target species a few ‘non-waterbirds’ that are no less dependent on wet or aquatic habitats and no less suitable for an absolute and relatively complete census: some Falconiformes (e.g. Osprey Pandion haliaetus and harriers Circus spp.), Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus, two kingfisher species (Alcedinidae) and all seabirds, instead of only cormorants, gulls and terns. Several of these additional species, moreover, are listed in the Annex II of the Barcelona Protocol.

Waterbirds were censused on each wetland from a number of viewpoints, dependent on wetland size; these were usually reached by car. Large and open wetlands (e.g. Tawurgha), as well as the sea coast, were watched from a series of viewpoints, spaced at intervals of at least 2 km, whose position was chosen according to car’s odometer. The team was usually split into independent car crews, each including 2 to 4 observers, with at least one telescope (20-60x) and 1-2 binoculars (Fig. 2). Each wetland was monitored by one crew, large sites needing simultaneous and co-ordinated activity of two or more crews, in contact with each other by mobile phones. Night roosts of gregarious species like cormorants, cranes, curlews and harriers - when known - were visited before sunset to get more complete figures. The crews usually met several times in the course of the daily activity, although in some cases they worked independently for one whole day or more. Partial bird totals from each day, noted separately by several observers, were organized and discussed in the evening and immediately entered into a database. In the last three winters, routes were recorded by GPS. [NB] 2 . Details of the fieldwork 3. Libyan wetlands and site identification

14 Annual wetland surveys usually started from the west of the country and followed the coast in an easterly direction, Very shallow and open brackish pans, that are dry or nearly so for most of the year, are the commonest wetland 15 reaching the Tobruk area only in 2005, 2006 and 2010, otherwise ending with the key sites of Benghazi and the type in Libya. These occur in two forms, both of which may be called ‘sabkha’ in popular parlance (see Introduction); western Jabal Akhdar. Nearly every year at least one wetland system well into the desert was investigated. the first is often a closed basin, usually made up of a central area of bare mud or open shallow water, surrounded or subdivided by belts of salt scrub (including Arthrocnemum spp. and Halocnemum strobilaceum) of variable width, sometimes covering the entire depression (Ramsar type R). The second type may have a connection to the sea, although this usually appears blocked by more or less consolidated sand dunes. This second kind of wetland is to be found all along the sea coast, from the Tunisian border to Tripoli, where one of them (Al Mallahah), in the middle of the urban area, survives in the transformed shape of a salt production area, now abandoned (Ramsar type J). An almost continuous chain of coastal wetlands surrounds the Gulf of Sirt - itself most important for its oceanographic and biological characteristics - starting at Misratah with the largest site (Sabkhat Tawurgha, perhaps also the largest coastal wetland of the Mediterranean: c. 1550 km2) and ending at the foot of the Jabal Akhdar escarpment, with Sabkhat Al Kuz. Along the steep part of the rocky coast of the Jabal Akhdar just a few, small wetlands are Fig. 2 Counting Farwah lagoon at high tide, present (notably the two Libyan Ramsar sites of Ayn az Zarqa and Ayn ash Shaqiqah), but wetlands begin to be Jan. 2010; the available optical equipment fairly numerous again from Darnah to the Egyptian border. Here, along low rocky coasts, they tend to occur in a steadily improved with time (Photo: N. Baccetti). well vegetated variant locally known as ‘burdi’, usually coinciding with the terminal part of temporary river courses.

2005 - From 3 to 17 January 59 wetlands were monitored, starting from the Farwah - Abu Kammash area and the Jabal Just a single tidal lagoon (Farwah) is present in the extreme west of the country, an extension into Libya of the Tunisian Nafusah reservoirs eastwards to Tobruk, with a visit 300 km into the desert to Jaqhbub oasis and lakes nearby, on the littoral system of the Gulf of Gabès, one of the few tidal zones of the Mediterranean, with much the largest tidal range eastern border with Egypt, which were never covered by us again in following years. Incomplete knowledge of the (up to two metres between high and low water). Another remarkable example of a lagoon broadly connected to the sea, territory, and the poor quality of the Google Earth© images available at the time, caused several important sites to be however, also occurs in the east of the country at Ayn al Ghazalah, a long inlet with mainly rocky shores, lacking relevant missed along the route. Participants, as for all following years, are fully listed on the first page of this Atlas. tidal movements, but with characteristic extensive shallows occupied by Zostera beds and mudflats (Fig. 3). The largest Libyan island, Jazirat al Ulba, is just offshore and provides ample roosting opportunities for local waterbirds. 2006 - From 19 to 31 January 51 wetlands were monitored, from Ras Ajdir on the border with Tunisia in the west, to Ayn al Ghazalah in the Gulf of Bumbah (between Darnah and Tobruk) in the east. A visit was also organized to four inland dams near Tripoli and to Hun, 300 km inland from the Gulf of Sirt. On returning to Tripoli, the waterbird census team presented the results to the Secretary of the People’s Committee of EGA and a seminar was organized at EGA headquarters to present the 2005 and 2006 findings to EGA staff and invited representatives from Al Fateh University, the National Authority for Rural and Agricultural Development, the Marine Biology Research Centre (MBRC), the Environment Protection Offices of Tripoli and Jufrah, and other national stakeholders.

2007 - From 3 to 15 February this third survey of Libyan wetlands was slightly later than in the two previous years; 39 wetlands were monitored, from Farwah Lagoon to Ayn ash Shaqiqah in the East. A major new area visited was Fig. 3 The mouth of Ayn al Ghazalah and, the region of Ghadames, 500 km into the desert, near the point where Libya, Algeria and Tunisia meet. Some of offshore, Ulba island, Jan. 2006 the coastal salt-marshes in the Gulf of Sirt between Misratah and Benghazi, as well as wetlands to the east of the (Photo: N. Baccetti). Jabal Akhdar were not covered in this year. Apart from river mouths and freshwater influxes inside natural sabkhas (more often of artificial than natural origin), 2008 - From 20 to 31 January 45 wetlands were monitored, starting along the coast from Farwah in the west near natural freshwater wetlands in the coastal area are limited to two groups of karstic lakes, one in the eastern outs- the Tunisian border, through the Gulf of Sirt to Benghazi and Sabkhat Al Kuz; some of the dams in the north (mainly kirts of Benghazi city (Fig. 4) and the other in the Jabal Akhdar. Artificial lakes at dams in mountainous areas, round in the plain of Jeffara) were also visited. Then the team moved south to Hun, and for the first time into the central basins at the end of the ‘Great Man Made River’ where fossil Saharan waters are pumped and stored (Fig. 5), as desert at Sabha and Birak. well as a few sewage farms, now represent the main freshwater habitats available to birds.

2009 - From 26 January to 7 February 39 wetlands were monitored; as in previous years the monitoring started in the western part of Libya: from Sabkhat Abu Kammash to Sabkhat Ayn ash Shaqiqah and Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa in the east. Again a trip to the south was organized, through Hun, Sabha, Tmassah and Waw al Kabir, to reach the three small lakes in the crater of Waw an Namus.

2010 - From 24 January to 3 February 84 wetlands were monitored, starting from Ras Ajdir in the west to Sirt wet- lands, Benghazi, Gulf of Bumbah, Tobruk, ending at Ras Azzaz, some 50 km from the Egyptian border. The higher number of sites visited compared to previous years was due to better knowledge of the territory and availability of 4WD vehicles, making it possible to reach places never visited before. The coverage improved particularly in the Fig. 4 One of the Al Maqarin karstic lakes in areas of Ajdabiyah and Tobruk. No sites were visited in the desert. [HA] the outskirts of Benghazi, Jan. 2008 (Photo: N. Baccetti). Wetlands in the desert inland areas are of course very rare, because the huge Saharan sabkhas (visible in maps and 4. Wetland subdivision and the concept of "macroareas" named as such) are probably wetlands in a geological sense, but do not usually provide habitats for waterbirds at 16 present. There are, of course, exceptions such as the famous Waw an Namus crater lakes and the so-called ‘seas’ Wetlands identified in this work include shallow marine habitats and artificial harbours, consistent with the Ramsar 17 (bihar) of Jaqhbub, which hold memories of ancient connections to the sea in their aquatic fauna, still including definition, in addition to the more usual habitat types described in the Ramsar typology. A site (wetland), which may marine fish Aphanius fasciatus, mussels Mytilus minimus (Fig. 6), cockles Cerastoderma (Zavattari 1934). Sewage be composed of several count units, is defined here as an area separated from other wetlands, usually by disconti- farms and minor artificial reservoirs were found in the vicinities of towns in the desert, such as Sabha and Birak. nuous habitat. However, the use that waterbirds make of space, even in winter, often spans several adjacent wet- lands according to their ecological requirements at different times of the day (and night), variations in water levels and food resources, weather and human disturbance. This is the reason for the recognition of ‘functional ecological units’ (sensu Tamisier and Dehorter 1999) that may include several wetlands, if these are exploited by the same group of wintering birds. Count results from different winters, or even from different days, can be better compared if they refer to such larger units, whereas results from individual sites (especially if they do not host large numbers) may be too variable to allow reliable interpretation. Using a similar approach to that routinely used in analysis of winter waterbird censuses in Italy (Baccetti et al. 2002), our ‘macroareas’ (cf. Appendix 1) are an attempt to define the larger units necessary, although this is mainly in relation to future activities, as the use of macroareas in the present analy- sis is very limited. Their coverage in the first years was usually too incomplete to allow comparisons with later visits. Missing coverage of an important component in a given year would have invalidated or biased the data obtained from the other wetlands belonging to the same macroarea, and would have made some available data unusable.

Special mention seems appropriate for Sabkhat Tawurgha (or “Tawurgha complex”, as it is usually called in this report) the largest coastal wetland of Libya and possibly of the whole Mediterranean (Fig. 7). It is a single depression, nearly 100 Fig. 5 The huge GMMR reservoir of Al Gardabiya near Sirt, km long, with very low saline waters or wet mudflats, with scattered deeper areas and some freshwater influxes from during strong wind, Jan. 2005 underground sources. Because of its inaccessibility in winter, we could only monitor a few peripheral sectors where coastal (Photo: N. Baccetti). tracks or human settlements exist. A full survey (only possible from the air or by camel) has never so far been organized. Bird densities on many sectors of this wetland are extremely low, often close to zero, but where some freshwater is present, bird abundance suddenly increases. We do not know how representative the totals counted in the parts surveyed really are; we must treat them arbitrarily here as separate sites, whereas they are not in fact separate. The annual sums of all parts of the Tawurgha complex were however added in the species accounts after the standard comments on the top sites. [NB]

Fig. 6 Shells of mussels and other marine molluscs beached on the shore Fig. 7 The endless mudflats of Melfa saltlake, 300 km away from the of Sabkhat Tawurgha, Mediterranean Sea, Jan. 2005 seen from Al Hishah springs, Jan. 2005 (Photo: N. Baccetti). (Photo: N. Baccetti).

Previous knowledge by some of the team members addressed site selection during the early surveys, although many coastal sites were discovered by chance, when seen from the moving car, or indicated by local people. The 5. Structure of the "Species accounts" and the assessment examination of Google Earth© images greatly helped to complete the site network along the coast, as image quality of international and national importance of wetlands steadily improved. Site names were often obtained from local people, but at times we simply used the name of the nearest village. The latter option caused our unofficial wetland names to become accepted and used in documents, Each species account provides for each species a set of standard data (graphs and tables) and a short text commen- even when more appropriate names existed on maps, as became apparent during the preparation of this Atlas. For ting on the patterns observed and adding further information when needed. The first graph summarizes the overall the present purpose we have corrected the names of some infrequently visited sites, but we did not dare to do so inter-annual variation in abundance (bars) and breadth of range (number of occupied sites: solid line), compared with the main sites (e.g. turning our ‘Sabkhat Abu Kammash’ into the more appropriate Mellahat al Burayqah), to to the number of sites which were visited in each year (dashed line). The second graph shows the concentration/ avoid making the work unintelligible to ourselves and contradicting previous reports and publications. Alternative localization of the national population, as an indication of vulnerability to local habitat changes. In the latter graph, names, however, were introduced in the site list (Appendix 1) and are mentioned in the site accounts, when rele- bars show all occupied sites, listed in order of decreasing mean values, while the curve is the percentage of the vant. The transliteration from Arabic and spelling of site names follows that of www.geonames.org. Maps used national mean hosted by progressive groupings of the top 1, 2, 3 to n sites; the dashed line shows how many of the were mainly those of the U.S. Army, downloaded from www.lib.utexas.edu/maps. [NB] top sites are needed to include 90% of the national mean: cf. Serra et al. (1997). A map shows the maximum numbers per site recorded during 2005-2010. We felt that maxima represented better than means the potential value of wetlands in a region where dry/wet conditions can have a considerable effect on 18 the distribution of birds. Since maxima, contrary to mean values, refer to particular years, symbols were accordingly 19 given a different colour (green 2005; yellow 2006; orange 2007; red 2008; purple 2009; blue 2010). GENERAL RESULTS

A table shows the annual figures in detail, at least for all sites of national (and, of course, international) importance, arranged in decreasing order of mean values. Sites of national importance were identified, as is currently done in some European countries (e.g. United Kingdom, Banks et al. 2006 and Calbrade et al. 2010 or Italy, Baccetti et al. 2002), using the 1% criterion for national population size (i.e. the mean of the annual totals for each species). 1. Population estimates and geographic coverage However, only species numbering more than 25 individuals (vs. 50 in the UK and Italy) were considered for this A total of 101 waterbird species was identified during the course of the census work between 2005 and 2010 (Tab. purpose. Two ‘potential’ categories were introduced, for wetlands that reached the international or national thres- 1), when 110 wetlands were investigated (full list and map in Appendix 1). With the exception of 2009, when only holds in one or more years, but not the mean value over the six years. 68 species were recorded, the other years scored around 80 species per annum. The number of individuals counted each year showed a regularly fluctuating trend, with peaks of around 51,000 birds in even years and troughs of Species are listed according to a sequence following as far as possible the recent AOU and BOU recommendations around 41,000 birds in odd years. The lowest figure of ca. 30,000 birds was counted in the first year of monitoring, (e.g. Banks et al. 2008, Sangster et al. 2007). For the scientific taxonomy, however, we preferred to use a source 2005. Fluctuations are not directly related to the number of sites visited. This was particularly evident in 2010, when more easily available among Libyan ornithologists, i.e. the second edition of the Collins Field Guide (Svensson et the widest coverage achieved (+77% compared to sites checked in all five previous years) only slightly affected al. 2009). English species names are those printed in bold in this field guide. Arabic names are mainly taken from the total number of birds and species found. A marginally positive (r6 = 0.80, p = 0.05), albeit still fluctuating, Mohamed (2004). [NB] trend appeared when gulls were excluded from annual totals (Fig. 8). Gulls, representing more than 50% of Libyan waterbirds, are highly mobile between wetlands and also occur in areas that were not adequately monitored (e.g. many beaches, open sea). Moreover, they may concentrate at a particular time of day on garbage dumps to feed, or on wetlands to roost. Therefore, the time when each site was visited and the presence /absence of gull flocks 6. Conservation status and the flyway concept greatly affected total waterbird abundance, in a way that did not always mirror fluctuations in other, less numerous, in the "Species Accounts" waterbirds.

The text for each bird begins with a statement on the species’ conservation status. This starts with the current Species 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean IUCN Red List status (derived from the 2010 figure at www.birdlife.org). The Red List assigns all the currently reco- Greylag Goose Anser anser 000001010 gnised 9,895 species of bird to a category; 1,240 (12%) species are considered to be threatened with extinction (in Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea 010000010 the categories of Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable); 838 (8%) are Near-threatened; 7,751 species Shelduck Tadorna tadorna 107 302 403 521 759 281 107 759 396 (77%) are included in the lowest category, species “of Least Concern”. After Red List status, a note is provided on Wigeon Anas penelope 27 35 89 36 96 3 3 96 48 the status of the species according to the Afro-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement (AEWA), to which Libya is a Party. Gadwall Anas strepera 14 13 22 21 6 11 6 22 15 Teal Anas crecca 231 501 666 363 500 424 231 666 448 Annex 3 to the AEWA includes an Action Plan for the birds covered by the Agreement and, in the 2009-2012 version Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 40 41 18 37 42 12 12 42 32 of this Annex, Table 1 records the conservation status of each species in three Columns, each divided into several Pintail Anas acuta 154 416 255 44 169 111 44 416 192 categories, Column A being the most threatened and Column C the least threatened, and each divided into several Garganey Anas querquedula 001002021 sub-categories; thus AEWA A1 indicates the highest level of threat, C1 the lowest level. Blue-winged Teal Anas discors 000100010 Shoveler Anas clypeata 501 1082 938 1972 1844 598 501 1972 1156 Where the species is one of the twenty-five listed as Endangered or Threatened in Annex II of the Barcelona Pro- Marbled Duck Marmaronetta angustirostris 0 0 1 12 12 0 0 12 4 tocol, this is also mentioned. The twenty-five birds comprise a variety of species of differing status, some globally Pochard Aythya ferina 42 233 174 284 192 158 42 284 181 endangered, some whose breeding area is concentrated on rocky Mediterranean islands, some found mostly in Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca 10 12 31 26 36 21 10 36 23 beaches and coastal lagoons. Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula 20 24 12 40 15 1 1 40 19 Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator 010000010 Under many species, there are also references to “flyway populations”; these are the total number of birds of a Duck sp. Anas sp. 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 200 33 single species that join different, often parallel, “flyways” (i.e. migratory routes inclusive of stopover sites and Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan 280000082 final destinations: Boere and Stroud 2006). Thus, the Western Palearctic Flyway covers birds flying from northern Gannet Morus bassanus 33128030125 breeding grounds along the Atlantic Coast to wintering grounds in southern Europe and North and West Africa. Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 1150 987 1912 1462 1029 2606 987 2606 1524 Most birds wintering in Libya will belong to populations using the Black Sea/Mediterranean flyway, which includes Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis 050000051 Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus 01100010112 birds breeding in north-eastern Europe and north-western Asia and moving southwest to winter in the Black Sea Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 020000020 and Mediterranean (including the Nile Delta and Nile Valley). One of the aims of the International Waterbird Census Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides 221005052 (IWC) is to provide figures on the numbers of birds in each flyway, as a guide to states in their implementation of Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 139 326 383 471 102 1132 102 1132 426 international conservation agreements such as AEWA or the Ramsar Convention. These figures for total population Little Egret Egretta garzetta 80 121 71 76 52 180 52 180 97 or 1% thresholds are regularly published and reviewed (Wetlands International 2006). [MS] Great Egret Casmerodius albus 16 54 22 28 19 21 16 54 27 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 133 76 64 96 68 158 64 158 99 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 285112183 Black Stork Ciconia nigra 100000010 Species 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean Species 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean White Stork Ciconia ciconia 4 6270295005019 Tringa sp. Tringa sp. 000004041 20 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 1 70123915111 7025 Turnstone Arenaria interpres 102 47 115 137 27 95 27 137 87 21 Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia 99 86 86 134 84 99 84 134 98 Waders Wader sp. 0 10 0 0 0 340 0 340 58 Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus 775 2920 724 2288 3292 640 640 3292 1773 Great Skua Stercorarius skua 000001010 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 36 23 29 42 36 92 23 92 43 Skua sp. Stercorarius sp. 200000020 Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus 248 259 61 177 90 365 61 365 200 Slender-billed Gull Chroicocephalus genei 893 7616 4973 2337 2076 5042 893 7616 3823 Slavonian Grebe Podiceps auritus 010000010 Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus 14137 21491 12159 25352 11086 15458 11086 25352 16614 Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis 305 627 272 202 151 170 151 627 288 Little Gull Hydrocoloeus minutus 552 72701205517 Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 21 74 24 30 21 50 21 74 37 Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephalus 228 239 285 597 569 887 228 887 468 Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus 352227274 Audouin's Gull Larus audouinii 344 670 272 445 663 417 272 670 469 Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus 220101021 Pallas's Gull Larus ichthyaetus 466813185 Harrier sp. Circus sp. 000100010 Common Gull Larus canus 002002021 Osprey Pandion haliaetus 400101041 Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus 1425 1438 2779 1677 4282 4234 1425 4282 2639 Water Rail Rallus aquaticus 41262121125 Yellow-legged/Caspian Gull Larus michahellis/cachinnans 2150 3302 2244 1590 4064 3532 1590 3532 2814 Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 38 44 205 81 701 376 38 701 241 Large Gulls Larus sp. 0 45 30 20 0 160 0 160 43 Coot Fulica atra 391 415 546 736 763 211 211 763 510 Gulls Laridae 0 0 0 30 1710 236 0 1710 329 Crane Grus grus 246 595 486 161 726 823 161 823 506 Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica 101000010 Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus 206 184135156 4123 Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia 39 42 55 51 108 76 39 108 62 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 245 205 296 249 204 267 204 296 244 Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 77 53 65 48 41 74 41 77 60 Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta 35 193 12 49 0 37 0 193 54 Black Tern Chlidonias niger 001021021 Stone Curlew Burhinus oedicnemus 165122163 Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis 101 122 83 143 200 395 83 395 174 Cream-coloured Courser Cursorius cursor 230000031 Lesser Crested Tern Sterna bengalensis 003507073 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius 2 0 18 10 10 5 0 18 8 Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus 100001010 Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula 72 39 95 81 6 76 6 95 62 Kingfisher Alcedo atthis 19 12 7 3 6 12 3 19 10 Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus 1110 1057 1797 1107 576 1129 576 1797 1129 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 030000031 Greater Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii 510103052 Dotterel Charadrius morinellus 5230003105214 Total no. of birds 29995 51782 39326 52489 41325 51112 29995 52489 44338 Charadrius sp. Charadrius sp. 00000330336 Total no. of species 80 79 78 77 67 83 67 83 79 Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria 433 645 332 9 361 246 9 645 338 Tab. 1 National totals by species from 2005 to 2010. «Total no. of species» does not include categories Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola 67 195 82 165 54 136 54 195 117 such as ‘Duck sp.’ or ‘Large Gulls’. Yellow-legged/Caspian Gull is treated as as single species. Plover sp. Pluvialis sp. 03400000346 White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucurus 000100010 Lapwing Vanellus vanellus 1 525010130259 Knot Calidris canutus 100000010 Sanderling Calidris alba 140 57 104 81 8 131 8 140 87 Little Stint Calidris minuta 924 773 2861 1220 367 2408 367 2861 1426 Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii 72102000104 Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea 000037053037071 Dunlin Calidris alpina 1397 1947 1697 3553 2240 3972 1397 3972 2468 Calidris sp. Calidris sp. 0 811 200 1780 0 0 0 1780 465 Ruff Philomachus pugnax 60 27 227 518 131 570 27 570 256 Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus 938301094 Snipe Gallinago gallinago 58 22 108 37 70 187 22 187 80 Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa 101041000104 Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica 0 1 4114100115 Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus 012102021 Curlew Numenius arquata 534 419 264 952 450 540 264 952 527 Fig. 8 Total number of all waterbirds (left) and waterbirds without gulls (right). Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus 000100010 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 6 7171791961913 In all surveys, varying numbers of birds could not be identified at species level and were recorded in more general Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus 7 2 17 12 18 21 2 21 13 categories (e.g. Ducks, Waders, Yellow-legged/Caspian Gull). In 2005 and 2007, these categories were used for Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus 31101491105 less than 1% of birds: the proportion was much larger (above 4%) in 2008 and 2009, with an absolute peak of 2,147 Greenshank Tringa nebularia 8 31142316298 3120 birds in 2008. The most important groups for which this uncertainty applies are gulls and (small) waders. Huge Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis 933321194 distances between birds and observers at some large sites, and the poor light conditions which were sometimes Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola 5 9 9 36 14 4 4 36 13 encountered during the survey, were the main reasons for this problem, along with accessibility of sites being more Redshank Tringa totanus 343 763 440 457 676 1544 343 1544 704 or less difficult in some years, according to rainfall and substrate conditions. [MZ] 2. Qualification of wetlands according to Ramsar criteria Code Wetland name 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean

22 No Libyan wetland exceeded an average of 20,000 birds (Ramsar criterion 5 for international importance). Sabkhat 01100020 Sabkhat al Waset 32 80 0 1 243 178 0 243 89 23 Qanfudhah peaked at 20,186 individuals in 2006. This was the Libyan site with the highest number of birds, with an 01100030 As Sidr oil terminal 64 64 64 64 01200010 Sabkhat Ras Lanuf 100 134 0 2 18 0 134 51 average of more than 14,000 individuals (Tab. 2). Huge numbers here were determined by Black-headed (10-17,000), 01250050 Sabkhat al Kabirah 20 20 20 20 Lesser Black-backed and Yellow-legged/Caspian Gulls, feeding on a large refuse dump that is steadily covering 01300020 Sabkhat al Aqaylah 4 0042 the old salt-pans. Given the direct dependence on a resource provided by man and totally independent from the 01300030 Sabkhat Bishr 30 124 49 75 30 124 70 wetland’s features, the use of Ramsar criteria to qualify this site seems very questionable. 01300040 Sabkhat Hafirah and Sabkhat al Burayqah 114 208 143 6 131 6 208 120 01300050 Sabkhat Tabilbah 427 427 427 427 Other Libyan wetlands have much lower numbers than Qanfudhah (no more than 3,000 birds on average, Tab. 2, 01300060 Burayqah Jadida Desalinator 113 113 113 113 Fig. 9), but they do have a more balanced composition in terms of species (Tab. 3). The paragraph which follows 01400010 Sabkhat Zuwaytinah 143 318 91 91 318 184 (“Wetlands and wintering waterbirds in Libya”) gives some insights on these topics. 01400020 Sabkhat ash Shuwayrib 52 0 62 112 0 112 57 01400030 Ajdabiyah sewage farm 150 150 150 150 01400040 Ajdabiyah GMMR reservoir 361 361 361 361 01500010 Sabkhat al Bedin 2034 25523413 Code Wetland name 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 01500020 Sabkhat Karkurah 675 124 1591 159 1449 124 1591 800 01500030 Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat Jaruthah 10 66 50 311 11 170 10 311 103 00100010 Sabkhat Abu Kammash 0 2341 1696 1976 3993 1 0 3993 1668 01600010 Sabkhat al Nakhil 26 26 26 26 00100020 Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 286 1484 4047 3098 499 5858 286 5858 2545 01600020 Sabkhat Qanfudhah 12390 20186 9634 17869 14726 11813 9634 20186 14436 00100030 Mellahat Bannumah 07807839 01600030 Sabkhat Fairuz 439 125 99 382 521 648 99 648 369 00100040 Sea off Farwah island 51 51 51 51 01600040 Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 1093 892 159 142 30 60 30 1093 396 00100050 Farwah Lagoon 2464 2551 3157 2645 3814 3334 2464 3814 2994 01600050 Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 173 539 421 35 35 539 292 00100060 Sabkhat Boubesla 20 2 2 20 11 01600060 Sabkhat Julyanah 3267 2960 3963 2289 1564 3588 1564 3963 2939 00100070 Sabkhat Gatoufa 33 33 33 33 01600070 Benghazi harbours 54 783 608 54 783 482 00200010 Sabkhat al Manqub 339 233 528 1877 967 1726 233 1877 945 01600080 Assabri beach 259 111 622 111 622 331 00200020 Sabkhat Millitah 133 27 196 405 27 405 190 01600090 Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 1241 3927 4998 5460 1721 1421 1241 5460 3128 00200040 Jazirat Sabratah 65 65 65 65 01600100 Al Maqarin karstic lakes 69 184 307 69 307 187 00400010 Wadi at Tut dam 5 555 01600110 Bou Dzira 186 106 356 60 422 60 422 226 00400020 Wadi Zaret dam 318 555 100 396 11 11 555 276 01600120 Ayn Zayyanah 454 961 1140 4921 69 3317 69 4921 1810 00400030 Ayn Taqnit 6 3 1163 01700010 Sabkhat al Kuz 1155 1400 737 2176 1529 2236 737 2236 1539 00400040 Wadi Ghan dam 2 26253123113 01800010 Al Labadia 215 840 553 215 840 536 00400050 Wadi al Mujaynin dam 116 27 165 27 165 103 01900010 Wadi Jarjarummah 9 999 00500010 Bab al Bahr coast 560 560 560 560 01900020 Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 163 20 52 19 82 19 163 67 00500020 Tripoli harbour 3 238 187 66 101 325 3 325 153 01900030 Sabkhat Ayn ash Shaqiqah 141 276 5 152 84 5 276 132 00500030 Al Mallahah 940 940 940 940 01900040 Sabkhat Gfanta 209 487 129 129 487 275 00500040 Tajura coast 128112810 01900050 Sabkhat Umm Sayyad 5 341 44 5 341 130 00600010 Wadi al Masid 96 13 13 96 55 01900060 Juzur al Haniyah 0000 00600020 Wadi Turghut 135 81 8 8 135 75 02000010 Abrak Nutah lakes 10 7 7 10 9 00600030 Wadi Hsun mouth 0000 02000020 Juzur Susah 120 143 120 143 132 00600040 Jazirat Bsis 7777 02100010 Ras al Hilal 15 15 15 15 00700030 Wadi Kaam dam 255 568 255 568 412 02200010 Karsah cliffs 1349 1349 1349 1349 00700040 Wadi Kaam mouth 73 112 30 63 50 134 30 134 77 02200020 Sabkhat ad Dalisi 2222 00800010 Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory) 681 478 2673 172 19 1432 19 2673 909 02200030 Coast of Darnah town 66 74 108 66 108 83 00800020 Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East) 178 6836 1838 2022 5121 299 178 6836 2716 02300010 Wadi al Khalij 26 24 1 1 26 17 00800030 Ayn Tawurgha 294 448 249 436 191 105 105 448 287 02300020 Wadi al Hamsah 11 21 11 21 16 00800040 Wadi al Azrak 58 58 58 58 02400010 Sabkhat Ras at Tin 60 217 77 60 217 118 00800050 Sabkhat Umm al Ez 728 334 326 0 0 728 347 02400020 Umm Hufayn 47 136 47 136 92 00800060 Mellahat al Mesherrek 645 645 645 645 02400030 Umm al Jarami 29 29 29 29 00800070 Al Hishah 828 1014 1790 1086 1262 1051 828 1790 1172 02500020 Bumbah sewage farm 12 1 1 12 7 00900010 Sabkhat Wadi Mrah 4 5 455 02500030 Sabkhat at Tamimi 104 596 2035 104 2035 912 00900020 Sabkhat al Ghbeba 285 64 11 23 11 285 96 02500040 Tamimi coast 28 28 28 28 00900030 Coast of Sirt town 3 57 3 57 30 02500050 Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 401 204 204 401 303 00900040 Al Gardabiya West GMMR Reservoir 23 23 23 23 02500060 Jazirat al Ulbah 94 246 284 94 284 208 01000010 Sabkhat Sultan 418 74 146 204 212 203 74 418 210 02500070 Ayn al Ghazalah 366 614 374 366 614 451 01000020 Sabkhat Hassila and Wadi al Hamar 9 10 35 251 9 251 76 02500080 Ras al Markeb 25 25 25 25 01100010 Sabkhat Umm al Qindil 182 54 54 182 118 Code Wetland name 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean Code Wetland name 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 24 02600010 Wadi as Sahl 1 6666 00100010 Sabkhat Abu Kammash 089671095 25 02600020 Wadi Umm Kuhayl 19 19 19 19 00100020 Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 16 21 32 20 17 25 16 32 22 02600030 Marsa al Murayrah 105 105 105 105 00100030 Mellahat Bannumah 0 3 0 3 2 02600040 Tobruk harbour 306 167 167 306 237 00100040 Sea off Farwah island 9999 02700010 Wadi as Sahl 2 2222 00100050 Farwah Lagoon 31 28 28 26 29 33 26 33 29 02700020 Wadi al Ayn mouth 77 77 77 77 00100060 Sabkhat Boubesla 3 2 2 3 3 02700030 Sabkhat Bu Halqumah 0000 00100070 Sabkhat Gatoufa 3 3 3 3 02700040 Mallahat al Muraysah 14 14 14 14 00200010 Sabkhat al Manqub 10 9 13 39 14 15 9 39 17 02800010 Sabkhat Mujazzam 2 222 00200020 Sabkhat Millitah 8 475486 02800020 Sabkhat Tonin 3 333 00200040 Jazirat Sabratah 12 12 12 12 02900060 Sabkhat al Hammam 355 155 78 78 355 196 00400010 Wadi at Tut dam 2 2 2 2 03000010 Mashrua 6 666 00400020 Wadi Zaret dam 22 24 7 20 3 3 24 15 03000020 Birak sewage farm 65 65 65 65 00400030 Ayn Taqnit 2 1 1121 03000030 Hijarah lake 555 288 288 555 422 00400040 Wadi Ghan dam 2 4221142 03300010 Waw an Namus 130 130 130 130 00400050 Wadi al Mujaynin dam 13 7 9 7 13 10 03600010 Bouhayrat al Melfa 18 18 18 18 00500010 Bab al Bahr coast 19 19 19 19 00500020 Tripoli harbour 2 16 16 7672169 Total no. of birds 29995 51782 39326 52489 41325 51112 29995 52489 44338 00500030 Al Mallahah 18 18 18 18 No. of sites 59 51 39 45 40 84 39 84 53 00500040 Tajura coast 1 2 1121 00600010 Wadi al Masid 18 4 4 18 11 Tab. 2 Annual totals of individuals by site (abundance); all waterbird species were pooled, including unidentified birds. 00600020 Wadi Turghut 17 19 5 5 19 14 00600030 Wadi Hsun mouth 0000 00600040 Jazirat Bsis 2222 00700030 Wadi Kaam dam 5 11 5 11 8 00700040 Wadi Kaam mouth 18 20 7 15 12 17 7 20 15 00800010 Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory) 15 10 18 10 6 39 6 39 16 00800020 Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East) 9 20 9 9 24 6 6 24 13 00800030 Ayn Tawurgha 31 36 23 27 18 19 18 36 26 00800040 Wadi al Azrak 7 7 7 7 00800050 Sabkhat Umm al Ez 8 16 3 0 0 16 7 00800060 Mellahat al Mesherrek 14 14 14 14 00800070 Al Hishah 30 26 25 17 22 25 17 30 24 00900010 Sabkhat Wadi Mrah 1 3 1 3 2 00900020 Sabkhat al Ghbeba 9 658597 00900030 Coast of Sirt town 2 3 2 3 3 00900040 Al Gardabiya West GMMR Reservoir 4 4 4 4 01000010 Sabkhat Sultan 14 10 3 14 7 15 3 15 11 01000020 Sabkhat Hassila and Wadi al Hamar 2 6 4 10 2 10 6 01100010 Sabkhat Umm al Qindil 13 7 7 13 10 01100020 Sabkhat al Waset 650111100116  01100030 As Sidr oil terminal 6 6 6 6 01200010 Sabkhat Ras Lanuf 6 10 0 1 1 0 10 4 01250050 Sabkhat al Kabirah 1 1 1 1 01300020 Sabkhat al Aqaylah 2 0021 01300030 Sabkhat Bishr 4 7 46475 01300040 Sabkhat Hafirah and Sabkhat al Burayqah 5 16 7 3 5 3 16 7 01300050 Sabkhat Tabilbah 27 27 27 27 Fig. 9 Average abundance of waterbirds censused in Libyan wetlands from 2005 to 2010. 01300060 Burayqah Jadida Desalinator 4444 01400010 Sabkhat Zuwaytinah 14 7 23 7 23 15 01400020 Sabkhat ash Shuwayrib 6 0 3 7074 Only two sites qualified according to Ramsar criterion 6 for international importance (sites which regularly support 01400030 Ajdabiyah sewage farm 7777 1% of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of waterbird): Sabkhat Abu Kammash, for 01400040 Ajdabiyah GMMR reservoir 13 13 13 13 01500010 Sabkhat al Bedin 3 1 143142 Flamingo, as well as the Tawurgha site complex for Kentish Plover. The same criterion, applied at Libyan level, 01500020 Sabkhat Karkurah 18 11 22 10 15 10 22 15 identifies 66 sites qualifying as wetlands of national importance (see Appendix 2, where all species meeting/ 01500030 Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat Jaruthah 1 8 7 16 3 16 1 16 9 approaching the national or international thresholds are listed). [MZ] Code Wetland name 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 3. Species distribution and occurrence 26 01600010 Sabkhat al Nakhil 4 4 4 4 27 01600020 Sabkhat Qanfudhah 11 10 9 8 5 11 5 11 9 The distribution pattern of species from site to site (Tab. 4) shows that three waterbirds (Cormorant, Kentish Plover 01600030 Sabkhat Fairuz 14 78832132110 and Redshank) are very widespread (observed at least once at 57-60 sites between 2005 and 2010). A second group 01600040 Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 17 15 13 13 5 8 5 17 12 of species (Yellow-legged/Caspian Gull, Little Stint, Dunlin, Grey Heron, Little Egret and Slender-billed Gull) is found at 01600050 Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 18 99881811 41-45 sites. Twenty species are, on the other hand, extremely localised, since they were found at one or two sites only. 01600060 Sabkhat Julyanah 42 38 37 24 23 35 23 42 33 01600070 Benghazi harbours 4 6 9496 01600080 Assabri beach 6 3 11 3 11 7 Sites where 01600090 Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 14 37 38 54 21 29 14 54 32 Species 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean recorded (2005/10) 01600100 Al Maqarin karstic lakes 18 10 10 10 18 13 Greylag Goose Anser anser 000001010 1 01600110 Bou Dzira 6966 4496 Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea 010000010 1 01600120 Ayn Zayyanah 23 23 32 33 11 30 11 33 25 Shelduck Tadorna tadorna 91098797109 25 01700010 Sabkhat al Kuz 17 15 11 21 18 22 11 22 17 Wigeon Anas penelope 444622264 13 01800010 Al Labadia 8 10 13 8 13 10 Gadwall Anas strepera 422423243 11 01900010 Wadi Jarjarummah 3 3 3 3 Teal Anas crecca 119998108119 27 01900020 Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 14 5 10 2 9 2 14 8 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 643443364 14 01900030 Sabkhat Ayn ash Shaqiqah 15 12 2 6 6 2 15 8 Pintail Anas acuta 979487497 23 01900040 Sabkhat Gfanta 9 4 6496 Garganey Anas querquedula 001001010 2 01900050 Sabkhat Umm Sayyad 4 56465 Blue-winged Teal Anas discors 000100010 1 01900060 Juzur al Haniyah 0000 Shoveler Anas clypeata 1012813111081311 29 02000010 Abrak Nutah lakes 7 2275 Marbled Duck Marmaronetta angustirostris 001110011 3 02000020 Juzur Susah 3 2233 Pochard Aythya ferina 524343254 10 02100010 Ras al Hilal 3 3 3 3 Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca 534663365 13 02200010 Karsah cliffs 3333 Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula 211131132 4 02200020 Sabkhat ad Dalisi 2222 Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator 010000010 1 02200030 Coast of Darnah town 8 7 2286 Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan 110000010 2 02300010 Wadi al Khalij 6 8 1185 Gannet Morus bassanus 222303032 11 02300020 Wadi al Hamsah 7 4476 Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 26 21 15 18 13 41 13 41 22 60 02400010 Sabkhat Ras at Tin 5 10 6 5 10 7 Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis 010000010 1 6 02400020 Umm Hufayn 11 13 11 13 12 Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus 050001051 Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 020000020 2 02400030 Umm al Jarami 3333 Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides 111002021 3 02500020 Bumbah sewage farm 8 1185 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 679979698 16 02500030 Sabkhat at Tamimi 5 25 12 5 25 14 Little Egret Egretta garzetta 14 17 12 13 8 21 8 21 14 41 02500040 Tamimi coast 3333 Great Egret Casmerodius albus 77794104107 19 02500050 Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 22 17 17 22 20 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 18 17 16 17 10 24 10 24 17 42 02500060 Jazirat al Ulbah 2 2 3232 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 153111152 8 02500070 Ayn al Ghazalah 20 23 23 20 23 22 Black Stork Ciconia nigra 100000010 1 02500080 Ras al Markeb 6666 White Stork Ciconia ciconia 113021031 5 02600010 Wadi as Sahl 1 2222 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 112312132 5 02600020 Wadi Umm Kuhayl 3333 Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia 668448486 16 02600030 Marsa al Murayrah 2 2 2 2 Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus 13 14910101791712 30 02600040 Tobruk harbour 7 6677 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 76594104107 20 02700010 Wadi as Sahl 2 2222 Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus 57864114117 18 02700020 Wadi al Ayn mouth 6666 Slavonian Grebe Podiceps auritus 010000010 1 02700030 Sabkhat Bu Halqumah 0000 Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis 81281011881210 27 02700040 Mallahat al Muraysah 3333 Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 111681311881611 34 02800010 Sabkhat Mujazzam 1 1 1 1 Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus 352126163 16 02800020 Sabkhat Tonin 2 2 2 2 Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus 220101021 4 02900060 Sabkhat al Hammam 14 16 9 9 16 13 Osprey Pandion haliaetus 400101041 6 03000010 Mashrua 2 2 2 2 Water Rail Rallus aquaticus 463212163 15 24 03000020 Birak sewage farm 7 7 7 7 Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 9 6106 6136138 Coot Fulica atra 12 10 12 10 10 15 10 15 12 31 03000030 Hijarah lake 24 13 13 24 19 Crane Grus grus 674474475 16 03300010 Waw an Namus 11 11 11 11 Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus 123222132 2 03600010 Bouhayrat al Melfa 5 5 5 5 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 10 10 16 15 10 17 10 17 13 30 Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta 483206084 15 Tab. 3 Annual number of species by site (Richness) ; categories such as «Unidentified Ducks» or «Large Gulls» not included. Sites where These include “true” vagrant/occasional species (e.g. Blue-winged Teal), but also species that are locally common in Species 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean recorded seasons other than winter (e.g. trans-Saharan migrants, like Black Tern, Garganey), birds usually wintering at higher (2005/10) 28 latitudes (e.g. Common Gull, Red-breasted Merganser) and coastal species that have a winter range mainly along the 29 Stone Curlew Burhinus oedicnemus 142112142 10 Cream-coloured Courser Cursorius cursor 210000021 3 East Atlantic seaboard and/or Red Sea (e.g. Knot Whimbrel, Terek Sandpiper, Pied Kingfisher). [MZ] Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius 205362063 11 Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula 1098842142110 32 Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus 32 30 17 25 17 51 17 51 29 59 Greater Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii 310101031 4 4. Wetlands and the wintering waterbird community of Libya Dotterel Charadrius morinellus 210002021 4 Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria 253248284 13 Numerous studies have shown the importance of North African wetlands for migratory waterbirds, including recent Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola 131481351751712 29 reports on Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia (e.g. Azafzaf and Feltrup-Azafzaf 2004, Green et al. 2002, Samraoui and White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucurus 000100010 1 Samraoui 2008). The present survey encompassed six years of data collection over 110 wetlands in Libya. Although Lapwing Vanellus vanellus 133022032 6 basic information was collected on each wetland visited, the main indicator used to assess the state of the ecosystems Knot Calidris canutus 100000010 1 surveyed was the waterbird community. By using abundance and diversity of the Libyan waterbird community, it is Sanderling Calidris alba 89581141148 29 possible to sketch preliminary patterns of wetland biological value, to assess levels of wetland degradation and loss, Little Stint Calidris minuta 24 20 12 18 8 29 8 29 19 45 and to evaluate the importance (in heritage terms) of one of the most threatened ecosystems of the Mediterranean. Temminck's Stint Calidris temminckii 314100042 6 Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea 000017071 7 Dunlin Calidris alpina 23 22 13 19 12 32 12 32 20 44 Ruff Philomachus pugnax 336437374 12 Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus 332201032 8 Sampling efficiency Snipe Gallinago gallinago 6101146144149 30 Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa 221100021 4 The graph of species accumulation (Fig. 10), built up from annual datasets collected during the present survey, shows Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica 011113031 5 that sampling of waterbird species seems to have been adequate and thus probably captured the major structural Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus 011101011 3 patterns of this community. It seems unlikely that non-vagrant species were missed during this six-year survey. Curlew Numenius arquata 1421912102392315 33 Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus 000100010 1 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 54964134137 24 Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus 624435264 18 Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus 215125153 12 Greenshank Tringa nebularia 37456113116 17 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis 413211142 9 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola 435511153 11 Redshank Tringa totanus 25 30 17 22 18 39 17 39 25 57 Turnstone Arenaria interpres 10 538793107 22 Great Skua Stercorarius skua 000001010 1 Slender-billed Gull Chroicocephalus genei 16 30 10 13 15 23 10 30 18 41 Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus 14 17 12 20 7 21 7 21 15 32 Little Gull Hydrocoloeus minutus 823503084 15 Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephalus 911111051251210 23 Audouin's Gull Larus audouinii 119 5116145149 23 Pallas's Gull Larus ichthyaetus 211312132 5 Common Gull Larus canus 002001021 2 Fig. 10 Graph showing accumulated waterbird species richness following annual surveys between 2005 and 2010. Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus 19 16 14 22 18 27 14 27 19 36 Yellow-legged/Caspian Gull Larus michahellis/cachinnans 22 22 14 20 12 32 12 32 20 51 Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica 101000010 2 Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia 673568386 11 Prioritizing Libyan wetlands for conservation Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 262513163 9 Black Tern Chlidonias niger 001011011 2 Datasets collected under the present scheme can be used - in addition to the Ramsar criteria in Appendix 2 - to Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis 141371282072012 34 identify most valuable Libyan wetlands from a conservation planning perspective. A very similar African survey Lesser Crested Tern Sterna bengalensis 002203031 4 (Turpie 1995) assessed the efficiency of a set of criteria and concluded that the following were both a convenient Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus 100001010 2 and reliable index of site conservation value: Kingfisher Alcedo atthis 101153593117 21 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 020000020 2 Z
waterbird species richness, computed as the total number of waterbird species observed on the wetland (Fig. 11); Z
overall waterbird abundance, computed as the total number of waterbirds censused on a yearly average on the Tab. 4 Number of sites where each species was recorded. wetland (Fig. 9); Z
K>@BHG:E importance, computed as the number of species for which the wetland has national importance. The 20 sites with highest values for the three criteria considered were identified separately (Tab. 5); eleven of them Ranking Species richness Overall abundance Regional importance figured among the top 20 in each of these three categories (Tab. 6) and could thus be proposed as the wetlands of 30 1 Sabkhat Julyanah Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi Farwah Lagoon highest value for waterbird conservation in Libya. 31 2 Farwah Lagoon Farwah Lagoon Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 3 Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi Sabkhat Julyanah Sabkhat Julyanah 4 Sabkhat Tabilbah Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East) Ayn Zayyanah 5 Ayn Tawurgha Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir Al Hishah Wetland 6 Ayn Zayyanah Sabkhat Abu Kammash Sabkhat al Kuz Al Hishah 7 Al Hishah Ayn Zayyanah Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East) 8 Ayn al Ghazalah Sabkhat al Kuz Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory) Al Mallahah 9 Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir Karsah cliffs Sabkhat Karkurah Ayn Zayyanah 10 Bab al Bahr coast Al Hishah Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 11 Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh Sabkhat al Manqub Sabkhat al Manqub 12 Sabkhat al Kuz Al Mallahah Al Mallahah Farwah Lagoon 13 Hijarah lake Sabkhat at Tamimi Ayn Tawurgha Sabkhat al Kuz 14 Al Mallahah Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory) Ayn al Ghazalah Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 15 Sabkhat Karkurah Sabkhat Karkurah Sabkhat Tabilbah 16 Wadi Zaret dam Mellahat al Mesherrek Sabkhat Abu Kammash Sabkhat at Tamimi 17 Wadi Kaam mouth Bab al Bahr coast Sabkhat at Tamimi Sabkhat Julyanah 18 Mellahat al Mesherrek Al Labadia Wadi Zaret dam Sabkhat Karkurah Tab. 6 The eleven Libyan wetlands ranking 19 Wadi Turghut Benghazi harbours Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh among the top 20 in regional importance Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East) for waterbirds, waterbird species richness 20 Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East) Sabkhat Umm al Ez Sabkhat Umm al Ez and overall abundance.

Tab. 5 The 20 Libyan wetlands with the highest scores between 2005 and 2010 for each of the three criteria considered. In addition, all of these eleven wetlands held, at least once, one or more of the six globally-threatened waterbird species observed in Libya between 2005 and 2010 (Marbled Duck Marmaronetta angustirostris, Ferruginous Duck, Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus, Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa, Curlew Numenius arquata, Audouin’s Gull). Sabkhat Qanfudhah was discarded from this list, despite its very high ranking according to overall waterbird abundance, because this was due mainly to the attractiveness of the nearby rubbish-tip, rather than to wetland features. These eleven wetlands ranked among highest in terms of both waterbird species richness and abundance (Fig. 12). They belong to three general areas of coastal Libya which appeared as hot-spots for waterbird abundance (Fig. 9) and diversity (Fig. 11): Farwah area, Tawurgha wetland complex and Benghazi area.

 

Fig. 12 Presentation of wetlands surveyed according to waterbird species richness and overall abundance (both log-transformed); Fig. 11 Maximum species richness of waterbirds censused in Libyan wetlands from 2005 to 2010. the eleven wetlands of highest conservation value (see text) are situated inside the circle. Indices of waterbird species richness and overall abundance were preferred for wetland selection to Shannon’s It seems clear that wetland loss has been accelerating in recent years all over the Mediterranean, including Libya, widely used index, because of the latter’s sensitivity to community evenness, which is of little interest compared to where several almost pristine wetlands have been totally or partially reclaimed, most often for waste disposal, 32 the more direct and explicit quality of species richness. However, Shannon’s index for wintering waterbird diversity since 2001 (Defos du Rau et al. 2001). In addition, waterbirds in the eastern Mediterranean have recently been 33 was estimated, for all wetlands surveyed, at 1.15 (SD = 0.56). For the sake of comparison, and despite the generally shown to experience a much steeper decline, ranging from 40 to 70%, than in the western Mediterranean (Galewski higher numbers of waterbirds wintering in Tunisia, Shannon’s index for wintering waterbird diversity was estimated 2010). This drop in eastern Mediterranean waterbird populations is attributed in particular to wetland reclamation for 90 Tunisian wetlands surveyed in 2003 (Chokri et al. 2008, Azafzaf and Feltrup-Azafzaf 2004) at 1.22 (SD = 0.71). or degradation, and Libya is therefore facing a worrying context with direct consequences for the future of its Seven Libyan wetlands (Tab. 7) reached a reading above 2 on Shannon’s index, which indicates relatively high migratory waterbirds. However, Libya remains a regional if not global stronghold for “Mediterranean lagoon” waterbird diversity according to Mediterranean wetland standards (Chokri et al. 2008). ecosystems, which have been quite severely reclaimed elsewhere around the Mediterranean, mostly for tourism and agriculture.

Wetland H‘ Importance of “Mediterranean lagoon” ecosystems Sabkhat Tabilbah 2.37 Sabkhat al Kuz, Sabkhat Karkurah, Farwah Lagoon, Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (a part of Tawurgha complex) and Ayn Farwah Lagoon 2.35 Zayyanah are good examples of well-preserved ecosystems that were once widespread along Mediterranean Ayn Tawurgha 2.32 coasts. In particular, the huge Tawurgha complex stands out as probably the largest Mediterranean coastal wetland, with vast areas of largely natural habitats. Al Hishah 2.27 Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 2.23 A total of 29 wetlands which could be classified in the “Mediterranean lagoon” category was visited during the course of the present survey. These were tentatively identified among the wetlands surveyed as mostly untouched coastal Wadi Kaam mouth 2.15 Tab. 7 The top seven Libyan wetlands lagoons, totally or partially isolated from the sea but situated less than one km from the coast. These 29 lagoons Ayn al Ghazalah 2.07 according to Shannon’s index of wintering showed a tendency to hold more diverse waterbird communities than the other wetlands surveyed, both according to waterbird diversity. Shannon’s index [F(1, 92) = 4.37, p = 0.04: Fig. 13, left] and species richness [F(1, 92) = 3.83, p = 0.05: Fig. 13, right].

Trends in wetland loss

The surface area of all wetlands surveyed was computed by GIS. It amounted to 1692.40 km2. The area of wetland loss/degradation during the course of the survey was estimated conservatively for each wetland surveyed more than once. This made it possible to estimate an overall net loss of 46.47 km2 in the six years of survey.

The mean annual rate of wetland loss for Libya was computed as the average of loss per wetland at all wetlands visited at least twice. The mean annual rate of wetland loss could thus be estimated at 1.6% (SE = 4.5), compared to 1.2% in Morocco (Green et al. 2002), which was previously the maximum rate recorded in the North African region. This observed rate of wetland loss in Libya is probably not underestimated, as it is calculated for the sample of wetlands surveyed which probably includes those most easily accessible and thus most exposed to destruction, degradation or reclamation. Wetland destruction in the Mediterranean region is however a widespread phenomenon that dates back to the 19th century (Tab. 8).

Sampled area Wetland loss Time period Fig. 13 Mean±95% Confidence Interval Shannon’s index of waterbird diversity, corrected for area (left), Morocco 25% 1978-1999 and waterbird species richness, corrected for area (right), for «Mediterranean lagoon» and other wetland types between 2005 and 2010. Spain >60% Before 1990 Western Algarve, Portugal 70% Before mid-1980s Among the six globally-threatened species observed during the course of the present survey, three (Audouin’s Gull, Italy 75% 1865-1972 Curlew and Ferruginous Duck) were found to be relatively widespread and/or frequent in Libyan wetlands. The Greece 61% 1910-1990 country seems to have global importance for the first two species, most notably for Audouin’s Gull. It is noteworthy that both Audouin’s Gull [F = 26.0, p = 0.00] and Curlew [F = 27.3, p = 0.00] are significantly more frequent Tunisia 28% 1888-1988 (1,104) (1,104) in the 29 “Mediterranean lagoons” than in other wetlands. Libyan lagoons offer, therefore, a particularly suitable Mediterranean >50% Before 1992 habitat for two globally-threatened waterbirds, in addition to their already important inherent heritage value. [PDR]

Tab. 8 Examples of wetland loss in the Mediterranean region (from Green et al. 2002, and references therein). APPENDIX 1 - List and map of Libyan wetlands 35

«Id» is the identification code for the map shown at the end of the site list (Fig. 14). A tick () identifies wetlands that were visited at least once between 2005 and 2010. Solid circles (Z) in the map identify sites surveyed at least once between 2005 and 2010, open circles ( ) un-surveyed sites.

Id Code Macroarea Wetland name Description Coordinates Visited

= Mellahat al Burayqah; 1 00100010 Farwah - Abu Kammash Sabkhat Abu Kammash 33 05 02 N 11 35 38 E  only the Libyan part

2 00100020 Farwah - Abu Kammash Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir Includes Qattayah island 33 06 41 N 11 38 11 E 

3 00100030 Farwah - Abu Kammash Mellahat Bannumah = Sabkhat Zaltan 33 02 17 N 11 44 01 E 

4 00100040 Farwah - Abu Kammash Sea off Farwah island 33 06 59 N 11 44 55 E 

Includes Farwa island 5 00100050 Farwah - Abu Kammash Farwah Lagoon 33 05 17 N 11 45 37 E  and Ras et Talga Includes Sab. Khalilah 6 00100060 Farwah - Abu Kammash Sabkhat Boubesla 33 01 14 N 11 50 12 E  and Sab. Samandin = Sab. Nuqrat al Batn 7 00100070 Farwah - Abu Kammash Sabkhat Gatoufa 32 59 10 N 11 55 33 E  and Sab. Hisyan Abu Tawil

8 00200009 Zuwarah - Sabratah Zuwarah harbour 32 55 23 N 12 07 17 E 

9 00200010 Zuwarah - Sabratah Sabkhat al Manqub 32 54 34 N 12 07 35 E 

10 00200015 Zuwarah - Sabratah Millitah inner sebkha 32 50 16 N 12 12 44 E 

11 00200020 Zuwarah - Sabratah Sabkhat Millitah = Sab. Awlad Hamid 32 49 51 N 12 16 58 E 

12 00200040 Zuwarah - Sabratah Jazirat Sabratah 32 48 29 N 12 28 34 E 

13 00400010 Nafusah reservoirs Wadi at Tut dam 32 07 02 N 12 25 15 E 

14 00400015 Nafusah reservoirs Bir Ayyad dams 32 06 46 N 12 24 25 E 

15 00400020 Nafusah reservoirs Wadi Zaret dam 32 06 22 N 12 48 12 E 

16 00400030 Nafusah reservoirs Ayn Taqnit 32 07 30 N 12 48 26 E 

17 00400040 Nafusah reservoirs Wadi Ghan dam 32 14 16 N 13 07 51 E 

18 00400050 Nafusah reservoirs Wadi al Mujaynin dam = Wadi Qadhdhaf Dam 32 17 24 N 13 15 09 E 

19 00500005 Tripoli Janzour Beach 32 50 14 N 13 00 31 E 

20 00500010 Tripoli Bab al Bahr coast 32 53 48 N 13 09 51 E 

21 00500020 Tripoli Tripoli harbour 32 54 06 N 13 11 31 E 

22 00500030 Tripoli Al Mallahah 32 53 59 N 13 17 13 E 

23 00500040 Tripoli Tajura coast 32 53 45 N 13 22 12 E 

24 00600010 Al Qarabulli Wadi al Masid 32 47 23 N 13 42 17 E 

25 00600020 Al Qarabulli Wadi Turghut 32 47 22 N 13 49 20 E 

26 00600030 Al Qarabulli Wadi Hsun mouth = Wadi Bsis 32 44 29 N 13 59 30 E 

27 00600040 Al Qarabulli Jazirat Bsis = Jaz. al Muayqil 32 44 41 N 13 59 41 E 

28 00700010 Al Khoms Al Khoms harbour 32 41 54 N 14 14 55 E 

29 00700012 Al Khoms Wadi al Yahud dam = Wadi es Smara dam 32 34 59 N 14 16 50 E  Id Code Macroarea Wetland name Description Coordinates Visited Id Code Macroarea Wetland name Description Coordinates Visited

Al Aqaylah to New 30 00700015 Al Khoms Wadi Suq al Khamis mouth 32 35 24 N 14 21 43 E  69 01300010 Jazirat Bu Shuayfah = Al Aqaylah island 30 17 29 N 19 07 19 E  36 Burayqah 37 31 00700030 Al Khoms Wadi Kaam dam 32 23 48 N 14 19 45 E  Al Aqaylah to New 70 01300015 Marsa al Burayqah harbour 30 24 51 N 19 35 27 E  32 00700040 Al Khoms Wadi Kaam mouth 32 31 36 N 14 26 47 E  Burayqah Al Aqaylah to New 71 01300020 Sabkhat al Aqaylah = Sab. Qarat as Shakandi 30 15 20 N 19 15 38 E  33 00750050 Misratah West Tunnarat az Zurayqi 32 26 19 N 14 54 03 E  Burayqah 34 00800002 Tawurgha complex Misratah sewage farm 32 19 35 N 15 08 43 E  Al Aqaylah to New 72 01300030 Sabkhat Bishr = Sab. al Muzayyirrah 30 17 00 N 19 22 07 E  Burayqah 35 00800005 Tawurgha complex Misratah harbour 32 22 06 N 15 13 08 E  Al Aqaylah to New Sabkhat Urqub Jawwah 73 01300035 30 22 47 N 19 32 20 E  36 00800010 Tawurgha complex Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory) 32 21 03 N 15 10 23 E  Burayqah and Marsa al Burayqah airport Al Aqaylah to New Sabkhat Hafirah 37 00800020 Tawurgha complex Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East) Includes Marsa Marzuqah 32 09 37 N 15 19 36 E  74 01300040 30 15 51 N 19 35 28 E  Burayqah and Sabkhat al Burayqah Includes Sab. Mattat az Zayt 38 00800022 Tawurgha complex Sabkhat al Mimis 32 14 51 N 15 10 22 E  Al Aqaylah to New and Sab. at Tawilah 75 01300050 Sabkhat Tabilbah = Sab. al Umaylihat 30 27 37 N 19 42 58 E  Burayqah 39 00800024 Tawurgha complex Sabkhat Umm at Tibn Includes Sab. Fam at Tariq 32 07 24 N 15 12 55 E  Al Aqaylah to New 76 01300060 Burayqah Jadida Desalinator 30 28 18 N 19 43 36 E  Burayqah 40 00800030 Tawurgha complex Ayn Tawurgha 32 00 50 N 15 06 26 E  77 01400002 Ajdabiyah Jazirat al Bayda = Isheifa Rock 30 36 07 N 19 49 43 E  41 00800040 Tawurgha complex Wadi al Azrak 32 00 00 N 15 09 00 E  78 01400005 Ajdabiyah Jazirat al Garah 30 47 25 N 19 54 00 E  42 00800050 Tawurgha complex Sabkhat Umm al Ez 31 59 18 N 15 12 04 E  79 01400006 Ajdabiyah Jazirat er Rish 30 45 00 N 19 52 00 E  43 00800060 Tawurgha complex Mellahat al Mesherrek 31 58 00 N 15 08 07 E  80 01400007 Ajdabiyah Jemmarish reef 30 46 31 N 19 57 44 E  44 00800062 Tawurgha complex Sawfajjin delta Includes Sab. Sawfajjin 31 52 41 N 15 06 50 E  81 01400010 Ajdabiyah Sabkhat Zuwaytinah 30 48 33 N 20 02 56 E  45 00800064 Tawurgha complex Tawurgha central sector 31 57 05 N 15 15 36 E  82 01400020 Ajdabiyah Sabkhat ash Shuwayrib 30 43 25 N 20 07 47 E  46 00800066 Tawurgha complex Sabkhat Wadi Gharghur 31 48 32 N 15 16 15 E  83 01400030 Ajdabiyah Ajdabiyah sewage farm 30 41 41 N 20 15 32 E  47 00800070 Tawurgha complex Al Hishah Includes Sab. al Mafruth 31 38 52 N 15 17 27 E  84 01400040 Ajdabiyah Ajdabiyah GMMR reservoir 30 34 48 N 20 20 49 E  48 00800072 Tawurgha complex Sabkhat Bir al Manqa 31 39 30 N 15 27 30 E  85 01500010 Karkurah and Qaminis Sabkhat al Bedin 31 13 05 N 20 10 01 E  49 00800074 Tawurgha complex Sabkhat al Uwaynat 31 30 51 N 15 29 28 E  86 01500012 Karkurah and Qaminis Sabkhat al Hitah 31 15 18 N 20 08 51 E  50 00800076 Tawurgha complex Sabkhat al Washkah 31 25 56 N 15 35 05 E  87 01500014 Karkurah and Qaminis Sabkhat al Bashmah 31 18 14 N 20 06 47 E  51 00900010 Sirt Sabkhat Wadi Mrah 31 19 12 N 15 48 23 E  88 01500020 Karkurah and Qaminis Sabkhat Karkurah 31 24 04 N 20 03 18 E  52 00900015 Sirt Wadi Bey al Kebir 31 16 10 N 16 00 46 E  89 01500025 Karkurah and Qaminis Sabkhat Mutayfla 31 33 10 N 19 59 17 E  53 00900017 Sirt Wadi Tamet 31 14 20 N 16 05 45 E  Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat 90 01500030 Karkurah and Qaminis 31 44 43 N 19 56 04 E  54 00900020 Sirt Sabkhat al Ghbeba 31 12 59 N 16 22 22 E  Jaruthah Omar Elmokthar South GMMR 55 00900025 Sirt Sabkhat Bir Attagh 31 12 46 N 16 27 14 E  91 01550020 Suluq 31 43 48 N 20 15 57 E  Reservoir 56 00900030 Sirt Coast of Sirt town 31 12 39 N 16 35 35 E  Omar Elmokthar North GMMR 92 01550050 Suluq 31 51 26 N 20 19 37 E  57 00900040 Sirt Al Gardabiya West GMMR Reservoir 31 09 47 N 16 40 44 E  Reservoir 93 01550070 Suluq Al Qattarah dams Includes two dams 32 01 33 N 20 24 23 E  58 00900045 Sirt Al Gardabiya East GMMR Reservoir 31 08 48 N 16 49 48 E  94 01600010 Benghazi Sabkhat al Nakhil 31 55 54 N 19 57 28 E  59 01000005 Sultan Wadi al Hunaywah at Checkpoint 40Km 31 09 09 N 17 01 59 E   Includes Sab. al Musayfiq 95 01600020 Benghazi Sabkhat Qanfudhah 32 00 01 N 19 59 19 E 60 01000010 Sultan Sabkhat Sultan 31 05 37 N 17 14 02 E  and Sab. al Hamra 96 01600030 Benghazi Sabkhat Fairuz Sab. Al Muwaylihah 32 02 36 N 20 01 20 E  Sabkhat Hassila = Sab. an Naim and Sab. az 61 01000020 Sultan 31 03 15 N 17 23 53 E  and Wadi al Hamar Zuhayr (incl. Sab. Ras al Ghur) 97 01600040 Benghazi Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 32 04 02 N 20 02 23 E 

62 01100010 Bin Jawwad - As Sidr Sabkhat Umm al Qindil = Sab. al Uwayjah 30 54 18 N 17 50 36 E  98 01600050 Benghazi Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 32 04 33 N 20 02 46 E 

63 01100014 Bin Jawwad - As Sidr Bin Jawwad dam 30 48 01 N 18 04 01 E  99 01600060 Benghazi Sabkhat Julyanah 32 05 25 N 20 03 34 E 

= Sab. Kuhaylah, Includes 23rd July Lake 64 01100020 Bin Jawwad - As Sidr Sabkhat al Waset 30 43 05 N 18 15 05 E  100 01600070 Benghazi Benghazi harbours 32 06 17 N 20 03 28 E  = Sab. Bin Jawwad and new harbour

65 01100030 Bin Jawwad - As Sidr As Sidr oil terminal 30 38 05 N 18 21 46 E  101 01600080 Benghazi Assabri beach 32 08 12 N 20 04 22 E  Sabkhat al Thama Includes 2 El Thama canals 66 01200005 Ras Lanuf Ras Lanuf harbour 30 29 53 N 18 34 46 E  102 01600090 Benghazi 32 08 58 N 20 06 10 E  and Sabkhat Esselawi to the sea 67 01200010 Ras Lanuf Sabkhat Ras Lanuf 30 23 45 N 18 39 57 E  103 01600100 Benghazi Al Maqarin karstic lakes Includes 5 lakes 32 09 33 N 20 08 19 E  68 01250050 Sabkhat al Kabirah Sabkhat al Kabirah 30 08 40 N 18 57 33 E  Id Code Macroarea Wetland name Description Coordinates Visited Id Code Macroarea Wetland name Description Coordinates Visited

38 104 01600110 Benghazi Bou Dzira = Buhayrat Bu Jazirah 32 10 06 N 20 07 55 E  143 02500050 Khalij al Bumbah Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 32 18 59 N 23 05 49 E  39 Includes Al Kuwafiyah sector 105 01600120 Benghazi Ayn Zayyanah 32 12 50 N 20 09 20 E  144 02500055 Khalij al Bumbah Sabkhat al Ghaziyah 32 16 18 N 23 12 37 E  and Al Wati 145 02500060 Khalij al Bumbah Jazirat al Ulbah 32 13 52 N 23 16 55 E  106 01700010 Tukrah Sabkhat al Kuz Includes Bu Jarrar sector 32 26 27 N 20 26 00 E  146 02500070 Khalij al Bumbah Ayn al Ghazalah 32 10 26 N 23 18 37 E  107 01700050 Tukrah Wadi Zazah dam 32 22 31 N 20 32 41 E  147 02500080 Khalij al Bumbah Ras al Markeb 32 11 50 N 23 21 24 E  = Oum al Mkalee, 108 01800010 Al Marj Al Labadia 32 30 17 N 20 53 35 E  = remains of Al Garigh Lake 148 02600010 Tobruk Wadi as Sahl 1 32 08 08 N 23 49 49 E  109 01850010 Ad Dirsiyah Jazirat ad Dirsiyah 32 43 03 N 20 56 57 E  149 02600020 Tobruk Wadi Umm Kuhayl 32 07 59 N 23 50 27 E  110 01900005 Haniyah Juzur Ougla 7 islets in total 32 47 00 N 21 22 00 E  150 02600030 Tobruk Marsa al Murayrah 32 05 59 N 23 58 56 E  111 01900010 Haniyah Wadi Jarjarummah 32 47 06 N 21 24 21 E  151 02600040 Tobruk Tobruk harbour 32 04 07 N 23 59 09 E  112 01900020 Haniyah Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 32 48 16 N 21 27 33 E  152 02600045 Tobruk Jazirat az Zaytun 32 00 55 N 24 05 32 E  113 01900030 Haniyah Sabkhat Ayn ash Shaqiqah 32 48 52 N 21 28 47 E  153 02700008 Kambut - Ras Azzaz Jazirat al Himarah = El Hmara island 31 59 41 N 24 28 43 E  114 01900040 Haniyah Sabkhat Gfanta (Zawiyat al Haniyah) 32 49 43 N 21 30 22 E  154 02700009 Kambut - Ras Azzaz Jazirat Gabbar = Kambut island 31 59 06 N 24 31 33 E  115 01900050 Haniyah Sabkhat Umm Sayyad = Sab. Haniyah 32 50 24 N 21 30 59 E  155 02700010 Kambut - Ras Azzaz Wadi as Sahl 2 31 58 40 N 24 32 55 E  116 01900060 Haniyah Juzur al Haniyah 2 islets 32 50 11 N 21 30 23 E  156 02700015 Kambut - Ras Azzaz Jazirat Marsa Lukk 32 00 59 N 24 45 56 E  117 01900070 Haniyah Sabkhat Qasr al Haniyah 32 50 49 N 21 31 24 E  157 02700020 Kambut - Ras Azzaz Wadi al Ayn mouth Includes dam upstream 31 59 40 N 24 47 32 E  118 01900080 Haniyah Juzur al Hamamah 32 55 00 N 21 37 00 E  158 02700022 Kambut - Ras Azzaz Wadi Qalad and Wadi Rabi mouths 31 59 12 N 24 49 15 E  119 02000010 Susah Abrak Nutah lakes 32 54 31 N 21 48 38 E  159 02700026 Kambut - Ras Azzaz Wadi Rabi 31 58 38 N 24 51 11 E  120 02000020 Susah Juzur Susah 7 islets 32 54 05 N 21 56 20 E  160 02700030 Kambut - Ras Azzaz Sabkhat Bu Halqumah 31 57 39 N 24 54 32 E  121 02100010 Ras al Hilal Ras al Hilal Includes new harbour 32 54 44 N 22 10 14 E  161 02700033 Kambut - Ras Azzaz Wadi Umm Rukbah 31 57 20 N 24 56 19 E  122 02200010 Darnah West Karsah cliffs 32 49 13 N 22 28 50 E  162 02700035 Kambut - Ras Azzaz Wadi al Manastir mouth = Al Burdi al Qnewah 31 56 31 N 25 00 56 E  123 02200015 Darnah West Jazirat Karsah 32 50 18 N 22 30 05 E  163 02700040 Kambut - Ras Azzaz Mallahat al Muraysah 31 54 39 N 25 01 45 E  124 02200020 Darnah West Sabkhat ad Dalisi 32 48 07 N 22 31 29 E  164 02700043 Kambut - Ras Azzaz Marsa al Muraysah 31 53 45 N 25 01 45 E  125 02200030 Darnah West Coast of Darnah town 32 46 30 N 22 38 35 E  165 02700045 Kambut - Ras Azzaz Wadi ash Shaqqa 31 53 06 N 25 01 44 E  126 02200035 Darnah West Darnah harbour 32 45 46 N 22 39 14 E  166 02710010 Bardiyah Jazirat Bu Khalifah 31 48 27 N 25 05 16 E  127 02300010 Darnah East Wadi al Khalij = Oued al Ghabta 32 39 54 N 22 55 29 E  167 02710020 Bardiyah Wadi Bu Khalifah 31 46 07 N 25 04 54 E  128 02300020 Darnah East Wadi al Hamsah 32 39 03 N 23 00 09 E  168 02710030 Bardiyah Bardiyah harbour 31 45 10 N 25 05 34 E  129 02400010 Ras at Tin Sabkhat Ras at Tin 32 36 33 N 23 07 20 E  169 02710035 Bardiyah Wadi al Bardi = Wadi al Jirfan 31 45 06 N 25 05 09 E  130 02400020 Ras at Tin Umm Hufayn 32 34 12 N 23 05 39 E  170 02710040 Bardiyah Wadi ash Shammas 31 44 57 N 25 05 54 E  131 02400030 Ras at Tin Umm al Jarami 32 31 28 N 23 05 37 E  171 02710050 Bardiyah Wadi al Murayghah 31 42 32 N 25 07 10 E  132 02400035 Ras at Tin Hufrat ad Dis 32 28 47 N 23 07 23 E  172 02710060 Bardiyah Wadi Sidi Hassan 31 40 38 N 25 08 15 E  133 02500010 Khalij al Bumbah Sabkhat Bumbah (East) 32 26 34 N 23 08 49 E  173 02750010 Al Assah Sabkhat Tader Libyan part 33 00 37 N 11 32 01 E  134 02500013 Khalij al Bumbah Sabkhat Bumbah (West) 32 25 37 N 23 07 55 E  174 02770010 Al Watyah Al Watyah 32 31 00 N 11 52 00 E 

135 02500020 Khalij al Bumbah Bumbah sewage farm 32 26 06 N 23 04 24 E  = Ayn adh Dhubban; 175 02800010 Ghadames Sabkhat Mujazzam 30 15 35 N 09 50 02 E  Libyan part 136 02500021 Khalij al Bumbah Bumbah lagoon 32 25 02 N 23 06 08 E  176 02800020 Ghadames Sabkhat Tonin = Sab. at Tabiyah 30 08 23 N 09 26 87 E  137 02500022 Khalij al Bumbah Jazirat Misratah 32 24 51 N 23 09 16 E  177 02820010 Ghat Ghat lakes and sewage farm 24 57 38 N 10 11 12 E  138 02500023 Khalij al Bumbah Jazirat Ftiha = Jezira El Watia 32 23 30 N 23 09 57 E  178 02840010 Burayqah South Sabkhat Ghuzayyil 29 50 57 N 19 43 11 E  139 02500024 Khalij al Bumbah Jazirat Bardaa 32 22 27 N 23 14 07 E  179 02850010 Maradah Sabkhat al Milh 29 16 25 N 19 15 16 E  140 02500027 Khalij al Bumbah Wadi Maallaq mouth 32 22 48 N 23 05 08 E  180 02850020 Maradah Sabkhat Ramlat Zaqqut 28 56 34 N 19 42 37 E  Includes Tamimi harbour 141 02500030 Khalij al Bumbah Sabkhat at Tamimi 32 21 33 N 23 04 31 E  and Sab. Shaul 181 02850030 Maradah Sabkhat Ayn al Khudar 28 55 31 N 20 01 14 E  142 02500040 Khalij al Bumbah Tamimi coast 32 21 31 N 23 05 53 E  182 02900023 Western Jufrah Wadi an Nuwayr lakes 29 20 04 N 15 56 07 E  Id Code Macroarea Wetland name Description Coordinates Visited

40 183 02900024 Western Jufrah Wadi al Hawanah and adjacent lakes 29 17 42 N 16 00 03 E  184 02900030 Western Jufrah Sabkhat Waddan 29 12 25 N 16 03 32 E 

185 02900035 Western Jufrah Wadi Hun 29 10 20 N 15 52 07 E 

186 02900040 Western Jufrah Sabkhat al Aqulah 29 11 11 N 16 05 42 E 

187 02900060 Western Jufrah Sabkhat al Hammam Includes artificial pool 29 09 32 N 15 46 39 E 

188 02900065 Western Jufrah Hun salt-lake 29 09 06 N 15 51 21 E 

189 02900070 Western Jufrah Sowknah pools = Wadi Mattul artificial pools 29 07 25 N 15 42 23 E 

190 02920010 Zillah Zillah lakes 28 32 35 N 17 33 26 E 

191 03000010 Western Shati Mashrua 27 29 48 N 14 20 04 E 

192 03000020 Western Shati Birak sewage farm 27 31 03 N 14 16 47 E 

193 03000030 Western Shati Sabkhat Ashkidah 27 32 12 N 14 28 20 E 

194 03010010 Shati valley Mahruqah lakes 27 26 31 N 14 04 09 E 

195 03010020 Shati valley Mahruqah sewage farm 27 29 13 N 14 00 19 E 

196 03010030 Shati valley Al Qurdah sewage farm 27 28 06 N 13 58 39 E 

197 03010040 Shati valley Quttah-Barqin lakes 27 32 05 N 13 37 12 E 

198 03010050 Shati valley Wanzarik East 27 28 17 N 13 19 19 E 

199 03010070 Shati valley Tmissaan sewage farm 27 28 55 N 13 07 45 E 

200 03020010 Awbari Awbari lakes Includes Gabron lake etc. 26 41 35 N 13 18 48 E 

201 03040010 Tmassah Tmassah lake 26 24 02 N 15 48 45 E 

202 03050030 Sabha Hijarah lake 27 03 32 N 14 28 15 E 

203 03060010 Zawilah - Umm el Aranib Umm el Aranib marshes 26 07 28 N 14 45 52 E 

204 03060020 Zawilah - Umm el Aranib Meseqwin salt lake 26 07 32 N 14 50 46 E 

205 03060030 Zawilah - Umm el Aranib Al Badr salt lake 26 07 38 N 14 57 49 E 

206 03060040 Zawilah - Umm el Aranib Zawilah sewage farm 26 09 14 N 15 07 22 E 

= Remains of Al Hufrah ash 207 03060050 Zawilah - Umm el Aranib Al Hufrah ash Sharqyah 26 10 48 N 15 23 03 E  Sharqyah

208 03080010 Murzuq - Taraghin Shiqwah lake 25 57 25 N 14 00 02 E 

209 03080020 Murzuq - Taraghin Murzuq lake 25 54 31 N 13 54 21 E 

210 03080030 Murzuq - Taraghin Al Hufrah salt lake 25 53 03 N 14 19 51 E 

211 03300010 Waw an Namus Waw an Namus 24 54 62 N 17 45 53 E 

212 03400010 Martubah Wadi Maallaq dam 32 33 10 N 22 32 46 E 

213 03600010 Al Jaqhbub Bouhayrat al Melfa 29 44 64 N 24 47 06 E 

214 03600020 Al Jaqhbub Baher al Fazza 29 39 45 N 24 49 22 E 

215 03600030 Al Jaqhbub Baher Hasi ed Duni 29 37 37 N 24 47 11 E 

216 03600040 Al Jaqhbub Salt lakes of Hatiet esh Sheibat 29 36 45 N 24 42 52 E 

217 03600050 Al Jaqhbub Baher al Arrashiya 29 36 38 N 24 51 37 E 

218 03600060 Al Jaqhbub Baher es Sobat 29 36 12 N 24 48 40 E 

219 03700010 Sarir Sarir government farm 27 44 27 N 22 04 15 E 

220 04000010 Al Kufra Buwaymah lakes 24 13 19 N 23 21 22 E 

221 04000020 Al Kufra Al Jawf lake = Remains of Al Jawf lake 24 12 04 N 23 16 37 E  Fig. 14 Map of Libyan wetlands . /0) +0)                                     "      ! "    42 ! "   #                    ' ( 43 APPENDIX 2 - Ranking of Libyan wetlands $          &  ) * + &             ' *  )   )   .0)9 6 $   &+                "   $  The ranking of each site was determined by the number of species in each of four categories, in the following order 10)200)           (in descending order of importance):                   "     # 1 '  Z sites of international importance (mean values >1% of biogeographical population);     #   $                   Z potential sites of international importance (max. values >1% biogeographical population);    & -  .,   ! "      Z sites of national importance (mean values >1% of national mean and >25 individuals);             '* #  $%% Z potential sites of national importance (max. values >1% of national mean and >25 individuals). 3: '2 ;             For Yellow-legged/Caspian Gull, which were treated as one species, the top 20 sites (cf. table in Species Accounts) 34'   & were used in place of the latter categories. Hence, top sites with a mean higher than 25 individuals were considered                         as sites of national importance, those with a lower mean as potential sites of national importance.    ! "     #    , $%%    &          )   Sites given the same ranking (e.g. no. 24) qualify for the same number of species in all categories of site importance. 5: '0) '):   $    The Tawurgha complex is listed as a whole and separately with all its count units (each marked with an asterisk).            "    $    It should be noted that what is called here, for the sake of concision, a “site of international importance” in 5 6          fact means a “site fitting the bird population criteria identified by the Ramsar Convention for the selection of                internationally important wetlands”. ! "        #   $       <!6              #             ! "    &   -  .,   

        #        *  0"  )            )        R              R                                       #   ! "     #   $  ,       '   # $%%   -  .,           #        R                    -                ! "     )   .,    ! "  #     ( )*  $     +  #   $ $%%                       '= &                  "  #               ' (              #        R    -  .,    #   )  )  *   -  ., ) )   &+         #   $%%                       &    &             #        -  ., #- '        ! " +,  - )         )  ,+              ,,               #      ,& "      7)8             '     #                      R        ) $        #     &   ,  & -   &   #4'&   .,      !"         )                                         -  ., &   ! "    ' *  #            )      $         R    #7  ! "  #     #                 ( 4 $   & .  )  !'  "   ! "   &         &                                #         &          "       #     #   ( '' )     $                +& '0 977%  > ' #$   %& ' &    -  ., # $ -  .,              &                                                 "   "     '* #  #         &            "       &%  +: '             #& '0  ,  + 0)62 8             )                         #  ,     44 45  7'' #= 08 / ' ;') .  0)'           #         & + ='          &                                       "  #   '**      #               -  .,  + %-)* 178 ') '   :                   ! " ! "            "  -  #7 7 0  .,                      -  .,             + <') '                     0)  8'8  ! "    #7 =)) 3/6' <       $                      "  -                 . 20') .,                         # 4') : '4      ,' 6       ! " 3 9           1: '         R #          R  #''           R            "             1$  *'  )   4[  )  = 08 #</ '         #                  "   3  0)'                       #  #<4*0) 1 '                              #   %') 3:)?          #: '0)  1 = ')        &                                  R           $   #: '6  1: '7'             )           & 3=) 6'            "                            #: '   "   -  ., 1: '9 );                 -  .           , /6  ( ')')  /         -  ., 1'  ' ') 3= ;6'                           #  #           "              -  .,              9*)          5==           #                  "   <00          5='  *                   )  , 

57 7   : '7&0)');       ) *       &          "  5   0 '           #$  *; )  ) Fig. 15 Gulls are a key feature       -  ., of most Libyan wetlands.  ' '     A flock of Audouin’s Gulls, with single Lesser Black-backed        "  and Yellow-legged Gulls (Photo: H.Azafzaf, Sabkhat al Kuz , 2007). 46 APPENDIX 3 - Addendum REFERENCES 47

        )%==)(: J8 )0 Counts of these sites were inadvertently omitted from the database during analysis. Where relevant, they have ! " # been referred to in the species accounts (e.g. Greylag Goose, Cattle Egret)   H  0)  9 J<=? $  $ % &  ' ( )      >J3 : 3 JJI $J9(+9.-= H    " ! * <7.  0 3 03 % 0 $R Wadi at Tut Wadi Zaret Wadi Ghan Wadi al Tobacco '   0H 803   >03C13D615D Species dam dam dam Mujaynin dam factory, Tripoli ++,-. ++ /      R           '  0     ;9.? /:3  3$+    (05/01/2006) (05/01/2006) (05/01/2006) (05/01/2006) (17/02/2010) 1 )   R% 0 $    3  :?   !        ?       Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus 3 4)  :3  ?$ . I "* *! Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 52 ++,-,3 ,  !" #      1 E#  %?+     3$$ $$%   &'(  (   , $ :      " 8   %  Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 910   )&'*   " +),   *    /"/ '  0  1)   R% 0 $  Little Egret Egretta garzetta 14 E3 %4F 7      >     /     :(C ((      %       ?  Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 1123 ++, 89 :9  ,&$0 (8    >     3 $  ;. & <( ,3+  - (3 ;  #  =  $ Greylag Goose Anser anser 8 3          %! -(       >    >3   0" =  >    !"/!/* H ; +  &$  9A    3 0"@@AAA   $ Shelduck Tadorna tadorna 1  7@ @  ++, 89 :9  ,&$0 Wigeon Anas penelope 18 ;. & < ,3+   - (3 ;  #  (         >        ( 0" E Teal Anas crecca 56 49  !" %  , .  / .  $   01 2  .  3  %  9A   30"@@AAA   $  7@ @  '  0    0 $   ?  @(  Pintail Anas acuta 432 :   ;:@'8&: & ? 3  1   $    >    .0 9 -&? ;>    0 & = $3 '8&:@ 6'(     $ %   %       Shoveler Anas clypeata 55 1 &=  ? (8    >     3 $ 0"@@AAA  $@@  @[ @ C @A C Coot Fulica atra 2  C CD C#    H;,3 :H:D.(3HJ- ( 7 % D H $ HH Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus 1 ++, 89 :9  ,&$0;.  %   "    $   3$ ?   2  $   &<,3+-(3;! (   !" %   ".E"##! Redshank Tringa totanus 2 , . / . $04  02  . 5 '  0  0$  ?  @( : ;:@  1 -( 9!)0\A "A0 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 1 '8&:& ? 3 1  $  0      A0   R  > "  7    ! F  1  & = $3 '8&:@&= 1 0 -( 9  )0( %[ Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis 1 0"@@AAA  $@@  @[ @ C @A C &  $0'<  //*  C CD C!   Total number of birds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r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`/c`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 (;$  9 R  :- 8 *  = 3 J1 7!=  $(0 H         3  ?   $  G >  0=;   ,((  %%!  "     #  "  +  8    " E  , ""   "EEE# SPECIES   (   8 0  1 - F   ; 7  = 3 J1 7*)           ;$    3   9       (   A  $   0   ;        /R         8     ;    , ./## 7 ) !" #*"   ( ?3  = 7! .  $  %   = 03 I)3:;;0 J, HJ(A   ACCOUNTS    .   03 -,   1;-  ( ! "   C  $ ! $  '  :    (   > -   : E    $ , !$ % C$ %  , !$ !, !  (H )A (0   =   >     !  7   ((     .0  =  >    =$  $   (3 ; &$0 ;. & < ,3+  ++ ,  8 9 9  : !  =     A  $    =0[  9:   > ?     $      A  J # ! 7 $F#!" *   A  $      ( 2   :% #" E    (3 ; ++ , - 9   , *  )0 O& P (  )<  % *    %!*7"/##   =   J ?    )0    0 H)  !    "" 3$   $   &     > " (3 J-:3) 7833 A    0 -:3) )0?   "4  $ $   3$ A    $0&  . A  0  0    : E    & % '   > . A ?8AH=  ,   -J  1  $ $  E "/ /E# M :  '7,(% < 8 "/!E  F?& E/< $   /  :?  (H3 ,=<D 1%-:( E=   E/ 0<  0A  )  =>=%8 E7 F)080  

   (  . - I   ( 7        = " +  " ?%%  '  06<  $ ;));->(:  )$ (3 7

  (3 & 1,  /E >;     3  $ r =  %! # "  *

 (  J-1  7;F-   ! $ =  )0% 0 $ (I 

(  J-1  7/7#  $ $ 7- 7E '6= E"E/ Greylag Goose MLO6=5=

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Flock of Greylag Goose near Bologna, Italy, Mar. 2006 200620.R.(Q.U$.(SNQNBLR'="Q.B;B0 & -D..R=Q&1NQ&LRE(O

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

0 1 0 250 < 25

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-1 (populations between around 25,000 and 100,000). Rare visitor B 25,000BP$#Q&.; Q&) .(AEWA : B-1)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< species in Libya, previously recorded at Benina airport near Benghazi in winter 1954 [29]. This goose can be found in an extremely 0U. $Q0LN&XR0LN%ZRPN1NQ&& G .[40]'NW
&B0.T18&2##0@."(]Q& &=&<&0B8&).S0;Q&0B<\&0W.GBA.(&9HB"508&9HLR0QN']BE cereal grains [40]. During six years of census in Libya, a lone individual was observed at Umm Hufayn near Temimi, on 31/01/2010, )NXQ&D.&B;HPN?$B&=JLL(;( B1](Q1$ZH.&=N"0(S.%DB31/01/2010PNP%(%XQ&LR'="Q.B!F?"PNM$(Z]C;(FB=S.J0N(Q& and eight individuals were recorded not far from Tripoli at Wadi Attot Dam on 5/01/2006 (see [3]). These birds are probably from the ..(W(QPN.T;E&NXQ.;&JR. Q&.'S"B;WU &< Q&B0WH.&&EO&N& ..BB0B"CHB(=(LLR0N(Q&A\&PN[88] 20450OQ$ 2575.; Q&,B&=XU?SNCPN.("U=N">.%I>B.B BPN .XQ&PN?.XS.B0%'R.&;L"1$ZH important numbers of wintering birds recorded in other North African countries, in Tunisia numbers varied from 2575 to 20450 [88], in 0W]&Q.BB .[41] 1272OQ$ 51LR.&;L8&1FB&=C 2000B 19960&HB.R'= &PN .[87] 1994=U.&UPN1$ZH.=N 14500'0."U.RB&0&>XNPN 1913 Algeria one pair was breeding in 1913 at Lake Fetzara and up to 14500 individuals were censused in January 1994 [87]. In Morocco )&N&]Q&PN .[63]0Q ]$QKX&R.NEB1WYC0Q.";ENCL#QB1U0.R(=([BPN 1942=U.&UPN1$ZHC"N.&=N" 6&0..S=WX U8N&Q&&.%IPN.'&RCHNX&'N&E>B.PN&;E&NCJO&9WW"8N&Q&&

Greylag Goose 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean D..R=Q&1NQ& All sites EO&N&E(%E Umm Hufayn 0 1011 !F?" & Annual totals 000001 DN&]Q&8N% No. of sites where recorded 000001 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Ruddy Shelduck UL 0MRE"R 055 Tadorna ferruginea 

Nicola Baccetti © PX(C.B N#(S Ruddy Shelduck in captivity, Italy, 2003 2003.(Q.U&=H &PN(B=NNB"CB

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

01 0 200 < 25

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern, IUCN Red List; AEWA, A-1c (for the NW African population). A rather poorly known winter '=M>.%I(=( Q) (AEWA: A-1c)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< vagrant in Libya with only four winter records [27, 29], the most recent being our lone bird at Sabkhat Boubesla, close to the Tunisian '="Q.B0$]BNB&0\WHPN;(FB=S.QJ(Z]XQ&@.P.T=G!B[2927]0UNXQ&).FN]&> G)&=R0 B0"C"NJZHB.(W(QPN;E&NXQ&J($O (.("U=N" border on 20 January 2006. This record represents the species’ sole record in the present survey programme. Except for the odd 8N&Q&& G;(FNQ&NT8N&Q&&<'QJ(Z]XQ&&P=WX U>&>U 2(FJ(&Q&='SB [88]?SNC<=I'N&EB=(WPJ#B;E&NXR=(M visitor [63]. Western Tunisia is thus the eastern limit of the North West African breeding population from where any Libyan vagrants  .XIPN0HNHLR'="Q.B0N(J0XHLR'=HJZH ..(W(QPN1$ZHPXQ&.&=N8&K RJW"MS";"X U2(F.("U=N"<=I>.%IPN@ C probably originate. A flock of six birds near Cyrene in winter 1951/52 [29] most likely came from the Middle Eastern or Black Sea .(W(Q'=MPN).MB?R&;M).F&B;.#XH&K'&LR@N#(H ..NH8&=[WQ&(=(LB"CHB8&<=Q&(=( QP%X&C9E08&O$L [29] 1951/52 populations. It would be interesting to explore further the oases of Ghadames and Ghat in Western Libya to determine their possible [PDR] ..'(N@ UB";E&NXUPXQ&0"&%$QOO";[P0$%X&.'X(%T";U;[XQ importance as areas for extra-limital breeding or vagrancy. [PDR]

Ruddy Shelduck 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean (B=NNB"CB All sites EO&N&E(%E Sabkhat Boubesla 1 0 0 1 1 0$]BNB0\WH Annual totals 010000 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 010000 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Shelduck CP@ J"R 057 Tadorna tadorna 

Jaber Yahia © P[U=B.E Male Shelduck at Sabkhat Hassila, Libya, Mar. 2010 201020.R.(W(Q0$(
&0\WHPN@.R='ICB=P/

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

39625 9 750 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern, IUCN Red List; AEWA, A-3c (showing significant long-term decline). Principally a winter 7N[$R5.!\S&='U) (AEWA: A-3c)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< visitor to Libya; a very few pairs might conceivably nest at sites like Tawurgha or in coastal sand dunes, but this has not been 1WYUKQL#QB0($F.]Q&0($R=Q&@.WY#Q&PNB" .M0B.CJYREO&NRPN@ CE&;E0$($O+&B1";ENC;O.(W($QDNXI=S&1E.H.H" (JUNQ&C;&O$L proved. In winter, Shelducks favour shallow saline wetlands where they filter their food from liquid mud. Totals varied considerably LRP$#Q&.; Q&PN; XG & .JS.]Q&JFNQ&LRMS&;WCPXQ&.'&JNRLR.("U=N">.%IOQ$JCPXQ&.&=N8&K R .;= R=(M>&1 @.R='Q& of Jebel Akhdar. The origin of these Shelducks remains unclear: most Shelducks reach North Africa from their autumn moulting site J%X&LRB;WUB.(W(QPN0%O=R.&=N"B")."$FD";W0LL).RN$ RD";ENC [144143]T0BD.&BBLU&=Q&='S>NJO$L=U.&UOQ$=W%NNSLR.BN&E in the European Wadden Sea by migrating south from November to January along the Rhine and Rhone valleys [143,144], but there are [MS] [email protected](Q&B.(S.WQ"B.(Q.U&.%(H B.BB0B"<=I'N&EPN@( XQ&EO&NRLRJU.' B@" no ringing recoveries in Libya, and it seems possible that some arrive from breeding sites in southeast Europe, notably Italy, Albania and Greece. [MS]

Shelduck 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean @.R='ICB Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Abu Kammash 54 142 165 522 0 0 522 177 3.%PNB"0\WH Al Hishah* 92 120 201 83 76 123 76 201 116 *0('Q& Sabkhat al Kuz 1 15 13 137 103 89 1 137 60 1N#Q&0\WH Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 1 24 0 80 6 0 0 80 19 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Millitah 15 0 47 0 0 47 16 MX($R0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 2 0 0 35 0 34 0 35 12 *(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 59 440005911 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sites with mean >1 ind. (1<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Sabkhat Tabilbah 20 20 20 20 .W$(B.C0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 000909093 MS.U>Q&L Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 0 0 17 0010173=U;E&2"0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Sabkhat Fairuz 0 0 15 0000153 1B=(N0\WH Sabkhat Ras Lanuf 3 3 20032 ;NS 2"00\WH Al Mallahah 2 2 2 2 0F & Sabkhat Ayn ash Shaqiqah 0 8 0 10082 0"("Q&L0\WH Sabkhat Julyanah 307000072 0S.($E0\WH Sites not shown (n=10) sum of means : 7 (10=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 107 302 403 521 759 281 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 9 10 9888 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 95 144 203 206 82 157 82 206 148 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Wigeon ROM

Fabio Cianchi © PXS.CN(B.N Wigeon pair at Orbetello, Italy, Dec. 2010 2010 .=W%]U..(Q.U&B (X(B0B&PND&NQ&LR+B1

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

4813 4 3000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-2c (significant long-term decline). Non-breeding visitor to Libya, C;&O$L=(WP5.!\S&) (AEWA: B-2c)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< mostly observed in the macroareas of Benghazi and Tawurgha, each of which includes one wetland of national importance, Sabkhat 0S.($E0\WHE.(&JB0%'R(;F&B0WJ00"&RJ%C.%T P .M0B.CBD1. &B).\WHPN;TNIM% R.(W(QPN@ R=(M=S&1=S.J (JUNQ& Julyanah and Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed, respectively. Apart from a 2005 record of a flock of 15 birds at Sabkhat Al Kuz, to sites belonging 0S.($E).\WH/P=RL%TLRPXQ&EO&N&1N#Q&0\WHPN=S.J 15LR@N#R'=H 2005PNJZHDE .PQ&NXQ&O$L;%F"=O0\WHB these two macroareas together represent more than 90% of the average total for this small wintering population. These are the only E.UN&H=S.Q&.'(N;E&NXUPXQ&(;(FNQ&EO&N&PTB ..(W(QPNPXCPXQ&(=( $QP$#Q&.; Q&CHNXRLR % 90LR=YP"JYE. R;%F&=OB areas where the species appears to be of annual occurence, generally in small groups of 20-30 birds with occasional peaks up to a =WP"@$J%X&LR)&N&]Q&B BPN.=N0S.&JC;O.&;L*BPT=LJ#B.S.(F"B=S.J 30OQ$ 20LR(=( W).LN%ZRPN;E&NXU?.LJ#B hundred individuals. In some years it is possible that the largest flocks from Sabkhat Julyanah or Qasr Ahmed were resting at sea, 0R.Y$Q&MS.($E)D1. &BPN0D YQ&)&=([WQ& .)&N&]Q&B; XG &=]!U& Q&?"0\WHB;%F"=O0\WHJYR0(S.&Q&==WQ&@"/W]B. 0=YP".(W(Q<=I from the views of Bundy [29] who stated that the species was “evidently more numerous” in the east of Libya, maybe because the [63]=RPN (0.XS&JO")B" [88]?SNCPN.'&L.(W(QPNJO&.&;L*B;E&NXU8N&Q&&Sahara [139], Sudan excepted. [PDR]

Wigeon 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean D&NQ& Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Julyanah 0 2 10 16 95 0 0 95 21 0S.($E0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 1 0 65 00006511*(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Sabkhat Umm al Ez* 15 10 0 0 15 8 *> Q&?"0\WH Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 17 4 10 0 0 0 17 5 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat al Kuz 15 000000153 1N#Q&0\WH Ayn Tawurgha* 900400092 * .M0B.CL Sabkhat Tabilbah 2222 .W$(B.C0\WH Hijarah lake 2 0 0 2 1 (0.Z
&(=([B Sabkhat al Hammam 0 2 0 0 2 1 ?.%
&0\WH Al Hishah* 200001021 *0('Q& Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 0200021 2?SNB0.O0\WH Wadi Zaret Dam 0 0010010 )0&1D.&B;H Wadi Kaam mouth 010000010 ?. PD.&BKN Annual totals 27 35 89 36 96 3 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 444622 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 12 15 75 40107518* .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Gadwall R PA"R 061 Anas strepera 

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Gadwall pair near Ferrara, Italy, Mar. 2009 200920.R.(Q.U$&0&=(N'=OD0.%HCBLR+B1

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

1511 3 1100 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-2c (significant long-term decline). A rare but annual non-breeding =(WPJ#BAO.&XU) (AEWA B-2c)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< visitor to Libya, which reaches the southernmost point of its wintering range on the northern border of Sahara, Sudan excepted. It PN0(XXQ&HJ.&0(Q.%Q&.B;[$Q'N&\&PN0"SOO"OQ$JU2(F.(W(QPN@ R=(M.UN&H=S&1M&#QB0..S(JUNQ&C;&O$L has been irregularly recorded in some of the most bird-rich coastal lagoons as well as in some dams of the Tripoli region but always ?$B&=JLR'="Q.B.B;]Q&B BPNIQ G0"&&?!SPNC=&1B.ZXC.R0..SBE.%S&.0$($O.&;L*BL#QB observed between interannual variations in records and sampled sites illustrates the sporadic occurence of the species in space and  0$($"Q&) (Z]XQ&AQ&B@.#&PN=Y WR.(W(QPN=S.Q&&Q& B@.#&PN 2005 to 2010, only two reach an average abundance above two individuals and one, the near-pristine brackish pool of Sabkhat Umm (=R>B8B [59] 2005=U&=WNPND1. &BLR'="Q.B1$ZH0XH0N(J(=LLR=YP"DB+UD Q&?"0\W]Q0
.&A.(&5NFNTB/U=O;F&BEONRB al Ez, held more than ten birds; six were recorded near Benghazi in February 2005 [59] and, for the first time ever in Fezzan, a female 2(F?SNCB.BB0B80W.&)&=U;"XQ&ERD1&NXQ.BBEH&B<.SO$LB .[77] 2007=W%]U.PN2NR.&Q&B&BPN=P/BBOYS"JZH@&>NPN< J &O$L and a tame drake at Waw an Namus on December 2007 [77]. However, on a larger scale, and in line with the estimated trend for '&=H8&=WP".&;L"JC [29] 1975JWO) (Z]XQ&(0;&B0S0."R0(Q.
&).FN]&PNE&;E&NC=YP"8N&Q&&B;Q&PN.'&R0(X&0N(Q&LRJO&.&;L"DB+C.(W(Q@"E.[T&BB;WUB :[88,63].=N 500OQ$(0B.&>B;Q&PN0$Z]& present survey in comparison with the apparent scarcity of records before 1975 [29]. Largest winter flocks recorded in neighbouring [PDR] .WI [146]JWOLR(;%X &B.BB0B"'=M>.%IBCHNX&=[WQ& /.NH8&=[WQ& /.BB0B"CHB<.SPNPXCPXQ& countries amount to 500 individuals [63, 88]: it seems clear that Libya holds fewer wintering birds than either of these countries, possibly because it lies between the winter ranges of the Central European/Black Sea/Mediterranean and the North-West European populations recognised by WI [146]. [PDR]

Gadwall 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean D0.%HCB All sites EO&N&E(%E Sabkhat Tabilbah 8888 .W$(B.C0\WH Sabkhat Umm al Ez* 020 2 0207 *> Q&?"0\WH Wadi al Mujaynin Dam 04 2042 &(&D.&B;H Wadi Zaret Dam 0 0640062 )0&1D.&B;H Sabkhat Julyanah 542000052 MS.($E0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 090000092 0S.U>Q&L Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 3 0032 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 0500051 2?SNU0.O0\WH Ayn Tawurgha 000600061 .M0B.CL Wadi Turghut 3 0 0031 ).M=CD.&B Al Hishah* 300001031 *0('Q& Annual totals 14 13 22 21 6 11 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 422423 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 30206210205 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Teal RMY/ 063 Anas crecca 

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Teal: flock of males and females at Ajdabiyah sewage farm, Libya, Feb. 2011 2011=U&=WN.(W(Q.(B&;E"(0.(BPN*.S$B0NP/DNXI;;F :'=H

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

44827 9 10600 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status : Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C-1. Non-breeding visitor in Libya, Teal is the second most .(W(QPN@ R=(M=S&1 .(AEWA : C-1)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< widespread and abundant Anatidae in Libya, although below wintering totals for Egypt [63] and Tunisia [88] by a factor of ten. Total ?SNCB [63]=RPN .XQ&PN0$Z]&.&;L8&LRJO".'S"ER.(W(QPN Anatidae0$(NLR;E&NXQ&B0.XS &2(FLR8NS=WP"PS.DNT8N&Q&&Q&ER=( XRB;WUL#QB.=N 700JU.(W(QPNPQ.%E &.; Q& .(=LF$WUJR. [88] including most important ones. Pattern of wintering site occupancy appears therefore impredictable, which can be tentatively 0BN WBPQ.%E &CHNX%$QET&NX&KZ
& (" :(H.H"$R. QE.(S;WR& U@"L# B.'B+W&XQ&L#  0(XXQ&PN.'$ X]CPXQ&EO&N&6." attributed to two major factors: a) modest mean size and low detectability of roosting flocks hidden in reed or Arthrocnemum beds ?;L ('B (DB ]Q&B"0R.Y$Q&0S.($E0\WHJYR) Arthrocnemum).WS). %cB"/"Q&JG&.0(!\R@N#CPXQ&B'&=H8&1(WRLP.R";U;b (e.g. sabkhat Julyanah, al Thama or Esselawi) and b) impredictability of wintering wetland choice, including apparently small and/ JP.'[]RKXUPXQ&EO&N&L%T@N#XQ.T0.(XG&KXUKQPXQ&B0$!&=(MB"/B(=( Q&EO&N&J%CB(0.X&0WJ=Q&PT&08.B+W&XQ&O$L(0;"Q& or unfavourable sites that were deliberately not chosen to be surveyed every year because of their relatively little importance (e.g. B0HNX&0(%T8&)&/0UNXQ&EO&N&PNE&;EEH&NQ&.T0.XS&OQ$0N.T .B (.(B&;E&PL.&Q&='&Q&@&>GJYR)E.(W]S.'X(%T"0$O/W]B0&H Ajdabiyah GMMR reservoir). In addition, the very wide distribution of wintering sites of medium importance and the absence of O$LB).FN]&LRC"N(=(G8&)&N&]Q&PN0%'&EO&N&LR&D&;.XP&J !Q.BB .&.
&NT.%P.(W(QPN .XQ&PN therefore a possibility that many more teals go undetected in winter in Libya, as is often the case in any other African or European )&=([WQ&.'(Q$>NWNQ&L#  PXQ&.B;]Q&JYR.(W(QPN0NB= R=(M>&>C 8N&Q&&<'QJO. RPTPXQ&BC=G8&0WJ=Q&PT&08&B B@".U"J%X& mid-winter surveys of this rather cryptic and dispersed species. It is also possible that some other wintering stronghold wetlands A;#I&LR'="Q.BB.'WHJYR) 1982JWO0(XX$QEO&N%P0NB= RL#CKQ.'&R;U; Q&@"2(F &=[Q&PN)&=([WQ&B"@;&PF&NTPN0($F.]Q& remain unknown in Libya, e.g. in access-restricted dams, suburban coastal lagoons or in desert pools, since several of the latter [PDR] .(2NR.&Q&B&B?.%
&0\WHJYR)0(Q.
&).FN]&JWOB" ([383729] were unknown as wintering sites before 1982 (e.g. Sebha and nearby Ashkidah [29, 37, 38] or before the present survey (e.g. Sabkhat al Hammam, Waw an Namus). [PDR]

Teal 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean DNXI;;F Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Ajdabiyah GMMR reservoir 174 174 174 174 .(B&;E&@&>G Burayqah Jadida Desalinator 100 100 100 100 ((;U;\&0"U=WQ&)=[WQ&A.(R0($b0[R Wadi Zaret Dam 90 220 10 75 8 8 220 81 )0&1D.&B;H Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 178 50 167 1 0 0 178 66 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat al Hammam 120 45 0 0 120 55 ?.%
&0\WH Wadi al Mujaynin Dam 40 15 100 15 100 52 &(&D.&B;H Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 00002600026043*(.O=I);%F&=O0\WH Hijarah lake 75 7 7 75 41 (0.Z
&(=([B Sabkhat Julyanah 26 25 110 0 49 1 0 110 35 0S.($E0\WH Al Mallahah 31 31 31 31 0F & Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 5 92 74 54009230 1?SNU0.O0\WH Al Hishah* 31 30 20 25 47 13 13 47 28 *0('Q& Ayn Zayyanah 0 11 150 005015028 MS.U>Q&L Waw an Namus 26 26 26 26 2NR.&Q&B&B

Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat at Tamimi 25 0 0 0 25 8 P%(%XQ&0\WH Other sites (mean >1 ind.) (1<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Ayn Tawurgha* 13 17 0 1 0 17 0 17 8 * .M0B.CL Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 15 0 0 15 8 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B Ayn al Ghazalah 15 0 0 0 15 5 0Q&> Q&L Sabkhat Karkurah 0 0 20 0 0 0 20 4 (0NP=P0\WH Wadi al Khalij 0 11 0 0 11 4 3($&D.&B Sites not shown (n=7) sum of means : 7 (7=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 231 501 666 363 500 424 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 11 999910 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 44 47 20 26 307 30 20 307 79 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Mallard R P 065 Anas platyrhynchos 

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Mallard pair near Ferrara, Italy, Mar. 2009 2009.20.R.(Q.U&&0&=(NLR'="Q.BD0.G+B1

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

32 14 4 20000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C-1. A very rare but widespread and annual wintering duck in EH&BL#QBE&;E0..SCWQ&&.;FOO"OQ$JUB.(W(QPNE.UN&HPXUB0.XS & as literature [38, 77] provide several records in Fezzan including sixteen birds at Waw an Namus [77] and fifteen at Hijarah lake near PN.R.XS&=YP"A;E&NC .2008=U.&UPN.'$P.'WHLR'="Q.B(0.Z
&(=([BPN 15B [77]2NR.&Q&B&BPN=L0XHIQ/PN. @&>NPN) (Z]C Sebha, all in January 2008. Found to be more regular in west, notably in Tawurgha complex, than in east (contra Bundy [29]). Six =S.J 15DNbB?. Q&CHNX&LR % 90.WU="CDB+CEO&NR0XH .(contra Bundy [29])<=Q&PNM&R=YP" .M0B.C).\WH/P=RPN.%(H '= Q& sites, accounting for almost 90% of the average total, held 15 birds or more at least once, whereas at the other eight occupied @"@B.1]Q&)&N&]Q&).FN]R> GC"N(;F&B(=RM$(Z]CC=G8&EO&N&0(S.%YQ&PN.%&(B).FN]&> G(;F&B(=RJO8&O$L=YP"B" sites, the species was only detected once over six years, never with more than four birds. Libyan wintering totals appeared to GS9]R2(F 2010B 2007PX&H&;L.R)&N&]Q&/$M&PN&=S.J 400B&=O.(W(QPN .XQ& .&D"=S.Q&&

Mallard 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean D0.G Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Wadi al Azrak* 27 27 27 27 *<01 &D.&B Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Hijarah lake 15 4 4 15 10 (0.Z
&(=([B Wadi Zaret Dam 6 12 0 21 0 0 21 8 )0&1D.&B;H Sabkhat al Hammam 1 5 15 1 15 7 ?.%
&0\WH Ayn Tawurgha* 4 12 0 16 2 4 0 16 6 * .M0B.CL Sabkhat Julyanah 21 050000214 0S.($E0\WH Ajdabiyah GMMR reservoir 4444 .(B&;E&@&>G Mellahat al Mesherrek* 4444 *<=&0F R Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 4 0 0 00041 .O0>Q&L0\WH Al Hishah* 400000041 *0('Q& Sabkhat Gfanta 1 0 0010 0&!O0\WH Wadi al Mujaynin Dam 0 1 0010 &&D.&B;H Wadi Turghut 0 1 0010 ).M=CD.&B Sabkhat al Kuz 010000010 1N#Q&0\WH Annual totals 40 41 18 37 42 12 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 643443 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex 8 39 0 16 2 8 0 39 12 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Pintail ;MS=S

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T Pintail flock on Sabkhat Al Thama, Libya, Jan. 2008 2010.=U.&U.(W(Q0R.Y$Q&0\WHPN>NW$WQ&'=H.

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

19223 7 7000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-2c (Significant long-term decline). Non-breeding visitor in Libya, C;&O$L=(WP5.!\S&) .(AEWA:B-C2)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< the Pintail is the third most abundant and widespread Anas species in Libya and is probably much more numerous on migration, as PN>.
&NT.%P(=Z'Q&PNE&.; C=YP". 0B.(W(QPN0.XS &EH&BB Anas8NSLR(=NB=YP"2Q.DNT>NW$WQ&.(W(QPN@ R=(M=S&1 (JUNQ& is the case in Egypt [63] and Tunisia [88], as Lake Chad basin can sometimes hold above 200,000 individuals in winter [139]. The species KT"PN .XQ&PN;E&NXU@"L# 8N&Q&&N).F&BPNIQ.Y&J(WHO$LM$(Z]CB.(W(QPN0WJ=Q&HJ.&& well as in Fezzan oases, both during this survey and according to the literature [27, 29, 38]. A record of an estimated 150 birds at Ashkidah PNM$(Z]C'=H=WP"PS.D@"=P Q&?"0\WHPN.=N 300LR'=H.(W(QPN 2006; B .XQ& individuals at Sebkhet Umm al Ez, which was well within highest Egyptian [63] and, to a lesser extent, Tunisian [88] standards in terms ?"0\WH .=S.J 200LRJO"CHNXRL%TIQ/ERET&NXR.(W(QPNPXCPXQ&(=( Q&KZF>&>U . .XQ&PN'&=H8&KZF=(U. RO$L .&B of wintering flock size. Libyan wintering population remains modest, however, with on average less than 200 birds. The brackish 1S.PPXQ&)&N&]Q&PN .XQ& .&D".(W(QPN(=( Q&.;LCHNXRGSDB+C0
.& .M0B.C).\WH/P=RJG&.E"CPXQ&B(=] Q&A.(&)&/> Q& Sebkhet Umm al Ez, situated well inside the vast salt marshes of Tawurgha wetland complex, provided half of the average Libyan 1501$WB..#Q.B .XQ&PN.&;L8& (0N.E1S.P.R;&L2010PN YR)8&NS8&JWOLR?;\X]CKQB"20;CKQPXQ&B=#WQ&MWI).\W]Q&.'(N winter population. In years when this near-pristine sabkhat was either not monitored or not used by the species (e.g. in 2010, when @.U.NQ&.B;HPNJO".; BBD1. &B0&U;RPN0 B08&)&=([WQ&PN .M0B.C).\WH/P=RPN>P=C.(W(QPN(=( Q&KZFLR % 90LR=YP" .=S.J it was dry), Libyan winter counts barely reached 150 birds. More than 90% of the Libyan winter population concentrates in the KM=Q&O$LPQ.
&C&> GLR.R;FOQ$EO&NQ&LR0WU=O.(W(QPN .XQ&PN1(F"PXQ&8&NS8&.&;L"@"J%X&LRB;WU& Q&?"0\WHPN(;( B'&=H");EB significant numbers could be overlooked somewhere inside the favourable and huge coastal lagoon complex of Tawurgha, just like the 2006 and 2007 winter flocks found in the remote Sabkhat Umm al Ezz. [PDR]

Pintail 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean >NW$WQ& Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Umm al Ez* 300 130 0 0 300 143 *> Q&?"0\WH Sabkhat Julyanah 50 40 40 0 50 29 0 50 35 0S.($E0\WH Wadi Zaret Dam 70 60 3 10 0 0 70 29 )0&1D.&B;H

Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Al Hishah* 12 25 9 14 22 18 9 25 17 * 0('Q& Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 000078007813* (.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 8 40 30000409 1?SNU0.O0\WH Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 6 10 25 1 0 0 25 7 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Wadi Ghan Dam 0 0 0 0 31 0 31 6 @.MD.&B;H Other sites (mean >1 ind.) (1<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Ajdabiyah GMMR reservoir 16 16 16 16 .(B&;E&@&>G Wadi al Mujaynin Dam 0 0 12 0 12 4 &(&D.&B;H Sabkhat Tabilbah 3333 .W$(B.C0\WH Wadi Turghut 7 0 0072 ).M=CD.&B Hijarah lake 0 4 0 4 2 (0.Z
&(=([B Sites not shown (n=10) sum of means : 6 (10=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 154 416 255 44 169 111 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 979487 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 12 325 140 14 100 18 12 325 102 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Garganey U1T/  069 Anas querquedula 

Wajih Bashimam © ?.R$3.BM(EB Garganey male at Ayn Tawurgha, Libya, spring 2010 2010E(B0 .(W(Q .M0B.CL P!(W;

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

12 0 1500 < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B - 2c (significant long-term decline). Mainly a passage migrant in C;&O$L=(WP5.!\S&) .(AEWA:B-C2)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< spring and autumn in Libya, breeding in eastern Europe and wintering south of the Sahara. The species was not recorded in January ).FN]&PN=U.&UPNJZ]UKQ8N&Q&& G .XQ&PN) (Z]C* DC"N;ENUB0(Q.
& December 1969 near Tripoli and on 14 January 1971 at Wadi Ghan [27]. Two records, involving three birds, were obtained under the .RO$L)@.&D&B)0&1D.&B;HPN 2007=U&=WN 7PN;F&B=S.J :0(Q.
&).FN]&> G0N(J0D D@.%C@ (Z]C [27]@.MD.&BPN 1971=U.&U 14PN present surveys: a single on 7 February 2007 at Wadi Zaret Dam and two shot birds (relatively fresh remains) on 1 February 2010 at LR@N#C@"9E08&.."XL &L#QB.(W(QPNPXCPXQ&0N(Q&L%TLR@N#C@";"X &LRB0Q&> Q&LPN 2010=U&=WN 1PN (E.YU;F@ NX"R&B;WU Ayn al Ghazalah; these may conceivably have been wintering birds, but were much more likely to have been late autumn migrants, =S&>\&PNE&;E0$($O.&;L*B .XQ&PN1$ZH.8N&Q&&<'Q .&YXH&JU &=[Q&>.%IPN .XQ&.T .O@"2(FGU=&=G&B"PN(=E.'&0N(Q& as wintering north of the Sahara remains the exception for this species. It has been recorded in winter in very small numbers in [9329].=N 150C; XC .(W(QPN.'$(Z]C(=E.'R0LN%ZR=WP" .=U.&U0U&;BPN.'$P=U&=WN 15JWOC"N) (Z]C* D;ENC2(F [88]?SNCB [87] Algeria [87] and Tunisia [88] where there are only three records before 15 February, all in early January. The largest migrant groups '&=H8&JC2(F=RPN0$Z]&.&;L8&LRJO"IQ Q&L) (Z]CB [88] .&(H>.%IPNGU=&PN.'W$M&; &).VROQ$ than in autumn, and even further below Egypt where flocks reach hundreds of thousands, mostly in autumn in northern Sinai [88]. The =S.Q(;F&B0"$F);EB;"N [88]=R'=MLR) (Z]XQ&B BB0UN& &0%("Q&B B='U.T0NWL .&D"0N(Q&;(W@"LRKM=Q&O$L[29].(W(Q Ayn al Ghazalah record is noteworthy because there are only four published records from eastern Libya [29], though the hunting kill [MS, PDR] .([39]B .K. ZsoltLRP\I>.C&)M%(O=CLRE(B.H"0XH; B<=WJPN 1994?]M" 8PN;EB.]%&Q&PNKO0OQB8&MX&HPN of birds on passage appears of some significance, and few records from western Egypt [88]. One ringing recovery of a bird ringed as a first-year in Hungary on 8 August 1994 and found at Tobruk six weeks later (K. Zsolt pers. comm. and Csorgo et al. [39]). [MS, PDR]

Garganey 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean P!(W; Q&L Wadi Zaret Dam 0 1000010 )0&1D.&B;H Annual totals 001002 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 001001 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Blue-winged Teal cPEa

Nicola Baccetti © PX(C.B N#(S The male Blue-winged Teal at Hijarah, Libya, 28 Jan. 2008. Digiscoping 2008=U.&U 28 .(W(Q(0.Z
& PN D=WQ&CWQ& ,.&\&<01"=(I=I

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

01 0 20000 < 25

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern, IUCN Red List; not an AEWA species because of its Nearctic origins. A male in breeding 0(B= Q&0QNW"/W]B AEWA0(O.!C&HF +0;R=(M(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< plumage was well watched on 28 January 2008 at Hijarah Lake near Sebha, 1,500 kms into the desert at 28°N, by all participants in KP 750; WC.'WHLR'="Q.B(0.Z
&(=([BPNDNXQ&9]&PNP0.&JPJWOLR 2008=U.&U 28PN=D.#XQ&@U=B=PB"MS"B;WUB .F.&\&<01"D=WQ&CWQ&8NSLR@N#C@"EONX&LRL#UKQ for Libya of this abundant American duck, which reaches Europe on an annual basis [94] and is probably also regular in North-West LRJPPN;F&BJ(Z]CJO8&O$L;ENU [134] 2005JWO (Z]C 19LR=YP"'= &PN0W.G[123].U".("U=N$'=M>.%IPNKX&RJ#B. 0B Africa [123], in particular Morocco, with over 19 records before 2005 [134]. There are at least one record each in Tunisia [88], Algeria [87] 200LR@N#R'=H0"N=B=S.Q&;TNI;T.CKQ*.S &@"9E=&LRB+B&>XQ&@U=B0NP/J%CJU=B&PN.'$P [111]=RB [87]=S&>\& [88]?SNC and Egypt [111], all in April, involving males in breeding plumage. It is likely that females would go undetected. The Libyan bird was DF UKQMS"LRKM=Q&O$L.BB0B">.%ILRMC=ZT; BK' R .XQ&P"U@.P. 0DNXI=(I=ICBB;=ZRNB"CBLR.'% R0!$X\R0B accompanying a mixed flock of 200 Eurasian ducks, mostly Shovelers and Teals, and was thus possibly overwintering with them, [PDR] .[94].T.. WXH&L#  0(S&N(
&HS&;
&C;F"LR1B=T@N#C;O.'S"0(Q.%XF&@" $2.&VXH&=N$HD" after migrating from northern Europe. Although it did not display any particularly tame behaviour, the possibility of it being an escape from aviculture collections cannot be discounted [94]. [PDR]

Blue-wingedg Teal 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean ,.&\&<01"=(I=I, \ <01 =(= All sites EO&N&E(%EEE Hijarahj lake 1 0 0 1 1 (0.Z
&(=([B0 Z =(B DN&]Q&8N%& Annual totals 0 0 0 1 0 0 No. of sites where recorded 0 0 0 1 0 0 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L='BJZEN Shoveler / a@MRE 073 Anas clypeata 

Jaber Yahia © P[U=B.E Male Shoveler at Wadi Kaam, Libya, 2009 2009.(W(Q?. PD.&BPN;=ZRNB"=P/

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

115629 11 4000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status : Least Concern. AEWA B-2c (Significant long-term decline). Non-breeding visitor in Libya, Shoveler is C;&O$L=(WP5.!\S&) .(AEWA : B-C2)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< the most widespread and, by far, the most abundant Anatidae species in Libya, although still well below wintering totals for Egypt LRJO">&>U IQ/ERB.(W(QPN Anatidae0$(NLR&;E&NC=YP8&B@&OXFE&0.XS&0N(Q&=YP";=ZRNB" ..(W(QPN@ R=(M=S&1 .(JUNQ& [63]. Highest national total counts for Libya can almost reach 2000 individuals and, although also lower, are however comparable to &=G+RM$(Z]CDQ&@"J%X&LRB .2010 .XIPN@.P.;LJO&@"PN/WH& G>.Y&J(WHO$L.'$(Z]C.R;FOQ$(=(WP.B&=H"B.(W(QPN0WJ=Q&PT&08&KT" in winter. The species is present in winter in most major wetlands of Libya and quite large flocks have for instance been recorded [PDR] .[3829]EE&=&."NBJO"C;RB.&;L*BB@&>N).F&B during this survey in several coastal wadis and lagoons, as well as in Fezzan oases, and, with smaller numbers and range, in the literature [29, 38]. [PDR]

Shoveler 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean ;=ZRNB" Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Al Mallahah 495 495 495 495 0F & Sabkhat Julyanah 130 180 320 442 320 450 130 450 307 0S.($E0\WH Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 82 531 352 640 171 0 0 640 296 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Hijarah lake 105 178 105 178 142 (0.Z
&(=([B Wadi Kaam dam 217 0 0 217 109 ?. PD.&B;H Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 00004090040968*(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Ajdabiyah GMMR reservoir 57 57 57 57 .(B&;E&@&>G Sabkhat al Kuz 55 4 0 242 20 0 0 242 54 1N#Q&0\WH Sabkhat al Hammam 90 40 0 0 90 43 ?.%
&0\WH Ayn Tawurgha* 29 12 54 55 75 17 12 75 40 * .M0B.CL Sabkhat Tabilbah 40 40 40 40 .W$(B.C0\WH Al Hishah* 63 40 42 52 16 21 16 63 39 *0('Q& Wadi Zaret Dam 50 30 30 73 2 2 73 37 )0&1D.&B;H Ayn Zayyanah 0 0 71 115 0 0 0 115 31 MS.U>Q&L Sabkhat Umm al Ez* 20 65 0 0 65 28 *> Q&?"0\WH Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Ayn ash Shaqiqah 4 107 0 4 0 0 107 23 0"("Q&L0\WH Sabkhat Millitah 0 0 72 0 0 72 18 .X($R0\WI Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 85 0 0 0 1 0 85 17 .O0>Q&L0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 0 80 000008013*(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 0 32 0 0 0 32 8 2?SNU0.O0\WH Sites not shown (n=9) sum of means : 22 (9=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 501 1082 938 1972 1844 598 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 10 12 8 13 12 10 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 92 152 161 107 500 40 40 500 175 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Marbled Duck "!@ T  075 Marmaronetta angustirostris 

Marco Zenatello © N$$U.X&U1NP0.R Marbled Duck at Ayn Tawurgha, Libya, Feb. 2011 2011 .=U&=WN.(W(Q .M0B.CLPNC\R=(I=I

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

41403 < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Vulnerable (IUCN Red List); AEWA: A1a (in CMS Appendix I), A1b (in Red List) and A1c (population below 1H[$&PNB .(AEWA : A-1a)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)5&="S Q5= R :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< 10,000). The Marbled Duck is a Sarmatic species par excellence with four distinct populations: the first has a fragmented distribution <&RL"CPXQ&8&NS8&) Sarmatic8NSC&=(I=Q& (10,000LRJO"A.;L) c1AB ( &=%
&0%S."Q&PN) CMS b1A(=E.'&8&NS8&0(O.!C in the Western Mediterranean and winters in North and West Africa, the second (by far the least numerous) breeds in the eastern '=MB>.%IPNPXCBCHNX&'=MPN">ZREU1NC.'QOQB8& :(>(%XR=S.L0 B0"PN (LUB>O=[BB.NH8&=[WQ&BCHNX&0"&RPN;( BLR1 Mediterranean and winters in Egypt, and the third and fourth breed in western and southern Asia, wintering respectively in Iraq O$L@ CB.(H"'N&EB'=MPN@ C0 B&=Q&B0YQ.YQ&B=RPNPXCBCHNX&<=IPN@ C (@&OXFJ($O.T.;L)0(S.YQ&B.("U=N" and Iran or Pakistan and North-West India [64, 146]. Regarded by Bundy as an accidental visitor to Libya [29], with single recent records ?]M"PN?$B&=JLR;(FBJ(Z]CER[29].(W($QPT=L=S&>PD;&B.'$ZH .[164,64];&'Q&'=M>.%IB@.X]P.BB"@&=U$B<&= Q&PNPQ&NXQ& from Tripoli in August and Benghazi in November [59], Marbled Duck is a rare wintering or passage bird in Libya, from the western (=( Q&0$[Q&0B< Q&A.(&5&NF"J!U .CHNX&'=M(=(LLR.(W(QPN=B.LB"DNXI0..S=S.JC&=(I=Q&[59]=W%NNSPND1. &BB Mediterranean population. It prefers small to medium-sized, fairly shallow freshwater pools and temporary wetlands with plenty PN;F&BEONR.UN&H=S.Q&.'B;E&NXUPXQ&EO&N&.;L.B;]Q&D0B.J#BB(;U;\&).C.W&Q&0!(YP0XO+&0WJ=Q&PT&08&BE.(W]S0HNX&OQ$ of new vegetation, and periodically dams. The number of occupied sites was only one a year. The highest annual winter counts * DPNC"N;E&NC8N&Q&& G .2009B 20080&HPN&=S.J 12@.P .XQ&PNM$(Z]C.;LO$L" .0&]Q& totalled 12 birds in 2008 and 2009. During the six winters the species was present in only three sites: Ayn Tawurgha, Al Mallahah EONRD"LR=YP"MQ0%S R=YP"B;WC0V(WQ&2(F .M0B.CLPN 2007=U&=WN 12PN1S.POQB8&(;T.& .)0&1D.&B;HB0F & .M0B.CL :EO&NR and Wadi Zaret Dam. The first observation was on 12 February 2007 at Ayn Tawurgha where the habitat appears to be more suitable ?R&;M(0.U>Q'.WH8&;F"B [4]?SNC'N&EPN)&=([WQ&>NF@ CBPXC8N&Q&&

Marbled Duck 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean C\R=(I=I All sites EO&N&E(%E Al Mallahah 11 11 11 11 0F & Ayn Tawurgha* 0 0 1 12 0 0 0 12 2 * .M0B.CL Wadi Zaret Dam 0 0010010 )0&1D.&B;H Annual totals 0 0 1 12 12 0 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 001120 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 0 0 1 12 0 0 0 12 2 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Pochard RLO A 077 Aythya ferina 

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Two male Pochards near Belluno, Italy, Feb. 2009 2009.=U=WN.(Q.U&N&($(BLR'="Q.BD&B=%F@&=P/

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

18010 4 10000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C – 1. A “scarce” [29] non-breeding visitor to Libya from the Central (=( Q&LR=S&1 [29] «0..S» .(AEWA:C-1)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< European and Black Sea population, relatively local as a wintering bird. This duck feeds mainly by diving and uses a large variety of J X]CBP](S0J#B? Q&0H&NBC< XC0WQ&AQ&L the largest group observed during six winters in Libya was of only 260, perhaps because only a few sites are really suitable for PNEO&NR 5B 2B.R.'(NJZHPXQ&EO&N&.;L .8N&Q&& G);TNI the species. The number of occupied sites was between two and five a year. Out of ten sites where the species was found during 0($F.H0WJ0HJ.&R.%T PP$#Q&.; Q&CHNXRLR % 90@.UB+CK'&R@.&D&)&N&H1]Q&> G=S.Q&.'(NJZHEO&NR 10L%TLR0&]Q& the six winters, two on their own held 90% of the average total, both of them coastal wetlands in the Benghazi macroarea. These 2(FLR.(S.D0S.($E0\WHKD B"PC*CDB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH .?.XS.B;E&NXU8N&Q&& G0N(Q&.; QDN&H>; RO$L" .[77]0"&&I$CPN0"B.]Q&)&N&]Q&PN=S.JD";ENUKQMS"LRKM=Q&O$L. .XQ& birds sighted in 2009, Waw an Namus was the most southerly site holding wintering Pochards, though none had been found there [HA] ..(W(QPN)."$FD"( &=OKXUKQ .2008PN the previous winter [77]. During six years of census the highest annual winter count was of 284 in 2008. We are not aware of any ring recoveries in Libya. [HA]

Pochard 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean DB&=%F Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 218 91 260 140 31 0 260 123 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat Julyanah 32 15 63 20 40 107 15 107 46 0S.($E0\WH Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Wadi Kaam dam 0 20 0 20 10 ?. PD.&B;H Waw an Namus 8 8 8 8 2NR.&Q&B&B Wadi Zaret dam 5 19 4300196 )0&1D.&B;H Al Mallahah 1 1 1 1 0F & Al Hishah* 300000031 *0('Q& Wadi Turghut 0 1 0010 ).M=CD.&B Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 1 0 0 00010 .O0>Q&L0\WH Wadi Kaam mouth 100000010 ?. PD.&BKN Annual totals 42 233 174 284 192 158 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 524353 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 300000031 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Ferruginous Duck FT)

Fabio Cianchi © PS.(HN(B.N Male Ferruginous Duck at Orbetello, Italy, Nov. 2000 2000=W%NNS.(Q.U$N$$(X(B0B&PN Q&B(B"DB&=%FCB=P/

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

2313 5 450 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN Red List); AEWA : A-1a (CMS Appendix 1), 1c (population numbers less than H[$&PNB) (AEWA:A- 1a)H[$RPN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F);U;'XQ&1b :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< 10,000 individuals) .Previously regarded in Libya as a winter visitor and perhaps a passage migrant, with up to 35 from September LR&=S.J 35OQ$JC.&;L*B=B.L=E.'%P. 0B.(W(QPNDNXI=S&>PHB.]Q&PN=WXL& .(&.=N 10.000LRJO"(=( Q&.;L) 1c (CMS0(O.!C 1 to December [29]. Cowan signalled the first record at Ashkidah (Fezzan) and observed a maximum of hundred individual at Sebha in +B1@";"XL&B[ 3837]=BNXP"PN.'WHPNOO";[P.=N0VR;T.IB (@&>N)(;#I&PN=S.$QJ(Z]C>B8 Cowan0.I"B .[29]=W%]U.OQ$=W%XWH October [37, 38], and a pair was strongly suspected to be breeding at Labdah in April 2005 [59]. Birds wintering in Libya are from the =[WQ&BCHNX&<=I.BB0B"<=IPN@ CPXQ&(=( $Q.(W(QPN .XQ&P"CPXQ&0N(Q&P%X&CB .[59] 2005JU=B&PN(;WQPN@ R@.P East European, East Mediterranean and Black Sea breeding populations, but we think there might also be a link to the Western )&N&]Q&JPPNP$[RPXRBE.(W]S0..S8N&P0(Q.
&).FN]&PNJZH .CHNX&=[WQ&'=M(=( B0$W=.&T@".U";"X S.&&#QB ..NH8& Mediterranean population. Recorded in the present surveys as a relatively rare and local wintering species every year from 2005 to .'WHB@NTPN &=[Q&PNB(=(W#Q&0WJ=Q&HJ.&&B BB).[IB?$B&=Q0(VJ.Q&)&=([WQ&B).\W]Q&B BPN;TNI .2010-2005LR 2010, Observations were made in some sabkhats and coastal lagoons of Tripoli and Cyrenaica and in the two major southern desert JS&NRLR0LN&XR0LN%ZR?;\X]U Q&B(B"DB&=%
&CWQ& .[77]=W%]U.=G&B"PN.T;E&NC HeringJZ]UKQB (2NR.&Q&B&BB(0.Z
&(=([B) wetlands of Houn and Sebha (Hijarah lake and Waw an Namus); not recorded at the latter in December by Hering [77]. The Ferruginous B.R.'BA;E&NCJZHPXQ&EO&N&.;L [email protected]&B0.'S8&).WRB.B;]Q&B)&=([WQ&BPC.W&Q& . Q&0!(YP). "&X]&.'(N. (..L0B< Q&A.(& Duck uses a variety of usually freshwater habitats, including densely vegetated marshes, lakes, dams. The number of occupied sites 0 WHO$L"0X]Q&0UNXQ&).FN]&> G;TNI2(F0 H&B).F.]RO$L=X&C. ONR 13EO&NR.;LPQ.%E*B0&HJPPNEO&NR 6 - 3 was between three and six sites a year. Out of a total of 13 sites, spread over a wide area, where the species was found during .&&#QB (.("U=N"CHBB>.%I(=(LLR=S.J 25B"=S.J 450)0(QB;Q&0(%T8&0WXLEO&N&LRD"; XUKQPQ.%E &CHNXRLR % 90DB+CEO&NR the six winters, the top seven held 90% of the average total. None of the sites attained the threshold for international importance 0\WH&.=N (19)?. PD.&B;HPN1$ZH.&;L8&=YP" .E.(&JB0%'REO&NR=WX CX&H .&D"JO8&O$L8N&Q&&.%I>B.PNPXC8N&Q&&\&LRC"N0%'R.&;L" [59] [63] of six in November near Benghazi . The highest annual winter total from 2005 to 2010 was of 36 birds. Generally small numbers Essam Bouras © 4&0NB"?.L <=IOQ$MX$F0J%#U@"JWO=W%NNSOQ$=BNXP"LR8N&Q&&.%I=WX UB . 1979PN 6580@.P.;LO$L"CHNX& of wintering Ferruginous Ducks also occur in other North African countries; important concentrations have only been recorded from Ferruginous Ducks at Sabkhat Tabilba, Libya, Jan. 2011 [HA] ..(W(QLR)."$FD".NENBK$L.&Q?(QB . [87]=S&>\&[88]?SNCPN(=( W.&;L*B8N&Q&&Q& - Q&B(B"DB&=%F Algeria, where 2,000 individuals were counted in January 1993 and in Egypt south to Aswan, Lake Burullus is one of the main winter sites in the Mediterranean, max 6580 in 1979 [63]. North Africa is considered as an important stopover area for this species from October to November before the species heads for its principal wintering areas in East Africa (Sudan, Ethiopia, etc) The species also breeds in small numbers in Tunisia [88] and Algeria [87]. We are not aware of any ringing recoveries from Libya. [HA]

Ferruginous Duck 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean  Q&B(B"DB&=%F All sites EO&N&E(%E Wadi Kaam dam 0 19 0 19 10 ?. PD.&B;H Wadi Zaret dam 3 18 6 13 0 0 18 8 )0&1D.&B;H Hijarah lake 5 4 4 5 5 (0.Z
&(=([B Sabkhat al Hammam 5 6 2 2 6 4 ?.%
&0\WH Waw an Namus 4 4 4 4 2NR.&Q&B&B Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 3 0 12 0 0 12 4 2?SNU0.O0\WH Wadi Turghut 2 6 0063 ).M=CD.&B Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 054300052 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat Julyanah 000501051 MS.($E0\WH Wadi Kaam mouth 120110021 ?. PD.&BKN Abrak Nutah lakes 1 0011 )N&P=B Al Hishah* 300000031 *0('Q& Ayn Tawurgha* 000001010 * .M0B.CL Annual totals 10 12 31 26 36 21 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 534663 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 300001031 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Tufted Duck V=MRE 083 Aythya fuligula 

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Male Tufted Ducks at Belvedere park in Tunis city, Tunisia, Feb.1990 1990.=U&=WN?SNC?SNC0&U;RPN&=U;(!($BA>X&RPN (.NH &<0>Q&)0$GNB"=P/

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

194 2 2000 < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C-1. A very rare and localized but annual non-breeding visitor to ;ENUBE&;E0..S .(AEWA:C-1)H[$&PN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F);U;'XQ&1b :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< Libya, concentrating only in the macroarea of Benghazi city center which includes the freshwater lagoons of Julyanah, al Thama J%CPXQ&BD1. &B0&U;RCHBPN0WJ=Q&HJ.&&LR0LN%ZRPNC"N>P=XU.(W(QPN@ R=(M=S&>PE.UN&HJZ]UM&#QB0&( RHJ.&RPN and Esselawi. The species was therefore probably monitored adequately in Libya during the course of the present survey. Indeed, L#UKQ8N&Q&&PJZH ([59]B9]&& GLRB) 2005=U.&UJWO;B= R there was only one previous record in Cyrenaica [29]. It may then be hypothesized that this small wintering population of Benghazi had ;S.]Q&A.c &LL [146]E.U&=S&) 20090&HOXF.T.;L.&1B(=(G8&0SB&PN)="XH&;OD1. &BPNPXCPXQ&(=( Q&ANPN) (Z]C* DJ%CA G)2NR.&Q&B&BPN 2009=U&=WN 5PN;F&B=S.JB [38] Fezzan in 1981 [37] and 1983 [38] and a lone bird on 5 February 2009 in Waw an Namus (this survey). The species seemed to be more 0$($O.&;L"DB+C.(W(Q@"E.[T&BB;WUB .[63 ,88]; &OQ$JC(0B.&>B;Q&PN .XQ&> G=S.Q&&B;Q.B0S0."R=S.Q&&.%IBCHNX& possibly because it has less favourable lakes or because it lies between the winter ranges of the Central European/Black Sea/ Mediterranean and the North-East African populations, as recognised by WI [146]. [PDR]

Tufted Duck 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 0$GNB" Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 24 12 40 13 0 0 40 15 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Wadi Zaret dam 12 00000122 )0&1D.&B;H Sabkhat Julyanah 800011082 0S.($E0\WH Waw an Namus 1 1 1 1 2NR.&Q&B&B 1 Annual totals 20 24 12 40 15 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 211131 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Red-breasted Merganser 

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Red-brested Merganser female or immature, near Ferrara, Italy, Dec. 2010 2010 .=W%]U..(Q.U&&0&=(NLR'="Q.BFQ.B=(M.=NB"OYS&0;Q& &=%
&0"$B

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

01 0 500 < 25

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern, IUCN Red List; AEWA, B-1 (population of 25,000 to 100,000 in North-East Europe/Black (=( Q&.;L) (AEWA:B-1)H[$&PN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< Sea & Mediterranean). A rare winter visitor to Libya, only recorded once in the course of the present surveys, on 26 January 2006 in 26PN1]Q&).FN]&> G(;F&B(=RJZH.(W($Q0..SDNXI=S&1 .(CHNX&=[WQ&B.NH8&=[WQ& /.BB0B"<=I>.%IPN 100,000OQ$ 25,000 the lagoon of Ayn Zayyanah, a few hundred meters from the sea. This record is apparently the second for Cyrenaica after that of a D1. &BPN;TNIDQ&; B0O=BPNPS.YQ&NTJ(Z]XQ&&Q&L(=([BPN=[WQ&LL0.XR8&).VREB; WU 2006=U.&U pair in November 2004 in Benghazi [59]. Both records were obtained from coastal lagoons which is the species’ preferred habitat after '&= XH QNL;U.RB .0$[Q&=[WQ&A.(R; B8N&Q&&<'Q0$!&JS&N&PTPXQ&B0($F.H)&=([BPN@.P$(Z]XQ& P .[59] 2004=W%NNSPN shallow marine waters. Somewhat surprisingly, this sea duck is scarce but regular in harbours and beaches of western Libya [27, 29], 2010-2005BIQ.&T.T;T.SKQ.&S"LRKM=Q&O$L[29,27].(W(Q'=MJF&NHBPS&NRPNKX&RJ#B(;E&NXR.'&#QB(0..SANJO$L0N(Q&@"B;WU.RO$LB)=H3($G<=I0"&RPNE&;E0..S8N&Q&&.%IPNOQB8&0E0;Q.BPXCPXQ&(=( Q&LR0;[&C?$B&=JOQ$P]SNXQ&JF.]Q& Tunisia and Tripoli belong to the population that winters mainly in northern and central Europe, rather the one that winters in the [PDR, MS] .IQ

Red-breasted Merganser 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 0;Q& &=%
&0"$WQ& All sites EO&N&E(%E Ayn Zayyanah 010000010 0S.U>Q&L Annual totals 010000 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 010000 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Yelkouan Shearwater "MYA

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Yelkouan Shearwater near Montecristo island, Italy, Mar. 2007 2007 .20.R.(Q.U&NX]U=#(XSNR(=U>ELR'="Q.BCHNX&B(B8&=[WQ&K$E

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

22 0 - < 25

>>> Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN Red List); not an AEWA species; Barcelona Protocol Annex II. Monotypic. Formerly IIH[$&PN+0;RAEWAHF RPN+0;R=(M (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F);U;'XQ&1b :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< considered as a subspecies of the Manx Shearwater. A Central and Eastern Mediterranean pelagic species. Breeds from the early )&=% X]RPNE(B=Q&0U&;BLR=D.#XC .0.[WQ&PQ.L"BCHNX&<=IBCHBLR8NSNTB .Manx Shearwater>EUN&PE."B.H=WXL&.0SN$I=B>NPNCB=WQ spring in small to large sized colonies on islands in the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Recorded as regular in Libya in varying =D.#XU .[29 27]20.ROQ$=W%]U.LR=[WQ&+0.G0&U.WXR.&;L*B.(W(QPN?.XS.BJZ]R ..NH8&=[WQ&BCHNX&=[WQ&PN0>\&O$L(=(WPB(=( W numbers offshore from December to March [27, 29]. Breeds in small numbers on the nearby island of Zembretta off Tunisia [88], Pelagian DNXI=S&1BKX&R=B.LM&#QBE&0..S .&K$E=WX U=RPN .[25]0(Q.&0>\&B[86]0(HNS.(O &0>\&B[88]?SNC0Q.WOMC=WR1(=U>EO$L(=( W.&;L*B Islands [86] and Maltese Islands [25]. In Egypt the Yelkouan Shearwater is a scarce but regular passage migrant and winter visitor JG;R;&L0(S.%DB 2005=U.&U 5PN1M=CD.&BJG;R;&LLU=S.Q0H&0;Q&(=XN .&D"@.C;T.R1$ZH .[63]NU.R0U&;BOQ$?]M"GX&RB between mid-August and early May [63]. Two sightings during the study period with two birds seen off Wadi Turghut mouth on 5 =S.J 240"("
&PN .0U=[WQ&8&NS8&B8N&Q&&<'QK(("CJY 2010-2005B.R .XQ&PN0H&0;Q&HJ.&RB0"U=J .2006=U.&U 21PN?. PD.&B January 2005 and eight off Wadi Kaam mouth on 21 January 2006. Survey methods and coverage in winters 2005-2010 did not B B).B1.%P .[26] (=U&=WN -=W%NNS) .XQ&JNPN?.XS.B0(W($Q&JF&N]Q&0B>C.'S"1[TB".Q.RPN Geolocator/" C(>'E".'($L1WDFQ.B produce a representative assessment of this and other strictly marine species. In fact, 24 adult birds fitted with geolocators in Malta [JJB & JS] .@ Q&.'C0.. R; B(=I.WR1ONQ&B B0(W($Q&A.(&PN1O.U"0(L.&W &0.%O8&0H&NBEWXC(>'E*B0 Q.B=( Q&.&=N8& showed that they regularly visited the Libyan coast during the winter season (November-February) [26]. Some juvenile birds fitted with a PTT satellite tag also spent some time in Libyan waters soon after leaving their nests. [JJB & JS]

Yelkouan Shearwater 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean CHNX&B(B8&=[WQ&K$E All sites EO&N&E(%E Wadi Kaam mouth 080000081 ?. PD.&BKN Wadi Turghut 2 0 0021 ).M=CD.&B Annual totals 280000 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 110000 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Gannet T PO 089 Morus bassanus 

Alessio Quaglierini© P&U=Q&NPN(](Q& Gannet in subadult plumage, Tuscany, Italy, Feb. 2011 2011=U&=WN .(Q.U&.S.#HNC9N$WQ&0$F=RPN@(J8&

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

511 3 - < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation Status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); not an AEWA species. Monotypic. A northern Atlantic species, entering LR .?&\&;(FB8NS .AEWAHF RPN+0;R=(M (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< the Mediterranean in considerable numbers after the breeding season. Hashmi [72] recorded 20,000 birds passing through the Straits PN<0.JJWEH(R=WL)=R=S.J 20,000JZH Hashmi [72] .=D.#XQ&KHNR; B(=(WP.&;L*BCHNX&=[WQ&OQ$JG;UBP]$J8&>.%I8&NS" of Gibraltar in 1986 and 24,000 in 1987. Bundy [29] recorded the Gannet as regular offshore (Tripoli) from October to April, occasionally OXF.S.(F"BJU=B"OQ$=BNXP"LR?$B&=B=[WQ&PN?.XS.B;E&NXR=S.P@(J8& Bundy [29]JZH .19870&HPN=S.J 24,000B 19860&H until mid-May, with one in late February off Tobruk. Earliest Libyan record in 1912 [2]. Formerly rare in Tunisian waters, but an increase 0(]SNXQ&A.(&PN0..S=S.J .[2] 19120&H.(W(QPN0 ;"Q&) (Z]XQ&PN<=WJ0Q.WO=U&=WN='I=G&B"PN;F&B=S.JJZHBNU.R='IGX&R has been noted since the 1950s [88]; the same trend applies for Malta where sightings have increased in the last 20 years. One chick -=NK(O=C .(=(G8&LU= Q&)&N&]Q&PN).&.1&2(F.Q.R)&;T.RO$LHW&UM]!S&.&"Q&0>ELR;F&BB.(S.U=BPN1%O0-&=N0D D@"FPN[130].Q.R were recovered in Tunisia [88]. Not highly gregarious away from breeding stations, but in winter considerable concentrations occur .UN&H.&=N" 2-3(..LB. ONR 11PN@(J8&J(Z]C0H&0;Q&(=XN> G .[40](;(\&;(Q&HJ.&RPN(=Y#B>P=XU .XQ&PNL#QB@( XQ& on good fishing grounds [40]. During the period under review, Gannet was recorded from 11 sites, usually two to three per annum, 0Q.WO&D&B=U.&U 20PNAB=N(=([BPN;F&B 2005=U.&U 5PN.%T P1M=CD.&BPN;F&BB;(]RD.&B0Q.WO&D& :O$L";[P.=N 12OQ$JUB with up to 12 birds in total: two off Wadi al Masid and one off Wadi Turghut, both on 5 January 2005; one off Farwah Lagoon on 20 <;&NLR'="Q.B&D& 2007=U&=WN 14PN1M=CD.&B0Q.WO(=LB 2007=U&=WN 12PN)=HPNJF.]Q&0Q.WO@.X&D&B2006=U.&U 25PN1N#Q&0\WH January and two off Sabkhat Al Kuz on 25 January 2006; two off the coast at Sirt on 12 February 2007 and ten off Wadi Turghut on 1$ZHL#Q 20090&HPN)&;T.R0U"JZ]CKQ .2008=U.&U 22.&NELBPN;F&BB'N"&&0\WH<=I0]%GB=U.&U 20PN?$B&=J=[WQ&'.B 14 February 2007; two off Bab al Bahr, Tripoli on 20 January, five east of Sabkhat Al Manqub and one off Ben Jawad on 22 January 0H&0;Q&0"U=J.=U.&U 25PN &0NE.CPN(;F&BB?. PD.&BJG;RPN(;F&BB=U.&U 27PN0W(W"Q&0\WHPN(;F&B : 20100&HPN)&;T.R0D D 2008. No sightings in 2009 but three were recorded in 2010: one off Sabkhat al Ghbeba on 27 January, one off Wadi Kaam mouth [JJB & JS] .C=G8&0U=[WQ&8&NS8&B8N&Q&&<'Q.%(("CJY 2010-2005B.R .XQ&PN.'X( C1PXQ&HJ.&&B and one off Tajura on 25 January. Survey methods and coverage in winters 2005-2010 did not produce a representative assessment of this and other strictly marine species. [JJB & JS]

Gannet 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean @(J8& All sites EO&N&E(%E Wadi Turghut 1 10 0 0 10 4 ).M=CD.&B Bab al Bahr coast 2 2 2 2 =[WQ&'.BJF.H Coast of Sirt town 0 2 0 2 1 )=H0&U;RJF.H Wadi al Masid 2 0 0 2 1 ;(]RD.&B Sabkhat al Manqub 000500051 'N"&&0\WH Sabkhat al Kuz 020000020 1N#Q&0\WH Tajura coast 0 0 1010 &0NE.CJF.H Sabkhat al Ghbeba 0 001010 0W(W"Q&0\WH Sabkhat al Waset 0 0 100010 CHNQ&0\WH Farwah Lagoon 010000010 (B=N(=([B Wadi Kaam mouth 000001010 ?. PD.&BKN Annual totals 3 3 12 8 0 3 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 222303 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Cormorant BPA

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T Adult Cormorant in winter plumage, Farwah Lagoon, Libya, Jan. 2005 2005=U.&U .(W(Q AB=N(=([BDNXQ&@U=Q.B  .&'&=M

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

152460 22 3900 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C-1 (population numbering more than 100,000 which could benefit (=( Q&.;LF$WU) (AEWA: C-1)H[$&PN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< from international cooperation). The subspecies P. c. sinensis is a non-breeding visitor to Libya with birds from North-Central CHBB>.%ILR(=(LER.(W(QPN@ R=(M=S&1 P. c. sinensisEUN&Q& .(.'XU.%
PQB;Q&@B. XQ&LR;(!X]C@"L# B.=N 100,000LR=YP" European and probably also from the Black Sea and Mediterranean populations. Previously considered regular, although recorded [29 27] JF.]Q&>NJO$L(;F&B(=RM$(Z]CLRKM=Q&O$L?.XS.B;E&NXR."B.H=WXL&CHNX&B(B8&=[WQ&B.NH8&=[WQ&LR.U". 0B.BB0B" only in single figures along the coastline [27, 29]; already since our 2005 survey some larger concentrations were observed [5]. During AB=N(=([BLRJF.]Q&>NJO$L(=( W.&;L"O$L=YL .XIKH&NR0XH> G .[5]0N.YP=YP*BA.NEBDFNQ 20050&HPN.&XH&0.<&RJ !Q.B six winters small numbers were found all along the coastline from Farwah Lagoon to Ras Azaz (east of Tobruk), in lagoons, shallow PN.U";E&NXC0N(Q&B B .).S&>&0B< Q&)&=([WQ&B=[WQ&A.(R-J.Q&LR0WU="Q&0$[Q&==WQ&)&=([WQ&PN(<=WJ<=I)1&>L2"0OQ$ inshore seawaters, freshwater lakes, reservoirs. Some birds go well into the Sahara: 13 at Melfa salt-lake close to Jaqhbub oasis PXQ&0WU="Q&0WJ=Q&PT&08&PN 2009=W%]U.PN.=N 550B([5].U"=S&)'NW \&0F&BLR'="Q.B0
.&.!$&(=([BPN);TNI 13 : &=[Q& (see also Azafzaf et al. [5]), and 550 in Dec. 2009 at a nearby wetland that we did not visit, Baher al Arrashiya [78]. The total number of =YP" .0&HJPPNEONR 22>; E. ONR@NXH 2010OQ$ 2005LRA;E&NC.'(NJZHPXQ&LP.R QPQ.%E &.; Q& .[78].(I= Q&=[BPN.T0>SKQ occupied wetlands from 2005 to 2010 was 60, with about 22 occupied sites per year. The highest annual winter count was of 1270 ='CBP$#Q&.; Q&CHNXRLR % 90DB+CB0($F.H0WJ0PT&0".'$P.; Q&2(FLRE. ONR 18O$L" .20070&HPN 1270E.UN&HJZH.;L in 2007. The top 18 sites, all of which are coastal wetlands, held 90% of the average total, indicating a quite widespread distribution .(W(QPN.&;L8&=WP"DB+C0(]SNXQ&.B;
&LRKP 10; WCPXQ&AB=N(=([B@,N0(&JNQ&0(%T8&)&/EONR 19L%TLRB .XQ&> G. H&B. U1NC in winter. Among the 19 sites of national importance, Farwah Lagoon about 10 Km from the Tunisian border held the largest numbers LR;U; Q&;.XP& .0YQ.YQ&0WC=&PN (AB=N(=([WBE.(!(KBCWC=&B)=U;E2"0BAB=NB-J.Q&B0(S.YQ&0WC=&PNDB ]Q&B0R.Y$Q&0\WHPC*CB in the country, Sabkhat al Thama - Sabkhat Esselawi rank second and the coast between Abu Kammash and Ras Ajdir (functionally DQ&L(=([B'=MKP 4.3; WUB.=N 600DB+U important was in the Benghazi area, with 600 on the telecommunication pylon 4.3 Km west of Ayn Zayyanah lagoon, with a smaller );EB=0.;Q&LR0 B0" :H($WQ&=[BLR.'$P.(W(QPN)."$F0 WH( &=O .@.W(WQ&(=([BPN.WQ.M0QB;Q&.B;FLRP]SNXQ&/S.\&PNJ($Q& one in Benghazi harbour (also mentioned in Hering [78]). Most Farwah flocks spend the night on the Tunisian side of the state border, &;&$&NPNKO0=S.J[70] 2008=U.&UPN?$B&=J .&(RPN=0.;Q&LR=G"=S.Q0SN$R0"$F)"=O;OB[24](=!\&PNIQN1"?.T PN.X(RM($L=YL (.&= &(&(Q0N.[R)PHB=Q&H($WQ&=[BPNKO0=S.JB(K. RainioLRP\I>.C&) 20080&HPN.(B&;E&LR'="Q.B;EB recovered near Khoms, Darnah and also in the Jufrah [24], the colour ring of another Danish bird was read by us in Tripoli harbour Cormorant flock on Sabkhat El Thama, Libya, Jan. 2008 [HA] .[55];UN]Q&PNKO0?SNCB.(W(QB.B;
&O$L=S.JO$L0NY Q&&=(G"B([52]0$R.P).RN$ &) 20070&H9]R> GAB=N(=([B 2008=U.&U.(W(Q0R.Y$Q&0\WHPN .&'&=MLR'=H in January 2008 [70], one ringed in Finland was recovered near Ajdabiyah in 2008 (K. Rainio pers. comm.), one ringed in the Russian Baltic Sea (Leningrad province) was found dead in Farwah Lagoon during our 2007 survey (full data in Etayeb et al. [52]) and finally a [55] bird ringed in Sweden was recovered on the border between Libya and Tunisia . [HA] Cormorant 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean .&'&=M Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Farwah Lagoon 484 274 1270 262 178 400 178 1270 478 (B=N(=([B Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 93 355 486 581 218 0 581 289 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 10 0 25 340 43 920 0 920 223 =U;E&2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Ayn al Ghazalah 140 76 58 58 140 91 0Q&> Q&L Ajdabiyah GMMR reservoir 86 86 86 86 .(B&;E&@&>G Benghazi harbours 10 15 230 10 230 85 D1. &B .&(R Bab al Bahr coast 72 72 72 72 =[WQ&'.BJF.H Bou Dzira 168 26 130 25 1 1 168 70 (=U1.NB Al Mallahah 69 69 69 69 0F & Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 89 42 42 89 66 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B Ayn Zayyanah 43 40 50 42 2 200 2 200 63 0S.U>Q&L Jazirat al Ulbah 20 66 80 20 80 55 0W$ Q&(=U>E Al Maqarin karstic lakes 1 150 10 1 150 54 LU0."&)&=([B Sabkhat Julyanah 20 230 0 10 41 16 0 230 53 MS.($E0\WH Assabri Beach 0 1 135 0 135 45 D=B.Q&-J.I Tobruk harbour 62 3 3 62 33 <=WJ .&(R Tripoli harbour 1 35 40 11 85 22 1 85 32 ?$B&=J .&(R Tamimi coast 25 25 25 25 P%(%XQ&JF.H Umm al Jarami 25 25 25 25 PR&="Q&?" Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 55 4 0 55 20 P%(%XQ&0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 40 38 000604014 1?SNU0.O0\WH Wadi al Mujaynin Dam 3 2 27 2 27 11 &(&D.&B;H Sites not shown (n=38) sum of means : 148 (38=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 1150 987 1912 1462 1029 2629 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 26 21 15 18 14 40 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 6 10 47411105 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Shag E3P, 095 Phalacrocorax aristotelis 

Wajih Bashimam © ?.R$3.BM(EB Shags of different age classes on Garah island, Libya, Aug. 2010 2010?]M&.(W(Q(0."Q&(=U>E0!$X\R0U=%LJF&=RPN=G"<.M

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

11 0 300 < 25

>>> Conservation Status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); not an AEWA species; Barcelona Protocol Annex II. Polytypic. The race >NPNCB=BPN+0;RAEWAHF RPN+0;R=(M (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< desmarestii is confined to the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The Shag is an essentially marine species, although it does not .H.H"0U=[WQ&8&NS8&LR=G8&<. Q&.NH8&=[WQ&BCHNX&=[WQ&O$L desmarestii0Q H.NEB=X"U .6.8&.; XR8NS .IIH[$&0SN$I=B normally venture far from the coast, either offshore or inshore especially found along rocky coastlines. It is mainly resident, but with J#B=X&RL#QB0U=\Q&JF&N]Q&>NJO$L0W.G;E&NXCB=WQ&O$LB" .&PN &NHJF.]Q&LL(;( B(.. Q&PN;E&NXC .'S"LRKM=Q&O$L some dispersal [40]. In Libya it is a colonial breeding resident only along the north-eastern coast. Breeding confirmed on two islands: PN0L.=WQ&(=U>E :C=U>EPN1WYR@( XQ& ..(W(QPNPO=Q&JF.]Q&>NJO$L.(W(QPN)&=% X]RPN=D.#XCPXQ&0N(Q&LRNTB .[40];(E Bardaa in the Gulf of Bumbah where on 5 August 2006, 148 birds including juveniles were present with 25 empty nests, which [8]@( XQ&KHNRPNE."B.H.'R&;\XH&PXQ&B90.N@L 25ER&N$ZH-&=!Q&B BK'&%TLR=S.J 1482006?]M" 5PN.WRNWQ&3($G had been used earlier in the season [8], and Garah Island in the Gulf of Sirt, with 40 individuals and ca. 60 empty nests counted on M( CO$L(=I.WR=(MMQ."&B;EB [101]@B=G!B Meininger .[69] 2007?]M" 4PN90.N@L 60ER=S.J 40JZH)=H3($GPN(0."Q&(=U>EB 4 August 2007 [69]. Meininger et al. [101] reported indirect evidence of breeding only at Bardaa and on cliffs between Tobruk and the MoltoniBJU=B&B=U&=WNB<=WJPN.&=N";T.I Rowntree [115] .0(W($Q&0U=&.B;
&B<=WJB0L.=WQ&(=U>EPN0U=\Q&;&N
&O$LC"N Egyptian border. Rowntree [115] recorded individuals at Tobruk from February to April and Moltoni [106, 107] at Zuwaytinah and Garah . 0B"PT=L=S&>P=WX U=RPN.R"[88]?SNCPN0 &0%("&0N(Q&LR=G8&<. Q& .?]M"PN(0."Q&B0&(XUB>Q&PN.T;T.I [107,106 in August. The Shag is also a resident breeder in nearby Tunisia [88], while in Egypt it has been reported as an accidental visitor, or 0(Q.&A.(&PN>NZXCPXQ&0N(Q&LR=G8&<. Q&@"&=WXL& GauciB Sultana .[63]0U0;&#H &'=MCHNX&=[WQ&JF&N]Q .XQ&PN0..S=S&1 possibly a rare winter visitor to the Mediterranean coast west of Alexandria [63]. Sultana & Gauci [130] also listed the Shag as a vagrant MHNH0>EO$L9U=X]C0N(J0]%(;F&B(;T.R=.&T (<. $QJR.P@( CKHNR .&D")0UNXQ&).FN]&LR)&N&H0XH3S.XS> GLR in Maltese waters. During the six winter surveys (falling in full breeding season for Shag) there has been only one sighting: five birds [JJB & JS] .2006=U.&U 27PN resting on Susah islets on 27 January 2006. [JJB & JS]

Shag 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =G"<.M All sites EO&N&E(%E Juzur Susah 5 0053 0HNH0>E Annual totals 050000 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 010000 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Little Bittern T-

Ali Berbash ©3.B=BP$L Male Little Bittern on passage at Wadi Kaam dam, Libya, May 2010 2010NU.R.(W(Q?. PD.&B;HBPN(=Z'Q& .&D"=( Q&<&NQ&=P/

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

26 1 100 < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-2c (significant long term decline of the east European population). 5.!\S&) (AEWA: B- 2c)H[$&PN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< Mainly a passage visitor in Libya [29], commuting between European breeding grounds and sub-Saharan winter quarters; at least 'N&E0"&RPNMX(XCLP.R"B.BB0B"PNM( CLP.R"BJ"&XU[29].(W(QPN=B.L=S&1E.H.H" .(.BB0B"<=I(=(LPNJUNQ&C;&O$LDN& R two breeding pairs recently reported, for the first time, at Bou Dzira lake near Benghazi [79]. Wintering birds, recorded in the past at PN .XQ&PNHB.]Q&PN0$Z]&0N(Q&@$ .[79]D1. &BLR'="Q.B(=U1.NB&(=([BPNEB1@( C(=R>B8JO8&O$LE.YU;FJZH;OB &=[Q& western coastal wetlands [32], were found in the present surveys only at six mainly eastern sites and in just two winters, 2006 being =S.Q&&.
&NT.%P0"&&PNE.(S>E has been suggested [146]. On the other hand, wintering birds have also occasionally been found in other areas of the Mediterranean P\I>.C&.(&U.=H'N&EKX&RJ#B(=(G8&)&N&]Q&PNB[88]>.Y&J(WHO$L?SNC)CHNX&B(B8&=[WQ&JF.HLRC=G"HJ.&RPN coast (e.g. Tunisia [88], and quite regularly in recent years southern Sardinia, S. Nissardi pers. comm.). Little Bitterns behave rather -J.G=U;"COQ$D.+U;OEWQ.B&(bB"MR;LLRA.NEBOXFB(;E&NX&.&;L Q numbers and even presence, or to strong observer-dependent biases; nevertheless, specific attempts to relocate birds at most 2006 [NB] .[29]='I"0D DJWO&;&QNTPNKO0-=NO$L.'C"=O=BNXP"PN(;F&B0"$F.0(W$H3S.X&Q&1S.PBWO&=&?!SLR sites were made in subsequent winters by the same observers, with negative results. One ringing recovery in October is known, of a chick ringed in The Netherlands three months earlier [29]. [NB]

Little Bittern 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =( Q&<&NQ& All sites EO&N&E(%E Al Maqarin karstic lakes 5 0 0052 LU0."&)&=([B Umm Hufayn 3 0032 !F?" Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 0001010 2?SNU0.O0\WH Bou Dzira 0100 0010 (=U1.NB Ayn Tawurgha* 010000010 * .M0B.CL Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 010000010 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Annual totals 0 11 0001 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 050001 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 010000010 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Night Heron >T=

Jaber Yahia © P[U=B.E Day-roost of adult and immature Night Herons at Wadi Kaam dam, Libya, 21 May 2010 2010 .NU.R 21.(W(Q?. PD.&B;HPNJ($Q&@N$WQ Q.WQ&=(MB Q.WQ&.&=N Q0U0.'S0F&0LP.R"

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

0 2 0 1200 < 25

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA B-2c (population numbering around 100,000 and showing significant (=( Q&.;L) (AEWA: B-2c)H[$&PN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< long term decline). A common passage visitor in autumn and spring, also at wetlands in the desert; small numbers have been ;OB0UB&=[Q&0WJ=Q&HJ.&&PN.U"BE(B=Q&BGU=&JNPNES.I=B.L=S&1 (JUNQ&C;&O$L=(WP5.!\S&='CB 100,000PQ&NFF$WU recorded in winter from Wadi Kaam and Zliten [29], as well as on dates which suggest summering [38]. Breeding is known from Tunisia 0N(Q&LRMS";B= &LRB .[38]G(Q&PNA;E&NCOQ$=(CPXQ&).RN$ &LL N[29](Q1B?. PD.&BPN .XQ&JNPN(=( W.&;L"1$ZH [88] and, at least in the past, Egypt [63, 105] and wintering is regular in both countries. Mainly observed in Libya at wetlands along the PN.(W(QPNOQB8&0E0;Q.B;TNILU;$WQ& PPN .XQ&JNPN?.XS.B;E&NXUB [63105]=RPNPT.&PNJO8&O$LB[88]?SNCPN0 & coast, at freshwater reservoirs and Saharan oases [29]. The Night Heron was recorded in the 2005-2010 winter surveys only in 2006 2010-2005B.R0UNXQ&).FN]&PNJ($Q&'&=MJZ]UKQ.[29]0UB&=[Q&).F&NQ&B0B< Q&A.(&5&NF"JF.]Q&>NJO$L0WJ=Q&PT&08& at Ayn Tawurgha and Sabkhat at Tamimi (21 and 27 January, respectively). Remains of many individuals shot during the previous > G0U0.S)&0.( B0QNX"&.&=N8&.U."BLR;U; Q&);EB .(PQ&NXQ&O$L=U.&U 27B 21)P%(%XQ&0\WHPNB .M0B.CLPNJZH;"N 20060&H $ passage seasons were observed at Ayn al Ghazalah in January 2005 and 2006. Two old recoveries of chicks ringed in Hungary are PNNQ.EB (!=W%]U.)(Q1PN);EB=&PN.%O0G=!Q@.X ;O@.X"$F);EB .0Q&> Q&LPN 2006B 2005=U.&UPN0"B.]Q&.'C=ZTKH&NR known, from Zliten (in December!) and Jalu in the eastern desert (in May) [29, 39]. Since the species is known to winter in quite large [91]C=G8&.("U=N">.%I>B.BCHNX&B(B8&=[WQ&>.%IE.(W]S(=(WP.&;L*BMX(XXB;B= R8N&Q&&&>U MS&LRKM=Q&O$L.(W(QPN .XQ&JNPN.(W]S(=(WP.&;L*B(.NENR@N#C@"/ZU9E08&O$ N in winter in Libya despite remaining undetected most of the time because of its nocturnal habits. [WB] [WB] .P$($Q&

Night Heron 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean J($Q&@N$B All sites EO&N&E(%E Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 1 0010 P%(%XQ&0\WH Ayn Tawurgha* 010000010 * .M0B.CL Annual totals 020000 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 020000 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 010000010 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Squacco Heron TRE3OL 101 Ardeola ralloides 

Jaber Yahia © P[U=B.E Adult Squacco Heron in breeding plumage. Ayn Tawurgha, Libya, 18 Dec. 2009 2009 =W%]U. 18.(W(Q .M0B.CL .+B&>XQ&@U=BFQ.BB(B"<&B

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

23 1 600 < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA B-1 (population between 25,000 and 100,000). A common passage (=( Q&.;L) (AEWA: B- 1)H[$&PN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< visitor in autumn and spring [29, 137], also at wetlands in the desert; never recorded in winter prior to the present surveys [124]. Observed ).FN]&PN .XQ&PNJZ]UKQ &=[Q&PN0WJ=Q&PT&08&PN.U";E&NXUB[29 ,137]E(B=Q&BGU=&PNES.I=B.L=S&1 (100,000B 25,000B in Libya during the breeding season (one at Wadi Kaam 19 June 2010, four at Ayn Tawurgha 3 July 2010: W. Bashimam, pers. obs.), 3.BM(EB : 2010N(QNU 3PN .M0B.CLPN0 B0"2010N(SNU 19PN?. PD.&BPN;F&B )@( XQ&KHNR> G.(W(QPN;TNI .[124]0(Q.
& it breeds irregularly in Tunisia [88] and only in the Aswan region in Egypt [63]; wintering is rare but regular in both countries. Mainly .KX&RM&#QBJ($OLU;$WQ& PPN .XQ&PNA;E&NC[63]=RPNC"N@&NH&0"&RPNB [88]?SNCPN?.XS.B@ U (0(\I(;T.R?.R& observed in Libya at wetlands along the coast, at freshwater reservoirs and Saharan oases. Very uncommon in winter, although more M&#QB .XQ&PNES.I=(M .0UB&=[Q&).F&NQ&B0B< Q&A.(&).S&>GPNJF.]Q&>NJO$L0WJ=Q&PT&08&PNOQB8&0E0;Q.B.(W(QPN;TNI regularly recorded than Night Heron, with up to four individuals in four winters and apparently absent in two. As a slightly brackish 0
.&).\W]Q&@"2(FX&HPN'.MB;WU.RO$LB)&N&H0 B0"PN.&=N"0 B0"OQ$JWB.; B .J($Q&@N$BLRJN"J#B;E&NXQ&KX&R marsh with much elophytic vegetation, Ayn Tawurgha is the only site where it has been recorded more or less regularly, while at E.(T=LA.NEB@.P.%&(BKX&RJ#BM(N=S.Q&J(Z]CD

Squacco Heron 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean B(B"<&B All sites EO&N&E(%E Ayn Tawurgha* 220004041 * .M0B.CL Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 001000010 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat Fairuz 000001010 1B=(N0\WH Annual totals 221005 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 111002 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 220004041 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Cattle Egret VTPA

250 100

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& 1200 90 90 Cattle Egrets in winter plumage near Misratah, Libya, Feb. 2011 80 200 80 2011=U&=WN.(W(QMC&=R'=ODNXQ&@U=Q.B0(I.&@N$B 1000 70 70

800 60 150 60 Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% 50 (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 600 50 40 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% 100 40 (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J) 400 30 30 20 200 50 20 10 10 42616 8 1000 < 25 0 0 1 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2 0 0

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA B-1 (numbers between 25,000 and 100,000). A “vigorous colonizer” (=( Q&.;L ) (AEWA: B- 1)H[$&PN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< with a near cosmopolitan range, inhabiting open grassy habitats and avoiding saltwater biotopes, less restricted to aquatic habitats ).V(WQ&PN.T;E&NCB0
.&A.(&/&ZXCB0FNX!&0(W Q&JS&N&L"CP. Q&>; &'0."U.T.;LB «(=(WP(=% X]R» (100,000B 25,000B than other herons [68]; often feeds on waste disposal sites. During the present surveys it was recorded every winter in gradually (;U&>XR.&;L*B .XIJPPNM$(Z]C0(Q.
&).FN]&> G .).U.!&Q&E(%cEO&NRPNC< XU.R&=(YP[68]C=G8&@N$WQ&8&NS"LRJO&0(S.& increasing numbers (total 139 in 2005, 1,132 in 2010) at from six to nine sites, with largest numbers in the Benghazi area though .NEB?;LLRKM=Q&O$LD1. &B0"&RPN.&;L"=WP"ER(20100&HPN 113220050&HPNPQ.%E$.; P=S.J139)EO&NR 9 - 6PN.(ZU0;C no individual sites have yet reached the level of international importance (1,000). Indeed, after the end of the 2010 IWC counts, a O$LDN[U=(WP1(WREONRO$L0NY Q& 20100&]Q.&; XQ&0U.'S; B,EO&NQ&PN .(=S.J1000)0(QB;Q&0(%T8&CNX]ROQ$PO=C.'&( BEO&NR large roost of 910 birds was found at a previously unknown breeding site (tobacco factory in Tripoli city, not included in the analyses: PN0 &0$($"Q&0(S.&0N(Q&;F" .([3]=S&.) ($[XQ&PN+0;UKQDP.T=P/ Bundy [29BToschi [137]@"LRKM=Q&O$L.(W(Q irregular visitor to Tripoli, perhaps more frequent round Tobruk. Known from Tunisia [88] and Egypt [63] as a resident breeder and .?$B&=JLR'="Q.B.EB1 25JZH2(F Gaskell [59]JWOLR 2005PN.(W(QPN.'Q@( C>B"JZH .=B.L=S&1BK("R@ %P[63]=RB [88] passage visitor. Breeding in Libya first recorded in 2005 by Gaskell [59] with 25 pairs near Tripoli. Now apparently a resident breeder, .(W(QPN@( X$Q)&=% X]REB0"1$ZHB .?$B&=J'=M'N&E80&>&PN&;EES.I(..U1PNA.;LBK("R@ RMS"PQ.
&1ONQ&PNB;WUB increasing, common especially in farmlands south and west of Tripoli. Four breeding colonies were recorded in Libya in the last five (?$B&=J'N&EK$P 25)=(MLB=O 20100&HPNE.L 205PQ&NFER?$B&=J0&U;RPNFWXQ&E&RPN :0(T.&?%&)&N&]Q&> G years: at the tobacco factory in Tripoli city with about 205 nests in 2010; Qaser Ben Ghasher (25 km south of Tripoli) with an unknown B B .20100&HPNE.L 100LRJO"ERD1. &BLR'="Q.B(=U1.NB0"U;FB 20100&HPN@L 215?. PD.&B;B= R=(M(=% X]&KZF colony size; Wadi Kaam with 215 nests in 2010; and Bou Dzira park near Benghazi with less than 100 nests in 2010. Some breeding .'S"OXFB(=% X]&PN1(WC0N(Q&@"9TNC 2010 .XIPN$(Z]CO$L"B@( X$Q .XQ&GX&RPN0R;\X]RJ !Q.B)&=% X]& colonies are already occupied in midwinter and the highest two figures recorded in winter 2010 refer to birds roosting in the colony @( XQ&EO&NRB BJ%C0(Q.
&0UNXQ&).FN]&.'C.;FPXQ&P&JNQ&;( Q&O$L0R.'Q&EO&N& .0S.
&ETBPN3.L8"PN?$c);B and even sitting on nests in the incubation position. Nationally important sites identified by the present midwinter surveys therefore  &=[Q&PN=(WPJ#B(;E&NXR.'S$=PQ&LB - ().U.!&Q&PR=QEONR)(.N!&O0\WH .M0B.CL)0($F.]Q&0WJ=Q&PT&08&B include some breeding sites, coastal wetlands (Ayn Tawurgha, Sabkhat Qanfudhah - a waste disposal site - and Ayn Zayyanah), and [WB] ..(W(QPN)."$FA"=OKXUKQ .(0.Z
&(=([BPN a noteworthy concentration well into the desert at Hijarah Lake. There are no known ringing recoveries in Libya. [WB]

Cattle Egretg 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 0(I.&@N$B(@N B Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NRE Wadi Kaam dam 3 427 3 427 215 ?. PD.&B;H?DB Hijarahj lake 220 57 57 220 139 (0.Z
&(=([B0 Z =(B Bou Dzira 1 16 200 20 400 1 400 127 (=U1.NB=U1 NB Sabkhat Qanfudhah 120 80 80 180 12 80 12 180 92 (.N!&O0\WHNW Aynyyy Zayyanah 0 0 58 18 0 170 0 170 41 0S.U>Q&LU>  Aynyg Tawurgha* 5 117 5 12 8 4 4 117 25 * .M0B.CL0B  Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NRE Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 3 72 11 7 0 0 0 72 16 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WHDB W B W Al Maqarinq karstic lakes 34 0 24 0 34 19 LU0."&)&=([BLU0 =(B Other sites C=G8&EO&N&JPE Al Labadia 3 12 3 3 12 6 0U..W$Q&UW Sabkhat Umm al Ez* 0 15 0 0 15 5 *> Q&?"0\WH>? W Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)*y 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 20 3 *(;U;
&E&RUE );%F"=O0\WH=W Wadi Kaam mouth 0 4 10 0 6 0 0 10 3 ?. PD.&BKN?DBK Sabkhat al Kuz 0 0 0 9 4 4 0 9 3 1N#Q&0\WH1N W Sabkhat al Hammam 0 2 3 0 3 2 ?.%
&0\WH?W Sabkhat Julyanahy 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 6 2 MS.($E0\WH(EW Sabkhat Zuwaytinahy 4 0 0 0 4 1 XUB>Q&0\WH UB> W Annual totals 139 326 383 471 102 1132 DN&]Q&8N%&D8 No. of sites where recorded 6 7 9 9 7 9 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L='BJZEN

Tawurghagp complex* 5 117 20 012 8 24 5 117 31 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR0B W E Z Little Egret T-TRECM=R 105 Egretta garzetta 

Ali Berbash © 3.B=BP$L Little Egret in Tripoli harbour, Libya, 2010 2010.(W(Q?$B&=J .&(RPN=( WB(B"@N$B

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

9741 14 580 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA : B-1 (population numbering between 25,000 and 100,000 ,B&=XU(=( Q&.;L). (AEWA:B-1)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< individuals). Two distinct populations of Little Egret may occur in Libya : the western European and northwest African breeding >.%IB.BB0B"'=MPN0 &(=( Q& :.(W(QPN=( Q&B(B8&@N$WQ&LR@.X!$X\R@.C=(L;E&NXC@"L# .(.=N 100,000B 25,000B population, and the population breeding in central and eastern Europe, the Black Sea and the eastern Mediterranean. A common O$L.NENRP !SBES.I=S.J=( Q&B(B8&@N$WQ&@$ .CHNX&<=IB.NH8&=[WQ&B.BB0B"<=IBCHBPN0 &(=( Q&B.("U=N$'=M and opportunistic species, the Little Egret is present along the entire coastline, in large wetland areas, in some oases and in the C!&Q&0P=I=NNC2(F=&=BB.'WHB=U=]Q&PN0W.G &=[Q&PNB).F&NQ&B BPNB(=(W#Q&0WJ=Q&HJ.&&PNBP$F.]Q&CU=Q&>NJ desert, mainly at Serir, Sebha and Birak, where small pools are provided by the oil company [29, 36, 37, 38]. The number of occupied sites ).FN]&PN8N&Q&;EB2(F. ONR 41MLN%ZR.RBLR .0&]Q&PNE. ONR 20B 8B.'B;E&NX&EO&N&.;L,B&=XU .[38 ,37 ,36 ,29](=( W.T&NF" varied between eight and twenty sites/year. Out of a total of 41 sites where the species was found in the six winters, the top 18 sites 0(%T")&/.'&R0D D)&=([BB"0U.B"B0(VJ.I0WJ0PT&0".WU="C.' (%EBP$#Q&8N%&CHNXRLR % 90. ONR 18O$L"DB+C0X]Q&0UNXQ& held 90% of the average total, nearly all of them coastal wetlands, wadis or lakes. Three of these sites are of national importance: D1. &B0"&RPN(;B(.;'&)&=([WQ&@$ .(P$G&.EONR)E.YQ.D?.%
&0\WHBE.(S.DDB ]Q&-MR.Y$Q&0\WHB>B8&?."&PNMS.U>Q&L :0(&JB Ayn Zayyanah ranks first, Sabkhat al Thama - Esselawi second, and Sabkhat al Hammam (an inland site) third. Severely threatened 0S0."R.(W]S ($OO"WUB 2010PN 180O$L8&DN&]Q&8N%&F$B .F &LR)&N&H1H> G ..(W(QPN0(X&(=( $Q(=(WP0(%T")&/PT lagoons of the Benghazi area are thus of significant importance for the Libyan wintering population. In six years of censuses the [WB, HA] .[109].]S=NB.(Q.U&LR.(W(QPN@.X"$F1S=O .[135 ,88 ,87] (1000 - 883'= &200 - 100=S&>\&655?SNC)C=G8&.("U=N$>.%I>B.ER highest annual winter total was of 180 in 2010, still relatively few compared to other North African countries (Tunisia 655, Algeria 100-200, Morocco 883 – 1000) [87, 88, 135]. There are two ringing recoveries in Libya from Italy and France [109]. [WB, HA].

Little Egret 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =( WB(B"@N$B

Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Ayn Zayyanah 6 16 12 3 2 74 2 74 19 MS.U>Q&L Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 14 14 19 0 32 0 32 13 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat al Hammam 5 5 29 5 29 13 ?.%
&0\WH Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 19 12 12 19 16 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B Farwah Lagoon 9 14 20 8 11 13 8 20 13 AB=N(=([B Ayn Tawurgha* 15 10 26542157 * .M0B.CL Bab al Bahr coast 6 6 6 6 =[WQ&'.BJF.H Bou Dzira 5 19 5 1 0 0 19 6 (=U1.NB Wadi Kaam dam 0 10 0 10 5 ?. PD.&B;H Al Maqarin karstic lakes 4 9 1195 LU0."&)&=([B Al Hishah* 3 10 58100105 *0('Q& Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 01162120124=U;E2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Tripoli harbour 0 17 30000173 ?$B&=J .&(R Sabkhat Julyanah 14 100010143 0S.($E0\WH Sites not shown (n=27) sum of means : 23 (27=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 80 121 71 76 52 180 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 14 17 12 13 8 20 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 18 23 11 14 7 5 5 23 13 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Great Egret  TS8TRECM=R 107 Casmerodius albus 

Wajih Bashimam © ?.R$3.BM(EB Great Egret at Farwah, Libya, Nov. 2009 2009=W%NNS.(W(Q(B=NPN=(W#Q&B(B8&@N$WQ&

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

2719 7 470 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status : Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-1 (population between 25,000 and 100,000 individuals). Formerly (=( Q&.;L) (AEWA: B- 1)H[$&PN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< considered to be only an accidental visitor to Libya [29], but recently recorded wintering from October 2004 to March 2005 in two sites  ONRPN 200520.ROQ$ 2004=BNXP"LR .XQ&JNPN&=G+RA;E&NCJZHL#QB[29].(W($QPT=L=S&>PE."B.H=WXL& (100,000B 25,000B near Benghazi [59] and as a regular winter visitor in small numbers during the present surveys. A cosmopolitan species, its European )=XS&PXQ&B(0."Q&<=I'N&EPN.BB0B"PN@ UP.L8NSNTB .0(Q.
&).FN]&> G(=( W.&;L*BKX&RDNXI=S&>PB[59]D1. &BLR'="Q.B breeding stronghold is in the southeast of the continent; a westward spread has occurred in the last thirty years, but population .H.H"(=( Q&A.%IPN few crossing the Sahara [68]; some recorded at Sarir with Little Egrets in September 1969 were presumably trans-Saharan migrants .UN&HEO&NR 10OQ$ 4EO&NB)&N&H0XHPNG$X\REONR 19PN=(W#Q&B(B8&@N$WQ&;EB .[29] &=[Q&=WL=E.'C.'S"5=X!&LRPXQ&B [29]. Great Egret was found at 19 different sites in the six winters, with four to ten sites occupied annually; nearly all sites were .(D1. &BOQ$0C&=RLR)=H3($GPN.WU="CJZ]UKQB0S0.OQ$D1. &BLRB"?$B&=JB0(]SNXQ&.B;
&B0W.GB)0($F.H.WU="CEO&N&JP coastal (mainly between the Tunisian border and Tripoli, or from Benghazi to Darnah, with almost none round the Gulf of Sirt from @NTLR'="Q.B?.%
&0\WHPNX&HPN@.P0($G&;Q&HJ.&&PNM($Z]CL#QB0
.&B"(=] Q&A.(&)&/B0B< Q&0WJ=Q&PT&08&A\&B;&0"&RLR0B="RO$L)AB=N(=([BP$#Q&8N%&LR % 90JYEO&NR(=L .0&HJPMXH&0.KXU EONRNTB al Hammam near Hun, a site not covered every year. Ten sites were needed to reach 90% of the total; Farwah Lagoon (close to 0&HPN 16LRG$XG&JZHD G.UN&H % 14OQ$JCB in wintering birds since 1975, up to 14% per year during the nineties in the latter country [10, 88, 87]. The only ringing recovery is an P]$J8&PN Lac de Grand-LieuPNM( C<.&Q0(B= Q&0U.'&Q&OO"PN 2005NU.RPN-=N@.P.R;&LKO0MS,N=S.Q&@NQLR 2006=U.&U extraordinary sighting at Sabkhat al Thama in central Benghazi in January 2006 of a bird colour ringed as a chick in May 2005 at the .(.L.MarionLRP\I>.C& )EON&&B"P]S=!Q& extreme western end of the breeding range, at Lac de Grand-Lieu in Atlantic France, the first African recovery of 500 Great Egrets [MS] ringed at this site (L. Marion pers. comm.). [MS]

Great Egret 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =(WPB(B"@N$B

Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Farwah Lagoon 2 35 6 7 10 9 2 35 12 0S.($E0\WH Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Wadi al Azrak* 5 5 5 5 *<01 &D.&B Ayn Tawurgha* 515452154 * .M0B.CL Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 5 0 10 0 0 0 10 3 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 352201052 MS.U>Q&L Al Hishah* 322101032 *0('Q& Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 0 3032 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B Sabkhat al Hammam 0 1 3 0 3 1 ?.%
&0\WH Mellahat al Mesherrek* 1111 *<=&0F R Wadi Turghut 1 1 1111 ).M=CD.&B Tripoli harbour 005000051 ?$B&=J .&(R Umm Hufayn 0 1011 !F?" Wadi al Hamsah 0 1011 0]%'Q&D.&B Wadi Kaam mouth 110100011 ?. PD.&BKN Al Maqarin karstic lakes 0 1 0010 LU0."&)&=([B Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 001100010=U;E2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 0 0 0 01010 .O0>Q&L0\WH Sabkhat Julyanah 100000010 0S.($E0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 000010010 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Annual totals 16 54 22 28 19 21 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 7779410 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 887564486 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Grey Heron RP@ CM=R 109 Ardea cinerea 

Wajih Bashimam © ?.R$3.BM(EB Adult Grey Heron on Djerba, Tunisia, Dec. 2009 2009=W%]U.?SNC0B=E(=U>EO$LFQ.BD..R0@N$B

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

9942 17 2200 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C-1 (population could significantly benefit from international (=( $QL# B) (AEWA: C- 1)H[$&PN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< cooperation). A common passage migrant from August to October (with conspicuous coastal passage to the west in both Cyrenaica '= Q&A.c&PNJF.]Q&O$L9T&B0NWLER)JU=B&B=BNXP"OQ$?]M"LR=E.'U=B.L=E.'R .(0U.%[$QPQB;Q&@B. XQ&LR=(WPJ#B(..!XH & and Tripoli region) and April; smaller numbers in winter [29]. In the present surveys, Grey Herons were found in small numbers each 0UN&H.&;L*B .XIJPPN(=( W.&;L*BD..R=Q&@N$WQ&;EB0(Q.
&).FN]&> G .[29] .XQ&JNPNJO".&;L*BB (?$B&=JB0O=BLRJPPN winter, with annual totals varying from 64 to 158 at 11 to 24 sites; each site held small numbers, 22 top sites being required to NTBCHNX&OQ$EONRD"JUKQB8N%&LR % 90DB+C. ONR 22O$L"B0$($O.&;L"EONRJPDB+UEONR 24 - 11PN=S.J 158 - 64B,B&=XC cover 90% of the total and no site reaching a mean of 25; four sites were considered to be of potential national importance, the P$F.]Q&CU=Q&>NJO$L8N&Q&&\&OQ$)&0.U>Q&> G.'&RD"O$L=Y UKQBE.YU;FM( CO$LJ(Q.;ENU L#QB.(W(QPNE.(T=L@ C species might be a casual breeder in Libya, but there is no recent evidence of nesting and none were found during visits to offshore LR1$ZHB (N#HNR>.%I).(HB0BPNB (&D&)=&PNB (@.&D&).(S."<=IPN-&=N1S.P.R;&L.'%(O=C0N(Q)."$F);EB [71 69 8] .+NX&=[WQ& islands where terns breed [8, 69, 71]. Recoveries of birds ringed as chicks in eastern Germany (two), Hungary (two) and Russia (north of [MS] .[109]0(O=Q&.BB0B"LR.'$W".(W(QPNPXCPXQ&0N(Q&@"WCAB8&.'S.XIPN.WQ.MB=W%]U.OQ$=W%XWH Moscow) and reported from September to December, often in their first winter, indicate that birds wintering in Libya originate from eastern Europe [109]. [MS]

Grey Heron 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean D..R0@N$B Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 26 9 10 28 3 44 3 44 20 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Farwah Lagoon 13 16 15 17 26 19 13 26 18 AB=N=([B Sabkhat Julyanah 38 400090389 0S.($E0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 9 1 12 5 0 29 0 29 9 MS.U>Q&L Sites with mean >1 ind. (1<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Sabkhat al Hammam 5 21 14 5 21 13 ?.%
&0\WH Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 14 2 2 14 8 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 12376131135=U;E2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 13 0 0 13 4 P%(%XQ&0\WH Wadi al Mujaynin dam 5 1 5154 &(&D.&B;H Wadi Kaam dam 0 7074 ?. PD.&B;H Ayn Tawurgha* 541252153 * .M0B.CL Ajdabiyah GMMR reservoir 3333 .(B&;E&@&>G Ayn al Ghazalah 3 3 3333 0Q&> Q&L Al Mallahah 3 3 3 3 0F & Wadi Zaret dam 9 3020093 )0&1D.&B;H Sabkhat al Manqub 160333063 'N"&&0\WH Hijarah lake 3 2 2 3 3 (0.Z
&(=([B Bab al Bahr coast 2 2 2 2 =[WQ&'.BJF.H Wadi al Azrak* 2 2 2 2 *<01 &D.&B Wadi al Hamsah 1 3132 0]%'Q&D.&B Wadi Kaam mouth 621201062 ?. PD.&BKN Al Maqarin karstic lakes 2 1 2122 LU0."&)&=([B Tripoli harbour 024102042 ?$B&=J .&(R Umm Hufayn 3 0032 !F?" Sites not shown (n=18) sum of means : 11 (18=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 133 76 64 96 68 158 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 18 17 16 16 11 24 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 873255285 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Purple Heron FS

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Purple Heron near Ferrara, Italy, June 2010 2010N(SNU.(Q.U&&0&=(NLR'="Q.BLU>
&IQ.R

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

38 2 2200 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-(2c) (significant long-term decline, but data poor). Formerly PN5.!\S&) (AEWA: B-2c)H[$&PN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< considered to be exclusively a passage migrant in Libya, common from March to May and from late July to early December [29]. The JS&B"OQ$N(QNU=G&B"LRBNU.ROQ$20.RLRES.I.(W($QE.U=F=B.L=E.'R=WX U@.PHB.]Q&PN (0$($O).RN$ &L#QBJUNQ&C;&O$L.&;L8& Purple Heron is a cosmopolitan species, generally inhabiting dense marshy vegetation, especially reed-beds. Its European breeding P](S0J#B.BB0B"PNM( C.B;F ./"Q&.WNGB).C.W&Q&0!(YP). "&X]&L"U/Q. Q&PNP.L8NSNTLU>
&IQ.R .[29]=W%]U. range is mainly in the south, less uniformly distributed in the west, probably because of habitat change, the highest numbers being C"NPXC(=( Q&A. &]Q&PN0.'S8&;.!TO$LB=Z(&Q&PN; B.%(N);EB&;&QNTB.]S=NPN0N(JK(O=C &=[Q&'N&EPN recovered in the Niger and Senegal floodplains, Russian birds perhaps wintering in east Africa [68]; one Russian ringed bird was LRB .(LU>
&IQ.%P Moltoni [109]JWOLR>;L) [29] 1953=W%XWHPN.(HB0LR0$W"=S.Q .M0B.CPN)."$
&C;F$1$ZH;OB [68].("U=N$<=I recorded at Tawurgha in September 1953 [29] (amended by Moltoni [109] as Grey Heron). The present surveys, rather surprisingly, found .%(H B[124]).C.W&Q.B0!(Y#Q&EO&N&B BPN&;E(=( W.&;L*BKX&RJ#B0X(XCO$L0Q.");EB0(Q.
&).FN]&> GMS"'= X]& evidence of regular wintering though in very small numbers at the few sites with dense marshy vegetation [124], notably within the M$(Z]C>.%E &PNB .()&N&H0D DBLR@.X&HPN)@NT'=O?.%
&0\WHPNB (0XHJW"LR)&N&HEB0"PN) .M0B.C).\WHE%ZRJG&. Tawurgha complex (four years out of six) and Sabkhat al Hammam near Hun (two years out of three). Records came from a total of 0]%GER?SNCPN(0..S .XQ&PN) (Z]XQ&O"WC .8OQ$ 1LRLU.WC8N%Z B .XQ&PN)&N&]Q&JPPN8N&Q&&
&IQ.RLR&;E&=( W&.;L@"OQ$=(C) (Z]XQ&A\&PN=U&=WNPNJZH;F&BB [88]=U&=WNOQ$=W%NNSLR)&;T.R five singles from November to February [88] and one February record in Algeria [87]. These records suggest that a very small number of [MS] . .XQ&PN0$UNQ&.("U=N">.%I &=[W Purple Herons avoid the long Sahara crossing by overwintering in North Africa. [MS]

Purple Heron 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean LU>
&IQ.R All sites EO&N&E(%E Ayn Tawurgha* 231002031 * .M0B.CL Sabkhat al Hammam 2 0 1 0 2 1 ?.%
&0\WH Wadi al Azrak* 1 1 1 1 *<01 &D.&B Hijarah lake 1 0 0 1 1 (0.Z
&(=([B Ayn al Ghazalah 0 1 0010 0Q&> Q&L Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 002000020 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Wadi Kaam mouth 002000020 ?. PD.&BKN Al Hishah* 010000010 *0('Q& Annual totals 285112 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 153111 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 251002052 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Black Stork MPO6=5=

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T Corpse of an immature Black Stork shot near Tamimi, Libya, Feb. 2005 2005=U&=WN.(W(QP%(%XQ&0"&RLR'="Q.BD0.S< J&0Z(XSEN.U.NH"H$"Q0YE

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

01 0 250 < 25

>>> Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA A-2 (population numbering between 10,000 and 25,000). Only a (=( Q&.;L) (AEWA:A-2)H[$&PN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< couple of records available prior to 1976 and two more to 2009 [29, 77], suggesting it was a very rare migrant across Libya, at least in .(W(Q=WL&;E0..S=E.'R@.PMS*BPFNU&'E"LR;U; Q&)='K";OB .PT.&PNJO8&O$L the tropical winter quarters, although single birds proved to be capable of crossing the Mediterranean near its point of maximum ;&LCHNX&B(B8&=[WQ&0NWLO$L(0..O0N(Q&B B@"LRKM=Q&O$L0(S&NXH &0(XXQ&HJ.&ROQ$>NWN$Q0N!HNWQ&H(RB<0.JJWE width (west of Sardinia), along the Italian peninsula or through Cyprus [22, 34], which would explain the Libyan records. Passage has ;TNI;OB ..(W(QPN) (Z]XQ&=]!U@"MS*ILRD\&MWI>NJO$L(.(&U.=H'=M)M(N0"S5=L& been observed at Cap Bon, Tunisia, mainly in spring [88]. The recent increase in the European breeding population might lead to more ..(W(QPN=YP") (Z]COQ$D.+U@"5=X!&LR0(BB0B8&(=( Q&.;LPN0(Q.
&(..U>Q& .[88] .E(B=Q&PN0W.GB?SNCPNP$W"Q&LJNQ&PNA0NWL frequent records from Libya. During the 2005-2010 surveys, however, the species was never observed alive, but a single record was P%(%XQ&LR'="Q.B 2005=U.&U 13PN;F&BJ(Z]CO$L>N
&L#QB(.(
&;(OO$L8N&Q&& G obtained on 13 Jan. 2005 near Tmimi : the corpse of an individual with both legs chopped off, possibly to remove its rings. Although ; B.U"B/$M8&O$LLU='IJWO;(W&MS";"X UL#Q0YU;FL#CKQ.'S"LRKM=Q&O$L .MC."$F0Q&1 . 0@.XLN"RM(O.H=S.Q0Y\& : it was not freshly dead, general conditions suggested that shooting had probably occurred no more than one or two months earlier, PN .XQ&JNPNE.YU;F1$ZH*&&0QN'ZR .XQ&PN0N(Q&LR=( W.;L .=W%XWHB?]M"D='IPN..X &(=Z'Q&KHNR0U.'S well after the end of the usual passage season in August and September. Small numbers of wintering birds of unknown origin have [NB] .[10].(Q.U&B [105]=RB[88]?SNC recently been recorded in winter in Tunisia [88], Egypt [105] and Italy [10]. [NB]

Black Stork 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean .NH8&H$"$Q&NH All sites EO&N&E(%EEE Wadi al Qusaybaty and Ain al Wahsh 1 0 0 1 1 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B@NBUW DB Annual totals 1 0 0 0 0 0 DN&]Q&8N%&D8 No. of sites where recorded 1 0 0 0 0 0 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L='BJZEN White Stork TRPO6=5=

Jaber Yahia © P[U=B.E Pair of White Stork at their nest in midwinter. Al Marj, Libya, 2010 2010.(W(Q+=&PN . .XQ&GX& .%'LPNB(B8&H$"$Q&LR+B1

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

195 1 930 < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List). AEWA category A-3b (population between 25,000 and 100,000 depending (=( Q&.;L) (AEWA:A-3b)H[$&PN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< on a habitat type under severe threat). In the present winter surveys, White Stork was mostly observed at breeding colony sites and PN/Q. Q&PNB(B8&H$"$Q&;TNI0(Q.
&0UNXQ&).FN]&> G (;U;I;U;'C1b=WX CJSN&8NSO$L&..%XL&B 100,000B 25,000B.R was thus recorded in winter in Libya more as an early breeding bird than a wintering bird. However a noteworthy record of 650-700 650-J(Z]CMS"=PNCHB)0HN&#RLR'="Q.B=S&B.J#IO$LPXQ&0(L&0>Q&EU0.&PN=S.J 700 of artificial agricultural schemes as wintering habitat for the species in the Saharan belt. White Stork had only been suspected to (=% X]R;.XP&OXF [29].(W(QPN@ UB(B8&H$"$Q&@";"X U@.PB .DB&=[Q&?&>
&PN8N&Q&&<'QJS&N%P0(L.&Q&0(L&0>Q&EU0.& be breeding in Libya [29] until a 20-pair colony was discovered in 2005 in Cyrenaica [59] and another looser one in the course of the /S.ZB)0O=B(=% X]RDB+CB [124] .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR0"&RPN0(Q.
&).FN]&> G0UB.GC=G"B[59]0O=BPN 20050&HPN+B1 20LR present surveys within the Tawurgha complex [124]; the former (beside Al Labadia lake near old Al Marj town) held a maximum of 50 )B".%&(B0(&JB0(%T"B/EON&& Q&?"0\WH>NF0.ZI"O$L 2007PN0N(J0(S.%D .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR0"&R Sabkhat Umm Al Ez. White Stork nests were also seen far from wetlands in 2005 in the Jeffara plain west of Tripoli [6, 124], so it .?$B&=JPNJO8&O$L@( X$QLP.R"B BLL2[WQ&/ZUMS"9E=&L%NIQTripolitania. In line with the slight increase in the breeding LR;B= RNT.<=$Q.%'R.&;XR&JY.(W(QLR(;U;\&@( XQ&) (Z]C@,N[88]?SNCPN@( XQ&EU1NCPN0!(!Q&(..U>Q&ER.(I.B distribution in Tunisia [88], these new breeding records from Libya represent a significant eastward extension of the known breeding [24]=0.;Q&LR.'$W"@.X"$F);EB2(F.BB0B"CHBLR.(W(Q=WL(=E.'&0N(Q&K RPC*CB ..("U=N$>.%IPN8N&Q&&<'Q@( XQ&EU1NC distribution of the species in North Africa. Migrants through Libya mostly come from Central Europe, with two ringing recoveries .U"PC*U.' BL#QB [109].(B=WLR(;F&BB.]%&Q&LR(;F&B&;&QNBLR@.&D&B.U0. $BLR(;F&BB.(S."LR0 ]CB [39]I(XQ&0U0N'%ELR0D DB from Denmark [24], three from the Czech Republic [39], nine from Germany, one from Bulgaria, two from Poland, one from Austria and [JY] .[88]?SNCLR)."$F0 B0");EB2(F?SNCPN@ CPXQ&(=( Q&LR one from Serbia [109]; but some also come from Tunisian breeding populations with four recoveries [88]. [JY]

White Stork 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean B(B8&H$"$Q& Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Al Labadia 18 28 50 18 50 32 0U..W$Q& Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Sabkhat Umm al Ez* 0 8 0 0 8 3 *> Q&?"0\WH Ayn Tawurgha* 460000062 * .M0B.CL Sabkhat Millitah 0 010010 MX($R0\WH Sabkhat al Kuz 001000010 1N#Q&0\WH Annual totals 4 6 27 0 29 50 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 113021 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 468000083 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Glossy Ibis MPO>aE@MRE 117 Plegadis falcinellus 

Essam Bouras © 4&0NB"?.L Glossy Ibis in winter plumage at Ayn Tawurgha, Libya, Jan. 2009 2009 .(W(Q=U.&U .M0B.CLPNDNXQ&@U=Q.B.NH8&JZ&RNB"

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

255 2 570 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA A-3c (population between 25,000 and 100,000 showing significant (=( Q&.;L) (AEWA:A-3c)H[$&PN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< long-term decline). Formerly considered as only a passage migrant in Libya, “common” from March to May, more numerous (up to JC).&;L8&=YP"NU.ROQ$20.RLR «ES.I».(W($Q=B.L=S&>P."B.H=WXL& .(JUNQ&C;&O$L.UN& R.T.!\S&='CB 100,000B 25,000B.R 110), with coastal movements to the west, in August and September [29]; similar visible migration (flocks of 11, 39 and 103) was ?]M"PN (=S.J 103B 11B 39LR'=]Q)0$D. (=ZT);TNI.%P [29]=W%XWHB?]M"D='IPN'= Q&OQ$JF.]Q&O$LJ"&XU(110OQ$ observed in August 2007 in the Gulf of Sirt [69]. Glossy Ibis has a cosmopolitan range (breeding in Australasia, India, tropical Africa, /$XUB(.BB0B"B0(Q.%Q&.#U=R"B0(S&NXH &.("U=N"B;&'Q&B.(Q&=XH"PN@ U)P.L0.XS&C;RMU;QJZ&RNB" .[69] )=H3($GPN 2007 N America and Europe) and requires extensive wetlands with deep water and abundant vegetation, which may explain its decline .BB0B"PN3.L8&/$M" .[68] 19650&H<&R.BB0B"PNMO.&C=]!U;O.R&NJO$L.B=MJ"&XCPXQ&0N(Q&B [68].NH8&=[WQ&>NF1S.P/U=O1OBOXFB the Libyan coast in late summer will have been birds from south east Europe en route to sub-Saharan Africa, the main wintering .'$(Z]C2(F[40].(HB0PN1%O0PXQ&0N(Q&LR;U; Q&1XWD".%PC=W#Q& &=[Q&'N&E.("U=N"PN0(XX$Q0(H.H8&JO. &OQ$.'"U=J grounds, as shown by many ringing recoveries from Russia [40]; spring and autumn records in Fezzan and the Libyan desert [29] confirm PN (+B1 3,600OQ$JC)(=(WP(;U;E(=% X]R@N#C 19960&H<&R . &=[Q&=WL) F=Q&;P+C [29].(W(Q &=[WB@&>NPNGU=&BE(B=Q&PN the trans-Saharan flights. Since 1996 a large new colony (up to 3,600 pairs) has been established at Doñana in southern Spain [114, 0SN$R)."$[B1%O0PXQ&-&=!Q&[117]=S&>\&B.]S=NB.(S.WH&PN0YU;
&@( XQ&EO&NRJW"/$M8&O$LPTPXQ&B[119114].(S.WH&'N&E.S.SB. 119]), probably the origin of other recent breeding sites in Spain, France and Algeria [117]; nestlings colour-ringed in Spain have been JB[88].&=N8&LR)&=LEBOQ$JC)?SNCPN.%S&.PXUJZ&RNB&LR=( W.;L .=W%NNSB=BNXP"B?]M"PN?SNCPN1$ZH.(S.WH&PN reported from Tunisia in August, October and November. Small numbers of Glossy Ibises have always wintered in Tunisia (up to a JZH0(Q.
&).FN]&> G .([88]. R=S.J 81OQ$JC)2(F (=S&>\&B.(W(QER.B;
&LR0B="RO$L1B.>NF.%(H B(=(G8&)&N&]Q&PN=YP"B few dozen individuals [88], rather more in recent years, notably around Douz, close to the border with Libya) and Algeria (up to 81 OQ$0 H&NQ&0B< Q&A.(&EO&NRLRJ($O.;LLR(;F&B.'SNP .M0B.C).\WH/P=R.'%T"JO8&O$LEO&NR* DPN .XIJP.(W(QPNJZ&RNB" birds together [88]). During the present surveys Glossy Ibis was recorded in Libya every winter at up to three sites, much the most .8N&Q&&<'Q0$%X&0(&JNQ&0(%T8&)&/EO&N&LR)=WXL&PQ.XQ.BB)&;T.&LR % 90KCPXQ&B0&HJPPNM$(Z]C2(F.(W(QPN.R;F important being the Tawurgha complex, one of the few fairly extensive freshwater sites in Libya, where it was recorded every year @N#U;OL#QB.(W(QPN)."$F"="CKQ .( &=[Q&GX&RPN(0.Z
&(=([B.%(H )C=G"EO&NRPN(=( W.&;L*BBE"XRJ#BM$(Z]C and which accounts for 90% of the observations, hence its recognition as being potentially of national importance for this species. [MS] .CHNX&B(B8&=[WQ&'=MPN.YU;F)*S"PXQ&EO&N&LR.(W(QPN0(X&0N(Q&JW" It was recorded only sporadically and in small numbers at other sites (notably Hijarah lake in mid Sahara). No ringing recoveries are known in Libya, but wintering birds may originate from recently established breeding sites in the western Mediterranean. [MS]

Glossy Ibis 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean .NH8&JZ&RNB" Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Ayn Tawurgha* 1 70 10 35 15 8 1 70 23 * .M0B.CL Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Ayn al Ghazalah 0 0 3031 0Q&> Q&L Sabkhat Umm al Ez* 0 2 0 0 2 1 *> Q&?"0\WH Hijarah lake 1 0 0 1 1 (0.Z
&(=([B Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 000300031 DB ]Q&0\WHB0S.Y$Q&0\WH Annual totals 1 70 12 39 15 11 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 112312 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 1 70 12 35 15 8 1 70 24 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Spoonbill V5)=@MRE 119 Platalea leucorodia 

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T Flock of adult and immature Spoonbills at Al Thama, Libya, Jan. 2008 2008=U.&U.(W(Q0R.Y$Q&0\WHPN0 Q.B=(MB0 Q.B.&=N"0" $RNB"LR'=H

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

9816 6 120 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern, IUCN Red List; AEWA, A-2 (numbers between 10,000 and 25,000). Historically considered B(=( Q&.;L) (AEWA:A-2)H[$&PN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< a scarce winter visitor, mainly to coastal areas, though some records from Saharan sites [29]. Present surveys found it to be a winter LRB .[29]0UB&=[WEO&NRLR) (Z]XQ&B B.NEBEROQB8&0E0;Q.B0($F.]Q&HJ.&%$Q0..SDNXI=S&>P=WXL&HB.]Q&PN .(25,000B 10,000 visitor from breeding colonies along the Danube in central Europe, but some immatures stay for their first and second summers; some O"WC;O0 Q.B=( Q&.&=N8&B BL#QB.BB0B"CHBPN'NS&;Q&='S>NJO$L=D.#XQ&)&=% X]RLRDNXI&=S&1MS"O$L;=L0(Q.
&).FN]&> G migrants pass through Libya en route to trans-Saharan wintering sites (Lake Chad, Inner Niger Delta) [125]. It feeds both in brackish/ ;FO$LC< XUB .[125] (0($G&;Q&=Z(&Q&.XQ...C(=([B) &=[Q&=WL0(XXQ&EO&NROQ$M"U=JPN.(W(Q=WL=E.'U.' BBPS.YQ&B>B8&.'!(Q saline coastal sites and freshwater wetlands, sometimes gathering to roost at night and spreading out over larger ecological units to =X&CBJ($Q&PN1(W&LP.R"PNE%ZXC@.(F8&B BPNB0B< Q&A.(&)&/0WJ=Q&PT&08&B0
.&B"(=] Q&A.(&)&/0($F.]Q&EO&N&PN &NH feed by day. Annual totals were rather stable at around 100 individuals; the number of sites was also stable (from four to eight). Of . ONR 16PQ.%E$LR .(EO&NR 8 - 4).XB.D@.PEO&N&.;LIQ\&B coastline is of potential national importance; these two sites are perhaps better regarded as a single ecological unit, used as a 0W]&Q.B>.FD"O$LB0U< X$Q0"&%P. R1(WCPXQ&0N(Q&?!SLR?;\X]CPXQ&B0$!&&0(V(WQ&)&;FNQ&JN"0B.Y @&=WX U ON& feeding area by birds from the same roost, in which case numbers of Spoonbills would be close to the international threshold; they .[88]?SNCPN?B.O3($GPN0(O=Q&0(XXQ&0"&RPN.(QB.0%'&.&;LQ.&;XR&PT.$0(QB;Q&0WX Q&LR0WU=O@N#CPXQ&0" $RNB&.&;L8 are an easterly extension of the internationally important wintering area in the tidal Gulf of Gabès in Tunisia [88]. The freshwater  &=E$LR;B MS"E.[T&BB;WUB 20100&HPN;(FB9]R> GLR=S.J 54;EB2(F0(&JB0(%T")&/.U"PT?. PD.&BPN0B< Q&A.(&5&NF"B reservoir of Wadi Kaam is also of national importance, on the basis of a single count of 54 in 2010; additional counts are clearly )&;T.&K R .(0S.U>Q&L0R.Y$Q&0S.($E)D1. &B>NF0
.&)&=([WQ&PN?.XS.BPXU0" $RNB&LR=( W'=HO$L0NY Q&B .=G"9]R desirable. A smaller regular wintering flock of Spoonbills was found in salt lakes around Benghazi (Julyanah, Al Thama and Ain  .M0B.CPNJ($O.;LER0($F.]Q&>N']Q&PN0B< Q&A.(&5&NF"B?SNCLR'="Q.B0>\&B;&0"&RPN0W.GB.(W(Q'=MPN1S.P0" $RNB Zayannah). Most Spoonbills occurred in western Libya, principally in the tidal area near Tunisia, and on freshwater reservoirs in the =S.J=L0XH ..(W(Q<=IPN&;EJ($O.;L;TNI;"ND1. &BPN;E&NX&'=]Q&LL=&Q&B BB .)=H3($0(B= Q&0"&RPNM('Q&B [29] coastal plain, with a few at Tawurgha and Al Hishah in the western Gulf of Sirt. Apart from the Benghazi flock, very few were seen Giuliano Gerra © &=ENS.($E  ((..R0N(J0R.L).(P.NN$HB=&.]%&Q&LR0 ;O0(S; R)."$F.'&R0XH.(W(QPN);EB.T=D.#CLP.R"PN-&=N1S.P.R;&L1%O0 in eastern Libya. Sixteen birds ringed as chicks in breeding colonies have been recovered in Libya; six are old recoveries of metal A six year old Italian-ringed Spoonbill in May 2008, near Parma, Italy =YPB"LU .XIPN0SN$R)."$[B0N(Q&LR;U; Q&);TNI2(FE.YU;F).FN]& .&D".'C"=O.(B=WB.(Q.U&B=&LR0SN$R)."$
PT(= Q&B .(Q.U&.R0.BLR'="Q.B 2008NU.RPN0(Q.U&0"$[B)&N&H1HB.0" $RNB" rings from Austria, Hungary and Slovakia (generally shot birds) [29]; ten are recent field readings of colour-coded rings from Hungary, [MS] ..(W(QOQ$.'"U=JPN?SNCPN);TNI.'&R;U; Q&@"FPN(0NP<&@( XQ&EO&N.T .%XS&O$L>;U. .(W(QPN Italy and Serbia; several colour-ringed birds were recorded in two or more winters in Libya, demonstrating site fidelity, while several had been seen in Tunisia en route to Libya. [MS]

Spoonbill 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 0" $RNB" Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Farwah Lagoon 60 34 20 97 74 27 20 97 52 AB=N(=([B Wadi Kaam dam 0 54 0 54 27 ?. PD.&B;H Potential sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/0$%X[REO&NR Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 0 20 50 16 5 9 0 50 17 =U;E&2"0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Sabkhat Julyanah 22 15 00020227 0S.($E0\WH Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 10 0 17 0 0 0 17 5 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Al Hishah* 626413164 *0('Q& Al Mallahah 3 3 3 3 0F & Ayn Tawurgha* 950000092 * .M0B.CL Wadi al Mujaynin dam 4 0 0041 &(&D.&B;H Sabkhat Tabilbah 1111 .W$(B.C0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 002002021 MS.U>Q&L Sabkhat Umm al Ez* 0 2 0 0 2 1 *> Q&?"0\WH Wadi Zaret dam 1 2000021 )0&1D.&B;H Wadi Turghut 1 0 0010 ).M=CD.&B Sabkhat Hassila and Wadi al Hamar 0 0 0 1010 =%F &D.&NQ&B0$(
&0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 000010010 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Annual totals 99 86 86 134 84 99 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 667458 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 15 784232157 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Greater Flamingo TS9

Jaber Yahia © P[U=B.E Flamingo Ras Alghur near Hassila Mar. 2010 201020.R0$(]
&LR'="Q.B= Q&2"=B?.[&Q&

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

177330 12 600 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: A-3a (concentration on small number of sites); one of 25 species in >P=XU) (AEWA: A-3c)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F0Q.F <<< Annex II of the Barcelona Protocol. It prefers shallow, brackish or saline lagoons, salt pans and tidal flats, breeding in dense colonies 5&NF8&B0
.&B"(=] Q&A.(&)&/0$[Q&)&=([WQ&J!U .0SN$I=B>NPNCB=WQ IIH[$&PN 25>&8&NS8&LR;F&B (EO&N&LRJ($O.;LPN on low islets inaccessible to terrestrial predators [68]. Historically, Mediterranean birds bred, not every year, after wet winters, at 0N(Q&@ C ,.(\U0.C .[68]0(T08&0H=X!&).S&N(
&LL0 (&R8.!C0 &0$($O(=( W0>E.YR).("U=N$>.%IPN0.'S&).WRPNB"0Q> &R0UB&=[W). "&X]RPN(=(R .XI>NN; B0%X&R=(M0!B0(HNX& Jerid in Tunisia) or in the Camargue and southern Spain [40, 89, 90]; in the last thirty years they have colonised new, often artificially D YQ&> GLJNXH& . [90 ,89 ,40].(S.WH&'N&:EB=0.%#Q&PNB" (?::SNCPN;:U=\&C:IB=S&>\&PN>NR>Q&B'= &PNP#U=U&B.(S.XU0NRPN managed breeding sites (often salt evaporation pans), mainly in the northern Mediterranean (e.g. Ebro Delta in Spain, Cagliari B.(S.WH&PNB=WU&.XQ. .>.YR)CHNX&>.%IPN0W.G ().F R/Q. Q&PN)0(L.&W&@( CEO&NR.'W$M&(;U;E)&=% X]RPN(=(G8&0&H and Comacchio in Italy, Izmir salt-pans in Turkey [90]), where they nest annually and where extensive colour ringing programmes IQ&0.( R@$ .=S.J purposes, is hence questionable. Flamingos are a winter visitor to Libya, and there are no records of breeding: “irregular and scarce” LRKX&RJ#B;E&NXUB)=HOXF0(]SNXQ&.B;
&LRKX&R=(MA;E&NCBM( CJZ]UKQB.(W(QPNDNXI=S&1?.[&Q&=S.J=WX U .II from the Tunisian border to Sirt, regular from Benghazi to Kuz with up to 2,000 from August to April, vagrants at desert sites [29]; '&=H"D1. &B0"&RPN1$ZH .[29]0UB&=[Q&EO&N&PN1XRA.NEB=WX UBJU=B"OQ$?]M"LR.=N 2000OQ$JC.&;L*B1N#Q&OQ$D1. &B in the Benghazi area, flocks of less than a hundred in winter, modest numbers of immatures and non-breeding birds in late spring )&N&]Q&PN=WP&.&;L"1$ZH.[59]G(Q&BE(B=Q&=G&B"PN0 &=(MB0 N.(Q&0N(Q&LR0 T&NXR.&;L"B .XQ&PN=S.J0S.RLRJO".&;L*B and summer [59]; higher numbers were reported in former years from Sabkhat Al Kuz [12]. During the present surveys, the species JC.&;L*BP$F.]Q&CU=Q&>NJO$L(;X . ONRD DPN .XIJPPN8N&Q&& GB [12]1N#Q&0\WHPN0"B.]Q& was found every winter at thirty sites extending the length of the coastline, with totals peaking at over 3,000 in 2009; one site, Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& =G!. ONR=LC;F$=WXL&B0(. Q&0(%T8&=(U. ROQ$JU0(]SNXQ&.B;
&'=O3.%PNB"0\WHNTB;F&BEONR .2009PN 3000LR=YP"OQ$ Sabkhat Abu Kammash near the Tunisian border, met the criteria for international importance, another eleven (notably Sabkhat al Flamingo take-off from Sabkhat Hassila, Libya, Feb. 2010 ( &=OB.T;(WEOB0N(QE]C :.(W(QPN)."$
)& &=O=L1N=L ,2005PN0(Q.
&).FN]&";WC@"JWO .0(&JB0(%T"&/ (1N#Q&0\WH.T1=B") 2010=U&=WN.(W(Q0$(]
&0\WHLR?.[&Q&LRB B8 O& Kuz) were considered to be of national importance. Before the present surveys began in 2005, ten ringing recoveries were known WU. 0)<=WJPN;TNI;"N=I. Q&=S.Q&.R"D1. &BLR0(O.WQ&0 W]Q&B)=H3($GPN1S=O)."$F(= Q&BLR@.&D&0SN$R0"$
(;F&B from Libya, nine of birds taken by hunters, with one reading of a colour ring; two came from the Gulf of Sirt, seven from Benghazi, 0"$F 1481S=O 201020.R0U.'SOXFMS&2(F( B="&)."$
&.&;L"PND0;EJ#B(=(WP(..U1OQ$).FN]&)." .(.(W(QPNLU..(Q&81NCIQ/ one from Tobruk (perhaps illustrating the distribution of hunters in Libya). The surveys have led to a dramatic increase in the number LR 9B=0.%PLR 42BB=WU&(=% X]RLR 16B0(]Q;S8&* YQ&)&=% X]&LR 15 :.WU="CK(O=XQ&0($% B0%S."Q&CHNX&)&=% X]RJPLR of rings read; up to March 2010, 148 had been read, from nearly every colony in the Mediterranean where colour ringing has been 0(Q. Q&0W]&Q&B .1977<&R&=#WR=.&T";BK(O=XQ&@NPOQ$=0.%PPN.&;L8&(=YP.N CB ..(P=CLR 5BN(P.RNPLR 10BD0.(Q.PLR 51B=S&>\& ?.[&Q& carried out: 15 from the three Andalucian colonies; 16 from the Ebro colony; 42 from Camargue; nine from Algeria; 51 from Cagliari, Flamingo 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean .(W(Q@NP,NTNB)& &="Q&A G)."$
)& &="Q&B B);P" .CHNX& .[S"E(%EPN(;E&NX&(=( Q&LR=(W#Q&?.[&$Q0W]&Q.B0(XC0"&R 1977; the high proportion from Sardinia, where ringing commenced only in 1997, perhaps reflects a real predominance of Sardinian Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR [MS] ..("U=N$>.%IPNC=G8&HJ.&&PN.%P.(W(QPNG(C Sabkhat al Kuz 527 515 94 372 364 39 39 527 319 1N#Q&0\WH birds. These readings clearly show that Libya acts as a wintering area for Greater Flamingos from throughout the Mediterranean Sabkhat Tabilbah 151 151 151 151 .W$(B.C0\WH meta-population; some readings were also made during the summer and confirm that, as elsewhere in north Africa, immature birds Al Hishah* 101 195 299 54 123 68 54 299 140 *0('Q& Al Mallahah 131 131 131 131 0F & summer in Libya. [MS] Sabkhat Umm al Ez* 280 0 0 0 280 93 *> Q&?"0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 0 12 67 26 402 0 0 402 85 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Julyanah 6 10 156 140 92 72 6 156 79 MS.($E0\WH Sabkhat Hassila and Wadi al Hamar 0 0 20 166 0 166 47 =%F8&D.&BB0$(]
&0\WH Sabkhat al Waset 5 53 0 71 45 0 71 35 CHNQ&0\WH Sabkhat Sultan 47 0 0 5 137 18 0 137 35 @.$H0\WH Ayn Tawurgha* 0 0 0 158 0 0 0 158 26 * .M0B.CL Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 24 0 56 0 0 14 0 56 16 *(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Umm al Qindil 25 5 5 25 15 JU;&"Q&?"0\WH Sabkhat Ras Lanuf 26 12 0 0 0 26 10 ;NS 2"00\WH Farwah Lagoon 25 000060255 (B=N(=([B Sites not shown (n=14) sum of means : 47 (14=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 775 2920 724 2288 3292 640 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 13 13 9 10 11 15 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 125 487 422 238 525 82 82 525 313 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Little Grebe T-P!, 127 Tachybaptus ruficollis 

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Little Grebe in winter plumage, near Ferrara, Italy, Aug. 2010 2010 .?]M".(Q.U&&0&=(NLR'="Q.BDNXQ&@U=Q.B=( W2.M

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

4320 7 4000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C-1 (numbering more than 100,000: could benefit from international =S.J 100,000LR=YP"A.&;L") (AEWA:C-1)H[$RPNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< cooperation). The Little Grebe is the smallest of its family and usually inhabits fresh waters. Considered as a resident breeder and K("R@ R=WX U .0B< Q&A.(&).V(BPN.WQ.ML"UBMX$(N.&=N"= W"NT=( Q&2. Q& (.'XU.%
PQB;Q&@B. XQ&LR;(!X]C@"L# B winter visitor to Libya. Nesting has been proved at Tawurgha with six breeding pairs in 1965 and at Waw an Namus in 2005; in .B;]Q&B BPNBJF.]Q&>NJO$L E .XI;E&NXU20050&H2NR.&Q&B&BPNB .M0B.CPN 19650&H+&B1"0XH@( C1WD" ..(W(QPNDNXI=S&1B winter it occurs locally along the coast and in some dams and pools and more sporadically in the northern Sahara [29, 38, 98]. Few (;T.RB(;#I&PN(;F&B(;T.R:. WQ&LRPBN&\& >\&PN0$($O)&;T.R;ENC .[293898] &=[Q&>.%IE"XRJ#B;E&NXRB5&NF8&B observations in the southern part of the country: one at Ashkidah, one at Sabha [38] and several at Waw al Namus [77, 98], while the ).FN]&> G);TNI0LN%ZR=WP" ..'WHB@NTPN0(Q.
&).FN]& .&D";EB.%&(B[7798]2NR.&Q&B&BPN.&=N"(;L);TNIB [28].'WHPN present surveys found it at Hun and Sebha. The largest group observed during the present surveys was of 23 birds in the Benghazi .=N 92OQ$P&JNQ&8N%&E!C0& .E.UN&HEO&NR0(S.%DB&D"B1S.P=S.Q.'(NJZHPXQ&EO&N&.;L .D1. &B0"&RPN=S.J 231S.P0(Q.
& area. The number of occupied sites was between two and eight sites a year. The national totals peaked at 92 in 2010. At Benghazi, 0N(Q&.&;L"JC;OB .0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T"B/EONR (.T=UNC0($%LJWO1S.PB")D1. &B0&U;RPNDB ]Q&-0R.Y$Q&0\WH=WX C .20100&H Sabkhat al Thama - Sabkhat Esselawi is (or was, before being modified) a potential site of national importance. In other North [HA] ..(W(QLR)."$
A"=O;ENC .[88]C=G80&HLR0%'R).&U.WCER=S.J 3,000OQ$ 1,000LR.("U=N$>.%I>B.PO.BPN0(X& African countries wintering numbers may reach 1,000 to 3,000, with important variations from year to year [88]. There are no known ringing recoveries from Libya. [HA]

Little Grebe 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =( W2.M Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 4 18 9 11 27 0 27 12 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Other sites (mean >1 ind.) (1<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 3 6 23 15 3 23 12 2?SNU0.O0\WH Sabkhat Julyanah 4 10 0 3 0 17 0 17 6 0S.($E0\WH Tobruk harbour 10 0 0 10 5 ?$B&=J .&(R Al Maqarin karstic lakes 1 10 3 1 10 5 LU0."&)&=([B Ayn Tawurgha* 924205094 * .M0B.CL Ajdabiyah GMMR reservoir 3333 .(B&;E&@&>G Ayn Zayyanah 00000170173 MS.U>Q&L Hijarah lake 5 0 0 5 3 (0.Z
&(=([B Sabkhat al Hammam 3 4 0 0 4 2 ?.%
&0\WH Wadi Zaret Dam 10 00000102 )0&1D.&B;H Sites not shown (n=9) sum of means : 6 (9=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 36 23 29 42 36 92 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 754828 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 924205094 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Great Crested Grebe TS8_MY@P!, 129 Podiceps cristatus 

Wajih Bashimam © ?.R$3.BM(EB Great Crested Grebe with traces of breeding plumage, Farwah Lagoon, Libya, Nov. 2009 2009=W%NNS.(W(QAB=N(=([BPN@( XQ&@U00.D!ER=(WP+NXR2.M

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

20018 7 7250 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-2c (significant long-term decline). To date, Great Crested Grebe C;&O$LDN& R5.!\S&) (AEWA: B-2c)H[$RPNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< seems to be present in Libya almost exclusively on coastal waters and in winter, despite the fact that it regularly breeds in numbers (=Y#BB?.XS.B@ UMS&KM0 .XQ&PNB0(VJ.Q&A.(&PN.WU="C0U=F0!B.NENR=(W#Q&+NX&2. Q&@"B;WU?N(Q&OXF .(JUNQ& in Tunisia and Algeria [87, 88], and used to breed in Egypt in the first half of the 20th Century [63]. However, winter counts under the PN0$Z]&C&&B;Q&PN>.
&NT.%PPW($Q&JF.]Q&>NJO$L0(VJ.Q&)&=([WQ&=WP"B0U.B8&).WRB-S&N&=YP"PNB=[WQ& although at low densities, at sea and in most harbours, wadi mouths and the largest coastal lagoons all along the Libyan coast,  .M0B.CLB)0&1D.&BB@.MD.&BB?. PD.&BKNB";HJYRG(Q&B"E(B=Q&PNGc PXQ&0FN$&0$($OB"0B< Q&A.(&)&/0WJ=Q&PT&08&B B as well as in neighbouring countries. It even seems possible that it could breed in a few freshwater or slightly brackish wetlands .&;L8&PN(..U>Q&0(S.#R$@.N [146].NH8&=[WQ&B.BB0B"'=M).LN%ZRPN9T&NQ&BJW&NX&@."&Q&B AEWA0(O.!C&PNMXQ.FKM0 .MS.U>Q&LB that remain flooded in spring or summer such as dams or mouths of Wadi Kaam, Wadi Ghan or Wadi Zaret, Ayn Tawurgha or Ayn B.(W(QLR)."$
)& &=O;ENU . [77 ,29 ,29]LU= Q&@="Q&LR(=(G8&.N" Q&PN(0;S=YP",NTNB@.P8N&Q&@"B;WU2(F.'%]FL#  0(X& Zayyanah. Despite its AEWA status and the apparent continuing decrease in both west European and Black Sea populations [146], [PDR] .0N(Q&ANW";U;bJ([X]&L%NIQ\& the possibility of an increase in wintering numbers cannot be discounted as the species seems clearly to have been rarer in the last decades of the 20th Century [29, 29, 77]. No ringing recoveries are available for Libya, or for Algeria or Tunisia [87, 88], so it is impossible to say whether birds originate in west Europe or further east. [PDR]

Great Crested Grebe 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =(WP+NXR2.M Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Farwah Lagoon 200 206 40 155 85 71 40 206 126 (B=N(=([B Ayn al Ghazalah 24 38 87 24 87 50 0Q&> Q&L Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 00260152015227=U;E&2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q&

Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Tripoli harbour 00233310317 ?$B&=J .&(R Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 12 14 12 14 13 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Tobruk harbour 10 2 2 10 6 ?$B&=J .&(R Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 9 1093 P%(%XQ&0\WH Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 023801082 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Ajdabiyah GMMR reservoir 2222 .(B&;E&@&>G Sea off Farwah island 2222 (B=N(=U>EJF.H Tamimi coast 2222 P%(%XQ&JF.H Wadi Ghan dam 0 8000082 @.MD.&B;H Wadi al Mujaynin dam 4 0 0041 &(&D.&B;H Wadi Kaam mouth 220210021 ?. PD.&BKN Ayn Zayyanah 000310031 0S.U>Q&L Ayn Tawurgha* 011000010 * .M0B.CL Wadi Turghut 0 1 0010 ).M=CD.&B Sabkhat Julyanah 010000010 MS.($E0\WH Annual totals 248 259 61 177 90 365 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 5786411 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 011000010 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Slavonian Grebe PTDM0MP!, 131 Podiceps auritus 

Fabio Cianchi © PXS.CN(B.N Slavonian Grebe in winter plumage at Orbetello, central Italy, Feb. 1994 1994=U&=WN.(Q.U&CHB (X(BB0&PNDNXQ&@U=Q.B.(SNN H2.M

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

01 0 200 < 25

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: A-1c (numbering less than 10,000) or A-2 (numbers between  B " (10000LRJO&A.&;L") (AEWA: A-1c)H[$RPNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< 10,000 and 25,000) according to geographical origin from north-west or north-east Europe. A single adult was well watched on L%TLR 2006=U.&U 20PN,NTNBFQ.B.=N;TNI ..BB0B"'=M>.%IB"<=I>.%ILRPN&= \&A*&RO$L .&B (25000B 10000BA.&;L") A-2 20 January 2006 among a large group of Black-necked Grebes at Farwah Lagoon. This seems to be the fifth record for Libya [27] of MSNPLRKM=Q.B.($[R0..&Q&2. Q&&<'Q [27].(W(QPN?R.&J(Z]XQ&NT&.%IPNA;E&NXQ0(S.&YXH&) .F1$ZH2(FCHNX&=[WQ&PNKX&RL#QB;E&NXQ&J($O.(XRP$F.]Q& exceptionally recorded in north Africa with only two records for Tunisia [88]. The small-billed appearance of the Farwah bird may be [PDR] .[11]PO=I0N(Q&ANW"@$O$L>;UAB=NPN0N($Q0."&%$Q=( Q&J#Q&@$ .[88]?SNC indicative of an eastern origin [11]. [PDR]

Slavonian Grebe 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean .(SNN H2.M All sites EO&N&E(%E Farwah Lagoon 010000010 (B=N(=([B 010000 Annual totals DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 010000 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Black-necked Grebe 6E)

Wajih Bashimam © ?.R$3.BM(EB Black-necked Grebe in winter plumage, Farwah Lagoon, Libya, Nov. 2009 2009=W%NNS.(W(QAB=N(>U>EDNXQ&@U=Q.BH& Q&.NH"2.M

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

28827 10 2200 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-2c (significant long-term decline). The nominate subspecies C;&O$LDN& R5.!\S&) (AEWA: B-2c)H[$RPNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< breeds across the middle latitudes of the Palearctic, from the Iberian peninsula to southern Asia, with a huge gap between longitudes (=(WP(NZNER.(H!'N&EOQ$0U=(WU Q&(=U>\&MWILR;"Q&>.%Q&K($O$0"&5= Q&6NGCHNXRB.R0NP<&EUN&Q&@ U .(JUNQ& 90° and 110° East. Western Palearctic birds mostly winter along the coasts of the Atlantic, Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas, B.NH8&=[WQ&B0(HNX&B0(]$J8&-J&NQ&>NJO$LPXC.'W$M&;"Q&>.%Q&K($O$'=M0N(J ..O=I 110°B 90°>NQ&6NGB with a reduced and fragmented inland distribution [40]. A regular winter visitor to Libya, locally observed in large flocks (e.g. more than LPN&=S.J 200LR=YP" :>.YR)(=(WP'&=H"PN.($[R;TNI ,.(W(QPNKX&RDNXI=S&1 .[40]508&JG&.">ZRB.B;[R81NCERLUB>O=[B 200 birds at Ayn al Ghazalah and Farwah Lagoon in 2006), though numbers - even at sites that are regularly occupied - can change B=G!OQ$ .XILRD0;EJ#B=( XC@"L# (?.XS.B.'(N;E&NX&EO&N&PNOXF).&;L8&@NPLRKM=Q.B (20060&HAB=N(=([BB0Q&> Q& dramatically between winters, also because of variations in detectability due to wind or sea conditions. Annual counts total 200-300 (=(G8&)&N&]Q&PNG(!J5.!\S&ER&=S.J 300 - 200OQ$0UN&]Q&.&;L8&JC .=[WQ&B9U=Q&0Q.
. WC0WO&=&;B=K=( CIQ/'.WH";F& birds, with a slight decreasing trend in recent years and a peak in 2006 (627 individuals). The number of sites is stable (8-12 sites )&/0WJ=Q&PT&08&LR0 B0" .P$F.]Q&CU=Q&JPJ%CB ( .XIJP. ONR 12OQ$ 8LR)="X]REO&N&.;L .(&.=N 627) 20060&H0%"Q&F$BB in each winter) and comprises the whole coastal belt. Four of the five wetlands of national importance for this species are coastal =G&K'&EON& .(0Q&> Q&LBDB ]Q&-MR.Y$Q&0\WHBMS.($E0\WHBAB=N(=([B)0(VJ.I)&=([BPT8N&Q&&<'Q0W]&Q.B0(&JNQ&0(%T8& lagoons (Farwah Lagoon, Sabkhat Julyanah, Sabkhet al Thama-Esselawi and Ayn al Ghazalah). The other important site is Waw an .'(NJZH2(F=[WQ&LL 1500; WCPXQ&B(=] Q&A.(&)&/(=([WQ&A<'Q(=(W#Q&).(S.#R & 20090&]Q;(FNQ&.&; XQ&='K" :2NR.&Q&B&BNT Namus: the single count in 2009 showed the large potential of this brackish lake, which lies 1500 Km inland, for this species; 60 had .&;L8&B WQ0W]&Q.B0UB&=[Q&)&=([WQ&0B. (0B.%IOQ$BLR(=Z'Q&@.BPFNC.'($LJ&)."$
& .C=G"OQ$0&HLR0"(% Q&)&=( XQ& &=E1O.&CKT8&EO&N&PN.&;L8&>; R@". of the Libyan population, as the average values at the top sites are depressed by deep inter-annual fluctuations. Recoveries suggest )& &=O;ENC .[128].U"CHNX&=WL0(B=M -0(O=I) "&CJ(Z]CLRKM=Q.B [88 ,40]0(BN&\&-0(Q.%Q&(=Z'Q&)&0.]ROQB8&0E0;Q.BEWXC.("U=N$ that migration to and from north Africa mainly follow an approximate north-south route [40, 88], even though east-west movements [MZ] .C=G">B;B.(W(QCB=C)."$
across the Mediterranean have also been reported [128]. No recoveries link Libya to other countries. [MZ]

Black-necked Grebe 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean H& Q&.NH"2.M Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Ayn al Ghazalah 124 220 51 51 220 132 0Q&> Q&L Farwah Lagoon 75 207 100 46 13 39 13 207 80 (B=N(=([B Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 101 128 75 12 27 0 128 57 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.X$Q&0\WH Waw an Namus 44 44 44 44 2NR.&Q&B&B Sabkhat Julyanah 70 40 20 20 16 1 1 70 28 MS.($E0\WH Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat al Kuz 20 0 0 1 52 22 0 52 16 1N#Q&0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 3 30 4 19 7 0 0 30 11 0S.U>Q&L Other sites (mean >1 ind.) (1<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Sabkhat Tabilbah 15 15 15 15 .W$(B.C0\WH Sea off Farwah island 12 12 12 12 (B=N(=U>EJF.H Al Gardabiya West GMMR Reservoir 10 10 10 10 PB= Q&0(B.T="Q&@&>G Wadi Kaam dam 17 0 0 17 9 ?. PD.&B;H Wadi Turghut 2 15 0 0 15 6 ).M=CD.&B Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 3 16 1 0 0 16 5 2?SNU0.O0\WH Sabkhat Umm al Qindil 6 0063 JU;&"Q&?"0\WH Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 6 0062 P%(%XQ&0\WH Sites not shown (n=12) sum of means : 7 (12=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 305 627 272 202 151 170 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 8 12 8 10 10 8 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 040030041 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Marsh Harrier LP!S

Essam Bouras © 4&0NB"?.L Immature Marsh Harrier near Misratah, Libya, Feb. 2010 2010 .=U&=WN.(W(Q0C&=RLR'="Q.B0 Q.B=(M9S.WQ&(1=R

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

3734 11 - < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern ( IUCN Red List); not an AEWA species, but listed in CMS App. II, as are most Falconiformes. PS.YQ&H[$&PN+0;RL#QBAEWAH[$R+0;R=(M(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< Marsh Harrier is not a water bird, but a bird of prey adapted to wetlands and in winter to grasslands; no overall population figure is =NNXC .>N']Q&ER .XQ&PNB0WJ=Q&PT&08&ERG(#XR,0.E=S.J.'&#QB.(S.R&=S.J1](Q9S.WQ&(1=R@$ .CMS(=E.'&8&NS8&0(O.!C available. It breeds across the Palearctic to China, including northwest Africa where there is an endemic subspecies C. a. harterti, 9S.WQ&(1=RNTBLJNX]REUNS;ENU2(F.("U=N"'=M>.%IIQ/PN. Q&OXF;"Q&>.%Q&K($O$=WL@ U .(=( Q&LL0$R.P(0NW but no breeding records from Libya. It moves south to winter, concentrating to cross the Mediterranean at Gibraltar, Cape Bon in =W U .0N.Y#B0N!HNWQ&B"?SNXBP$W"Q&LJNQ&B"<0.JJWEH(R=WLCHNX&=W UPX(Q.BN&EMZXU ..(W(QPNM( CJZ]UKQ .harterti Tunisia or the Bosphorus; some cross the Sahara and winter in tropical Africa. In Libya it is a passage migrant and winter visitor. It J($Q&P"U)PS.]&?NY\& .&YXH.B).L.%EPN@( U ..(W(QPNDNXI=S&1B=B.L=E.'R .0(S&NXH &.("U=N$PNPXUB &=[Q&M&RB WQ& does not congregate socially except in evening roosts (often at reed-beds), so totals varied from year to year, depending on whether B 2006PN .M0B.CLPN.%P)1(W&LP.R"0WO&=RO$LIQ/;%X UBC=G"OQ$0&HLR.&;L8&=( XCIQ;(FNQ& .F &2.H"O$L0(&JB0(%T"&/. ONR=(G8&&;U. 0))=H3($G>NFB.(W(Q'=MLR.'&R;U; Q& records came from coastal sites, many in western Libya and round the Gulf of Sirt (perhaps an indication that some birds reach Libya  &=[Q&=WL0P=
.B&=(PNFPW($Q&PO=Q&JF.]Q&PN.U"L#QB via the central Mediterranean route between Sicily and Cape Bon), but also in eastern coastal Libya around Benghazi and the gulf 20.RPN0C&=RBD1. &B'=O1S=O0U;&$&N-&=N).(W(QPN)."$F0D D1S=O .[95 ,77 ,38]@&>NPN0W]&Q.B(=(YP0UNXI) (Z]C.NEBLRKM=Q.B of Bumbah; the few inland records might be a reminder of trans-Saharan movements, although there are numerous winter records ?SNCPNP$W"Q&LJNQ&PN1%O00N(Q)."$F.(HB0'N&EB.BB0B"<=IPN1S=O .(P\I>.C& ,K. Rainio=W%NNSPN0"U=WQ&'=OBJU=B"B for the Fezzan [38, 77, 95]. There are three ringing recoveries in Libya (Finnish chicks recovered near Benghazi and Misratah in March and [MS] .[88] April, and near Burayqah in November, K. Rainio pers. comm.). Birds ringed at Cape Bon, Tunisia, were recovered in eastern Europe and southern Russia [88]. [MS]

Marsh Harrier 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 9S.WQ&(1=R Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Mellahat al Mesherrek* 32 32 32 32 *<=&0F R Potential sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/0$%X[REO&NR Ayn Tawurgha* 9 40 1 10 3 3 1 40 11 * .M0B.CL Other sites (mean >1 ind.) (1<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Umm Hufayn 7 4476 !F?" Hijarah lake 3 4 3 4 4 (0.Z
&(=([B Ayn Zayyanah 2 1 14 2100143 MS.U>Q&L Sabkhat Umm al Ez* 3 3 4 3 4 3 *> Q&?"0\WH As Sidr oil terminal 2 2 2 2 P!&Q&(0;]Q& .&(R Sabkhat al Hammam 2 2 2 2 2 2 ?.%
&0\WH Wadi al Azrak* 2 2 2 2 *<01 &D.&B Al Hishah* 141210042 *0('Q& Sites not shown (n=24) sum of means : 14 (24=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 21 74 24 30 21 50 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 11 16 8 13 11 8 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 11 49 6 12 8 35 6 49 20 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Hen Harrier _P`

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Male Hen Harrier near Ferrara, Italy, Dec. 2007 2007=W%]U..(Q.U&&0&=(N'=O+.E;Q&(1=R=P/

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

416 3 - < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); not an AEWA species, but listed in CMS App. II, as are all migratory H[$&PNJZ]RL#QB AEWA0(O.!C&M$%C (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< species of the family Accipitridae. Hen Harrier is not a water bird, but a bird of prey which feeds over grasslands, Juncus or BPL&=&PNC< XU,0.E=S.JM&#Q.(S.R&=S.J?(Q+.E;Q&(1=R .Accipitridae0$(NLR(=E.'&8&NS8&JPJYRCMS(=E.'&8&NS8&0(O.!C II Arthrocnemum beds or salt meadows, and roosts in marshes; no overall population figure is available but the European population 22000B0;"C0(BB0B8&(=( Q&L#QB(=( Q&LL0$R.P(0NW=NNXC .).G.W]Q&PNJ($Q&P"UB0
.&+B=&B"@.&I &B/"Q&).WS). %c is estimated at 22,000 to 32,000 pairs, two thirds of them in Russia [54]. It is included here because of observations, often at roosts @ U ..'[]RPXQ&0WJ=Q&PT&08&B BPNC=G"1=RER1(WU.WQ.MMC;T.R/W]B?$J8&&.%Q&K($O$(1=R0N(J=G!M&#Q;"Q&>.%Q&K($O$>.%I0"&RPN Palearctic harriers, few leaving Europe in winter; only small numbers reach the Levant and coastal plains of North Africa [40]. Like JWEH(R0.]R;&LCHNX&0NW QM&RB WQ&E%XZUC=G8&0F0.\&0N(Q&JYR .[40]0(Q.%Q&.("U=N 0($F.]Q&>N']Q&BOS.8&<=Q&OQ$ other raptors however, some congregate to cross the Mediterranean at Gibraltar, Cape Bon in Tunisia or the Bosphorus: 102 records B0..S=B.LB [87]=S&>\&PNDNS.D=WX U .[88]?SNCPNNU.ROQ$=W%NNSLR2003B 1964B (Z]C 102 :0N!HNWQ&B"?SNCPNP$W"Q&LJNQ&B<0.J between 1964 and 2003 from November to May in Tunisia [88], “marginal” in Algeria [87], rare passage and winter visitor in Egypt [105]. DB&=[WJ(Z]CB<=WJB?.8&'=OJU=B"PNJ($O0NWLB [29 ,27]?$B&=J0"&RPNC"N) (Z]C0]%GER.(W(QPN0..S .[105]=RPNDNXI=S&1 In Libya it is scarce, with only five records in the Tripoli area [27, 29] and small passage in April near Al Adem and Tobruk, with one =.&T .[97]D1. &B'=OJU=B"PN0(O=Q&0"&&PNMQK'R0NWLJZHB [97 ,77 ,37 ,36]0UB&=[Q&HJ.&&PNJZ]UKQ .[29]A=!#Q&'=OJU=B"PN;F&B April desert record near Kufra [29]; not recorded in desert regions [36, 37, 77, 97]; considerable easterly passage in April near Benghazi [97]. 0W]&Q.B0UNXQ&) (Z]XQ&>B"0(Q.
&).FN]&1R;O .[54].'Q0'B.& .Y WQ&(1=&0N(JLR8N&Q&&<'Q0 N.(Q&0N(Q&B*.S &>((PN0BN W There is difficulty in distinguishing females and immatures of this species in winter from the similar Pallid Harrier [54]. The present C=G"B0 Q.B&0NP/,NTNB)=P/0(Q.
&).FN]&> G) (Z]XQ&LR;U; Q&@"2(FC$&B BJF. 0MS"FPN.(W(Q<=IB &=[$Q surveys produced the first winter records for the desert and eastern Libya. While some confusion may possibly have occurred, many 1(W&EO&NRPN)&;T.&)>P=C .20100&H.&=N"0 W]Q&F$BOO";FER .XIJPPN.&=N8&B B1$ZH .;U;b=( B(1=R0N(JC"N)=P/ records during the present surveys were of the quite distinct adult males and others were noted simply as “Circus sp.”. A few &;( B@.C;T.R.U"=.&TB.<=WJBD1. &BB0(VJ.Q&EO&N&PNB" .M0B.C).\WH/P=?U;Q&B/"Q&).WS). %cPN (9S.WQ&(1=RER) individuals were found every winter, with a maximum of seven in 2010. Observations were concentrated at evening roosts (with PNMC &=O1P$W"Q&LJNQ&PNKO0&;F&B.( (B0&=E.'RL#QB.(W(QPN8N&Q&&<'Q)."$
0NB= R)& &=O;ENC .@NTB?R&;M'=O &=[Q&PN Marsh Harriers) in the reed-beds of the Tawurgha wetland complex, or at coastal sites between Benghazi and Tobruk; there were [MS] .[88]PQ.XQ&=U.&UPN.(S.RB0 also two observations deep into the desert near Ghadames and Hun. There are no known ringing recoveries of this species in Libya, but one spring migrant ringed at Cape Bon was recovered in Romania the following January [88]. [MS]

Hen Harrier 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean +.E;Q&(1=R All sites EO&N&E(%E Mellahat al Mesherrek* 2222 *<=&0F R Ras al Markeb 2222 /P=&2"0 Sabkhat Tonin 1 1 1 1 SNC0\WH Al Hishah* 110010011 *0('Q& Umm Hufayn 0 1011 !F?" Ayn al Ghazalah 0 1 0010 0Q&> Q&L Sabkhat al Hammam 1 0 0 0 1 0 ?.%
&0\WH Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 0 1010 P%(%XQ&0\WH Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat Jaruthah 000200020 MDB0.E0\WHB?&(%O0\WH Sabkhat Ras at Tin 1 0 0010 XQ&2"00\WH Sabkhat Umm al Ez* 1 0 0 0 1 0 *> Q&?"0\WH Sabkhat Zuwaytinah 0 01010 0&(XUB>Q&0\WH Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 1 0 0 00010 .O0>Q&L0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 001000010 MS.U>Q&L Sabkhat al Kuz 010000010 1N#Q&0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 000010010 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH 352227 Annual totals DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 352125 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 120022021 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Pallid Harrier BPY-RU @ 139 Circus macrourus 

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Male Pallid Harrier in the Serengeti, Tanzania, Jan. 2010 2010 .=U.&U.(S&>&CPX(a=(H .Y B(1=R

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

14 1 - < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Near threatened (IUCN Red List); not an AEWA species, but listed in CMS App. II, as are all migratory PS.YQ&H[$&PN+0;RL#QBAEWAH[$R+0;R=(M(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F);U;'XQ&1b :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< species of the family Accipitridae. Pallid Harrier is not a water bird, but a bird of prey which feeds over grasslands and roosts in BPL&=&PNC< XU,0.E=S.JM&#Q.(S.R&=S.J?(Q .Y WQ&(1=& .Accipitridae0$(NLR(=E.'&8&NS8&LRA=( P .CMS(=E.'&8&NS8&0(O.!C marshes; no overall population figure is available but the European population is estimated to number no more than a few thousand 0S0."R. [54].(HB0PN0W.G+&B18&LR; !0 B1B.ZXU 0(BB0B8&(=( Q&.&; CL#Q(=( Q&LL0$R.P(0NW=NNXC .).\W]Q&PNJ($Q&P"U pairs, mostly in Russia [54]. Its breeding range in the Palearctic is much more restricted than that of other harriers, and is concentrated  .&D"'N&\&PN."(%L(..LJMNXU .OHNQ&.(H!B.(HB0'N&E&>P=XRB&.B;[R;"Q&>.%Q&K($O$PNM( C>.ZR=WX UC=G8&)&1=.B in southern Russia and central Asia; like its close relative the Montagu’s Harrier, it normally moves well south in autumn, substantial .("U=N$>.%IPNM&R0($O"PXC (NE.XSNR(1=R; \B)L#QB;&'Q&B &=[Q&'N&E.("U=N$PNM&R0R.T.&;L"PXCB ,NE.XSNR(1=%PGU=& numbers wintering in sub-Saharan Africa and India, but (unlike Montagu’s) a minority wintering in North Africa and the Middle 0.]R/W]BB0N!HNWQ&B"?SNCPNP$W"Q&LJNQ&;&LCHNX&0NW QM&RB WQ&E%XZU ,C=G8&0F0.\&0N(Q&LRA=( P .[40]CHB8&<=Q&B East [40]. Like other raptors, some congregate to cross the Mediterranean at Cape Bon in Tunisia or the Bosphorus; because of loop (1=RER8N&Q&&<'Q0 N.(Q&0N(Q&B*.S &>((0BN B&;(" C0( TNQ&.&.>C .[88 ,54]GU=&PNM&LE(B=Q&PN?SNCPN.LN(I=YP"MS,N(=Z'Q& migration, it is much commoner in Tunisia in spring than in autumn [54, 88]. The situation is complicated by the difficulty of distinguishing 1S.P).&(X]Q&0U&;BPNP$W"Q&LJNQ&PN);W0PXQ&0N(Q&BLRL#Q .>N"
&PN (,.&\&0%$ RJU G&;E(=( W.&;L"1$ZH .[77 ,37 ,36]M($L;= XQ&0BN WB"8N&Q&(0;S who have visited areas where the species might occur cite no records, either because of the scarcity of the species or the difficulty (1=RER)0(S.]&1(W&LP.R"PN)&;T.&)>P=C .0 Q.B&0NP/,NTBJ#B*.[B8&LR;U; Q&)=P/;OBC=G")&1=RERC$&B BJFMS" of confirming identification [36, 37, 77]. Very small numbers were recorded during the present surveys, with a maximum of two in any &=S.J 30LR=YP"L#Q.(W(QPN8N&Q&&<'Q0NB= R)."$F;ENC .D1. &B'=OB" .M0B.C).\WH/P=RPN/"Q&).WSPN (+.E;Q&(1=RB9S.WQ& winter; while some confusion with other harriers may possibly have occurred, several records were of the quite distinct adult males. [MS] .[88]0&]Q&?!SGU=GPN@.&WQPN;EBBE(B=Q&PNKO0;F&BIQ/PN. @.X]G&1.POXF.(Q.U&PN.'C"=O1P$W"Q&LJNQ&PN&N%O0 Observations were concentrated at evening roosts (with Marsh and Hen Harriers) in the reed-beds of the Tawurgha complex, or near Benghazi. There are no known ringing recoveries of this species in Libya, but more than 30 ringed at Cape Bon in spring have been recovered from Italy to Kazakhstan, including one ringed in spring and recovered in Lebanon the same autumn [88]. [MS]

Pallid Harrier 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean .X B(1=R All sites EO&N&E(%E Mellahat al Mesherrek* 1111 *<=&0F R Ayn Tawurgha* 110100011 * .M0B.CL Sabkhat Julyanah 100000010 0S.($E0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 010000010 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Annual totals 220101 2 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 220101 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 120101021 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Osprey R PDQP5( 141 Pandion haliaetus 

Essam Bouras © 4&0NB"?.L Osprey at Sabkhat Jeliana, Libya, 2010 2010.(W(QMS.($E(=([BPND=]S'."L

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

16 1 - < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); not an AEWA species, but listed in CMS App. II, as are most Falconiformes; PS.YQ&H[$&PN+0;RL#QBAEWAH[$R+0;R=(M(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< one of the 25 species in Annex II of the Barcelona Protocol. The Mediterranean breeding population only survives in Corsica (where @( C .0SN$I=B>NPNCB=WQ IIH[$.B 25>&8&NS8&LR;F&BFalconiformes0$(NLR(=E.'&8&NS8&K %P .CMS(=E.'&8&NS8&0(O.!C it increased from six pairs in 1977 to 24 in 1996) [136], in the Balearic islands (11-13 pairs) [45] and on the north coast of Morocco and O$LB [45] (.EB1 13 - 11)0.($WQ&0>EPNB [136] (19960&H 24OQ$ 19770&H+&B1" 6LRA.&;L");U&>C2(F)C"N.#(H0NPPNCHNX&PN(=( Q& Algeria (less than 40 pairs) [87, 135]; more commonly nesting in the Red Sea [63]. A non-breeding visitor to Libya according to current ).RN$ &/]F.(W(QPN@ R=(M=S&1 .[63]=%F8&=[WQ&PN.LN(I=YP"M( C [135 ,87] (.EB1 40LRJO")D=S&>\&BPB= &PQ.%Q&JF.]Q& knowledge (though a specific search for nests along the Jabal Akhdar coast and on adjacent islets is needed), regular during transit 0P=F> GKX&RA;E&NC(M&R0WU="Q&0>\&B=G8&JW\&JF.H>NJO$L3.L8&LL0X\R.D.[B" &=E$D0B=Q&LRB;WUMS"KM0)0(Q.
& of the north European breeding population, in autumn and spring, to and from their sub-Saharan winter quarters. Very local in winter, ;ENC F .XQ&PN.($[R&;EES.I . &=[Q&'N&E.'X(XCEO&NROQ$BLRE(B=Q&PNBGU=&PN.BB0B">.%IPN0 &(=( Q&(=ZT when only Mediterranean breeders should be present [136]; quite possibly, considering the distances involved, some individuals might C< XUB0($F.]Q&).V(WQ&PN(..L;E&NXU .=%F8&=[WQ&>.%ILR.'$W".&=N8&B B@.P. 0).N.]%$Q&=SB[136]CHNX&PN0 &0N(Q& $ also originate from the northern Red Sea. It mainly occurs in coastal habitats, typically foraging on estuaries, lagoons and sheltered C"N .XI>NN0D DPN0(Q.
&).FN]&PNJZH .=.%H8.B0(& Q&0(%&@.Z$&B0(VJ.Q&)&=([WQ&B0.'S8&).WRPNOQB8&0E0;Q.B bays with rich populations of fish. Recorded in the present surveys only in three winters, with singles at a total of six sites, none ;ENU .0"F Q&)&N&]Q&LR 2005PN=WP"A.&;L"@"9T&NQ&LRB .0&HLR=YP8EO&N&ANJO$L0(Q.%Q&.BB0B"LR have been obtained along the Libyan coast as well as in the desert: four from Sweden [56], one from Germany [29, 109], and as many PNK(O=XQ&>P=RLR.K. Rainio.T=NB).RN$ & :=BNXP" 4PN.'HNXR@.PB=W%NNS 10B=W%XWH 1B0"$F 20BJU=B" 29PN.'HNXR@.P as 28 from Finland (eight recovered between 15 February and 16 June, median date 29 April, and 20 between 01 September and [NB] ..(B&;E&LRD=G.!Q&;( H;(]Q&LR.&X$WB0YU;F.%T PB(=(G8&A

Osprey 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean D0.]S'."L All sites EO&N&E(%E Bab al Bahr coast 1 1 1 1 =[WQ&'.BJF.H Coast of Sirt town 1 0 0 1 1 )=H0&U;RJF.H Wadi al Masid 1 0 0 1 1 ;(]RD.&B Al Labadia 0 01010 0U..W$Q& Wadi al Khalij 1 0 0010 3($&D.&B Wadi Kaam mouth 100000010 ?. PD.&BKN Annual totals 400101 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 400101 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Water Rail BPA

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Water Rail near Grado, Italy, Jan. 2011 2011=U.&U.(Q.U&B.0.ELR'="Q.B .&0L=R

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

515 3 10000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-2c (numbers above 100,000; significant long-term decline). A 100000LR=YP".T.&;L") (AEWA:B-2c)H[$R+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< resident but mostly overlooked winter visitor to Libya; its cryptic and solitary behaviour makes large scale monitoring extremely CNX]RO$LA;W0J ZUM(!\CBD.&=!S &MPN$H ..(W(QPN .XQ& .&D"M$T.cL# L#QB=S&1BK("R=S.J .(JUNQ&C;&O$LDN& R5.!\S& difficult [60]. Observed inter-annual variations are thus impossible to assess in the absence of a species-specific monitoring programme ; XG&OQ$.N C.'S"9E=UB8N&Q.B4.G0WO&=R3R.S=B'.(MPNC=G"OQ$0&HLR0F &).N XG &=U;"CJ([X]&LR .[60].W W&=R"EH&B and are more likely to be due to variation in detectability of the species’ calls, than to differences in abundance or occurrence. No .(W(QPN@.#RD"PN0(Q.
&).FN]&> G0W.G)&>P=C0U"GX#CKQ .MC=NBB"A.&;L"0N.YP; XG&OQ$.'&R=YP"8N&Q&&NF).F&NQ&B [29]?$B&=J0"&RPN $."B.H.NB= RL#UKQMS"FPN east, whereas it was only known previously from the Tripoli area [29] and oases around Sebha [29, 36], where breeding had even been . =RB?SNCPNK("R@ RMSN#B;B= R8N&Q&&.%XF&ER2NR.&Q& suspected [38]. More recently, the species was recorded at Waw an Namus, also with a high probability of breeding [77, 98], and as a ;ENC.(W(QPNM( XQ0[I=&EO&N&@$ .M( C).WD$@&OQ$A"&U2(F.(W(QPNIQQ&LB .M0B.CLB/"Q&).W&Q0R.T). %c still lacking. Candidate sites for breeding in Libya are among the top ones identified in the present surveys, including Umm Hufayn, Sabkhat Tabilbah, Waw an Namus, Sabkhat Julyanah and Hijarah lakes, which hold significant Phragmites beds, and Ayn Tawurgha and Ayn Zayyanah which hold vast Juncus beds. [PDR]

Water Rail 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean .&0L=R All sites EO&N&E(%E Umm Hufayn 3 0032 !F?" Ayn al Ghazalah 1 2 0021 0Q&> Q&L Birak sewage farm 1 1 1 1 =&=B(0.(B Bumbah sewage farm 2 0021 .WRNB(0.(B Sabkhat Tabilbah 1111 .W$(B.C0\WH Waw an Namus 1 1 1 1 2NR.&Q&B&B Sabkhat Julyanah 112000021 0S.($E0\WH Ayn Tawurgha* 030000031 * .M0B.CL Hijarah lake 1 0 0 1 1 (0.Z
&(=([B Wadi al Hamsah 1 0011 0]%'Q&D.&B Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 0 0 2 00020 .O0>Q&L0\WH Al Maqarin karstic lakes 1 0 0010 LU0."&)&=([B Ayn Zayyanah 002000020 MS.U>Q&L Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 100000010*(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Wadi Kaam mouth 000001010 ?. PD.&BKN Annual totals 4 12 6212 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 463212 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 130000031 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Moorhen BPA

Jaber Yahia © P[U=B.E Moorhen near Al Marj, Libya, Mar. 2010 2010.20.R.(W(Q+=&LR'="Q.B .&0E.E.

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

24124 8 20000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C-1 (numbers above 100,000; could benefit from international 100000LR=YP".T.&;L") (AEWA:C-1)H[$R+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< cooperation). Resident breeder, groups of pairs have previously been recorded, especially in Fezzan [29, 36, 146] and notably at Waw an 2NR.&Q&B&BPN.%(H B [146 ,36 ,29]@&>NPN0W.G0 R0%("R+&B1").LN%ZR."B.H1$ZH .(.'XU.%
PQB;Q&@B. XQ&LR(..!XH &E(X]C Namus [98]. Non-breeding visitors to Libya come from the European and north African breeding populations [146]. The Moorhen uses PN. 0B< Q&A.(&LR0LN&XRJS&NR .&0E.E.J X]C .[146].("U=N$>.%IB.BB0B"PN0 &(=( Q&LR?..O ,.(W(QPN@ R=(M=S&1 .[98] a diversity of freshwater habitats including slow-flowing rivers, lakes, streams, canals and ditches. Requires access to open water, 8N%ZRO$L"@$ .0.ZI8.B0(%&A.(&J!CB0FNX!&A.(%$Q>NG;$Q+.Xb .<..&&BA.(&)&N&OB>B&;\&B)&=([WQ&B@.U=\&0$($O0U.B8&IQ/ and prefers waters sheltered by woodland. In the present surveys, national totals were higher in 2009 (645 birds) and 2010 (310 &<'Q&;E0WH.&&0U..W$Q&0P=WQ0O.=YP*B0WO&=&OQ$IQ/.N UB (&=S.J 310) 2010B (&=S.J 645) 20090&HPN@.P0(Q.
&).FN]& .&D"P&JB birds), possibly due to more thorough coverage of the extremely favourable pool of Al Labadia. The number of occupied sites was /W]B.%S&..&# ?(QA;W0L#QB0 H&B0"&RPN8N&Q&=X&U .0&]Q&PN. ONR 13B 6BA;E&NC.'(NJZ]&EO&N&.;L,B&=XUB.8N&Q& between six and 13 sites a year. The species spreads over a wide area but may not be always detected, because of its unobtrusive 0P=BDB+C2(FPQ.%E &>; &LR % 90KT8&EO&NR?%&DNb .XI>NN0XH> G8N&Q&;EB2(F. ONR 138N%ZRBLR .0<
&MPN$H behaviour. Out of a total of 13 sites where the species was found during the six winters, the top five held 90% of the average total. PN8N&Q&&; &LR % 80.WU="C.T;FB0B< Q&A.(&)&/BJF.]Q&LL(;( WQ&0U..W$Q& The inland freshwater pool of Al Labadia alone held almost 80% of the average yearly total and is by far the most important site for  .&).E.E.0(XC).N.YPKT"LR(;F&BDB+C'.L8&B/"Q.BO &B (=[WQ&9H\&PN.'&R=(Y#Q&1S=OL#QB?SNCB.(W(QPN)."$F;ENC ..("U=N$>.%IJPPN one of the highest densities of wintering Moorhens for the whole of north Africa. There are no known ringing recoveries in Libya and Tunisia, but several recoveries in Algeria of birds ringed in Europe [87]. [HA]

Moorhen 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean .&0E.E. Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Al Labadia 160 645 310 160 645 372 0U..W$Q& Birak sewage farm 30 30 30 30 =&=B(0.(B Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Hijarah lake 30 5 5 30 18 (0.Z
&(=([B Sabkhat Julyanah 1 10 4 0 0 34 0 34 8 0S.($E0\WH Al Hishah* 00004140418 *0('Q& Other sites (mean >2 ind.) (2<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Burayqah Jadida Desalinator 10 10 10 10(;U;\& (0"U=WQ&)=[WQ&A.(R0($b0[R Ayn Tawurgha* 2 15 16 4252167 * .M0B.CL Wadi Kaam mouth 12 10 24611126 ?. PD.&BKN Wadi al Masid 5 6 5 6 6 ;(]RD.&B Ajdabiyah Sewage Farm 5555 .(B&;E&(0.(B Wadi Turghut 9 3 1194 ).M=CD.&B Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 0 11 12 0 0 0 12 4 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Al Maqarin karstic lakes 6 1 1163 LU0."&)&=([B Sites not shown (n=11) sum of means : 11 (11=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 38 44 205 81 701 376 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 9 6 10 6 6 13 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 2 15 16 4 43 9 2 43 15 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Coot U -

Essam Bouras © 4&0NB"?.L Coots near Al Marj, Libya, Feb. 2009 2009=U&=WN .(W(Q+=& LR'="Q.B(= Q&

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

51031 12 20000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C-1 (numbers more than 100,000; could benefit from international LR=YP".T.&;L") (AEWA: C-1)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< cooperation). Mainly a winter visitor to freshwater wetlands in Libya, though a very few pairs stay into summer to breed on secluded  ($O&.;L@"KM0.(W(QPN0B< Q&A.(&)&/0WJ=Q&PT&0 QOQB8&0E0;Q.BDNXI=S&1 .(0U.%[$QPQB;Q&@B. XQ&LR(..!XH &E(X]C 100,000 sites (an adult with a downy chick reported in late May near Benghazi [59]). Because of the paucity and small size of Libyan freshwater EO&NRKZF= WBA"&Q&=SB .([59]D1. &B'=ONU.R0U.'SPN-=NERFQ.B=(JJZH)0QB> &EO&N&PN=D.#X(QG(Q&PNO"WU+&B18&LR sites, Coot does not occur in such large numbers as at other Mediterranean wintering sites which meet the international 1% 20,000> % 1NTBP. Q&0.( &OQ$JCPXQ&0(HNX&0(XXQ&EO&NR0("BPN>.
&NT.%P0!(YP.&;L*B;E&NXU MS,N.(W(QPN'< Q& .& criterion of 20,000 individuals [146]. In the present surveys, national totals were somewhat higher in 2008 and 2009 than other years, PN1$ZHB=S.J 1000OQ$JUKQM&#QBC=G8&)&N&]Q&PNM&R 2009B 2008PNO$L"P&JNQ&8N%&@.#N0(Q.
&).FN]& .&D" .[146].=N but never reached 1,000 birds; flocks of up to 500 are known from the past at Wadi Kaam mouth [29]. The number of sites where EONR 15OQ$ 10>; 0XB.D1("BB (>.%E8&PNEONR 31)(= Q&.'(N1$ZHPXQ&EO&N&.;L .[29]?. P.&B/RPN&=S.J 500G) plain) while the sixth, intriguingly, is deep in the desert at Waw an Namus (included on the basis of a single record which confirmed EO&N&A Q&L.'&(B?(Q0$($OEO&NR@"KM0. WQ&JR.PPN.T=(MB the country, though few sites other than Ayn al Ghazalah are east of the Jebel Akhdar. Coot was generally recorded either on ;E&NXU;OB (MQ&> Q&L>.YR)(=] Q&A.(&)&/B"0FN$R=YP8&0WJ=Q&PT&08&/S.ZB0B< Q&A.(&@N(LPNB" ().S&>&B0U.B8&).WR)0B< Q& freshwater wetlands (river mouths or reservoirs) or at freshwater springs alongside a more saline or brackish wetland (e.g. Ayn al '=MB.BB0B"<=ILR.'$W"@"9E=&LRL#QB.(W(QLR)."$
J(Z]C;ENU JF.]Q&LR'="Q.BE.WNG0'B.REO&NRD"PN(=( W.&;L*B Ghazalah), and may occur in small numbers at any such sites, particularly near the coast. There are no known ringing recoveries in [MS] ..(H" Libya, but it is likely that wintering Coots originate from eastern Europe and western Asia. [MS]

Coot 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean (= Q& Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 207 255 300 83 67 0 300 152 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat Julyanah 198 94 136 257 110 53 53 257 141 MS.($E0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 23 65 230 9 9 230 82 2?SNU0.O0\WH Wadi Zaret dam 25 64 41 127 0 0 127 51 )0&1D.&B;H Waw an Namus 31 31 31 31 2NR.&Q&B&B Wadi Turghut 68 12 3 3 68 28 ).M=CD.&B

Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Al Hishah* 25 0 0 0 101 0 0 101 21 *0('Q& Al Labadia 1 59 0 0 59 20 0U..W$Q& Ayn al Ghazalah 0 51 0 0 51 17 0Q&> Q&L Hijarah lake 40 7 7 40 24 (0.Z
&(=([B Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 30 0 22 0 20 0 30 14 .O0>Q&L0\WH Other sites C=G8&EO&N&JP Wadi al Azrak* 19 19 19 19 *<01 &D.&B Wadi Kaam mouth 10 18 11 20 13 16 10 20 15 ?. PD.&BKN Al Gardabiya West GMMR Reservoir 11 11 11 11 PB= Q&0(B.T="Q&@&>G Wadi al Mujaynin dam 11 3 11 3 11 8 &(&D.&B;H Wadi al Khalij 18 5 0 0 18 8 3($&D.&B Ajdabiyah GMMR reservoir 7777 .(B&;E&@&>G Sites not shown (n=14) sum of means : 23 (14=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 391 415 546 736 763 211 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 12 10 12 10 10 15 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 25 30 4 0 103 0 0 103 27 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Crane RP@

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Cranes near Al Whishka, Libya, Feb. 2010 2010=U&=WN.(W(Q 0#INQ& '=OD..R=Q&PP=#Q&

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

50616 5 900 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-1 (numbers between 25,000 and 100,000). Paleartic migrant, non- .(100,000 - 25,000BA.&;L") (AEWA: B-1)PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< breeding in Libya, relatively local as a wintering bird in the coastal plains, with singles going as far south as Kufra [29] and the Jufrah 2(F'N&\&PN&;( BM&R.&=N";E&NXCB0($F.]Q&>N']Q&PN .XQ&PNE.($[R;E&NXU;"Q&>.%Q&K($O$LR=E.'R.(W(QPN@ R=(M [37]. It uses a wide variety of habitats: shallow wetlands, agricultural fields, steppes and oases. During the day the birds disperse in 0N(Q&<=!XC0.'&Q& .&D" .).F&NQ&B'N']Q&B0(L&0>Q&>N"
&0$[Q&0WJ=Q& :JS&N&LR(.; XR.L&NS"J% X]U .[37](=!\&B [29](=!#Q&PN;E&NXU small groups on dry land, at night they assemble at roosts in wetlands. In the present surveys, four important roosting sites were 0%'REO&NR0 B0"0(Q.
&).FN]&> G1!XP& .0WJ=Q&PT&08&PN?N&Q&@.#R"OQ$@B.N UJ($Q&PNB0N.\&PT&08&PN(=( W).LN%ZRPN found, three in the north and one 300 Km south of Sirt in Sabkhat al Hammam (Jufrah). The number of occupied sites was relatively 0]%G>; B.(W]S1B.D.'(N;ENUPXQ&EO&N&.;L .(A=!\&)?.%
&0\WHPN)=H'N&EKP 300; BO$L;F&BB>.%Q&PN.'&R0D D ,?NYZ$Q stable with about five sites a year. Of 16 sites where the species was found in the six winters, the top four hosted 90% of the average 0($F.H0WJ0PT&0".'$PPQ.%E &>; &LR % 9 0DB+C0 B0"O$L")&N&H1]Q&> G.'(N8N&Q&&EB (2010PNC"N.'XH&0.)<=&0F R.'QB" :EO&NR0XH0(&JNQ&0(%T8&)&/EO&N&.;LF$WU .).F&NQ&LR'="Q.BB" 2010) ranks first and two other sectors of the Tawurgha complex rank second and third; none of the sites reaches the threshold for ).HNX&8N%ZR@"LRKM=Q.B .(=S.J 900)NTB0(QB;Q&0(%T8&0WXLOQ$EO&N&ANJO$L(=X&RC=G"EO&NRPN(=( W.&;L");EB .&=S.J 991F$B .M0B.C).\WH/P=RJR.PPN other sites scattered all along the coastline from Sabkhat Millitah in the west, right round the Gulf of Sirt, with a single record more to O$L .&BKX&R=(MB0..SDNXI=S&1 .(20050&H.YU;F NX"R;EB;(FB=S.J)M"("Q&L0\WHPN<=Q&N[S; B&;(FBJ(Z]CER)=H the east at Sabkhat Ayn ash Shaqiqah (a bird found recently shot in 2005). A scarce and irregular winter visitor according to Bundy [29], B 20100&H&=S.J 823=WP8&.; Q&F$B2(F[124]0(Q.
&).FN]&PN.%'R.N.XP&.(W]S(=(W#Q&0UNXQ&.&;L8&=WX CBBundy [29]A=P/.R the relatively large wintering number was a major finding of the present surveys [124]. The highest total was 823 in 2010, still relatively =YP";(P*XQ.B.'&#Q ([135 ,88 ,87 ,83] 2500 - 500'= &B 5000-1300=S&>\& ,12000-8000?SNC)C=G8&.("U=N$>.%I>B;B0S0."R.(W]S&=( WO"WU few compared to other North African countries (Tunisia 8,000-12,000, Algeria 1,300-5,000, Morocco 500-2,500 [83, 87, 88, 135], but definitely PP=#Q&O$L0(L.&W &0.%O8&=WLEWXX$QHS.O01XWK IDL#QB.(W(QLR)."$FD";ENC .[63]0%X&R=(M0(XXQ&2(F=RPN0$Z]RPT. more than in Egypt, where wintering is not regular [63]. No ringing recoveries are known in Libya, but cranes fitted with satellite tags CHBOQ$..LKD3.%PNB&LR'="Q.B 2009=U&=WNPNJZH2008PN@.PK(O=C>B" : .XQ&PN.(W(QOQ$=E.T;OBE(B=Q&PN&;&$&NPND..R=Q& in Finland in spring have wintered in Libya: the first, ringed in 2008, occurred in February 2009 near Abu Kammash, then went back to ERI(C.U0. &(=ZTCG=WL&;&$&NOQ$..LKDA0NP=POQ$ 2010=U&=WNB=U.&UPN)=H3($G=WLB?SNCLRJWB 2009PNM%(O=CPS.YQ&?SNC central Tunisia; the second, ringed in 2009, arrived via Tunisia, moved across the Gulf of Sirt in January/February 2010 to Karkurah, [HA] .[85]&;&QNBB.]%&Q&.(B=WB="(&(X&RPN).!ONC then returned to Finland via the Adriatic flyway with stop-overs in Montenegro, Serbia, Hungary and Poland [85]. [HA]

Crane 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean D..R=Q&PP=#Q& Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Mellahat al Mesherrek* 577 577 577 577 *<=&0F R Al Hishah* 109 308 327 83 317 43 43 327 198 *0('Q& Sabkhat Umm al Ez* 93 54 320 54 320 156 *> Q&?&0\WH Ayn Tawurgha* 107 60 101 40 35 0 0 107 57 * .M0B.CL Sabkhat Karkurah 18 0 31 27 200 0 200 55 (0NP=P0\WH Sabkhat al Hammam 113 0 0 0 113 38 ?.%
&0\WH Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Sabkhat Gatoufa 7 7 7 7 0NNO0\WH Sabkhat Millitah 0 0 15 0 0 15 4 0X($R0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 750000072 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Hafirah and Sabkhat al Burayqah 0 13 0 0 0 0 13 3 0"U=WQ&0\WHB(=(!
&0\WH Sabkhat al Waset 0 0 090092 CHNQ&0\WH Sabkhat Umm al Qindil 3 0032 JU;&"Q&?"0\WH Sabkhat ash Shuwayrib 0 0 3031 '=UNQ&0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 404000041*(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat al Kuz 000030031 1N#Q&0\WH Sabkhat Ayn ash Shaqiqah 1 0 0 00010 0"("Q&L0\WH Annual totals 246 595 486 161 726 823 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 674474 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 227 466 486 123 672 620 123 672 432 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Oystercatcher P
A8C 151 Haematopus ostralegus 

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T Oystercatchers in winter and breeding plumages at Thyna saltpans, Tunisia, Mar. 2006 2010.(W(QMS.($E0\WHPN+B&>XQ&@U=B .XQ&PN0.&JP!

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

232 2 1500 < 25 1

>>> Conservation status : Least Concern; AEWA: ssp ostralegus: C-1, ssp longipes: B-2c (significant long-term decline). Less C-1:ostralegusEUN&Q& :AEWAH[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< than 50 individuals are annually present on the tidal mudflats and sandbanks of Farwah Lagoon and all along the coast between AB=N(=([BPNJR=Q&@.WYPB0$FNQ&;&>N'HPN&.=N 50LRJO".UN&H;ENU .(JUNQ&C;&O$L7N[$R5.!\S&='U)c2-B: longipes EUN&Q& , this major wetland and the Tunisian border. This small wintering population has been known for a long time [29, 77] and is clearly an ,NTBJ#BPTB [77 ,29];( BLR1<&R(=( Q&0(X&(=( Q&ANJO$LB eastern extension of the much larger population wintering in southern Tunisia, the stronghold of which is centred around the Gulf of 0"&&ANF>P=%XCPXQ&B?SNC'N&EPN0(X&&.;L=WP8&(=( $QPO=I.&;XR& Gabès [88]. There are only two Libyan records outside this area, of seven birds 20 km west of Tripoli [27] and one migrant in Tobruk in (=( Q&A<'Q0U.%
&0Q.FPQ.XQ.BBPN&= EN(WQ&JW8&>&>U .[29] 1969E(B0PN<=WJPN=E.'R;F&B=S.JB [27]?$B&=J<=IKP 20 ,0N(J0 W]Q spring 1969 [29]. The biogeographical origin, hence the conservation status, of this Tunisian-Libyan population remains unclear and <=Q& [88]8longipesEUN&Q.B.YU;FMB0;OB [146, 105,126 ,63 ,44]'ostralegusPB= Q&PBB0B8&EUN&Q.B.(\U0.C1WC0&;OB9T&B=(M0(W($Q&0(]SNXQ& has historically been attached to the western European subspecies ostralegus [44, 63, 105, 126, 146]; more recently it has been linked to OQ$0(%X&RB;WC.(Q.U&<=I0 &(=( Q&@NPO$L(B L .[128].(Q.U&PN longipesEUN&$QX"$F( &=O2.H"O$LDN(H!'= Q&BPBB0B" [88] [128] [116] the east European/west Asian subspecies longipes , based on two recoveries of longipes in Italy ; in addition, as the breeding 0N(J@" , .&PN0T&N&0N($Q0W]&Q.BPO=Q&>.%Q&OQ$PB= Q&'N&\&LR(=Z'$Q?. Q&A.c &OQ$8NE=Q.BB.[E=RB;WU 9longipesEUN&Q& population of eastern Italy seems to belong to longipes [116], it seems much more likely, given the general southwest to north east [PDR] ..U"EUN&Q&&

Oystercatcher 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 0.&JP! All sites EO&N&E(%E Farwah Lagoon 20 5 11 22 12 2 2 22 12 (B=N(=([B Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 0 1 7 19 23 13 0 23 11 =U;E2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Annual totals 20 6 18 41 35 15 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 122222 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Black-winged Stilt ; P-A

Nicola Baccetti © PX(C.B N#(S Black-winged Stilts (male, female and immature) at Ayn Tawurgha, Libya, Jan. 2006. Digiscoping 2006=U.&U .(W(Q .M0B.CL PN (EN.U=S.JBOYS".=P/) >1. &NB"

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

24430 13 500 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B – (1) (population of 25,000 and 100,000 individuals, not qualifying (=( Q&.;L) (AEWA: B – 1)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< for AEWA criterion A). A cosmopolitan species with migratory and nomadic habits, feeding mainly on aquatic insects, crustaceans B0(S.&)&=
&O$LOQB8&0E0;Q.BC< XUJF=CB(=ZT=N$HERP.L8NS .(AEWA0(O.!C A0.( &OQ$OO=C &.=N 100000B 25000B and molluscs, usually occurring on eutrophic or polluted freshwater wetlands and also in brackish lagoons. Only considered as a &=B.L&=S.J=WX U .(=] Q&)&=([WQ&PN.U"B0DN$&0B< Q&A.(&)&/0WJ=Q&PT&08&B" &< Q.B0(& Q&6.HB8&PN(..L;E&NXU .).UNG=Q&B).U="Q& passage bird in Libya [29], breeding has later been reported from Benghazi area (Ayn Zayyanah in 1993 and Sabkhat Julyanah since PNMX(XC(=T.K .([101 ,59] 2005<&RJO8&O$LMS.($E0\WHB 1993PNMS.U1L)D1. &B0"&RPN&=G+RM( CJZH ,[29].(W(QPNC"N at least 2005 [59, 101]). Wintering in Libya is probably an increasing phenomenon: during the surveys birds were counted in 30 coastal .NEB.%P .+=&0"&RB1N#Q&0\WHB0(]SNXQ&.B;
&B.(VJ.I. ONR 30PN0N(Q&1(F").FN]&> G :..U.1&PN9E08&O$LPT.(W(Q sites between the Tunisian border to Sabkhat al Kuz and Al Marj area. Present inland only at some Nafusah reservoirs, surprisingly EO&N&CHNXR .0UB&=[Q&0WJ=Q&PT&08&PNMX(XCJZ]CKQMS"/U= Q&LRBC"NMHN!SJWE.B;H5&NF"B BPN-J.Q&LL&;( B not recorded wintering at wetlands in the desert. The mean number of occupied sites, in the six winters, was 13 per annum and =YP8&(=L.&D &EO&N&)B" .&.=N 300OQ$ 200>NF(="X]R0(&JNQ&E(R.&1("BB0&]Q&PN. ONR 130X]Q& .XQ&>NN> G.'B;E&NX& national totals were markedly stable in the range of 200 to 300 individuals; 90% of the average total (244 individuals) was hosted by .((;F&B(=R $.T#.F$E"UKQ.'&R ONR@"KM0)0(&JB0(%T")&/.'S"O$LEO&NR1H1!&W (&.=N 244).&;L8&>; R8N%ZRLR % 900(%T" the top 12 sites. Six sites are of national importance (although two of them were counted only once). Three sectors of the Tawurgha @N#XH0 H.Q&0WJ=Q&508&A.FPNBKT8&0X]Q&EO&N&L%T .M0B.C/P=RLR &>E"0D D=WX C complex are among the top 6 sites. When considered as a unit, this huge wetland would rank first in the country, with a mean of ;U;LPNEONRJPPN&.=N 5008N&Q&&<'Q0W]&Q.B8N%&1B.ZXU@"L# =D.#XQ&JWO.R(=ZT?NU> G .&.=N (174OXFB) 129>; . WQ&PNOQB8& 129 (and up to 174) individuals. During post-breeding migration day totals for this species at several wetlands on the Gulf of Sirt can [AB] .8N&Q&&<'Q)."$
( &=OD$;= CKQ .((0N&R=(M).RN$ R EGA / RAC-SPA))=H3($GPN0WJ=Q&PT&08& exceed 500 individuals per site (EGA / RAC-SPA, unpubl. data). No known ringing recoveries. [AB]

Black-winged Stilt 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean >1. &NB" Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 136 47 31 1 0 91 0 136 51 *(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Tabilbah 42 42 42 42 .W$(B.C0\WH Al Hishah* 23 20 70 23 81 8 8 81 38 *0('Q& Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 22 58 48 35 13 10 10 58 31 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Al Mallahah 27 27 27 27 0F & Ayn Tawurgha* 15 20 26 49 23 20 15 49 26 * .M0B.CL Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Julyanah 25 30 6 25 1 23 1 30 18 MS.($E0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 0 0 9 60 15 3 0 60 15 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Wadi Zaret Dam 11 17 0 32 0 0 32 12 )0&1D.&B;H Ayn Zayyanah 0 0 13 11 0 42 0 42 11 0S.U>Q&L Sabkhat Millitah 25 0000256 0X($R0\WH Other sites (mean >1 ind.) (1<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 5 2 16 19 3 3 2 19 8 1?SNU0.O0\WH Sabkhat al Manqub 0 0 10 18 2 0 0 18 5 'N"&&0\WH Sabkhat Abu Kammash 0 20 0000204 3.%PNB"0\WH Sabkhat al Aqaylah 3 3 3 3 0$(" Q&0\WH Sabkhat Qanfudhah 0 0 17 0000173 (.N!&O0\WH Al Labadia 6 00062 0U..W$Q& Sabkhat Hassila and Wadi al Hamar 0 0 0 8082 =%F &D.&BB0$(
&0\WH Sabkhat Fairuz 304003042 1B=(N0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 1005052 2?SNU0.O0\WH Sites not shown (n=10) sum of means : 7 (10=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 245 205 296 249 204 267 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 10 9 16 12 11 16 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 174 87 138 133 119 123 87 174 129 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Avocet WP9E

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T Avocet in Thyna saltpans, Tunisia, Jun. 2009 2005=U.&U?SNCPN0&(J0\WHPN).#&Q&

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

5415 4 470 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: A-(3c), probable significant long-term decline. The Avocet is a 9E=&LRB ,(AEWA : A-(3c))H[$&PN+0;RB (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< winter visitor, birds probably from the southeast European breeding population reaching Libya [44]; it may possibly breed. Wintering MS&J%X&LRB [44].(W(QOQ$.BB0B"<=I'N&E0 &0N(Q&JC9E08&O$LBDNXI=S&1).#&Q& .JUNQ&C;&O$L7N[$R5.!\S&;ENUMS" birds generally use typical shallow Mediterranean coastal lagoons surrounded by vast Arthrocnemum beds where they roost and (=XNP"U2(F0 H.I@.&I.B0J.&BH% Q&0$($"Q&0NB= &0(HNX&0(VJ.Q&)&=([WQ&(..L0(X&0N(Q&J X]C ..(W(QPN@ U forage on mudflats or in brackish water. Small wintering flocks have been noted intermittently all along the Libyan coast from the 0(W($Q&.B;
&LRPW($Q&JF.]Q&>NJO$L0 "XR0!B0(XR(=( W'&=H")=P/ .(=] Q&A.(&PNB"0$FNQ&).[]&PNC< XUBJ($Q& Tunisian border to the Jebel Akhdar coast, including in several small and relatively remote coastal wetlands in southern part of the LR .)=H3($GLRPBN&\& >\&PN.(W]S(;( WQ&B(=( Q&0($F.]Q&0WJ=Q&PT&08&LR;U; Q&IQ/PN. =G8&JW\&-J.IOQ$0(]SNXQ& Gulf of Sirt. Among the four lagoons of potential national importance, only two, Sabkhat Bishr in the Gulf of Sirt and Sabkhat Al B)=H3($GPN=B0\WH.%TB0&HLR=YP"PNPXR'=H.'B;E&NCC"N@.X&D&0$%X&0(&JNQ&0(%T8&)&/EB08&0($F.]Q&)&=([WQ&B Kuz were occupied by a wintering flock in more than one year. Rather surprisingly, apart from two old records [29], the present survey < J &O$L.(W(QPN0UNXI)& .F$>B"B0YU;F) (Z]C>B"0(Q.
&).FN]&1R;O[29] ;O$(Z]C .&YXH.B0VE.!R0!B .1N#Q&0\WH produced the first recent records and first ever winter counts in Libya. No other authors have recorded the species recently, which 8N&Q&&.% XH&PN0(&R1B"0(S.#R &NH(..U1.NEBOQ&=(C;OPXQ&B.YU;F8N&Q&&B;Q&PNB" [44]0R.L0!BA.c &&;U.RA"SKM0 E .XI trend overall [44] or in neighbouring countries [63, 87, 88], except perhaps Italy [10, 18]. Overall numbers wintering in Libya remain however MX(XXQP](S=Q&>.&+0.G;$WQ&&

Avocet 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean ).#&Q& Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Abu Kammash 120 0000012024 3.%PNB"0\WH Sabkhat Bishr 27 23 0 12 0 27 16 =B0\WH Sabkhat al Kuz 0 0 9 45 0 9 0 45 11 1N#Q&0\WH Sabkhat Ras Lanuf 0 28 0 0 0 28 7 ;NS 2"00\WH Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Sabkhat al Waset 0 10 0 0 11 0 11 4 CHNQ&0\WH Sabkhat Tabilbah 3333 .W$(B.C0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 070000071 1?SNU0.O0\WH Sabkhat Zuwaytinah 2 01021 M&(XUB>Q&0\WH Farwah Lagoon 500000051 AB=N(=([B Ayn Zayyanah 000400041 MS.U>Q&L Al Hishah* 020001021 *0('Q& Sabkhat Julyanah 021000021 MS.($E0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 002000020*(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Ayn ash Shaqiqah 1 0 0 00010 0"("Q&L0\WH Sabkhat Hafirah and Sabkhat al Burayqah 0 1 0 00010 0"U=WQ&0\WHB(=(!
&0\WH Annual totals 35 193 12 49 0 37 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 483206 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 022001021 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Stone Curlew U=Sa

Michele Mendi © D;&RJ((R Stone Curlew near Parma, Italy, Apr. 2007 2007JU=B&.(Q.U&.R0.BLR'="Q.BP$W\&@&B=#Q&

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

310 2 1000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); not covered by AEWA, despite fitting the Wetlands International “waterbird” P. Q&GU= X$QMX"N&NRKM0 AEWAM$%C (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< definition. North Africa and the Middle East fall within the breeding range of B. o. saharae; birds of this subspecies are observed all EUN&Q&&.ZRL%TCHB8&<=Q&B.("U=N$>.%IE"C .0(S.&0N($Q0W]&Q.B0WJ=Q&PT&0 Q the year round in the breeding areas, although part of the population apparently moves south to winter in a wider area, extending to . &=[$Q0(BN&\&.B;
&OXFJCEHB"0"&RPNPX(Q'N&\&N[SJ"X&U(=( Q&LR >E@"B;WUMS&KM00&]Q&JR.P@( XQ&0"&RPN the southern limit of the Sahara. After the breeding season most of the European population (ssp. B. o. oedicnemus) migrates south, @$ .[44]  .XQ&PN.("U=N$>.%I0N(JERC$X\CB'N&\&N[S (B.O.oedicnemusEUNS)0(BB0B8&(=( Q&K R=E.'C@( XQ&KHNR; B overlapping with North African birds in winter [44]. The Stone Curlew is widespread and locally abundant in dry grasslands and semi- @ U .0WJ=Q&PT&08.B0$WD"&.YR.U"0(S&=% Q&HJ.&&PN.(W(QPN city in August 2007 (own obs.). Described as a probable breeder across the whole of northern Libya, up to the desert limit, a migrant  .ZRPN;E&NXU2(F [88 ,87 ,63] (0B.&>B;Q&).( RERHN&NXU&.%I .[S"JPPN elsewhere [29, 59]. This status fits with data from nearby countries [63, 87, 88], where a similar range is occupied. Outside the breeding (=Y#B&;E&NXR=WXL& .1(W&B"0U< XQ&HJ.&RPN.S.(F").LN%&;T.CB&;E.(L.%XE&?(QP$W\&@&B=#Q&@$ .@( XQ&KHNR+0.G.'B.R season, the Stone Curlew is loosely gregarious, and groups are sometimes observed at feeding or roosting places. Quoted as quite )&;T.&@.NML1NCPN0WJ=Q&PT&08&0(R.TB0($($Q&MC&..L0.WXL.B .[103] 1973 - 1972 .XIPN)=H3($GPN0(VJ.Q&0($R=Q&@.WY#Q&PN frequent in coastal sand dunes in the Gulf of Sirt in winter 1972-73 [103]. Given its nocturnal habits and a distribution which only 0%X&R=(MB0!\&R.%S&..&;L8&1S.P .MC=(LKZFBDNXQ&A0.XS 0$Y ;(P*XQ.B.T0.WXL&L#  0(Q.
&).FN]&> G.'($LJ& marginally includes wetlands, sightings obtained during the present survey were definitely not representative of winter distribution PXQ&EO&N&JP .(2007PN;(]&D.&B)0&HB"EONRD"PN0N(J0 B0"LR=YP";T.UKQB0$%X#R=(MM U1NXQ.'($LJ&3S.X&Q&@.NIQ\&PN.C &=O (B.O oedicnemusEUN&$Q0(B= Q&(=( Q&LR).(S.WH&B.]S=NPN@&=S.JKO0 .(0B.&>B;Q&PNB".(W(Q had also been seen in the past at some inland wetlands, usually during the migration season [29]. No recoveries are available from [WB, MZ] .0(BB0B8&0N(Q&B WQJO8&O$L'N&\& Libya or nearby countries. Two birds from France and Spain (western population of B. o. oedicnemus) were recovered in Algeria [87], confirming southward migration of at least some European birds. [WB, MZ]

Stone Curlew 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean P$W\&@&B=#Q& All sites EO&N&E(%E Wadi al Masid 0 4 0 4 2 ;(]RD.&B Sabkhat Umm al Qindil 2 0021 JU;&"Q&?"0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 021000021 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat al Waset 0 0 020020 CHNQ&0\WH Sabkhat ash Shuwayrib 0 0 1010 '=UNQ&0\WH Sabkhat Ras at Tin 1 0 0010 XQ&2"00\WH Sabkhat Hassila and Wadi al Hamar 0 1 0 0010=%F &D.&NQ&NQ&B0$(
&0\WH Sabkhat al Kuz 000001010 1N#Q&0\WH Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat Jaruthah 000100010 0DB0.E0\WHB?&(%O0\WH Sabkhat Sultan 010000010 @.$H0\WH Annual totals 165122 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 142112 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 021000021 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Cream-coloured Courser U=)

Jaber Yahia © P[U=B.E Cream-coloured Courser in Ayn al Ghazalah, 2008 20080Q&> Q&LPNP$] Q&@&B=#Q&

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

13 1 - < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); not covered by AEWA, despite fitting the Wetlands International GU= XQM"N&NCKM0 AEWA0(O.!C&M$%C (IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< “waterbird” definition. Breeding in North Africa and the Middle East is described along a more or less continuous belt, stretching OQ$.(S.XU0NRB>. &]Q&LR;X B?.XS&=( BJW&NXU.R&>FEWXUCHB8&<=Q&B.("U=N$>.%IPN@ U .0(S.&0N($Q0WJ=Q&PT&0 Q0%&R from Senegal and Mauritania to Saudi Arabia. Sightings away from the coast are concentrated along the southern limit of Sahara 0"B.]Q&).S.(WQ&B [44]0(X&0N($Q/]&CB &=[$QPBN&\&C;&>NJO$LJF.]Q&LL(;( WQ&)&;T.&>P=XC .0U.N ]Q&0(B= Q&0#$%& and are attributed to wintering birds [44]. Past data from Libya agree with this distribution pattern, suggesting nonetheless that  .("U=N$>.%IB.(W(QPNM( C>.ZRJ#IBKZF@$ .[49 ,29]@&>NPN.U"*;[U@( XQ&@*BPFNCB&.%Q&LR)0 R=(M0N(Q(/.Q&(=Z'Q&0P=F/W]BB(=E.'RC=G"B0%("R=S. QD1&N&;E&NXQ&/W]B.R.@.[T&B@&B;WU due to the co-existence of sedentary and migratory populations and to the peculiar non-breeding movements (both N-S and S-N); 3($&PN.' (%E0($F.H0WJ0HJ.&R0D D'=O0Q> &R0N(J);TNI . [88 ,87 ,44]=D.#XQ&; B.R(=ZT)=P/B.%P (>.%Q&OQ$'N&\&LRB post-breeding migrations are also reported [44, 87, 88]. Single birds were observed near three coastal wetlands, all in the southern Gulf )&;T.R)=U=]Q&C([RPN0UB&=[Q&0(L&0>Q&>N"
&PN (0N(Q&)&=L)0N.Y#B;EB0(Q.
&).FN]&; BB 2011 .XI> G .)=]QPBN&\& of Sirt. During winter 2011, after the present surveys, large concentrations (tens of birds) were found at cultivated desert farms in the =(NNXBIQ/B .XQ&PN8N&Q&&<'Q.R.T&0B./ $C@"L# 0(L.&W &LJ&N&ANPNMQ.'C=(BPN>.
&NT.%PPFNU. (0(\I Serir surroundings (own obs.), suggesting, as already recorded at Bir Tahala in Fezzan [77], that these artificial habitats might play an [WB, MZ] .(0B.&>B;Q&PNB".(W(QPN)."$
( &=OD";= CKQ . .XQ&PN0WH.&R=(MJW8&PN1S.PHJ.&RPNPC.W&Q& . Q&B &< Q& important role for this species during winter, providing vegetation cover and food in otherwise scarcely suitable areas. No recoveries are available for this species in Libya or nearby countries. [WB, MZ]

Cream-coloured Courser 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean P$] Q&@&B=#Q& All sites EO&N&E(%E Sabkhat Ras Lanuf 0 3 00031 ;NS 2"00\WH Sabkhat ash Shuwayrib 1 0 0010 '=UNQ&0\WH Sabkhat Bishr 1 0 00010 =B0\WH Annual totals 230000 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 210000 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Little Ringed Plover T-3M!@ P5!4 161 Charadrius dubius 

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T Little Ringed Plover in breeding plumage at Sabkhat El Thama, Libya, Jan. 2008 2008 .=U.&U.(W(Q0R.Y$Q&0\WHPN+B&>XQ&@U=B=( W

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

1811 3 2500 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C–1 (numbers above 100,000 but would benefit from international L#QB 100000 G.("U=N">.%IPNOQB8&0E0;Q.B;E&NXU ([32 ,29].(W(Q sub-Saharan Africa [44]. Birds forage, usually by sight, on muddy banks of coastal wetlands, especially along fresh waters. Occurring J#BA;E&NCJZH .0B< Q&A.(&PN0W.GB0($F.]Q&).\W]Q&;&L0$FN&HJ.&&PN(..L0N(Q&A G.R;FOQ$=X&R numbers. Recorded in total at eleven sites in 2005-2010, the highest numbers at inland sites (Wadi al Mujaynin dam and Hijarah (0.Z
&(=([BB&(&D.&B;H)0($G&;Q&EO&N&PN.&;L8&=WP");EBB 2010B 2005B. ONR 11MLN%ZR.RPNJZH;"N0$($OO"WCA.&;L"@" Lake, eight and seven individuals respectively). Absent or nearly so in some winters (2005 and 2006). A higher incidence in 2007 =U&=WNPN9]&@.P.R;&L) 20070&HPN>; RO$L" .(2006B 2005)0UNXQ&).FN]&B BPN/S.MMWIB"/S.M .(PQ&NXQ&O$L.&=N" 7B 8 : (when surveys were in February and early migrants may have been involved) is clear from the map in the west of the country. Ayn EON& .M0B.CLJYB. W$Q0(B= Q&0"&&PN0U=&LRE.($E&

Little Ringed Plover 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =( W

Tawurgha complex* 107165073 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Ringed Plover 3M!@ P5!4 163 Charadrius hiaticula 

Essam Bouras © 4&0NB"?.L Ringed Plover in winter plumage, Tajura, Libya, Jan. 2012 2012=U.&U.(W(Q - &0NE.CDNXQ&@U=Q.B

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

6232 10 730 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-1 (population between 25,000 and 100,000). A non-breeding B 25,000B(=( Q&.;L) (AEWA: B-1)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< visitor to Libya. The two subspecies likely to occur in Libya are hiaticula and tundrae: hiaticula breeds from southern Scandinavia and HJ.&&PN tundraeEUN&Q&@ U : tundraeB hiaticula.%T.(W(QPN .%XF&=YP8&.NENQ&)&/@. UN&Q& ..(W(QPN@ R=(M=S&1 .(100,000 the Baltic to Britain, Ireland and France and winters in Europe and extreme north-west Africa; tundrae breeds in Siberia and winters PN@ (N tundraeEUN&Q&.R"P"U=N &>.%Q&'=MOO"PNB.BB0B"PNPXCB.]S=NB&;&Q=U"B.(S.U=BOXFH($WQ&B.(N.S;&#H&'N&ELR south of the Sahara, possibly in Libya too [44, 63, 88]. It generally prefers estuaries and lagoons on the coastline, while inland it favours JF.]Q&>NJO$L0(VJ.Q&)&=([WQ&B0.'S8&).WR0R.LJ!U . [88 ,63 ,44].U".(W(QPNPXUMS"J%X[UB &=[Q&'N&EPXUB.U=(W(H mud and sand banks along the shore of rivers and wetlands, sewage works and salt pans. It mainly feeds on aquatic invertebrates, O$L.H.H"C< XU .).F &BP[Q&;=Q&).[RB0WJ=Q&PT&08&B0.'S8&;.!T>NJO$L>.R=Q&@.WYPB>.FB8&;W[UN'NJG&;Q&PN.R" foraging by day and night using the technique typical of plovers, repeatedly running, stopping, then searching for prey and plucking 508&LR.'W[]UKD0]U=NLL2[WUKD0$W&NXR0"U=BGONXUBD=ZU ,6.""Q.B0W.G0(&"C % X]R&0.'SB (QOL=UB0(S.&).U0."N Q& it from the ground or water surface. It occurred rather diffusely during the surveys both in the east and west, as well as at one site (=([B).(W(Q'N&E;F&BEONRPNIQ G(=X&R0!B/$M8&O$LJZH . .&9HLRB in the south of Libya (Hijarah lake). It was present in 32 sites in 2005-2010, with the highest numbers at Sabkhat Julyanah (with B0(&JB0(%T"&/. ONR(=(G8&A; ).&;L8&O$L"O$L0S.($E0\WH)NXF&B 2010B 2005B. ONR 32PN;EB((0.Z
& 27 individuals on average) which is considered as a site of national importance, and at Farwah Lagoon (with eight individuals on PN=WP".&;L*BA.NEBDFNQ ,2009 .XIPN.WS.M@N#U..#U .0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T"D/EON%P=WX CB (.&=N" 8>; )AB=N0(VJ.Q&(=([WQ&IQ

G0$Z]&0(XXQ& Wintering flock sizes recorded during this survey scheme seem to have been the highest known to date for Libya, at least on the east coast [27, 29, 59, 77]. No ringing recoveries are known from Libya. [EB]

Ringed Plover 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 1 ind.) (1<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Ayn al Ghazalah 4 10 3 3 10 6 0Q&> Q&L Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 10 7 0 10 6 P%(%XQ&N\WH Ayn Zayyanah 19 105040195 0Q&> Q&L Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 0 0 0 10 1 4 0 10 3 *(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Al Hishah* 507002072 *0('Q& Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 041008082=U;E&2"0OQ&3.%PNB&LRJF.]Q& Wadi al Ayn mouth 2222  Q&D.&BKN Al Mallahah 2 2 2 2 0F & Sabkhat Karkurah 1 0 700072 (0NP=P0\WH Sites not shown (n=21) sum of means : 12 (21=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 72 39 95 81 6 76 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 10 988518 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 8 0 7 10 2 6 0 10 6 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Kentish Plover R E9O P5!4 165 Charadrius alexandrinus 

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T Kentish Plover in Boughrara Gulf, Tunisia, Mar. 2005 200520.R?SNC(0&=MNB3($GPND0;&#H&6."O

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

112959 29 410 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-1 (population between 25,000 and 100,000). Kentish Plover is B(=( Q&.;L). (AEWA: B-1)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< almost cosmopolitan, inhabiting temperate and tropical coasts and some inland wetlands in Eurasia, North Africa and the Americas. .(H!B.BB0B"PN0($G&;Q&0WJ=Q&PT&08&B BB0(S&NXH &B0Q;X &-J&NQ&L"U.WQ.M.(.LES.ID0;&#H &6.""Q& .(100,000B 25,000 It forages on mud flats, especially outside the breeding season, and also spends time on dune systems, coastal lagoons, inland B0($R=Q&@.WY#Q&)&/0(V(WQ&K&Q&PN.U".XOBP"UB@( XQ&KHNR+0.G0W.G0$FN&>N']Q&PNC< XU .X#U=R8&B.("U=N$>.%IB steppes, sand deserts, tidal flats, dry salt flats, and large sandy rivers and lakes where there is little vegetation. In Libya, it was ;ENU2(F)&=([WQ&B(=(W#Q&0($R=Q&0.'S8&B0N.\&0([$&).[]&B;&>N'HB0($R=Q&D0.[Q&B0($G&;Q&'N']Q&B0(VJ.Q&)&=([WQ& considered by Bundy to be a resident breeder [29]. In the present surveys, it proved the most widespread wader, evenly distributed <=Q&PNDB.]XQ.B81NRB&0.XS&0T&N&0N(Q&=YP"MS&0(Q.
&).FN]&1XWD" .[29].%("RE. R BundyA=WXL&.(W(QPN .).C.W&Q&LRJ($"Q& both in the east and west, as well as at one inland site in the south: Sabkhat Mojazzam near Ghadames, with totals of over 1,000 .; Q&PF" .0XHLR)&N&H0]%GPN=S.J 1000; ,0$%X[R0(.L0(%T"B/EONRNTB (E.O=I);%F"=O0\WHPN=WP8& importance with an average of 243, increasing to 429 if all censused sectors of Tawurgha complex are considered as a unit and, so, 0(VJ.I)&=([BLR@N#&BK\Q&PVJ.Q&).\W]Q&LR/P=&&&0.( RHN&NU&E $20;UKQDP=C1$ZH .[36]@&>NPN0($G&;Q&0WJ=Q&PT&08&PNIQ.C& summer (also noted in Tunisia, M. Smart pers. comm. and in Egypt [63]) may be migrants or post-breeding assemblies of local nesting F$BDQ&LPN=(J 1500OQ$ 700-Meininger;EB;"NPQ.XQ.BB ..'G&=N"ER birds and their offspring; thus Meininger found 700 to 1,500 at Ayn Zayyanah in July 1993 [21, 101] and the unusually high number of [EB] ..(W(QPN)."$
A"=OD";= CKQ .(0(\I(;T.R) 2010?]M"0U&;BPN.(B&;E.BP[Q&;=Q&0[RPN.=N 2000 2,000 individuals was recorded at Ajdabiyah sewage farm in early August 2010 (own obs.). No ringing recoveries are known from Libya. [EB]

Kentish Plover 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean D0;&#H&6."O

Potential sites of international importance 0(QB.0(%T")&/0$%X[REO&NR Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 25 112 650 280 385 6 6 650 243 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Al Hishah* 94 100 400 105 31 130 31 400 143 *0('Q& Farwah Lagoon 26 471 150 74 41 63 26 471 138 AB=N=([B Sabkhat Julyanah 200 75 152 50 4 178 4 200 110 0S.($E0\WH Sabkhat Sultan 150 19 0 138 11 39 0 150 60 @.$H0\WH Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 256 10 0 38 0 3 0 256 51 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 19 15 216 12 0 22 0 216 47 MS.U>Q&L Sabkhat al Kuz 7 76 0 152 33 10 0 152 46 1N#Q&0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 60 0 100 20 0 69 0 100 42 *(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat ash Shuwayrib 13 1 94 1 94 36 '=UNQ&0\WH Sabkhat Karkurah 41 10 53 19 50 10 53 35 A0NP=P0\WH Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 10 72 0 72 27 P%(%XQ&0\WH Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Abu Kammash 20 79 34117921 3.%PNB&0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 51 12 2 30 0 30 0 51 21 1?SNU0.O0\WH Sabkhat Hafirah and Sabkhat al Burayqah 20 50 10 2 21 2 50 21 0"U=WQ&0\WHB(=(!
&0\WH Sabkhat Zuwaytinah 5 6 32 5 32 14 0&(XUB>Q&0\WH Sabkhat Qanfudhah 7 1 0 66 0 2 0 66 13 A.N!&O0\WH Sabkhat Tabilbah 31 31 31 31 .W$(B.C0\WH Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat Jaruthah 0 10 0 20 0 25 0 25 9 MDB0.E0\WHB?&(%O0\WH Sites not shown (n=40) sum of means : 206 *(40=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 1110 1057 1797 1107 576 1129 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 32 30 17 22 17 43 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 181 213 1150 405 416 208 181 1150 429 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Greater Sand Plover TS9@

Nicola Baccetti © PX(C.B N#(S Greater Sand Plover in winter plumage at Karkurah, Libya, Jan. 2005 (ssp. columbinus). Digiscoping (columbinus EUN&Q& ) 2005=U.&U.(W(Q(0NP=P0\WHPNDNXQ&@U=Q.B=(W#Q&JR=Q&6."O

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

24 1 100 < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern, IUCN Red List; the subspecies columbinus, the only one present in the eastern CHNX&<=I.NEN&;(FNQ&NT columbinus EUN&Q&@$(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< Mediterranean, was rated as endangered [18] and is a very scarce bird [44]; AEWA, A-1c (numbers less than 10,000). Formerly  .XQ&PN;EBM&#Q[29]&0..S&=B.L&=S&1PT.&PN=WXL&.(10,000LRJO"A.&;L") (AEWA A-1c)H[$&PNB [44]&;E0..S=S.JNTB [18]5&="S .B.;'RB considered as a scarce passage visitor [29], but found in winter in the present surveys; it may occasionally breed in Egypt [44, 63], though 0(S&NXH &HJ.&&PN/Q. Q&PNPXU ..("U=N$PNM( C&;B"1WYUKQMS&ER [63 ,44]=RPN.S.(F"@ UMS&L#%&LR .0(Q.
&).FN]& .&D" has never been proved to breed in Africa. It mostly winters in the tropics but it seems to occur regularly in winter in Libya, albeit in (=(W#Q&0($F.]Q&).\W]Q&B BPN;EB0UNXQ&).FN]& .&D" .E&;E0$($O.&;L*B@.P@$B.(W(QPN .XQ&PN?.XS.B.U";E&NXUMS"B;WUL#QB very low numbers. During the surveys it was found in the few large coastal sabkhats holding the largest flocks of waders east of /WHEE=U;OB.(W(QPN.UNXI.UN&H&=S&18N&Q&@N#U@"9E=&L%N)&N&]Q&JPJZ]UKQMS&KM0 .0C&=R<=I).TN&LR.&;L"=WP"DB+CPXQ&B Misratah. Although not recorded every year, the species is probably annual as a winter visitor in Libya and may escape detection @N#C;O.&;L8&PN0UN&]Q&).N XG &@" .[63]C"NPVJ.I/$M8&O$L8N&Q&&.
&NT.%P .&;E0!\&&A.&;L8MC;T.R?;L due to the very low numbers. As in Egypt, it is almost exclusively coastal [63]. Inter-annual variations in Libyan records are most likely 0XH> GEO&NR0 B0"PNJZH).T;E&NCB".T.&;L"PN0"("F).N XG&.'SNPLR=YP").TN&'&=H"B0WO&=&B2[WQ&0O.PNLU.WXQ&/W]B due to variation in search/scan accuracy among wader flocks rather than to real differences in abundance or occurrence (total of (=(O.&=N")=WXL&2(F ([101].U"=S&)).FN]&A GC=R1D;F .(.&=N"0 B0"F$BDN&H.;LO$L"X&HPNA;E&NCJZ]UKQ)&N&H four sites in six years; no records in two years, annual maximum four individuals). On two occasions in the course of the present O$L;=: XQ&@$ .Charadrius mongolus=( Q&JR=Q&6."OLL8N&Q&&NFK][UKQ ;E&:Q& separation of this species from Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus. Identification of this species pair remains a challenge [53, 58, 74, 80], including in Libya, where even the Greater is rare, which renders direct comparison impracticable. [PDR]

Greater Sand Plover 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =(W#Q&JR=Q&6."O All sites EO&N&E(%E Ayn al Ghazalah 1 0 3031 0Q&> Q&L Sabkhat Karkurah 3 0 100031 A0NP=P0\WH Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 1 0010 P%(%XQ&0\WH Al Hishah* 100000010 *0('Q& Annual totals 510103 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 310101 =VQ&;E&NCLP.R"

Tawurgha complex* 100000010 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Dotterel  S, PO P5!5

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Dotterel in winter plumage near Ajdabiyah sewage farm, Libya, Feb. 2011 2011=U&=WN.(W(Q.(B&;E&P[Q&;=Q&0[R'=ODNXQ&@U=Q.B=WM"6."O

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

144 1 800 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern, IUCN Red List; AEWA: A – (3c), (probable significant long-term decline). A winter visitor ='U) ,(AEWA: A – (3c))H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< to Libya. In winter, the area should be reached by European-breeding birds and by some Asian breeders [44]. Locally common near B.BB0B"PN@ CPXQ&0N(Q&LRPT .XQ&PN0"&&OQ$JC@"L# PXQ&0N(Q&.(W(QPNDNXI=S&1 .(JUNQ&C;&O$L7N[$R5.!\S& Tripoli, with flocks of up to 200, widespread but local elsewhere [29, 137]. Outside breeding areas, Dotterels show gregarious habits LP.R8&PNP$[RM&#QEH&B<.SO$L=X&R ,=S.J 200OQ$JC'&=H"ER?$B&=J'=O.($[RES.I . [44].(H"PN@ CPXQ&0N(Q&B B and fidelity to traditional stopover and winter sites. They are usually found in semi-desert habitats (typically dry and stony steppe), LJ&N&PN(..L;ENU .0(XXQ&EO&NRB0U;($"XQ&0F&=XH &HJ.& .NBB.(L.%XE&.PN$H=WM8&6.""Q&='U=D.#XQ&HJ.&R+0.G [137 ,29]C=G8& the main wintering habitat across the whole pre-desert belt north of the Sahara, and just occasionally in the surroundings of PN=GFLR;ENUB &=[Q&JWO.PQ.%Q&?&>
&> GE"C0(H.H8&0(XXQ&LJ&NR (0U=\Q&B0N.\&'N']Q&0W.G)0UB&=[Q&MWI wetlands. Despite being extremely confiding to man in breeding areas and migration stopovers [16], they show very shy behaviour in PN>N!\&;U;I.PN$H='UMS& $(=Z'Q& .&D"MXF&=XH&).[RB=D.#XQ&HJ.&RPN@.]S .BMH.&VXH&LRKM=Q.B .0WJ=Q&PT&08&C([R winter. Flocks are usually silent and escape on foot when scared, seldom taking off. Dotterels are therefore frequently overlooked PNOXF .F &).($%L .&D"=WM8&6.""Q&>.%T$E"U.R&=(YP .=(C.R&0..SB.U=E'='C.'NNG;&LB(.. Q&PN0XR.W'&=H8&@$ . .XQ& during census work, even in areas like Libya where they probably winter regularly. Very localised and irregular sightings during the G&Q&PN)&;T.&E(%E .*.[B8&> G?.XS&=( BB&;E0($[R0!BMC;T.R1 OB .?.XS.B9E08&O$LPXU2(F.(W(QJYRHJ.&R surveys, all in the eastern half of the country: of just four sites where they were recorded in the study period (never more than two * D> GMC;T.R?;LER0&]Q&PN ONRLR=YP"PN;T.UKQ)0H&0;Q&(=XN> G8N&Q&JZH2(FEO&NR0 B0"BLR :. WQ&LRPO=Q& contact sites per annum, with nil returns in three years), only in the surroundings of Sabkhat Karkurah were they found more than L#  )&N&]Q&B BPN&=S.J 40OQ$1$WBPXQ&.&;L8&KM0B0Z(X&Q.BBA0NP=P0\WHC([RPN $(;F&B(=RLR=YP";T.UKQ .()&N&H once. Consequently, despite counts of up to 40 in some years, the results cannot be considered representative of the true size and B0(X&0LN%&LR N'ZR& >E0WJ=Q&PT&08&LR0WU="Q&)&;T.&JY .0(&JNQ&0LN%Z%$Q("("
&EU1NXQ&BKZ[$Q0$Y 3S.X&Q&0.WXL& distribution of the national population. Sightings close to wetlands represent an unknown portion of the winter population and the [MZ] .8N&Q&&

Dotterel 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =WM"6."O Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Ras at Tin 40 0 0 0 40 13 XQ&2"00\WH Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Sabkhat Umm al Qindil 0 14 0 14 7 JU;&"Q&?"0\WH Ayn al Ghazalah 0 0 17 0 17 6 0Q&> Q&L Sabkhat Karkurah 12 3 0000123 (0NP=P0\WH Annual totals 52 300031 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 210002 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Golden Plover URL LEUSI  P5!4 171 Pluvialis apricaria 

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T Golden Plover in winter plumage at Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed, Libya, Jan. 2006 2006=U.&U.(W(Q0Q&> Q&LPNDNXQ&@U=Q.BPBB0B"PWT/6."O

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

33813 4 7500 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C-1 (population numbering more than 100,000 which could benefit LR=YP"(=( Q&.;L) (AEWA: C-1)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< from international cooperation). A non-breeding visitor to Libya, the Golden Plover is a Palearctic species occurring mainly at higher JU;"Q&>.%Q&K($O$LR8NSPBB0B8&PWTO0"&R'N&EBCHNX&5NF'N&EPXUB.U=(W(HCHB>.%IOQ$.BB0B"'=MLRHJ.&&PN@ UB5= Q&6NGOO"OQ$.H.H" Caspian region. This species forages on fields, beaches and tidal flats, usually by sight, although it will also feed by moonlight, on BC=G8&).U0."N Q&B)&=
&JP*U .=%"Q& NTO$L.U"C< XUMS&KM0A=B(;F % X]R;&>N'HB-J&NQ&B>N"
&PN8N&Q&&NF «150PQ&NFOQ$JC'&=H*B).\W]Q&B'N']Q&PN.($[RES.I»MS*B Bundy [29]A=P/.(W(QPN .)NXQ&0.%D.U" to about 150” around Tripoli, scarcer in the east, not found south of 32°N. In the present surveys good numbers, matching those B[88]OO8&'= Q&.&;L"LRJO&.'&#QB [63]=RPN.&;L8&ERHN&NXC0%'R.&;L"1$ZH0(Q.
&).FN]&PN . .%I0E0. 32'N&E.NENR=(M of Egypt [63] but below those from further west [88], were recorded, with most concentrated in the eastern part of country, and one 0W]&Q.BOO8&PBN&\&J(Z]XQ&JYPTB(0.Z
&(=([BPN &=[Q&PN&;( B(;(FB(;T.RER. WQ&LRPO=Q& >\&PN0N.YP=YP*B1$ZH observation well into the desert at Hijarah lake which must constitute the most southerly record for the country. The overall number 1(F"PXQ&.&;L8&=WP& .2010B 2006B 2005PN@.P.UN&H.LN%ZRO$L"ER. ONR 13=S.Q&.'B;E&NCPXQ&EO&N%$QPQ.%E &.; Q&JWB .. W$Q of occupied sites was thirteen, with the highest annual totals in 2005, 2006 and 2010. The highest numbers (an average of 231 0 B0"=WX C .0(&JB0(%T")&/ (0&!O'=O..(W?"=G8&JW\&9!HPN.%T P) ONRER=WX CPXQ&0&!O0\WHPN (&.=N 231CHNX ) individuals) were at Sabkhat Gfanta, which with other two sites (both at the foot of Jabal Akhdar, Umm Sayyad being next to Gfanta) [EB] ..(W(QPN)."$F"="CKQ .0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/C=G"EO&NR is considered as a site of national importance. Four other sites are considered as potential sites of national importance. No ringing recoveries are known from Libya. [EB]

Golden Plover 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean PBB0B"PWT/6."O Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Gfanta 110 482 100 100 482 231 0&!O0\WH Sabkhat al Kuz 323 81 209 0 42 102 0 323 126 1N#Q&0\WH Sabkhat Umm Sayyad 0 294 8 0 294 101 > Q&?"0\WH Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 0 0 88 00008815*(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Juzur Susah 40 0 0 40 20 0HNH(=U>E Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 0 30 0 0 12 4 0 30 8 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat Jaruthah 0 0 35 8000357 0DB0.E0\WHB?&(%O0\WH Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Hijarah lake 0 13 0 13 7 (0.Z
&(=([B Sabkhat Boubesla 12 1 1 12 7 0$]BNB0\WH Sabkhat Hassila and Wadi al Hamar 0 0 0 20 0 20 5 =%F8&D.&BB0$(
&0\WH Sabkhat Hafirah and Sabkhat al Burayqah 0 0 0 09092 0"U=WQ&0\WHB(=(!
&0\WH Sabkhat Zuwaytinah 0 02021 0&(XUB>Q&0\WH Sabkhat Karkurah 0 0 001010 (0NP=P0\WH Annual totals 433 645 332 9 361 246 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 253248 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 0 30 88 0 12 4 0 88 22 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Grey Plover RP@  P5!4 173 Pluvialis squatarola 

Nicola Baccetti © PX(C.B N#(S Grey Plover in winter plumage at Ayn Zayyanah, Libya, Jan. 2005. Digiscoping 2005=U.&U.(W(Q0S.U>Q&LPNDNXQ&@U=Q.BD..R06."O

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

11729 12 900 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-1 (numbers between 25,000 and 100,000). Non-breeding visitor .(100000B 25000BA.&;L") (AEWA: B-1)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< to Libya, scarce and scattered but widespread along coast in winter [29]. Many Grey Plovers recorded in Libya are likely to come from 6.""Q&0N(JLR=(Y#Q&@"9E=&LR .[29] .XQ&PNJF.]Q&>NJO$LEH&B<.SO$L=X&RM&#QB<=!XRB0..S.(W(QPN@ R=(M=S&1 the population breeding in Central and Eastern Siberia and migrating through the Black and Caspian Seas to winter from the Persian 0"&&PNPXXQLUB>O=[BB.NH8&=[WQ&=WL=E.'CPXQ&B.'O=IB.U=(W(HCHBPN0 &(=( Q&LR0(C!.(W(QPN0$Z]&D..R=Q& Gulf to South Africa; those in western Libya may breed further west [44]. Good numbers were recorded in the present surveys, all &.&;L"0(Q.
&).FN]&PN1$ZH .[44]'= Q&OO"PN@ C@"L#%(N0(B= Q&.(W(Q0N(J.R".("U=N$'N&EOQ$PH0.!Q&3($&LR(;X%& at coastal locations and often on mudflats and sandy beaches, with most concentrated in the west, especially at tidal sites which =WP8&.&;XR&JYPXQ&;&EO&NRPN0W.G'= Q&PN0N.YPER0($R=Q&-J&NQ&B0$FN&>N']Q&PN.WQ.MB0($F.HHJ.&RPN.' (%E0%'R represent an extension of the major concentrations found in the Gulf of Gabès in Tunisia [88]. The highest numbers (an average of 56 0(%T"&/. ONR.&T)=WXL&PXQ&AB=N(=([BPN (&.=N 56CHNX )1(F"PXQ&.&;L8&=WP& .[88]?SNCPN?B.O3($GPN);EBPXQ&).N.Y#Q& individuals) were at Farwah Lagoon, considered here as a site of national importance, the nearby coast from Abu Kammash to Ras PQ.%E &.; Q&F$B .0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T"&/. ONR (&.=N 13CHNXRER)=U;E&2&0OQ$3.%PNB"LR;X%&D/.&-J.Q&=WXL&FPN ,0(&JB Ajdir (with an average of 13 individuals) being a potential site of national importance. The overall number of occupied sites was "="CKQ .2010B 2008B 2006PN@.P0UN&]Q&.&;L8&O$L"B.WU="CP$F.]Q&CU=Q&JPIQ

Grey Plover 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean D..R06."O Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Farwah Lagoon 31 130 50 40 24 62 24 130 56 AB=N=([B Potential sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/0$%X[REO&NR Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 1 10 4 44 6 14 1 44 13 =U;E2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Other sites (mean >1 ind.) (1<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Sabkhat Julyanah 7 22 13 20 18 8 7 22 15 0S.($E0\WH Sabkhat Tabilbah 10 10 10 10 .W$(B.C0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 9 1 11 18 0 11 0 18 8 MS.U>Q&L Ayn al Ghazalah 4 12 4 4 12 7 0Q&> Q&L Sabkhat al Kuz 1 0 0 19 0 10 0 19 5 1N#Q&0\WH Sabkhat Karkurah 5 2 400052 A0NP=P0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 220243042 1?SNU0.O0\WH Umm Hufayn 0 4042 !F?" Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 3 2032 P%(%XQ&0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 10 2 *(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Sites not shown (n=17) sum of means : 9 (17=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 67 195 82 165 54 136 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 13 14 7 13 5 17 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 0 4 0 10 0 1 0 10 3 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Lapwing U@P P5!4 175 Vanellus vanellus 

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T Lapwing at Ichkeul National Park, Tunisia, Dec. 2007 2007=W%]U.?SNC0(&JNQ&J#I$0(%[RPNPR.I6."O

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

96 2 20000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA:B-2c (significant long-term decline). A very scarce but probably C;&O$LDN& R5.!\S&) (AEWA:B-2c)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< regular winter visitor to coastal Libya, as suggested elsewhere [27, 29, 103]. Lapwing reaches the southernmost point of its wintering >.ZR'N&EOO"OQ$PR.Q&<&>O>Q&JU .[103 ,29 ,27]C=G"0..RPN.0B.%P0(W($Q&-J&N$QKX&R=S&19E08&O$LM&#Q&;E0..S .(JUNQ& range along the northern edge of the Sahara and this survey (like most previously published accounts) only produced records in =&Q&;=B.(W(Q>.%ILR) (Z]C $ (."B.H(0N&&*.[B8&/$M&JYR)0(Q.
&).FN]&?;"CKQB &=[$QPQ.%Q&;
&>NJO$LMX(XC northern Libya, despite a few old desert records, all collected around Birak sewage farm [27, 36, 37]. The vast majority of records from ).FN]& .&D") (Z]X$QO% Q&0(WQ. Q& .[37 ,36 ,27]=&=BPNP[Q&;=Q&0[R>NF.' (%EB0 ;"Q&0UB&=[Q&) (Z]XQ&B BLL the present survey were obtained on jebel lakes or at freshwater coastal wetlands. On average, about 75% of birds were recorded A.(%$Q0$FNR(=([BPTBMU;W$Q&=( WEONR>NFCHNX&LR %75JZH .0B< Q&A.(&)&/0(VJ.Q&0WJ=Q&PT&08&B"JW\&)&=([BLR0(Q.
& around one small site, Al Labadia, a muddy freshwater lake situated in cattle-grazed wet grassland on the flat plateau near Al Marj. 0%S REO&N&=YP";F&NTEON&&.ZR'N&EOO"PNE"C.(W(Q@".[T&BB;WU .0(N.P@N#C ;O0(Q.
&).FN]& seems clear however that Libya is well south of the normal wintering range of the species, which is significantly more abundant and NTBMC=ZT .&D"=[WQ&LR0$UNJ).N.]R0NWL/&ZXUPR.Q&<&>O>Q&@.P. 0 .0(BB0B8&M( CEO&NRLR0WU="Q& [88 ,87 ,63 ,44](0B.&>B;Q&PN=WP& widespread in neighbouring countries [44, 63, 87, 88] closer to European breeding grounds. Perhaps Lapwing avoids long sea-crossings in [PDR] .[88].U"P]SNXQ&'N&\&PN.NENR=(M.WU="C its migrations, as it is almost absent from southern Tunisia too [88]. [PDR]

Lapwing 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean PR.I6."O All sites EO&N&E(%E Al Labadia 20 9 12 9 20 14 0U..W$Q& Wadi Jarjarummah 2 2 2 2 MR&0.E=ED.&B Wadi Zaret dam 1 3010031 )0&1D.&B;H Bumbah sewage farm 1 0011 .WRNWQ&(0.(B Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat Jaruthah 020001021 MDB0.E0\WHB?&(%O0\WH Ayn Tawurgha* 020000020 * .M0B.CL Annual totals 1 5 25 0 10 13 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 133022 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 020000020 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR White-tailed Lapwing >S

Essam Bouras © 4&0NB"?.L White-tailed Lapwing at Hajara, Libya, 28 Jan. 2006 2006 .=U.&U 28.(W(Q(0.Z
&PNJUO1

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

01 0 250 < 25

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern, IUCN Red List; AEWA: A-2 (population of 10,000 to 25,000 in south-west Asia & north-east 10,000B(=( Q&.;L) (AEWA: A-2)H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< Africa). A lone adult bird was well watched and photographed on 28 January 2008 at Hijarah lake near Sebha by all participants in JWOLR.'WH'=O(0.Z
&(=([BPN 2008=U.&U 28?NU0NWB,NTNB;(FBFQ.B=S.J;TNI .(.("U=N$<=I>.%IB.(H!'=M'N&EPN 25,000B the 2008 mid-winter survey. This seems to be the first record for Libya of this globally rare lapwing which, in Africa, is recorded on an .UN&H.H.H"O$L.("U=N$PNJZH;OB ..(.L0..&Q&<&>O>Q&&<'Q.(W(QPN>B8&J(Z]XQ&MS"B;WUB 20080&]QDNXQ&9]& .&D$P0.&JP annual basis only in eastern Egypt and Sudan [44, 63, 105, 110]. There is at least one record in Algeria [87], four in Tunisia [88] and two in the 0U=&0(B= Q& &=[Q&PN@.&D&B [88]?SNCPN0 B0"B [87]=S&>\&PN;F&BJ(Z]CJO8&O$L;ENU .[110 ,105 ,63 ,44]C"N@&.N]Q&B=R<=IPN Egyptian Western Desert (Isenmann et al. [88] and pers. obs.) and thus it seems likely that oases of the Libyan Desert, encompassing .(T=L8N&Q&&.ZR'=MA.&;L"5.!\S&DFNQ .?.XS.BL#UKQ@$ west of its range [44] so it seems uncertain whether such records will be numerous in Libya in the future. It is noteworthy that the 'N&EB@&.N]Q&PN8N&$Q..X &0(XXQ&>.ZR'=M>.%IPN@.PPQ.XQ.BB(=Z'Q&1OBPN?(QB .XQ&PN@.PJ(Z]XQ&&

White-tailed Lapwing 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean JUO1 All sites EO&N&E(%E Hijarah lake 1 0 0 1 1 (0.Z
&(=([B Annual totals 000100 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 000100 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Knot "E

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Immature Knots in Sardinia, Italy, Sep. 2007 2007=W%XWH.(Q.U$.(&U.=HPN0 N.UC&Q&0ZU0.

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

01 0 3400 < 25

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B – 2a2c (concentrated onto a small number of sites and in .;LPN>P=XR) (AEWA: B – 2a2c)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< decline). A rare wintering species in the Mediterranean although regular on migration, apparently never reported before from Libya. ;TNI ..(W(QPNJWOLRJZ]UKQMS&B;WUB(=Z'Q& .&D"KX&RMS"LRKM=Q.BCHNX&PN0(XXQ&0..S8NS .(5.!\S&PNA.&;L"BEO&N&LRJ($O A single bird foraging with Turnstones was observed on 15 January 2005 at Sabkhat Sultan, on the mudflats opposite to Harawa 0ZU0;Q) (Z]XQ&LRJ($"Q&;ENC .AB&=T0U=O0Q.WO0$FN&>N']Q&PN@.$H0\WHPN 2005=U.&U 15PN .&(=W&O0N(JERC< XU;F&B.=N village. Few records of Knots are available from Egypt, some of them also in winter [63]; the nearest regular wintering area is the Gulf B&.=N 500B 250B.RJZH2(F?SNCPN?B.O3($GPNMQ0%X&R0(XC0"&R'=O&E"C .[63].U" .XQ&PN.' B=RPNC&Q& of Gabes in Tunisia, where 250-500 individuals have been reported and considered as belonging to the Nearctic subspecies islandica 0W]&Q.B0(H.H8&EE&=&L#QB [9] .XI.(Q.U&PN;E&NXUD.%Q&K($O$LR islandicaEUN&Q&LR&B=WXL& [46, 127]. The latter seems to be the one that is present in winter in Italy [9], but the main references for Tunisia and Egypt only mention [NB] .[88 ,63]D=(W(]Q& canutusEUN&Q&C"N=P

Knot 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean C&Q&0ZU0. All sites EO&N&E(%E Sabkhat Sultan 100000010 @.$H0\WH Annual totals 100000 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 100000 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Sanderling COL A

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Sanderling in winter plumage, near Comacchio, Italy, Apr. 2005 2005JU=B&.(Q.U&N(P.%PLR'="Q.BDNXQ&@U=Q.B@&B0;&

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

8729 8 1500 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C - 1 (for both African-wintering populations); increasing trends C=( $Q0W]&Q.B) (AEWA: C - 1)H[$RPN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< have been observed [44]. A regular non-breeding visitor in Libya, presumably from the north Siberian part of the breeding range, with ERM( C>.D=(W(]Q&PQ.%Q& >\&LRMS&J%X&LR ,.(W(QPN@ R=(MKX&R=S&1 .[44].&;L8&PN(..U11FNQ(X(X&X("U=N & a relatively widespread coastal distribution in the country, as well as in the whole of Africa. During the non-breeding season it most (..LC< XUB0($R=Q&-J&NQ&PN.WQ.ML"U@( XQ&).OB"=(MPN ..("U=N$JR.PPN>.
&NT.%P. WQ&PNE.(W]SEH&B0.XS&BPVJ.I81NC often occupies sandy beaches, typically foraging in groups, by very fast searching of the soaked sand and ‘chasing’ the waves as -.W]Q&B BPNIQ/B.U" E .XI.(W(QPN;ENU@"L# ..T0.][S&;&L+&NR8&/" CB0$$W&>.R=Q&PNEU=]Q&2[WQ&HU=JLL).LN%ZRPN they retreat. In Libya it can also be found, in winter, on a few sebkhas that have no connection to the sea (e.g. Sabkhat al Burayqah, PN. ONR 29PN@&B0;&PF" . &=[Q&,.U=Q0Z(XS0($R=Q&(..&KP&=XC2(F (=[WQ&LL;( BK$P 5 ,0"U=WQ&0\WH :>.YR)=[WQ.B0WC=&=(M 5 km inland), where the sandy substrate results from accumulation by the desert winds. Sanderlings have been censused at a total B-J.Q&LRK$P 1; BO$LE"CBKT8&EON&3.%PNB"0\WH=WX C .(2009PNC"N;F&BB 2010PN 14).UN&H 10EO&NRLRJO"(..L>.%E & of 29 sites, usually at less than 10 annually (14 in 2010, but only one in 2009); the top site - Sabkhat Abu Kammash, more than 1 km )&;T.R=WP" .0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR0 B0" ..'&R % 90DB+XQ.%'R. ONR 15?>$UL#QB0(&JNQ&(=( Q&LR % 20CHNX&PNDB+C from the coast - on average accounts for 20% of the national population, but more than 15 top sites are needed to host 90%. Four 0U=&='C .D1. &B'=O1B=(N0\WHPN1(W&LP.R"PNE&.=N 50J(Z]CB).&U.WXQ&LR=(Y#Q&ER(;F&B0&HPN&.=N 131PF".R;&L1S.P sites are of potential national importance. Up to 131 individuals were counted in one year, with much fluctuation, and a day roost 0"&&?!&Q0$R.#XR).L.OPTEO&N&A G &=[Q&PN.U"0(W($Q&0N(Q&).H&0.PN&=(YP8N&Q&&

Sanderling 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean @&B0;& Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Abu Kammash 10 38 40 8 0 0 40 19 3.%PNB"0\WH Sabkhat Qanfudhah 27 0 30 00003010 (.N!&O0\WH Sabkhat Fairuz 00000500508 1B=(N0\WH Sabkhat Julyanah 30 000000305 0S.($E0\WH Other sites (mean >1 ind.) (1<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 20 0 10 3000206 1?SNU0.O0\WH Farwah Lagoon 22 0 22 12 0 13 0 22 12 AB=N(=([B Wadi al Masid 20 0 0 20 10 ;(]RD.&B Sea off Farwah island 5555 (B=N(=U>EJF.H Wadi Kaam mouth 0 18 0 0 0 11 0 18 5 ?. PD.&BKN Sabkhat Ras Lanuf 0 17 0 0 0 17 4 ;NS 2"00\WH Sabkhat Tabilbah 4444 .W$(B.C0\WH Al Hishah* 60000160164 *0('Q& Sabkhat Umm al Qindil 5 0053 JU;&"Q&?"0\WH Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 10 004000102 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat al Waset 0 0 0 0 11 0 11 2 CHNQ&0\WH Sabkhat al Kuz 0 0 0 10 0 3 0 10 2 1N#Q&0\WH Assabri Beach 5 0 0052 D=B.Q&-J.I Ayn Zayyanah 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 10 2 MS.U>Q&L Umm Hufayn 0 3032 !F?" Sites not shown (n=10) sum of means: 8 (10=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 140 57 104 81 8 131 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 8958114 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 60000210215 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Little Stint U T-VaS  183 Calidris minuta 

Essam Bouras © 4&0NB"?.L Little Stint in winter plumage, Thyna saltpans, Tunisia, Jan. 2012 2012.=U.&U?SNC -0&(J0\WH ,DNXQ&@U=Q.B0ZU0.

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

142645 19 2000 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B – (2c) (showing significant long-term decline). An increase 5.!\S&='U) (AEWA:B-(2c))H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< in the estimate of the west European – African non-breeding population (from 200,000 to 300,000) has been suggested [44]. A B@ R=(MKX&R=S&1 [44] .(300000OQ$ 200000LR)0 &=(M.("U=N$ -.BB0B"'=M(=(L=U;"C(..U>BPWNU .(JUNQ&C;&O$LDN& R regular, abundant non-breeding visitor in Libya, originating from High Arctic latitudes from Scandinavia to central Siberia. In winter (;ENC.%Y(F)0$FN&;&>N'HPN E .XI;E&NXU ..U=(W(HCHBOQ$.(N.S;&#H&LR0(W"Q&5= Q&6NGO$L"LR.'$W" ..(W(QPN(=Y#B.NENR it occupies tidal mudflats (where they exist), muddy edges of brackish lagoons and inland wetlands, typically foraging in groups 0($R=Q&).V(WQ&PN&0..SB(=T.Q&>.FB8&PN).LN%ZRPN0W.GC< XU .0FN$&(;U;I0($G&;Q&0WJ=Q&PT&08&B)&=([W$Q0$FN&;&N
&B on exposed mud; uncommon on sandy substrates, especially along the seashore. Diffusely recorded during the surveys (45 total &0.XS&).TN&2Q.D. ONR 45A;E&NC.'(NJZHPXQ&EO&N&.;L)).FN]&> G=(WPJ#BJZH .=[WQ&0N.F>NJO$L0W.G0!BB occupied sites, third most-widespread wader after Kentish Plover and Redshank) along the entire coast from Tunisian to Egyptian EO&N&B BPNIQNJO$L (<.]Q&=%F"DN(Q&BD0;&#H &6.""Q&; B border, as well as at a few inland sites (Nafusah dams near Tripoli and Hijarah near Sabha, 500 km from the sea). Distribution DNPN0W.G)P$G&;Q&EU1NXQ&@$ .(=[WQ&LLK$P 500.'WHLR'="Q.BA0.Z
&B?$B&=JLR0WU="Q&MHN!SJWE.B;H)0($G&;Q& inland (especially in Fezzan [38, 77]) perhaps underestimated, although numbers in this region are probably never relevant in winter, 0NW Q&KH&NRPN.&;L8&?#LO$L0"(O.@N#C@"L#   .XI0"&&A$U .%'R ONRPN(=(W#Q&.T.&;L*B0(S.&YXH&O"WC 20070&H@"LRKM=Q.BEO&N&0( CPN; XG &OQ$OQB8& figures at two key sites. As many as 14 of the top sites are required to hold 90% of the average population; 10 sites are of national 0J0.&='C .(;F&B(;FBA0.WXL&/ZUD GD;UNH=S.Q(;F&B0"$F1S=O .C=W#Q&0"&&?!SLR0$R.#XR that many sites are complementary sectors of the same macroareas. One Swedish-ringed bird was recovered during the spring [NB] .[29]X&H; B4=WOPN"=O0( (B=Q&(=Z'Q& .&D".(W(Q migration near Misratah[56]; most unusually, one recovery is also available for a Libyan-ringed spring migrant, found on Cyprus two years later [29]. [NB]

Little Stint 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean (=( W0ZU0. Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Abu Kammash 200 1075 248 0 0 0 1075 305 3.%PNB&0\WH Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 2 711 0 711 238 P%(%XQ&0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 110 5 1100 150 25 0 0 1100 232 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 54 1 147 530 0 305 0 530 173 MS.U>Q&L Sabkhat Julyanah 48 80 148 20 47 415 20 415 126 0S.($E0\WH Al Hishah* 39 100 100 60 53 210 39 210 94 *0('Q& Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 320 11 150 80 0 0 0 320 94 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 120 0 20 1 0 362 0 362 84 *(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat al Kuz 1 65 0 5 146 141 0 146 60 1N#Q&0\WH Sabkhat Karkurah 23 26 45 62 24 23 62 36 (0NP=P0\WH Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Farwah Lagoon 0 130 0015013023 AB=N(=([B Sabkhat Hafirah and Sabkhat al Burayqah 20 21 0 0 65 0 65 21 0"U=WQ&0\WHB(=(!
&0\WH Sabkha al Kabirah 20 20 20 20 (=(W#Q&0\W]Q& Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 10 0 100 000010018=U;E2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 15 75 0 10 0 10 0 75 18 1?SNU0.O0\WH Sabkhat Gfanta 40 0 10 0 40 17 0&!O0\WH Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 20 0 0 0 28 0 28 10 .O0>Q&L0\WH Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat Jaruthah 0 0 0 23 0 30 0 30 9 MDB0.E0\WHB?&(%O0\WH Sites not shown (n=27) sum of means: 122 (27=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 924 773 2861 1220 367 2408 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 24 20 12 17 8 27 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 284 111 1220 211 78 572 78 1220 413 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Temminck’s Stint :EAXVaS  185 Calidris temminckii 

Nicola Baccetti © PX(C.B N#(S Temminck’s Stint in winter plumage at Ayn Tawurgha, Libya, Jan. 2005. Digiscoping 2005 .=U.&U.(W(Q .M0B.CLPNDNXQ&@U=Q.BI&0ZU0.

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

46 2 600 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B – (1) (population between 25,000 - 100,000 individuals). A regular B(=( Q&.;L) (AEWA: B-(1))H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< non-breeding visitor in Libya, mainly observed during passage seasons of trans-Saharan migrants [27, 29]. Birds originate from a breeding PXQ&LR0N(Q&A G(=( W.&;L"1$ZH .[59 ,29]MS0.BD1. &BB?$B&=J>NFLR1S.P(0N&& recorded during our surveys, usually at freshwater or eutrophic sites, near the coast as well as 500 km into the Fezzan (Hajara lake JZ]UKQ .( [37 ,29]0(!U=&B0( (B=Q&C=Z'Q&> GC"N."B.HJZH2(F.'WH'=OA0.Z
&(=([B)@&>NPN=[WQ&LL;( BK$P 500IQ; >.%E &PN0WJ0PT&0"0XHPN0"B.]Q&)&N&]Q&PN;EBFPN>.%T &OQ$IQ/.N U@"J%X[UB 2010 - 2009PN possibly overlooked, whereas in earlier years it had been found at six wetlands in total, with two to 10 individuals per year. The largest  .M0B.CL@"B;WU .MN&NF>NJO$L).C.W&Q&LR>.GEH.IJFNREONRNTBMHN!SJWE5&NF";F"PN 20070&H0N(J 5@.P.;LO$L" .0&]Q& count was of five birds in 2007 at one of the Nafusah reservoirs, a site with extensive bare mud along the shores; Ayn Tawurgha, [NB] ..(W(QPN)."$
A&=O;ENC .=YP"?.XS.B.'(N;E&NCD

Temminck’s Stint 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean I&0ZU0. All sites EO&N&E(%E Ayn Tawurgha* 423000042 * .M0B.CL Wadi Zaret dam 2 5000051 )0&1D.&B;H Hijarah lake 2 0 0 2 1 (0.Z
&(=([B Wadi al Mujaynin dam 1 0 0010 &(&D.&B;H Ayn Zayyanah 100000010 MS.U>Q&L Sabkhat Julyanah 001000010 0S.($E0\WH Annual totals 7 2 10 2 0 0 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 314100 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 423000042 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Curlew Sandpiper P5EA

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T Curlew Sandpiper in winter plumage at Tunis Lake, Tunisia, Jan. 2008 2008=U.&U?SNC?SNC(=([BPNDNXQ&@U=Q.B0."&&2N"RDN(J

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

717 1 10000 < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern, IUCN Red List; AEWA: C-1 (population numbering around 100,000 which would benefit 0;"U(=( Q&.;L) (AEWA : C-1)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< from international cooperation). This abundant species was sought, successfully only in 2009 and 2010, among small wader flocks at ).T&N&LR(=( W'&=H"B 2010B 2009PX&HC"N=NNX&8N&Q&&N'H>NFOQB8&0E0;Q.BCHNX%$QPBN&\&JF.]Q&>NJO$L (; !).(W]S0$($O.&;L*BB?.XS.BPXU .(=(W#Q&0(VJ.Q&).\W]Q&PN mainly around the tidal mudflats of the Gulf of Gabès [44, 46, 88]. Indeed, wintering was mostly expected in the tidal area between the 0(X&0N(Q&@$ .AB=N(=([BB0(]SNXQ&.B;
&B;&0"&RPN=YP"0 ONXR1S.P8N&Q&&\&PN(0..S were only two previous winter records in western Libya [27, 29], as reliable identification of non-flying or non-calling birds in winter DNXQ&EU1NXQ&CLL09]&& G0$Z]&0."&&2N"RDN(Q&0N(J'&=H"B B@">.%XF&O"WUB.(W(QPN8N&$Q the species in Libya, the possibility remains that some Curlew Sandpiper flocks recorded during this survey included a proportion of .(W(QJR.:PIQ

Curlew Sandpiper 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 0."&&2N"RDN(J Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Abu Kammash 0 0 0 370 0 0 370 74 3.%PNB"0\WH Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Ajdabiyah Sewage Farm 5555 .(B&;E&(0.(B Al Hishah* 00000160163 *0('Q& Farwah Lagoon 00000130132 (B=N(=([B Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 000008081*(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 0 0 0 06061 .O0>Q&L0\WH Sabkhat Fairuz 000005051 1B=(N0\WH Annual totals 000037053 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 000016 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 00000240244 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Dunlin VaS  189 Calidris alpina 

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Dunlin in winter plumage at Karkurah, Libya, Feb. 2011; the long bill denotes a female OYS&.'S&P$L>;UJUNQ&0."&& 2011=U&=WN.(W(Q(0NP=P0\WHPNDNXQ&@U=Q.B0ZU0.

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

246844 20 5000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C - 1 or (1) for ssp alpina and centralis, respectively, but A – 1c for  UN&$Q0W]&Q.B (1)B" (AEWA:C-1)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< L#QBPQ&NXQ&O$L B =YP8& EUN&Q&=WXL&2(FCHNX&CHB.U"PXUDNJO$L.WU="CEU1NXQ&JW&NXR ..U=(W(HPN Taymyr(=U>EMWIB Jamal (=U>EMWILR0;[&UM$W"@"B;WU ,.(W(QPN@ R=(MB.; Q& distribution along the coastline, as in the rest of the Mediterranean. During the non-breeding season it most often occupies tidal .0.'S8&).WRB)&=([W$Q0$FN&;&N
&B:1S.P.%&U":0$FN&;&>N'HPN@( XQ&).OB"+0.GE.WQ.M;E&NXU .CHNX&HJ.&R0("BPN.%P mudflats (where existing) and muddy edges of lagoons and river mouths, typically foraging in large groups by probing into exposed .(W(QPNPXU .0($R=Q&).[]&PNC< XU.R&0..SB0$[Q&A.(&PNB"0NN#&0$S.]Q&>.FB8&PN=!
.B(=(WP).LN%ZRPN.H.H"C< XU liquid mud or in shallow water; uncommon on sandy substrates. In Libya it winters also on wetlands that have no connection to PN&;( B(=Z'Q& .&D"A;E&NCJZHB (.(B&;E.BP[Q&;=Q&0[R :JG&;Q&N[SK$P 25LR=YP")=[WQ.B0$X&=(M0WJ=Q&PT&08&PN.U" the sea (up to 25 km inland: Ajdabiyah sewage farm) and has been reported on migration as far inland as Kufra oasis (800 km) [29] >.%E .BE. ONR 44PNB -)&N&]Q&JN"PNE&=S.J 4000OQ$.WU="C –0ZU0;Q&.&;L"1$WB .[38]@&>NPNB [29] (K$P 800)A=!#Q&0F&BOXFJG&;Q& and in Fezzan [38]. Dunlins - nearly 4000 in the best year - have been censused at a total of 44 sites (12 to 30 annually), of which 20 .HNXR. ONR 11DN[U .(=( $QP$#Q&8N%&LR %90.'&R 18DB+CB0(&JNQ&0(%T8&0WXL.'&R. ONR 20F$WU (.UN&H. ONR 30OQ$ 12LR) reach national importance, 18 host 90% of the population, 11 have a mean >100 individuals and only three (Farwah, adjacent Abu KM0JO8&O$L(;F&B0&HPN.=N 10001O.NB"'0."U.R)B" (MWRNWQ&3($GPNP%(%XQ&B3.%PNB"-J.IBAB=N)C"N.'&R0D DB.=N 100; &PNJC .'S" even these do not reach 500. Tawurgha complex ranks as the third most important wetland, when considered as a unique site. 3.%PNB"-AB=N0W.G6."&Q&).LN%ZRB B0(%T",NTNB0U=&='C .KT8&EO&N&PN0$Z]&.&;L8&LLIQ.C& ,T. Mokwa)HF Q& .XQ&PN.(W(QPN"=O0(!U=&(=Z'Q&> GD;&QNWQ& support the idea that many sites are complementary sectors of the same macroareas. Two birds (adult and juv.) ringed on the Polish coast during autumn migration were recovered in the following winter in E Libya (T. Mokwa, pers. comm.), nicely fitting the migration model proposed for central Mediterranean [121]. [NB]

Dunlin 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 0ZU0;Q& Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat at Tamimi 50 180 1193 50 1193 474 P%(%XQ&0\WH Farwah Lagoon 32 213 650 844 9 546 9 844 382 (B=N(=([B Sabkhat Abu Kammash 100 327 20 1110 0 0 1110 311 3.%PNB"0\WH Sabkhat Karkurah 79 4 527 39 556 4 556 241 (0NP=P0\WH Al Hishah* 154 10 204 460 193 188 10 460 202 *0('Q& Sabkhat al Kuz 0 416 10 180 301 256 0 416 194 1N#Q&0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 144 400 10 292 7 124 7 400 163 0S.U>Q&L Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 170 207 126 392 6 40 6 392 157 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Al Mallahah 148 148 148 148 0F & Sabkhat Julyanah 180 25 105 222 12 295 12 295 140 MS.($E0\WH Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 50 30 106 378 0 112 0 378 113 =U;E&2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Ajdabiyah Sewage Farm 107 107 107 107 .(B&;E&(0.(B Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 0 45 1 20 398 0 0 398 77 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Hafirah and Sabkhat al Burayqah 70 31 125 0 33 0 125 52 0"U=WQ&0\WHB(=(!
&0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 160 0 0 80 0 63 0 160 51 *(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Mellahat Bannumah 50 50 50 50 MRNSNB0F R Wadi al Ayn mouth 50 50 50 50  Q&D.&BKN Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 94 0 0 94 47 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B Umm Hufayn 7 80 7 80 44 !F?" Ayn al Ghazalah 6 58 60 6 60 41 0Q&> Q&L Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat al Waset 15 0 0 0 102 0 102 23 CHNQ&0\WH Sabkhat Ras Lanuf 50 41 0 0 0 50 23 ;NS 2"00\WH Sabkhat Umm al Qindil 40 3 3 40 22 JU;&"Q&?"0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 35 0 32 30 13 0 0 35 18 1?SNU0.O0\WH Sabkhat Bishr 0 49 2 17 0 49 17 =B0\WH Sabkhat Ayn ash Shaqiqah 9 40 0 0 28 0 40 15 0"("Q&L0\WH Sabkhat Sultan 25 30 0 5 0 31 0 31 15 @.$H0\WH Al Labadia 0 0 32 0 32 11 0U..W$Q& Sites not shown (n=16) sum of means: 68 *(16=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 1397 1947 1697 3553 2240 3972 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 23 22 12 18 13 30 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 316 55 205 560 591 251 55 591 330 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Ruff V

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Ruff in winter plumage (immature male) in the Serengeti, Tanzania, Jan. 2010 2010.(S&>&CPX&ZU=(H (FQ.B=(M=P/)DNXQ&@U=Q.B0Q&NZ
&

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

25612 4 12500 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern; AEWA B-2c (Significant long-term decline); mostly a passage visitor to Libya [27, 29], Lake O$LDN& R5.!\S&) (AEWA: B-2c)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< Chad basin being a major wintering area [139], Ruff was not known to regularly winter in hundreds in Libya before the present survey. PXC0Q&NZ
&@"0(Q.
&).FN]&JWO;= UKQ .[139](=(WP0(XC0"&R..C(=([B5NF=WX U .[29 ,27].(W($Q=B.L=S&1/$M8&PN .(JUNQ&C;& Its gregarious behaviour and the concentration of 90% of the average Libyan wintering population at only three sites, (Sabkhat C"NEO&NR* DPN.(W(QPN0(X&0N($QP$#Q&.; Q&CHNXRLR %90>(P=CBPL.%XE &MPN$H@$ ..(W(QPN).V&OQ$JC.&;L*BB?.XS.B Karkurah and two sites within the Tawurgha complex), suggest that this species may have been monitored more accurately than JP.%'C0.U11@.C=([WQ&@.C.T@NPLRKM=Q.BL#Q .A=(MLR0O.=YP*B20.8N&Q&&B.LR=(YPB>B;Q&A.
&NT.%PB [88 ,87 ,63]=RB?SNCB=S&>\&PN.&;L8&LR=(Y#BJO&1](Q.(W(Q are not much lower than in Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt [63, 87, 88] and like in these countries and most of Eastern Europe, spring passage B;WUIQN).F&BPN0W.GJG&;Q&PN(.B;[R) (Z]C;ENC .[44]0F=X"&(=Z'Q& «0"$F»/W]B0(!U=&(=Z'Q&LR=(Y#B0N.YP=YP" must be much more abundant than autumn migration due to suggested “loop” migration [44]. There are limited winter records inland, LRB .D1. &B0WJ=Q&PT&08&/P=RBA0NP=PB .M0B.C>NF0N.\&B(0N% &PT&08&B0
.&0(VJ.Q&)&=([WQ&>NF0W.G@N#C0(XXQ&@".[T&B mostly in Fezzan oases [27, 38] so it seems clear that wintering mostly takes place around brackish coastal lagoons as well as flooded .0U=#]L<..&=!
&>.%L"B B/W]B.YU;F=( C;O.(W(QPN8N&Q&&N']Q&B0N.\&PL&=&KUB0LN&XRJS&N%P(0;"R=(M9E08&O$LO"WC8N&$Q0W]&Q.B0"&&JR.#Q0("("
&0(%T8&@$ most important wintering site in Libya, has recently been modified by military trench excavation exercises; the true importance of [PDR] . E .XI0U< X$Q0N(Q&).VRJWOLRJ% X]RMS&B;WUD

Ruff 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 0Q&NZ
& Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Karkurah 32 0 448 2 314 0 448 159 (0NP=P0\WH Al Hishah* 22 25 24 63 126 158 22 158 70 *0('Q& Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 6 0 178 002017831*(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Potential sites of national importance* *0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Ayn Zayyanah 001006106110 MS.U>Q&L Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Sabkhat Tabilbah 10 10 10 10 .W$(B.C0\WH Sabkhat Umm al Ez* 0 15 0 0 15 5 *> Q&?"0\WH Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 008700083 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat Julyanah 00000140142 0S.($E0\WH Sabkhat al Kuz 00000110112 1N#Q&0\WH Sabkhat al Waset 0 0 030031 CHNQ&0\WH Ayn Tawurgha* 011000010 * .M0B.CL Wadi Kaam mouth 010000010 ?. PD.&BKN Annual totals 60 27 227 518 131 570 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 336337 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 28 26 218 63 126 160 26 218 104 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Jack Snipe T-

Maurice Benmergui © DNE=(%&B?U0NR Jack Snipe flushed at night, France, Nov. 2008 2008=W%NNS.]S=N (Q0NW=( Q&/"&Q&

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

48 2 - < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern, IUCN Red List; AEWA, B – 2b (depends on habitat type under severe threat). A passage 8NS/]FO$L) (AEWA: B – 2b)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< and winter visitor to Libya from breeding areas mainly in northern Russia; its very cryptic and solitary behaviour renders this species A;E&NCB=S.$QP!\XQ&=N$H/W]BB ..(HB0>.%IPN0(H.H8&M( CHJ.&RLR.(W(QPN=B.LDNXI=S&1 .(..
&;U;'XQ&1bLJN& almost impossible to monitor. Inter-annual variations in the very few winter records in Libya (annual totals of less than ten birds PN0N(J 10LRJO"DN&]Q&8N%&).(W(QPN0$($"Q&0UNXQ&) (Z]X$Q0&]Q&?!SPN)&=( XQ&@$ .E.WU="C0&# =(MMXWO&=R@N#CD.&=!S & at a maximum of ten sites) during the surveys are most likely due more to methodological drawbacks rather than to differences in @"J%X&LR .(=NNQ&B"0N.Y#Q&PN).OB=!Q&OQ$.'&R=YP"2[WQ&<=J'N(LOQ$/$M8&PN.N C0(Q.
&).FN]&> G (=YP8&O$LEO&NR(=L abundance or occurrence. The species is possibly quite widespread in suitable habitats in Libya but always at very low densities. =G!J(Z]C (=&=B)@&>NPN;(FNQ&.&$(Z]COQ$G(T" .E&;E0$($O).N.Y#B.%S&.L#QB.(W(QPN0WH.&&JS&N&PNEH&B<.SO$L=X&R8N&Q& Our single Fezzan record (Birak) is augmented by another, not far away, also of two birds in the same winter [77]. The Jack Snipe is =W%NNSPN0W.G) &=[Q&'N&E.("U=N$OQ$BLR(=Z'Q&PN&.;L=YP"9E08&O$L=( Q&/&"Q&@$ .[77] .XQ&?!SPNLU=(Q;( B=(M probably more numerous on migration to and from sub-Saharan Africa (mainly November and February-March). Main habitats used ?U;Q&B/"Q&).WS). %cB"0WJ=Q&+B=&B"0BNFB .M0B.CPN0W.G.S.(F"E%ZXU=( Q&/"&Q&@"B;WU .0.%]Q&).C.W&QEO&NRER0
.&5&NF8&B(0NT;X& stands of Arthrocnemum. Jack Snipe apparently sometimes congregate, notably at the Tawurgha and around Benghazi, where four >NF0$% X]&?U;Q&B/"Q&).WS). %cB)&=([WQ&0.WXL&/ZU. 0EO&NQ&PN .MS.($E0\WHPNEB=R=XR 10LRJO"PN 2007=U&=WN 9?NU individuals were flushed on 9 February 2007 in less than 10m² at Sabkhat Julyanah. Indeed lagoons and exploited reedbeds around [PDR] .[59 ,29]0"B.]Q&) (Z]XQ&=YP")=NB.'S"2(F8N&$Q0W]&Q.B0%'R0"&RD1. &B Benghazi should perhaps be considered an important area for the species since they provided most other previous records [29, 59]. [PDR]

Jack Snipe 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =( Q&/"&Q& All sites EO&N&E(%E Ayn Taqnit 5 0 1052 1(&O.CL Birak sewage farm 2 2 2 2 =&=B(0.(B Al Hishah* 014000041 *0('Q& Sabkhat Julyanah 004100041 0S.($E0\WH Wadi Zaret dam 3 0000031 )0&1D.&B;H Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 1 0011 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 1 0010 P%(%XQ&0\WH Ayn Tawurgha* 010000010 * .M0B.CL Annual totals 938301 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 332201 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 024000041 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Snipe *LP

Jaber Yahia © P[U=B.E Snipe at Wadi Kaam dam, Libya, Dec. 2009 2009=W%]U..(W(Q?. PD.&B;HPNES.Q&/"&Q&

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

8030 9 20000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-2c (significant long-term decline). A passage and winter visitor to 5.!\S&='U) (AEWA: B-2c)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@N::QP%:Q.: Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< Libya; its cryptic and loosely gregarious behaviour renders this species difficult to monitor. Observed inter-annual variations are thus K(("C/ Q&LRMS,NIQ; RLR % 80LR=YP"O$L8&.&;L8&) ; R)&/0X]Q&EO&N&JY .0(VJ.Q&-.W]Q&B 80% of the average wintering population and among them, five were either dams or sewage farms; the most important, Al Labadia @,NIQNWNQ&J']Q&LRPXQ&.B;]Q&B B dams and sewage farms could possibly be adequate for proper monitoring of the species. Overall, the species seems moderatly 0U.B8&/W."RB"0.%]Q&).C.W&B0J.[R0(VJ.I)&=([BB"? "Q&).WSDNb0FN$&0Q;X R5&NF"B,B&=XC0%S RLJ&NRPN.(W(QPN.(W]S widespread in Libya in suitable habitats varying from moderately brackish pools within Arthrocnemum beds or coastal lagoons =WP*PB;WUB [77] 2008=U.&UPNLO=BPNJO8&O$L&=(J 60:QJ(Z]C>.Y&J(WHO$L0%D .0UB&=[Q&B"0($W\&HJ.&&PN0B< Q&A.(&5&NF"B" surrounded by Juncus beds, to wadi reedbeds or freshwater reservoirs in hilly or desert areas. For instance, a record of at least 60 PT&0"ER .=G8&JW\&PN0U;W$Q&E"&X]R>NF(0N% &+B=&PN 115(;T.R; B.(W($Q0W]&Q.BPS.YQ&B@&>NPN1$ZH0(XR0LN%ZR at Barqin in January 2008 [77] stands out as the largest wintering group recorded for Fezzan and the second largest for Libya after the .[88 ,63].("U=N">.%I=(U. RER0S0."R0%'R.'&#Q(=( W0(XR(=(LDNb.(W(Q@"B;WUIQ/ERB(0B.&@&;$WQ&LRJO"0B

Snipe 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean ES.Q&/"&Q& Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Al Labadia 0 48 115 0 115 54 0U..W$Q& Birak sewage farm 25 25 25 25 =&=B(0.(B Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Wadi Zaret Dam 0 58 0 15 0 0 58 15 )0&1D.&B;H Other sites (mean >1 ind.) (1<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 11 22 11 22 17 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B Ajdabiyah Sewage Farm 16 16 16 16 .(B&;E&(0.(B Wadi al Mujaynin dam 23 0 0 0 23 8 &(&D.&B;H Umm Hufayn 4 8486 !F?" Sabkhat Julyanah 17 410260175 0S.($E0\WH Mashrua 4 4 4 4 PL&0>Q&8B=& Sabkhat Ayn ash Shaqiqah 19 1 0 0 0 0 19 4 0"("Q&L0\WH Hijarah lake 5 2 2 5 4 (0.Z
&(=([B Sabkhat ash Shuwayrib 0 0 8083 '=UNQ&0\WH Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 01113000113 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Bumbah sewage farm 4 0042 .WRNB(0.(B Wadi al Ayn mouth 2222  Q&D.&BKN Ayn Tawurgha* 331003032 * .M0B.CL Sites not shown (n=14) sum of means : 9 (14=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 58 22 108 37 70 187 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 6 10 11 4 6 14 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 347004073 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Black-tailed Godwit >S

Adriano De Faveri © D=!(ND.NS.U0.& Black-tailed Godwits in winter plumage at Cervia saltpans, Italy, Mar. 2006 200620.R.(Q.U$.(N=(H0\WHPNDNXQ&@U=Q.BJU

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

44 1 1000 < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: near-threatened; AEWA B-2c (Significant long-term decline); the species is a rare but regular passage DN& R5.!\S&) (AEWA: B-2c)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F);U;'XQ&1b :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< migrant in Tripoli region and Fezzan [29, 38], likely to and from Lake Chad basin where it can winter in large numbers [139], but is almost @"L# 2(F..C(=([B5NFOQ$BLRJ%X[RB[38 ,29]@&>NB?$B&=JPX"&RPNKX&R=B.L=E.'RM&#QB0..S8N&Q&@$ .(JUNQ&C;&O$L absent in winter in Libya. The only two wintering areas, namely Farwah tidal mudflats and Benghazi lagoons, were thoroughly D1. &B)&=([BBAB=!B0$FN&;&>N'H.%TBMX(XXQC;(FNQ&X"&&@$ . .XI.(W(QPN.WU="C;E&NXR=(MM&#QB [139](=(WP.&;L*BPXU monitored during whole course of the present survey and respectively held a maximum of 6 and 7 birds, in 2006 and 2005. @"OQ$(0.I &K'&LR .2006B 2005PNOO";[P0N(J 7B 6PQ&NXQ&O$L.%'BPF"B0(Q.
&).FN]&JR.P> G&;(E.%'XH&0.;O Interestingly, it is comforting that an independent survey [59] censused the same exact small number of 7 birds in January 2005 >B".U"B0(Q.
&).FN]&3S.X&QPE0.GKL.=NNCPQ.XQ.BBD1. &B)&=([BPN 2005=U.&UPN0N(J 7:Q=( Q&.; Q&?!S;P" [59] "X]R.Y[B in Benghazi lagoons, thus providing external support to the present monitoring results as well as the first published record for .).FN]%$QC=(G8&X&]Q&PNPXRPS.R=S.JD"JZ]UKQB8N&Q&.&;L"PN5.!\S&='K0(Q.
&).FN]&> G .MO=WQ0N&RJ(Z]C Cyrenaica. During the course of the present scheme, the species appeared to decrease in numbers, and was even not detected as a 0N(Q&LR).V&=.&T .[44] &=%
&0%S."Q&PN.YU;F.NENRNT.RER0"N&NXRB;WC.'&#QBJUNQ&C;&O$L;(P*XQ&OQ$0E.[B0Z(X&Q&AEPT0U=&B0(W($Q&0N(Q&@NP0(T=NDN"U. [105 ,63]=RPN=(Y#BJO&.T.&;L"L#QB [88]?SNCPN0(X& coherent with overall trends and recent red-listing [44]. There are hundreds of wintering birds in Tunisia [88] but far fewer in Egypt [63, [PDR] .[44]0(]SNXQ&0N(Q&IQ/PN. 0(B= Q&.("U=N$LR0!$X\R=S.LOQ$P%X&C@"L# B &=[Q& 105], thus adding support to the hypothesis that Libyan and Egyptian birds, are part of the population wintering south of the Sahara and may belong to a different population from western African, including Tunisian, birds [44]. [PDR]

Black-tailed Godwit 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean JUS

Adriano De Faveri © D=!(ND.NS.U0.& Bar-tailed Godwit in winter plumage on Farwah island, Feb. 2011 2011=U&=WN.(W(Q ,(B=N(>U>EPNDNXQ&@U=Q.BJU

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

55 1 1300 < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern, IUCN Red List; AEWA: B - 2a, 2c (ssp. taymyrensis), in decline. A non-breeding visitor to EUN&Q&) (AEWA: B-2a,2c) H[$& PN +0;RB (IUCN 0 (WQ& @NQ P. Q& ..b Q  &=%
& 0%S."Q& /]F) E&;U;'C JO" :0U.%
& 0Q.F <<< Libya, very local in winter. A typical long distance migrant, capable of alternating extremely long flights with very few stopovers[61]. Of @&=(JO$L0..O0$UNQ&).N.]%$QPE/N=E.'R . .XQ&PN.($[R&;EES.IB.(W(QPN@ R=(M=S&1 .5.!\S&PNA.;L(taymyrensis strictly coastal habits when not breeding, the Bar-tailed Godwit depends almost exclusively on large tidal mudflats. Birds wintering ;%X CJUN'HO$L.WU="COQB8&0E0;Q.B subspecies and undertake non-stop overland flights across western Asia and eastern Europe from their tundra breeding grounds. 0U&;BPN.WU="CJZ]UKQ .«&0;&XQ&»PN.'( CPT&0"LR0(O=Q&.BB0B"B.(H!'=M=WLGONC@B.) F=B?N"CBtaymyriensisEUN&Q&OQ$ Almost unrecorded in our earlier surveys, very small numbers of Bar-tailed Godwits seemed later to be relatively regular only at 3.%PNB"JF.]Q;&CGBAB=NPNC"N.(W]S;E&NXQ&0%X&R; B.%(NJU.%E &PNEO&NR0]%GPNJZH .. WQ&'=MOO"PN 2010, usually just at one site per year; in 2010 found at three sites thanks to increased coastal coverage. Presence at non-tidal ;= CKQ .0N;WB[RNT. WQ&<=IB)=H3($GPN;&LR0(Q.&0WJ=Q&PT&08&PNA;E&NC@"B;WUB0HB0;&0(VJ.Q&).F.]&(..U>QIQ/ wetlands in the Gulf of Sirt and in the East of the country seems, however, due to chance. No known ringing recoveries in Libya. [NB] [NB] ..(W(QPN)."$
A"=OD"

Bar-tailed Godwit 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean JUQ&L Annual totals 0 1 4 11 4 10 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 011113 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Whimbrel T-

Flavio Monti © PXSNRN(N N Whimbrel in Tuscany, Italy, 2010 2010.(Q&.U&PS.#HNCPN=( Q& .&@&B=P

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

13 1 2700 < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C-(1) (population estimated to be numbering around 100,000 .T.&;L"0;"C(=(L) (AEWA : C- (1))H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< which could benefit from international cooperation). The nominate subspecies N. phaeopus phaeopus performs a long-distance HJ.&RB.R0$UNJ0N.]R)&/(=Z'B?N"U N. phaeopus phaeopusEUN&Q&@$ .(.'XU.%
PQB;Q&@B. XQ&LR(..!XH &E(X]C 100,000PQ&NF migration between sub-Arctic/Arctic breeding areas and coastal west Africa, approximately between Mauritania and the Cape of  .&@&B=P0N(J/$M"EWXXU .[44]9Q.Q& .E=Q&2"0B.(S.XU0NRB.WU="C.("U=N$'=MOQ$PQ.%Q&/"Q&1b.R /PQ.%Q&/"Q&PN@( XQ& Good Hope [ 44]. Most Whimbrels follow the east Atlantic flyway in autumn and spring; numbers migrating across the Mediterranean 0$"&X&(=(W#Q&'&=H8&ER0S0."R(=( WCHNX&=WL(=E.'&.&;L8&@";"X U .E(B=Q&BGU=&PNP]$J8&C(&<=I(=Z'Q&0.]R=( Q& are believed to be small when compared to the huge flocks moving along the Atlantic. Very rare in the Mediterranean basin during ;ENU FPN [88 ,10].(Q.U&B?SNCPN0%X&R=(M0!B0(XR(;(FB0N(JER .XQ&> GCHNX&5NFPN&;E0..S .P]$J8&C(&=WL winter, with single birds wintering irregularly in Tunisia and Italy [10, 88], while no records exist from Mediterranean Egypt [63]. Past &;E(=( W.&;L*B.%S&.B@( XQ&KHNR; BBJWO.R0P=FOQ$.(W(QPN0YU;FC=G"B0"B.H*.[B"=(C . [63]=RPNCHNX&LR) (Z]C and recent data in Libya refer to pre- and post-breeding season movements, always in very small numbers, mostly in the western @.&D& , 2008B 2006PN;F&B.=N)0X]Q&0UNXQ&).FN]&LR)&N&H0 B0"PN;E0$($O.&;L");TNI .[59 ,29]. WQ&LRPB= Q& >\&PN0W.G part of the country [29, 59]. Very small numbers were observed in four of the six winter surveys (one individual in 2006 and 2008, two [27] 1969=W%NNS 17PNJ(Z]CER.(W($Q0UNXQ&=U0."XQ&>B"L%TLRPT) (Z]XQ&A.ZRER.(W($QKX&RDNXI=S&1NT=( Q& .&@&B=P@"=(C).RN$ &AB;Q&PN.%P .0!\&&0U=\Q&-J&N$Q9T&BJ(RER .. WQ&LRPB= Q& >\&PN9E08&O$L possibly with a very restricted range in the western part of the country. A preference for low rocky coasts was apparent. As in other [MZ] .C=G"0(XCB"@( C0"&RD*B.(W(QCB=C)."$F)& &=O;ENC .&;E.!\&R@N#U@" Mediterranean countries, the local population must be extremely low. No recoveries link Libya to any breeding or winter areas. [MZ]

Whimbrel 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =( Q& .&@&B=P All sites EO&N&E(%E Bab al Bahr coast 1 1 1 1 =[WQ&'.BJF.H Tripoli harbour 012000021 ?$B&=J .&(R Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 000002020=U;E&2"0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Annual totals 012102 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 011101 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Slender-billed Curlew  P5EA

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

0 0 01 -

>>> This Critically Endangered species was reported from Libya well before its decline had been observed in any part of the @ U PXQ&C=G8&HJ.&&LRD"PNA.&;L"5.!\S&;T.U@"JWO;(EJ#B.(W(QPNOQB8&0E0;Q&LR5&="S .B.;'&8N&Q&&NJO$L0WH.&&JS&N%$Q roosts. Basing on our census results, we present here a tentative map of habitat suitability across the Libyan coastal region, which 0W]&Q.B'&.% XH&0(S.#R &0.WXL& .( .M0B.C).\WH/P=RPNLU0B.ZXRL.OJG&;C occurred were considered and mapped as black circles, proportional to the sums of local maxima of Curlew and Golden Plover from @&B=#QCN"Q&K("$Q.T.;LPN0UB.]R0(S&NL6."S0LN%ZR0WJ00"&RJ#Q0("("
&.B;
&PN.&D;F";O.&S,N0."&&E(N0 .&@&B=#Q 2005 to 2010 (the westernmost circle results by the fusion of two adjacent sectors of Tawurgha complex). Assuming that the levels O$L(;%X R0N.YPB) .%XF&0U=GO$L E .&B [122]0!$X\R;E&NC) .%XF.BHJ.&RKH=Q Kernel0"U=J.&$% XH&;"Q .PWTEOQ$=(C0(\U0.XQ& We used the Kernel method to draw areas with different probabilities of presence [122], according to a probability density map based on the random points. These results would show that Sabkhat al Kuz and the eastern coast of the Gulf of Sirt qualify as the best candidate locations for further investigation, althought historical data refer to a different part of the country. [BA, NB]

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T Curlew flock on Sabkhat Al Kuz, possibly the most suitable Libyan wetland for Slender-billed Curlew. Feb. 2007 2007=U&=WN .0."&&E(N0@&B=#$Q0%S R0WJ=Q&HJ.&&=YP"@N#C;OPXQ&1N#Q&0\WHPN .&@&B=P0N(JLR0LN%ZR Curlew BPA

Wajih Bashimam © ?.R$3.BM(EB Curlew at Jerba, Tunisia, Dec. 2009 2009=W%]U.?SNCPN0B=EPN .&@&B=P

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

52733 15 1000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN Red List); AEWA: nominate subspecies arquata C-1 (population numbering around .;L) 1-C arquata 8N&Q&1F=XO& :AEWA0(O.!C&(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< 100,000 which could benefit from international cooperation); eastern subspecies orientalis A-3c (significant long-term decline); the C;&O$L.&;L8&PNDN& R5.!\S& ) A-3c/orientalisPO=Q&EUN&Q&(.'XU.%
PQB;Q&@B. XQ&LR(..!XH &E(X]C.WU="C 10,0000(=( Q& most recent update places Libya within the winter range of orientalis, which breeds in Siberia east of the Urals [44]. Reports from >B;Q&LR=U0."XQ&;P+C .[44]>&0B &<=I.U=(W(HPN@ UD.ZRPN.(W(QEC0D&;F=YP8&).RN$ &@$ .(JUNQ& nearby Tunisia and Egypt confirm the presence of orientalis, and of arquata too, relative proportions unknown [63, 88]. Accordingly, the .(W(QPN0(X&0N(Q&L%T UN&Q& P.NEB5&=XN&L# IQNWN$Q (14).'!S0B&=O?>$U8N&Q&&NFB)=H3($G>NJO$L.(W(Q'=MPNO$L").N.YPERPVJ.Q&?&>
&JR.P=W C0(X&@&B=#Q&0N(J@$ (=U;E"2"0B3.%PNB"B birds number six, but only at the core sites (Sabkhat al Kuz, Farwah lagoon and coast between Abu Kammash and Ras Ajdir) was /$XU8N&Q&&<'QJR.#Q& .F &@$ . .F &M(ND G0WJ=Q&PT&08&LL(;( BHJ.&RPNC< XCPXQ&0N(Q&LRE (Q0(N.T$&.&;L"JW"X]CPXQ&1(W&LP.R*B(;(E0N= R along the Gulf of Sirt and around Benghazi. The irregular and large fluctuations at many sites are probably affected by the time of [MZ] .(0B.&>B;Q&B".(W(QLR)."$
day at which sites were counted. Complete counts of this species require a good knowledge of night roosts, which should receive an additional evening visit to count birds feeding in areas away from the wetland during the day. No ringing recoveries are available for Libya or adjacent countries. [MZ]

Curlew 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean .&@&B=P Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat al Kuz 144 70 30 436 49 199 30 436 155 1N#Q&0\WH Farwah Lagoon 112 184 110 75 127 78 75 184 114 (B=N(=([B Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 73 39 54 212 54 91 39 212 87 =U;E&2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Sabkhat Karkurah 58 9 39 0 34 0 58 28 (0NP=P0\WH Sabkhat al Manqub 0 8 0 51 92 1 0 92 25 'N"&&0\WH Sabkhat ash Shuwayrib 15 59 0 0 59 25 '=UNQ&0\WH

Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Sultan 93 30231909320 @.$H0\WH Jazirat al Ulbah 0 0 54 0 54 18 0W$ Q&B=U>E Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat Jaruthah 0 32 1 66 0 3 0 66 17 0DB0.E0\WHB?&(%O0\WH Sabkhat al Waset 6 0 0 51 1 0 51 12 CHNQ&0\WH Sabkhat Bishr 1 20 36 2 1 36 15 =B0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 0 6 0 37 0 0 0 37 7 1?SNU0.O0\WH Other sites with mean >5 ind. (5<CHNXR)&/)C=G"EO&NR Ras al Markeb 9999 /P=&2"0 Sabkhat Hassila and Wadi al Hamar 0 3 9 21 0 21 8 =%F8&D.&BB0$(
&0\WH Sabkhat Umm al Qindil 16 0 0 16 8 JU;&"Q&?"0\WH Al Mallahah 7 7 7 7 0F & Sabkhat Ras at Tin 17 3 0 0 17 7 XQ&2"00\WH Sabkhat Millitah 2 0 21 0 0 21 6 0X($R0\WH Sites not shown (n=15) sum of means : 24 (15=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 534 419 264 952 450 540 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 14 20 8 11 11 21 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 528059095 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Terek Sandpiper S-@RM!T 207 Xenus cinereus 

Nicola Baccetti © PX(C.B N#(S Terek Sandpiper near Merca, Somalia, Feb. 1984 1984 .=U&=WN>.RNQ&.P=(RLR/O=Q.B=W RDN(J

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

01 0 10000 < 25

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C-1 (population numbering more than 100,000 individuals, which LR=YP"(=( Q&.;L) (AEWA: C-1)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< could benefit from international cooperation). One individual was recorded during the survey at Sabkhat al Thama (Benghazi) on 25 JZHB 2008=U.&U 25PN (D1. &B)0R.Y$Q&0\WHPN).FN]&> G;F&B.=NJZH .(.'XU.%
PQB;Q&@B. XQ&LR(..!XH &E(X]C 100,000 January 2008. The species was reported again from Benghazi with one bird on 30 August 2008 [1]. These seem to be the first and DN(H&5&N&=S.Q&&<'Q0W]&Q.B.(W(QPNPS.YQ&B>B8&.%T$(Z]XQ&LU.%IPNJZ]UDNFOQB8&0E0;Q.B0UNXI) (Z]CIQ/PN. ?SNCPN.'&R;U; Q&;ENUL#QB [87]=S&>\& records, mostly around the Gulf of Gabès [88]. Such a discontinuous pattern could be explained by the lively and relatively long .) (Z]XQ&LR(B=D&NZXS"LUQ&B($&0N(Q&PH0&.JWOLRIQ/B?SNCPN.(W]S;R8&0$UNJB0$W&NX&0N(Q&0WO&=R)&.. B=S.Q& tradition of bird-watching in Tunisia, both by local and visiting ornithologists, which has generated such a wealth of records. Another &/$B .?B.O3($G>NFC"NCHNX%$Q0(BN&\&-J&NQ&O$L(.NEN& [20]0$FN&;&>N']B .XICWC=R8N&Q&@NPPNJY%XCC=G"0(T=N=.&T hypothesis is that in winter the species is linked to tidal mudflats [20], found on the southern shores of the Mediterranean only around [PDR] .=U;E"2&0OQ$E.B=MBAB=N(=([B>NF@N#XH0R.."Q&0(W($Q&) (Z]XQ&@.#R@"9E=&LRMS,N0[([W0(T=!Q&A

Terek Sandpiper 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =W RDN(J All sites EO&N&E(%E Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 000100010 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Annual totals 000100 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 000100 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Common Sandpiper RPTY(IRM!T 209 Actitis hypoleucos 

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T Common Sandpiper on Farwah island, Jan. 2006 2006=U.&U.(W(Q(B=N(=U>EPND..(XL$DN(J

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

1324 7 17500 < 25 1 2

>>> Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C-1 (population numbering more than 100,000 individuals, which could benefit from LR=YP"(=( Q&.;L) (AEWA: C-1)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< international cooperation). A widespread non-breeding visitor to Libya. As in Tunisia and Egypt where between 300 and 500 .&=N8&.;L0;"U2(F=RB?SNCPN>.
&NT.%P ..(W(QPN@ R=(M=X&R=S&1 .(.'XU.%
PQB;Q&@B. XQ&LR(..!XH &E(X]C 100,000 individuals were estimated to winter [63, 88], the species is much scarcer in winter than during the two passage periods, when PNJZH ..("U=N$=WL(=(WP0'WEO$L(=Z'Q&*;b.%&(F0NW Q&PC=XN> GM&R .XQ&PN(0;S=YP"8N&Q&&&NF8&JN& alone or in twos or threes. The species’ very widespread spatial distribution, a consequence of its non-gregarious, hence non-  .&YXH.B.%'RB;WU .@.#&B"@.R>Q&PNMENCD"0F RIQB"=NNUPQ.
&C&@" [29]D1. &BPN=U.&UPN;"Q&J(Z]XQ& or time. However, it seems noteworthy that, excepting one old January record in Benghazi [29], the present scheme provided the first 0;RJP;&L(=Z'Q&(=XN> G8N&Q&(;T.RL# MS&9E=&LR0"("
&PN .[29]@&>NPN=U&=WNPN;OJ(Z]C .&YXH.B &=[Q&0"&R winter records for eastern Libya and the first observations of wintering birds in the desert zone, apart from one old February record .[88 ,63].BB0B"<=IBCHBB.(N.S;&#H&LR9E08&O$L.(W(QPN0(X&0N(Q&JW"@,N(0B.&>B;Q&PN>.
&NT.%P ..(W(QPN0
.RB"0B

Common Sandpiper 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean D..(XL$DN(J Sites with mean >1 ind. 1<CHNXR)&/EO&NR Al Mallahah 3 3 3 3 0F & Farwah Lagoon 141531153 (B=N(=([B Hijarah lake 5 0 0 5 3 (0.Z
&(=([B Jazirat Sabratah 2222 MC&=WW(=U>E Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 002214042 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Wadi al Masid 1 2 1 2 2 ;(]RD.&B Sites not shown (n=18) sum of means : 11 (18 =.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 6 7 17 17 9 19 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 5496513 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 211110021 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Green Sandpiper ERM!T 211 Tringa ochropus 

Giuseppe Albanese © D>(S.WQ&GU1NE Green Sandpiper from Salento, Italy, Mar. 2006. Digiscoping 200620.R.(Q.U$NX&Q.HLR=G"DN(J

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

1318 4 17000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C-1 (population numbering more than 100,000 individuals, which LR=YP"(=( Q&.;L) (AEWA: C-1)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< could benefit from international cooperation). Non-breeding visitor to Libya from the European breeding population, which winters B.BB0B"'=MPNPXCPXQ&B.BB0B"PN0 &(=( Q&LR.(W(QPN@ R=(M=S&1 .(.'XU.%
PQB;Q&@B. XQ&LR(..!XH &E(X]C 100,000 in Western Europe, Turkey, North Africa and south of the Sahara. Observed singly or in small groups, this species prefers freshwater ).F&NQ&B@N( Q&)0B< Q&A.(&)&/0WJ=Q&PT&08&8N&Q&&.%IB.(P=C wetlands (springs, oases, rivers) and is considered to be a passage migrant and winter visitor in most of the country [29, 36, 59, 77], ).FN]&> G . [88 ,63]LU0B.&LU;$WQ& PPN;E&NXQ&C?!S. WXR [77 ,59 ,36 ,29]. WQ& .E0"/$M"PN.UNXI&=S&1B&=B.L&=E.'R=WX UB (0.'S8&B following the same pattern of occurrence as in both neighbouring countries [63, 88]. During the six winters of census the highest EO&NR0 ]CO$L" .0&]Q&PNEO&NR0 B0">; . ONR18.'B;E&NX&EO&N&.;L@.P .2010PN&=(J 21DN&H8N%ZRO$L"F$B0X]Q&0UNXQ& annual total was of 21 birds in 2010. The total number of occupied sites was 18, with an average of four sites a year. The top nine L#QB0(&JNQ&0(%T8&0WXLOQ$EONRD"JUKQBD..(XL &DN(Q&LR&>P=C=YP". U1NC)='K"PXQ&BPQ.%E &8N%&CHNXRLR % 90)B" sites held 90% of the average total, showing a more concentrated distribution than Common Sandpiper; none of the sites reached [HA, HD] ..(W(QPN)."$
)& &=O;ENC .0WJ=Q&508&KZFB0(HNX&).!W&N.B0S0."R.%'R&>P=CCB" 20090&H&=(J 13'0U..W$Q&EONR the threshold for national importance, but the site of Al Labadia with 13 birds in 2009 held a notable concentration, considering Mediterranean standards and the size of the wetland. There are no known ringing recoveries from Libya. [HA, HD].

Green Sandpiper 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =G"DN(J All sites EO&N&E(%E Al Labadia 0 13 6 0 13 6 0U..W$Q& Hijarah lake 7 0 0 7 4 (0.Z
&(=([B Wadi al Mujaynin dam 7 0 1073 &(&D.&B;H Ayn Zayyanah 101109092 MS.U>Q&L Mashrua 2 2 2 2 =&=B -PL&0>Q&8B=& Wadi at Tut Dam 2 2 2 2 )NXQ&D.&B;H Wadi Zaret Dam 0 8000082 )0&1D.&B;H Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 1002021 2?SNU0.O0\WH Bumbah sewage farm 1 0011 .WRNWQ&(0.(B Sabkhat Julyanah 000003031 0S.($E0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 000030031 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Al Hishah* 000020020 *0('Q& Ayn Taqnit 1 0 0010 1(&O.CL Ayn Tawurgha* 000200020 * .M0B.CL Wadi Ghan dam 1 0000010 @.MD.&B;H Sabkhat Fairuz 100000010 1B=(N0\WH Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat Jaruthah 010000010 MDB0.E0\WHB?&(%O0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 100000010 1?SNU0.O0\WH Annual totals 7 2 17 12 18 21 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 624435 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 000250051 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Spotted Redshank "4 O3P

Jaber Yahia © P[U=B.E Spotted Redshank on Farwa coast, Ras Ajdir, Libya, Aug. 2006 2006 .?]M".(W(Q=U;E2"0AB=N-J.IPNCO0"<.]Q&=%F"DN(J

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

512 3 900 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C - 1. A regular non-breeding visitor to Libya, originating from =(MKX&R=S&1 .(AEWA: C-1)H[$RPN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< Northern Europe. During the non-breeding season it most often occupies the edges of large lakes and lagoons with variable salinity, 0FN$&)&/0(VJ.Q&)&=([WQ&B(=(W#Q&)&=([WQ&;.!T(..LL"U.'(N@ U PXQ&KH&N&> G ..BB0B">.%ILRM$W".(W(QPN@ R typically foraging in compact groups and in relatively deep water. In Libya it is most often seen singly, in winter at least, while trans- (=E.'&0N(Q&;T.CFPNJO8&O$L .XQ&PN&.=!&R(..L.(W(QPN;T.U ..(W]S0"(% Q&A.(&PNB(=(WP).LN%ZRPNC< XU .(=( X& Saharan migrants have been reported in flocks [37, 38]. The winter distribution follows the coastline from the western border to the MHN!SJWE9!HPN5NF .&YXH.B=G8&JW\&OQ$0(B= Q&.B;
&LRPVJ.Q&C&DNXQ&EU1NXQ&EWXU .[38 ,37]'&=H"PN &=[$Q(=B. Q& Jabal Akhdar, with the exception of a reservoir at the foot of Jabal Nafusah (one of the few sites holding the species in more than @$0R.L(0NB .[77]E&;( B0($G&.0WJ00"&RPNPXR;(FB=S.J.YU;F=P/ .(2[WQ&> G0&HLR=YP"PN8N&Q&DB+CPXQ&0$($"Q&EO&N&;F") one year during the survey); a single bird has recently been reported wintering at a far more inland wetland [77]. Spotted Redshanks  .M0B.C).\WH/P=ROQ$P%X&C.'&R0 B0" (.UN&HEO&NR 5OQ$;F&BLR). ONR 12PN;EB :.(W(QPN0(XXQ&0..SCO08&<.]Q&=%F"DN(Q& are very scarce wintering in Libya overall: they have been found at 12 sites (one to five sites annually), four of which belong to the [NB] .)."$
)"=O;ENC .EO&NR0]%GPN0N(J 101$ZH2(F 2007@.P .XIJN" .0HB0;&0F.]&1&]bNQ=YP"0N(J;W0L# 2(F Tawurgha complex, where more birds might be found if coverage is improved. The best winter was 2007, with ten birds and five sites. No ringing recoveries are known. [NB]

Spotted Redshank 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean CO0&<.]Q&=%F"DN(J All sites EO&N&E(%E Wadi Zaret dam 0 6030062 )0&1D.&B;H Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 000007071*(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Julyanah 101000010 0S.($E0\WH Sabkhat Umm al Ez* 0 1 0 0 1 0 *> Q&?"0\WH Sabkhat Umm Sayyad 0 10010 ; H?"0\WH Sabkhat al Kuz 200000020 1N#Q&0\WH Sabkhat Hafirah and Sabkhat al Burayqah 0 1 0 00010 0"U=WQ&0\WHB(=(!
&0\WH Al Hishah* 001000010 *0('Q& Ayn Tawurgha* 000100010 * .M0B.CL Farwah Lagoon 000001010 (B=N(=([B Sabkhat al Manqub 001000010 'N"&&0\WH Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat Jaruthah 000001010 ?&(%O0\WH Annual totals 3 1 10 1 4 9 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 215123 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 002107072 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Greenshank 3P

Essam Bouras © 4&0NB"?.L Greenshank in winter plumage, Thyna saltpans, Tunisia, Jan. 2012 2012.=U.&U?SNC -0&(J0\WH ,DNXQ&@U=Q.B<.]Q&=G"DN(J

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

2017 6 2300 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); cat. C-1 in AEWA. A regular migrant to Libya, with scarce published winter ..(W($QKX&R=E.'R .AEWAPN c-1PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< records [29]. Indeed, the Greenshank is mostly a trans-Saharan migrant: the winter range of the European population (Scandinavia, 0UNXQ&.B;
& : &=[Q&=W CPXQ&(=E.'&0N(Q&LR.WQ.M=WX U<.]Q&=G8&DN(Q&EO&NQ&PN .[29] .XQ&PN(0..S(0N&R) (Z]CER Fennoscandia and West Russia) stretches across inland and coastal Africa between the tropics and the southern Cape. Migration KXCB.("U=N PBN&\&2"=Q&B0(S&NXH &HJ.&&B.("U=N"JG&.BJF&NH=W XQ;XB .(.(HB0'=MB.U;S.#HN&(N.(N.S;&#H&)0(BB0B8&(=( $Q is performed on a broad front with overland flights; sightings at desert oases are therefore regularly obtained also in Libya [29, 44]. If PXCPXQ&=S.Q&.&;L*B1S0NO.R&/$ .[44,29].(W(QPN0UB&=[Q&).F&NQ&PN=S.Q&(;T.RL# B0U=WQ&) F=Q&L%XUEH&BC;RO$L(=Z'Q& compared to numbers wintering south of the Sahara, few birds remain in Mediterranean coastal wetlands [44]. Counts of 2005-2010 =G8&DN(Q&='U 2010-2005LR.&; XQ&.[44]CHNX&=[WQ&PN0($F.]Q&0WJ=Q&PT&08&PNO"WC0N(Q&LRJ($"Q&@,N &=[Q&'N&E describe the Greenshank as a regular wintering waterbird in Libya, well distributed along the coast and observed almost every 3.%PNB& -AB=N)0%'&0WJ=Q&HJ.&&PN .XIJPPN.WU="C;TNIBJF.]Q&O$L;(EJ#B=X&R.(W(QPN?.XS.BPXU=S.P<.]Q& winter in the main wetlands (Farwah-Abu Kammash, Tawurgha, Benghazi). A single inland sighting at Wadi Zaret basin. Annual )&=LEWB.WU="C0;"CB0&U.WXR0UN&]Q&.&;L8& .)0&1D.&B5NFPN1S.PJF.]Q&LLE&;( BJG&;Q&PN=S.$Q(;F&B(;T.R .(D1. &B .M0B.C figures fluctuate around values of a few dozen birds, and no site qualifies as nationally important. A maximum of 10 occupied sites,  .0N($Q9]R=G"PNOO";[PEO&NR 10PN=S.Q&;EB;"N=S.Q&.'(N;E&NXUEONR17PQ.%E"LR .0(&JNQ&0(%T QP"C=UEONR;ENU B out of a total of 17, was found in the last investigated winter. The winter population is not concentrated (90% of birds in 10 sites). .8N&Q&&<'QEONRKT"JYPXQ&BAB=N(=([BPN@.P?.XS.BB.;LO$L" .(EO&NR 10PN1$ZH0N(Q&LR % 90) .XQ&PN(=( $Q>P=C;ENU Top counts are regularly obtained at Farwah lagoon, which is the most important site for this species. A single recovery is known. PN0&H=L;F"; B;(W&B 199420.R 5PNDNB.WR1PNKO0FQ.B=S.QPTB9]R=G"PN..(WJWOLR.&Q1(L";OB(;F&B0"$F);EB The ring was shown us by a hunter during the last census campaign and refers to an adult bird marked in Zimbabwe on 5 March [MZ] .+B&>XQ&(=ZTJWO0U0&;&0"&%$QJUNQ&A0NWLMQ.%P"JWO?N"$FNB&0\WHPNM!ONC .&D" 2005NU.RB"JU=B& 1994 and shot eleven years later in April/May 2005 while stopping-over at Sabkhat Bou Halgoum, before continuing its long cross- equatorial pre-breeding migration flight. [MZ]

Greenshank 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean <.]Q&=G"DN(J All sites EO&N&E(%E Farwah Lagoon 6 20 69855209 AB=N=([B Ayn Zayyanah 015903093 MS.U>Q&L Ajdabiyah Sewage Farm 2222 .(B&;E&(0.(B Sabkhat Zuwaytinah 0 06062 0&(XUB>Q&0\WH Sabkhat Hafirah and Sabkhat al Burayqah 0 5 0 30052 0"U=WQ&0\WHB(=(!
&0\WH Ayn al Ghazalah 0 0 4041 0Q&> Q&L Al Hishah* 022012021 *0('Q& Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 001311031=U;E2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Mellahat al Mesherrek* 1111 *<=&0F R Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 010104041 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat al Ghbeba 1 020021 MW(W"Q&0\WH Wadi al Masid 1 0 0 1 1 ;(]RD.&B Sabkhat Umm al Ez* 1 0 0 0 1 0 *> Q&?"0\WH Sabkhat al Waset 0 0 010010 CHNQ&0\WH Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 1 0 0 00010 .O0>Q&L0\WH Wadi Zaret dam 0 0001010 )0&1D.&B;H Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 000100010 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Annual totals 8 31 14 23 16 29 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 3745610 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 032113032 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Marsh Sandpiper LP!S

Nicola Baccetti © PX(C.B N#(S Marsh Sandpiper in winter plumage at Ayn Tawurgha, Libya, Jan. 2005 Digiscoping 2005 .=U.&U.(W(Q .M0B.CLPNDNXQ&@U=Q.B9S.WQ&DN(J

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

49 2 270 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-(1) (population estimated between 25,000 and 100,000). B 25,000:B(=( Q&0;"C) (AEWA:B-1)PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< Monotypic species, breeding in a wide temperate belt across Europe and Asia. Long-distance migrant, wintering in all of sub- 'N&EHJ.&&JPPNPXU0$UNJ).N.]=E.'U ..(H&B.BB0B"=WL0Q;X &0"&&?&>FLREH&B<.SPN@ U8N&Q&;(FB?&E (100,000 Saharan Africa, with major concentrations in the east, south of 10°N. Important migratory movements take place along a route <=ILUB>O=[BB.NH8&=[WQ&J%U0.]R=WL0%'&0(](S=Q&MC=ZT0P=F .>.%I).E0. 10(=S&.'=M'N&EPN>P=CER.("U=N"PN &=[Q& including Black and Caspian Seas, East Mediterranean and Red Sea, with decreasing numbers observed towards the west [44]. A ..("U=N PQ.%Q&JF.]Q&.&;XR&O$L.WQ.MBCHNX&=[WQ&>NFPXC0($O";ENC .[44]'= Q&N[S0$($O.&;L"ER=%F8&=[WQ&BCHNX&=[WQ& minority of birds winters around the Mediterranean, mostly along the coastline of north Africa. Past and recent records describe the 0UNXQ&).FN]&JPPN.&=N");EB .[29 ,137].(W(Q=WLKX&R=E.'RM&#QB;E&NXQ&J($OMS*B9S.WQ&DN(JGC0YU;
&B0 ;"Q&) (Z]XQ& Marsh Sandpiper as a rare but regular migrant through Libya [29, 137]. One (2010) to nine (2005) individuals were found in all winter MBJZH)&N&H1]Q&0&;RO$L=S.Q&.'B;EBPXQ&0 ]XQ&EO&N&LREONRD";ENU B(2005)PN.&=N"0 ]COQ$ (2010);F&B.=N;EB2(F surveys, but none of the nine sites where the species was recorded was occupied in more than three years. No site important D1. &B>NFEO&N&J#Q(;F&B0&]Q .XIPN0W]&Q&1W]F .8N&Q&&<'Q.(&JB.%'RA0.WXL&L# EONR;ENU )&N&H* DLR=YP8=S.Q&;E&NC for this species can be identified at a national level. In all but one winter a proportion of birds was counted at wetlands around .=YP"0O=!XREO&N&2(F?$B&=J>NF1S.P=S.Q&.'(NJZHPXQ&C=G8&LP.R8&B .(0S.U>Q&LB?SNU0.ODB ]Q& -0R.Y$Q&0S.($E0\WH) Benghazi (Sabkhats Julyanah, al Thama-Esselawi, Qaryunis and Ayn Zayyanah). The other area where the species was noted is ;H)0B< Q&A.(&5&NF"PNJG&;Q&PN.U";E&NCM&#QB(=] Q&A.(&)&/0($F.]Q&0WJ=Q&PT&08&PNP](S0J#B;TNI9S.WQ&DN(J around Tripoli, where sites are more scattered. Marsh Sandpipers were mainly observed at coastal brackish wetlands, but inland 0WJ=Q&PT&08&PN;T.CKQ.&=N8&B B@"LRKM=Q.B ..(W($Q0UNXQ&) (Z]XQ&>B"PT@&OXF.'($L>N
&PXQ&).S.(WQ& .()NXQ&D.&B freshwater reservoirs (Wadi at Tut Dam) were also used. Data so far obtained are the first winter records for Libya. Even though PN;EB.(S&=PB"PNKO0=S.J.(W(QPN)."$F&="CKQ .KX&R=(MJ#B(=X&RB&;E(=( W0(&JNQ&(=( Q&@N#C@"9E=&LRB(=(W#Q& some individuals may have gone unseen in large wetlands, the national population is likely to be very small and irregularly spaced. [MZ] .0(O=Q&.BB0B"(=(LLR.(W(QPN0N(Q&JW"@"O$L>;U. [88]?SNC No recoveries are available; a ringed individual from Ukraine was controlled in Tunisia [88], suggesting an east European origin of Libyan birds also. [MZ]

Marsh Sandpiper 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 9S.WQ&DN(J All sites EO&N&E(%E Wadi at Tut Dam 3 3 3 3 )0&1D.&B;H Sabkhat Julyanah 031001031 0S.($E0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 200200021 MS.U>Q&L Al Hishah* 300000031 *0('Q& Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 000020020*(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Ayn Tawurgha* 100000010 * .M0B.CL Farwah Lagoon 001000010 (B=N(=([B Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 001000010 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 000100010 1?SNU0.O0\WH 933321 Annual totals DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 413211 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 400020041 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Wood Sandpiper PT-

Essam Bouras © 4&0NB"?.L Wood Sandpiper at Ajdabiyah, Libya, Feb. 2010 2010 .=U&=WN.(W(Q.(B&;E"PN5.( Q&DN(J

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

1311 3 10500 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: not threatened; cat. C-1 in AEWA. A common migrant and scarce winter visitor to Libya [29], with birds HJ.&RLR0R..O0N(JER;E&NXUB;WU.RO$LB[29].(W($Q0..S=S&1BES.I=E.'R AEWA0(O.!C 1-C'(.NENR.;'R=(M :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< apparently coming from northern European breeding areas [44]. According to the same source, the main winter range of this population ;F&.'S"2(F0(S&NXH &.("U=N$'=M=WLE"U(=( Q&A<'QP](S=Q&DNXQ&C;&@*NM]!S0;%$Q."NBB .[44].BB0B">.%IPN@( XQ& lies across tropical W Africa, where it is one of the most widespread waders. Outside the breeding season it can stopover at a ==WQ&B)&N&"Q&.'$(!CER0WJ=Q&PT&08&LR(=(WP0LN&XR0LN%ZRPN@( XQ&KHNR+0.G8N&Q&&B;Q&B.(W(QPN countries [29, 63, 87, 88]. Winter records across south Mediterranean wetlands, even when regular, typically refer to very small flocks. &;E ($O(..LDN&]Q&8N%&@.N?.LJ#BB .).FN]&LR)&N&H0X]Q&> G.(W(QPN?.XS.B8N&Q&&B;\&PN0E0;&B.'(N;E&NX&0$($"Q&EO&N&BLRPQ.XQ& .XQ&JNPN=.&T5.( Q&DN(JO$L0NY Q&KXUKQB .=&=B.'WH0"&R found well into the desert, in the Sabha-Birak area. No Wood Sandpipers were found there in the following winter. Among the few PN="X]CEONXR=(MBKX&R=(MJ#B0UNXQ&0N(Q&B B@*BPFNU. ?S.ZXR=(MEU1NXQ&0R.L0%X&R)&;T. >(%XUEONR;ENU sites of presence listed in the table, none is characterised by regular sightings. The overall distribution is patchy, suggesting that the (=ZT;P+C.(W(QPN);EBPXQ&)."$F0D YQ& .(=(W#Q&EO&N&PN0W.GB .XQ&> G0QN']B.'$T.cL# PQ.XQ.BB0WH.&&0WJ=Q&PT&08& few wintering birds irregularly and unpredictably settle at suitable wetlands and can therefore be easily overlooked during winter LR)0(O.WQ&&D &B[109]?$B&=J0"& ([82]+B&>XQ&@U0=(( C; BGONX$QK'REONR)+.=WR.PCB=C0"$F ..(W(Q=WL.BB0B"'=M>.%ILR0N(Q& counts, especially in large sites. The three available recaptures confirm the migration of NW European birds through Libya. One ring [MZ] .(P\I>.C& Mokwa. T)GU=&PNP%(%XQ&JF.HOQ$ [56] .E(B=Q&PN?SNCB.(W(QB.B;
.B1O+&H($WQ&EONRCB=C (&;&QNBB;UN]Q& links the Camargue (important post-breeding moult stopover [82]) to the Tripoli area [109]; the remaining two (from Sweden and Poland) connect Baltic staging sites to the border between Libya and Tunisia in spring [56] and to Tamimi coast in autumn (T. Mokwa pers. comm.). [MZ]

Wood Sandpiper 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 5.( Q&DN(J All sites EO&N&E(%E Hijarah lake 12 0 0 12 6 (0.Z
&(=([B Birak sewage farm 5 5 5 5 =&=B(0.(B Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 2 3 10 0 0 0 10 3 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 002804082 MS.U>Q&L Farwah Lagoon 00001400142 AB=N(=([B Ayn Tawurgha* 260100062 * .M0B.CL Wadi Zaret Dam 1 2000021 )0&1D.&B;H Sabkhat Julyanah 110000010 0S.($E0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 1000010 2?SNU0.O0\WH Al Hishah* 001000010 *0('Q& Sabkhat Fairuz 100000010 1B=(N0\WH Annual totals 5 9 9 36 14 4 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 435511 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 261100062 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Redshank 3P

Wajih Bashimam © ?.R$3.BM(EB Redshank at Thyna saltpans, Tunisia, Jan. 2012 2012.=U.&U?SNC -0&(J0\WHPN<.]Q&=%F"DN(J

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

70457 25 3400 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-2c (significant long-term decline). A widespread species, recorded O$L=(WP5.!\S&) (AEWA:B-2c)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< during the winter surveys at more than 50% of sites - 57 in total - along the entire coastline from the Tunisian to the Egyptian border. P$F.]Q&CU=Q&.&;XR&O$L>.%E &PNEONR 570UNXQ&).FN]&> GEO&N&LR % 50LR=YP"PNJZHB0.XS &EH&B8NS .(JUNQ&C;& 90% of the average wintering population is scattered over no less than 21 wetlands. A few individuals occurred at three inland sites: :0($G&.EO&NR* DPN);EB0$($O.&=N" .. ONR 21O$L81NXC0UNXQ&(=( Q&CHNXRLR % 90 .0U=&0(W($Q&.B;
&OQ$?SNCER.B;
&LR a reservoir in Jabal Nafusah (Wadi Zaret Dam); the Saharan salt-lakes of Waw an Namus, 1500 km from the sea; and Bouhayrat A;E&NC .0U=&.B;
&LR'="Q.B.!$&(=([BB=[WQ&LRKP 15002NR.&Q&B&NQ0
.&0UB&=[Q&)&=([WQ&()0&1D.&B;H)MHN!SJWEPN5NF al Melfa near the Egyptian border. Wintering at wetlands in the desert had already been reported (Awbari lakes [38, 77]). The annual PN;EB2(F .20100&H@.P.&;L8&O$L"@",NTNBWUDN&]Q&PS.(WQ&KH=Q& .([7738]D0.BB&)&=([B)PNE."B.HJZH;O .XI &=[Q&PN graph clearly shows that the year with the highest numbers was 2010. The vast and largely pristine Sabkhat al Kuz, with a maximum 0 WH.(&JB0%'&0 ]XQ&EO&N&KT";F"NTB&.=N 258P%HNRCHNX B&.=N 950O$L";[P0 H&BB(=(WP=WX CPXQ&B=#WQ&1N#Q&0\WH of 950 individuals and a seasonal average of 258 individuals, was by far the most important of the nine nationally important sites, ) (Z]XQ&BLRPT0 W]Q&0(O=Q&0($F.]Q&)&=([WQ&AB;Q&PNPXCPXQ&.&;L8&LR=(Y#BJO">&>C .(W(QPNPXCPXQ&0N(Q&.&;L" of the species before the present surveys [44]. Numbers wintering in Libya remain well below winter counts in neighbouring countries, @ U@.X$Q&@.X("U=N &@.XQB;Q&C"N.%T.(W(QB?SNCLRJP@"=PB;Q& where the species overwinters in thousands and where ringed birds where recovered from Scandinavia, central Europe, Italy and PO=Q&C;&JYPXQ&AB=N(=([BPN0 R+&B1"0 B);EB .(P\I>.C&O([U) 20100&HPNC=G"(=R;P".%P[6751]8N&Q&&NFE"CB.("U=N$PN@ CPXQ&(;(FNQ&(=( $Q as again confirmed in 2010 (J. Yahia, pers comm.). The few breeding pairs are located on Farwah Lagoon, which thus stands out as the eastern extension of the only African breeding population, situated around the Gulf of Gabès [88]. [AB]

Redshank 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean <.]Q&=%F"DN(J Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat al Kuz 0 128 105 19 347 950 0 950 258 1N#Q&0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 7 15 62 137 3 228 3 228 75 MS.U>Q&L Sabkhat Ayn ash Shaqiqah 62 73 4 121 11 4 121 54 0"("Q&L0\WH Farwah Lagoon 34 112 80 42 1 42 1 112 52 (B=N(=([B Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 36 54 26 136 0 3 0 136 43 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Ayn al Ghazalah 6 85 31 6 85 41 0Q&> Q&L Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 0 50 0 20 125 4 0 125 33 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 54 0 0 54 27 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 78 0 0 78 26 P%(%XQ&0\WH Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Ras at Tin 0 27 43 0 43 23 XQ&2"00\WH Al Hishah* 14 7 56 18 25 11 7 56 22 *0('Q& Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 5 1 27 10 7 69 1 69 20 *(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Julyanah 15 40 19 10 0 13 0 40 16 0S.($E0\WH Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 4 0 30 13 4 3 0 30 9 =U;E2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Other sites (mean >6 ind.) (6<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Mellahat al Mesherrek* 15 15 15 15 *<=&0F R Ajdabiyah Sewage Farm 13 13 13 13 .(B&;E&(0.(B Sabkhat Tabilbah 12 12 12 12 .W$(B.C0\WH Sabkhat Karkurah 16 9 21 4 8 4 21 12 (0NP=P0\WH Sabkhat Umm al Qindil 22 0 0 22 11 JU;&"Q&?"0\WH Al Labadia 6 3 18 3 18 9 0U..W$Q& Sabkhat Fairuz 24 590070248 1B=(N0\WH Sites not shown (n=36) sum of means : 79 (36=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 343 763 440 457 676 1544 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 25 30 17 19 18 36 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 29 61 88 49 158 100 29 158 81 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Turnstone BPA

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T Turnstones at Thyna saltpans, Tunisia, Mar. 2006 2006 .20.R?SNC0&(J0F RPO .&(=W&O

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

8722 7 1000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C-1 (population of more than 100,000 individuals which would LR=YP"(=( Q&.;L) (AEWA:C-1)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< benefit from international cooperation). A rather scarce but widespread winter visitor to all seashores and coastal lagoons of Libya, 0($F.]Q&)&=([WQ&B-J&NQ&JPPN0.XS &EH&BDNXI=S&1M&#QB.R;FOQ$0..S (.'XU.%
PQB;Q&@B. XQ&LR;(!X]C@"L# PXQ&B 100,000 recorded at no less than 22 wetlands or beaches. Maximum counts recorded in Libya are in the same range as for neighbouring [888763](0B.&>B;$Q0W]&Q.B>; &?!SPN.(W(QPN1$ZHPXQ&.&;L8&O$L" .-J&NQ&B"0WJ=Q&PT&08&LREONR 22LLJ"U .RPNJZH countries [63, 87, 88] and somewhat exceed, both in distribution and numbers, previous reports for Libya [27, 29, 44]. The present surveys 8N&Q&&

Turnstone 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean .&(=W&O Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Karkurah 38 0 106 2 50 0 106 39 (0NP=P0\WH Farwah Lagoon 10 35 100 976610028 AB=N(=([B Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Assabri Beach 15 0 6 0 15 7 D=B.Q&-J.I Sabkhat Umm al Qindil 0 9095 JU;&"Q&?"0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 17 003000173 MS.U>Q&L Tripoli harbour 0 6 12 0000123 ?$B&=J .&(R Sabkhat Zuwaytinah 6 00062 0&(XUB>Q&0\WH Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 10 2 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat Fairuz 00000110112 1B=(N0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 200090092 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Sultan 10 001000102 @.$H0\WH Ayn al Ghazalah 0 0 5052 0Q&> Q&L Sabkhat Gfanta 0 0 5052 0&!O0\WH Sabkhat Julyanah 030600062 0S.($E0\WH Bab al Bahr coast 1 1 1 1 =[WQ&'.BJF.H Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 103011031=U;E&2"0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 000060061 1?SNU0.O0\WH Coast of Darnah town 2 0 0021 0S0.0&U;RJF.H Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 2 0021 P%(%XQ&0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 000112021*(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Umm Sayyad 1 00010 ; H?"0\WH Sabkhat Hassila and Wadi al Hamar 1 0 0 0010 =%F &D.&NQ&B0$(
&0\WH Annual totals 102 47 115 137 27 95 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 10 53879 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 20011020103 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Great Skua TS8 8 8 225 Stercorarius skua 

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Great Skua, Iceland, Jul. 1997 1997N(QNU&;&$]U&LR=(WP=P=P

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

01 0 - < 25

>>> Conservation Status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-1 (population between 25,000 and 100,000). Polytypic. The B(=( Q&.;L) (AEWA:B-1)H[$&PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< nominate subspecies skua occurs in the north east Atlantic Ocean [40]. Bundy [29] reports one bird flying east off Wadi Kam on 28 D.&B<=I=(U;F&B=S.JJZH Bundy [29] .[40] P]$J8&C(&<=I>.%IPN;E&NXU skuaEUN&Q& .). UN&Q&.; XR8NS (100,000B 25,000 September 1965. Goodman & Meininger [63] state that the smaller skua species have been recorded as rare or scarce passage B0U=&A.(&PN&0..S=B.L=E.'%PJZHD G January 2010. In 2005, two Stercorarius sp. were recorded; one off Wadi Masid and another off Wadi Turghut, both on 5 January. 2(F0(]SNXQ&A.(&PN .XQ&JNPNKX&R=S&1=(W#Q&=P=#Q& .=U.&U 5PN.%T P1M=CD.&BPN=G8&B;(]RD.&BPN;F&B20050&HPN The Great Skua is a regular winter visitor in Tunisian waters with up to ten birds seen together [88]. Six birds ringed as chicks in the =WXL&B [145]0(]SNXQ&0(W($Q&.B;
&LR'="Q.B(;F&B[88] ?SNCPN)"=O(;[X&0#$%&PN.'%(O=C-&=N0XH .[88]0N(J(= Q&0B&=O;TNI UK have been recovered in Tunisia [88], with one near the Tuniso-Libyan border [145]. In Malta the Great Skua was formerly considered )"=O;S X(I(=U>EPN1%O0-&=N0 ]C .(;(FB0N(J.UN&H1$ZHLU= Q&@="Q&E$R<&RL#QB [130] 1XR."B.H.Q.RPN=(W#Q&=P=#Q& a vagrant [130] but since the turn of the century, single birds have been recorded annually. Nine birds ringed as chicks on the Shetland [JJB, JS] ..Q.RPN Islands have been recovered in Malta. [JJB, JS]

Great Skua 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =(WP=P=P All sites EO&N&E(%E Sabkhat al Ghbeba 0 001010 MW(W"Q&0\WH Annual totals 000001 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 000001 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Slender-billed Gull U!4 4 MD 227 Chroicocephalus genei 

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T Slender-billed Gull (first-winter) at Darnah, Libya, Jan. 2006 2006=U.&U.(W(Q0S0.PN (>B8&A .XIPN)PO=O20NS

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

382341 18 1700 38 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern, IUCN Red List; AEWA: B-2a (concentration at a small number of sites); RAC/SPA Protocol J($O.;LPN>P=XU) (AEWA : B-2a)PN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@N:QP%:Q.: Q&..:b Q &=%:
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< Annex II. A Mediterranean/Sarmatic/Red Sea species feeding on small fish and invertebrates mainly in brackish/saline waters [40], =[WQ&B /CHNX&=[W$Q Sarmatic/8NS .RAC/SPA0W.G0U.%[B0 X%X&HJ.&%$QP%($O &>P=&>NPNCB=WQ IIH[$&PN+0;RB .(EO&N&LR which, unlike the closely related Black-headed Gull, rarely strays inland and is not attracted to waste disposal sites. A winter visitor .R&0..SB2"=Q&.NH8&20N&Q.B0O L.'Q1](QPXQ&B [40]0
.& /(=] Q&A.(&PNOQB8&0E0;Q.B).U0."N Q&B(=( Q&=.%H8&O$LC< XU=%F8& to Libyan coasts from October to April [29], usually in small numbers in western Libya, with few records from the east, though more .(W(Q'=MPN(=( W.&;L*BE.WQ.M[29]JU=B&OQ$=BNXP"LR0(W($Q&JF&N]$QDNXI=S&1 .).!$&LP.R8' G [68]CHNX&'=MPN at sea) varying from 803 in 2005 to 7,010 in 2006; they were spread along the whole coastline from Ras Ajdir - near the Gulf of EO&NR0 WH ..WRNWQ&3($GOQ$ [88]8N&Q&&<'Q>(P=C=WP"2(F?B.O3($GLR'="Q.B=U;E2"0LRJF.]Q&>NJO$L1L1NC2006PN 7010OQ$ Gabès where the highest Tunisian concentrations occur [88] - to the Gulf of Bumbah. Only seven sites held 90% of the total; two are 1700PTPXQ&B % 10WXL1B.ZXU.R@.(F8&B BPNDB+C2(F0(.L0(%T")&/0$%X[REO&N%P.'&R@.&D&=WX CPQ.%E &LR % 90DB+CC"N of potential international importance, since they sometimes hold numbers exceeding the 1% threshold of 1,700 birds: the coast PN 2006=U.&UPN=S.J 5000J(Z]C2(F .M0B.C).\WHE%ZRLR >E(E.O=I);%F"=O0\WHB=U;E2"0OQ$3.%PNB&LRJF.]Q& :=S.J from Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir and Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (east), part of the Tawurgha macroarea, where 5,000 were recorded ).(&(X]Q&B).(&(]%&> G .0(&JB0(%T")&/0$%X[REO&N%P=WX CC=G"EO&NR0XHB0(&JB0(%T")&/C=G"EO&NR0(S.%D0!W.L;B=K in stormy conditions in January 2006; eight other sites are of national importance, while twelve more are of potential national .(W(QPN(;F&BB [8863]?SNCBJ(&Q&.XQ.PN.'C &=O.'&R;U; Q& (PQ.
&1ONQ&PN.(S&=PB")PN;NQ0B&0>EPNM( CEO&NRPN=(WP.;LK(O=C importance. During the 1950s and 1960s, large numbers ringed at nesting colonies in the Orlov Island colonies (now Ukraine) ).FN]&PN0N(JJ(Z]CCHNX&'=M=S.LPN (0SN$&)."$
&*&;[XH&B)@( XQ&(..U1ER .[29]D1. &BLR'="Q.BDNXI.&; C>B"PN yielded many recoveries in the Nile Delta and Tunisia [63, 88] and one in Libya, a first winter bird near Benghazi [29]. With the increase in 2Q.YQ&MS.XIPN=S.JB0C&=RPN>B8&MS.XIPN=S.J).(Q.U&PNIC.U0. &LR@.&D& (AB=NPNEB.]Q& .XQ&PN=S.J).]S=!B=0.%#Q&LR0(Q.
& numbers breeding (and being colour-ringed) at colonies in the western Mediterranean, the present surveys have recorded birds from ?SNCLR@.&D&BPXS.#(Q&B.S.SB.LR>B8&MS.XIPN=S.J.(S.WH&LR@.&D&BAB=NLR'="Q.B.(&U.=HLR>B8&MS.XIPN=S.J('N"&&0\WHPN Camargue, France (a seventh winter bird at Farwah), two from the Italian Adriatic (a first winter bird at Misratah and a third winter [MS] .'N"&&0\WHPN);EB.'$P bird at Sabkhat al Manqub), a first winter bird from Sardinia near Farwah and, all at Manqub, two from Spain, first winter birds from Doñana and Alicante, and two from Tunisia. [MS]

Slender-billed Gull 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean PO=O20NS

Potential sites of international importance 0$%X[R0(QB.0(%T")&/EO&NR Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 110 1010 3250 1588 169 3615 110 3615 1624 =U;E&2"0OQ&3.%PNB&LRJF.]Q& Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 24 5000 0 0 909 0 0 5000 989 *(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Farwah Lagoon 540 272 120 312 753 378 120 753 396 AB=N(=([B Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 0 243 1200 05401200 242 *(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat al Manqub 80 40 275 237 0 510 0 510 190 'N"&&0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 25 168 78 135 32 89 25 168 88 MS.U>Q&L Sabkhat Julyanah 10 300 1 0 2 12 0 300 54 0S.($E0\WH Sabkhat Ras at Tin 0 148 0 0 148 49 XQ&2"00\WH Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 31 60 31 60 46 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B Sabkhat Tabilbah 39 39 39 39 .W$(B.C0\WH Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 0 78 40 1 0 33 0 78 25 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat al Ghbeba 100 100010025 0W(W"Q&0\WH Assabri Beach 0 0 72 0 72 24 D=B.Q&-J.I Sabkhat Umm al Qindil 46 0 0 46 23 JU;&"Q&?"0\WH Sabkhat Abu Kammash 70 0 0 34 0 0 70 21 3.%PNB"0\WH Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 55 0 0 55 18 P%(%XQ&0\WH Sabkhat al Waset 4 0 0 85 2 0 85 18 CHNQ&0\WH Sabkhat al Kuz 40 0 0 16 13 37 0 40 18 1N#Q&0\WH Sabkhat Sultan 300305205210 @.$H0\WH Sabkhat Umm Sayyad 1 43 4 1 43 16 ; H?"0\WH Sabkhat Karkurah 0 0 7 2 35 0 35 9 (0NP=P0\WH Al Hishah 0 0 1 31 0 0 0 31 5 0('Q& Sites not shown (n=19) sum of means: 81 .'T=LKXUKQ(19)C=G8&EO&N&E(%E Annual totals 893 7616 4973 2337 2076 5042 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 15 28 9 12 14 23 =S.Q&;E&NCLP.R"

*Tawurgha complex 24 5243 1201 31 914 4 4 5243 1236 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Black-headed Gull E

Ali Berbash © 3.B=BP$L Adult Black-headed Gull in winter plumage, Benghazi, Libya, Feb. 2010 2010=U&=WND1. &B0&U;RPNDNXQ&@U=Q.BFQ.B2"=Q&.NH"20NS

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

1661432 15 13000 166 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: C-1 (population numbering more than 100,000 individuals (=( Q&.;L) (AEWA:C-1)HF RPN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@N:QP%:Q.: Q&..:b Q &=%:
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< which could benefit from international cooperation). Black-headed Gulls from the eastern European breeding population winter (=(WP.&;L*BPXC.BB0B"<=IPN@ CPXQ&2"=Q&.NH"20N&Q&(=(L@$ .(PQB;Q&@B. XQ&LR;(!X]C@"L#%&LRPXQ&B.=N 100,000=YP" in considerable numbers in Libya [29, 124]. Individuals observed in the west, especially near the border with Tunisia, may come CHBB'=MPN@ CPXQ&(=( Q&LR@N#C. 0PXQ&B?SNCER.B;
&LR'="Q.B0W.G'= Q&PN.&=N8&B BDFNQ;OB .[124 29].(W(QPN from the western and central European breeding population. The Black-headed Gull is a gregarious bird found in a wide range 0R.%"Q&PR0LP.R"B0(L&0>Q&PT&08&B0($F.]Q&). "&X]&.'(N. JS&N&LR0LN&XR0LN%ZRPN;EBPL.%XE&=S.J2"=Q&.NH"20N&Q& ..BB0B" of habitats including coastal marshes, farmland, rubbish tips and even oases in Fezzan [37, 38]. It is usually seen in flocks or small L#QBJF.]Q&>NJO$L@.#RJPPN(>P=XR0N(Q&).VRJ(Z]C(=( W).LN%ZRB"'&=H"PN(..L@N#UB .[38 37]@&>NPN).F&NQ&OXFB groups, concentrations of hundreds of birds being recorded anywhere along the coastline but in higher numbers around Benghazi. >NFE.WNGBD1. &B0"&RPN=S.J 17,000B 11,000B@.P.(W(QPN)&N&H0X]Q&> GJZH'=H=WP" .D1. &B>NF1$ZH?.O08&O$L" Maximum flock size during six winters in Libya was between 11,000 and 17,000 birds in the Benghazi area, particularly around the .E.UN&HEONRLU=LBEO&NR0XHB.RPNJZH2(FEO&N&LR=(WP.; BA;E&NCJZ]UKQ .[124](.N!&O0\W]Q).!$&PR00"&R'=M waste disposal site of Sabkhat Qanfudhah [124]. The number of occupied sites was not particularly high, between six and twenty a ).FN]&B Gaskell [59]=P/.%P .C=G8&)&N&]Q&PNM($L@.P. (=S.J 25352) 2008B (=S.J 21491) 20060&HPNO$L"@.PP&JNQ&8N%& year. The national totals were higher in 2006 (21,491 birds) and 2008 (25,352 birds) than in other years. Together with Gaskell [59], the 0(. Q&0(%T Q % 10.( RPW$CPXQ&B0(.L0(%T"B/J%X[REONR(.N!&O0\WH=WX CB ..(W(Q<=IPN (; .B).&;L8&=WP"OQB")='K"0(Q.
& present surveys produced the first major counts (in thousands) for eastern Libya. Sabkhat Qanfudhah, a potential site of international % 90LR'="U.RCHNX J#PD1. &B0"&R)=D*XH&IQ/ERB .)&N&H0X]QCHNX%P?(QL#QB2007B 2006PX&HPNIQ/B (=S.J 13,000) importance, fulfilled the 1% criterion for international importance (13,000 birds) in 2006 and 2007, but not over the six-year average. KQN'S0NBPNKO0=S.Q.(W(QPN=0.;Q&LR0"$F);EB .0(N&= EN(B(=(LLR(=(WP0W]SDB+C.'S"J%X&LRB;WUBP&JNQ&PQ.%E &.; Q&LR However, the Benghazi area as a whole accounted on average for almost 90% of the national total and it seems likely that it holds a [HA] .[56]@B=G!B Fransson.T=P/ .XQ&PN.C"=O;UN]Q&LRX"$F [29] 1939NU.R 24PN?$B&=JPNJZH 1937N(SNU 26?NU considerable proportion of the biogeographical population. One Danish recovery is known from Libya: a bird ringed on Bornholm on 26 June 1937 was reported from Tripoli on 24 May 1939 [29]; two winter recoveries from Sweden are mapped by Fransson et al.[56]. [HA]

Black-headed Gull 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 2"=Q&.NH"20NS Potential sites of international importance 0$%X[R0(QB.0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Qanfudhah 10000 17000 6000 16200 8900 10000 6000 17000 11350 (.N!&O0\WH Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Julyanah 1922 1600 2500 940 529 1719 529 2500 1535 0S.($E0\WH Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 310 1580 2709 2032 680 842 310 2709 1359 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 78 239 152 3486 0 686 0 3486 774 MS.U>Q&L Bab al Bahr coast 400 400 400 400 =[WQ&'.BJF.H Benghazi harbours 40 700 335 40 700 358 D1. &B .&(R Sabkhat Fairuz 354 100 50 350 460 500 50 500 302 1B=(N0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 900 600 00000900250 1?SNU0.O0\WH Sabkhat al Manqub 50 120 85 630 0 530 0 630 236 'N"&&0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 123 400 150 0 0 400 168 2?SNU0.O0\WH Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Tobruk harbour 165 154 154 165 160 <=WJ .&(R Assabri Beach 100 100 264 100 264 155 D=B.Q&-J.I Farwah Lagoon 0 42 30 50 364 4 0 364 82 AB=N(=([B Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 110 48 300 0 0 30 0 300 81 *(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Tripoli harbour 90 100 0 0 250 0 250 73 ?$B&=J .&(R As Sidr oil terminal 30 30 30 30 0(!&Q&A0;H0[R Sabkhat Zuwaytinah 81 0 0 0 81 27 0&(XUB10\WH Al Maqarin Karstic lakes 1 3 70 1 70 25 LU0."&)&=([B Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 0 4 100 0 0 10 0 100 19 =U;E2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Bou Dzira 10 34 10 10 20 10 34 17 (=U1.NB Sites not shown (n=12) sum of means: 51 .'T=LKXUKQ(12)C=G8&EO&N&E(%E Annual totals 14137 21491 12159 25352 11083 15458 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 14 16 12 18 6 20 =S.Q&.NEBEO&NR

Tawurgha complex* 110 50 300 0 0 30 0 300 82 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Little Gull T- MD 231 Hydrocoloeus minutus 

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& First-winter Little Gull in the Po Delta, Italy, Nov. 2004 2004 .=W%NNS.(Q.U$.XQ.NB='SPN>B8&A .XIPN=( W20NS

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

1715 4 1000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); cat. B-(1) in AEWA. Regular migrant and winter visitor to coastal Libya, KX&R=E.'R .(AEWA: B-1)HF RPN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@N:QP%:Q.: Q&..:b Q &=%:
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< with a maximum recorded count of 100 (mainly immatures) in Tripoli harbour and an increase of coastal sightings after days of harsh ; B0($F.]Q&HJ.&&PN)&;T.&).&.1&B?$B&=J*N=RPN (OQB8&0E0;Q.BEN.U.=N) 100.;LOO";[PJZHB0(W($Q&JF&N]$QDNXI=S&1B weather [29, 137], when birds usually feeding in the open sea are temporarily forced to land. The known core wintering areas within 0NB= &0(H.H8&HJ.&& .0]B.(Q&JL6NW'Q&O$L=Wc.'S,N0XO+R(0NB,NX!&=[WQ&PN(..LD< XC0N(Q&@ B[137 29]40."Q&.=WQ&LR?.U" the Mediterranean lie off Algeria, Spain and in the Nile Delta (50,000 wintering birds in January 1990 [100a]), but overall numbers and PQ.%E &.; Q&L#Q([a100] 1990=U.&UPNPXR=S.J 50,000)J(&Q&.XQ.PNB.(S.WH&B=S&>\&0Q.WOL%#CCHNX&B(B8&=[WQ&PN0(XX$Q distribution are largely unclear. Yearly figures obtained during 2005-2010 widely fluctuated between a maximum of 55 birds (2005) =S.J 55A0;OOO";FB1FB&=CB=(WPJ#B1&U.WC 2010-2005> G.'($L>N
&PXQ&0UN&]Q&.&;L8& .=(WP;FOQ$9T&B=(MEU1NXQ&B and nil (2009), peaking every two or three years. The five top sites average higher than one bird, and together total almost 90% J#Q&JYB;F&B=S.JLR=YP"@.PEO&NR0]%GO$L"PN1$ZHPXQ&.&;L8&CHNXR .)&N&H* DB"X&HJP.'CB0/F$WCB(2009)=!WB (2005) of birds. Only at Sabkhat Julyanah was this species observed regularly, but with very variable numbers. At the same site, Gaskell JZH Gaskell [59]EON&?!SPNB .&;E(=( XR.&;L*BL#QBC"N0S.($E(=([BPNKX&RJ#B8N&Q&&.
&NT.%PE.WQ.MP$F.]Q&M U1NCB0(Q. Q&).N XG &BA.&;L"5.!\S&=]!U Mediterranean wintering spots. No known recoveries in Libya, although data from nearby countries [88, 128] suggest a catchment area .U=(W(H'=MOQ$.BB0B"CHBLR0N(Q&0LN%ZR;E&NCHJ.&R@"OQ$=(C [12888](0B.&>B;Q&LR).S.(WQ&@"LRKM=Q&O$L.(W(QPN)."$
)"=O from Central Europe to West Siberia for birds visiting N African coasts. [MZ] [MZ] ..("U=N">.%IJF&NHPT

Little Gull 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =( W20NS All sites EO&N&E(%E Wadi Kaam dam 17 0 0 17 9 ?. PD.&B;H Tobruk harbour 16 0 0 16 8 <=WJ .&(R Sabkhat Tabilbah 6666 .W$(B.C0\WH Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 11 0 0 11 6 @FNQ&LBMU.W"Q&D.&B Sabkhat Julyanah 20 113030205 0S.($E0\WH Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 0 0 3 03031 .O0>Q&L0\WH Benghazi harbours 3 0 0031 D1. &B .&(R Sabkhat Qaryunis 2 3000031 2?&U0.O0\WH Coast of Darnah town 2 0 0021 0S0.0&U;RJF.H Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 000400041 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat Boubesla 0 1 0 1 1 0$]BNB0\WH Sabkhat Karkurah 0 0 200020 (0NP=P0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 110000010 MS.U>Q&L Sabkhat Ayn ash Shaqiqah 1 0 0 00010 0"("Q&L0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 100000010 1?SNU0.O0\WH Annual totals 55 2 7 27 0 12 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 823503 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Mediterranean Gull "MYA

Hichem Azafzaf © ;&>N1"?.T First-winter Mediterranean Gull at Sabkhat Al Thama, Libya, Jan. 2008 2008=U.&U0R.Y$Q&0\WHPN>B8&A .XIPNCHNX&B(B8&=[WQ&20NS

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

46823 10 6600 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-2a (population numbering more than 100,000 individuals and .;L) (AEWA: B-2a)HF RPN+0;RB(IUCN0 (WQ&@N:QP%:Q.: Q&..:b Q &=%:
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F0Q.F <<< considered to be in need of special attention as a result of concentration onto a small number of sites at any stage of their annual cycle; 0UN&]Q&.'C.(FJF&=RLR0$F=RD"PNEO&N&LR=( W.;LPN.T>P=XQ0Z(XS0W.G0U.&LOQ$0E.[B.'S")=WXL&B.=N 100,000LR=YP"(=( Q& but numbers possibly overestimated [31]). Birds wintering in Libya are from the European and southwest Asian breeding population and LRB@ R=(M=S&1=WX UB.(H!'=M'N&EB.BB0B"PN@ CPXQ&(=( Q&LRPT.(W(QPNPXCPXQ&0N(Q& .([31].'(NFQ.WR. 0.&;L8&L#QB considered as non-breeding visitors; on the other hand there are breeding records from Tunisia [88] and a flying juvenile was recorded as )=H3($GPN.W$B.C0\WHPN 2010?]M" 6PN=#WR1OBPN=(UEN.U.=NJZHB[88]?SNCLR@( X$Q) (Z]C=.&TC=G"0(F.S early as 6 August 2010 at Sabkhat Tabilbah, in the Gulf of Sirt (own obs.). The Mediterranean Gull forms flocks of up to several hundred 1(WC2(F )PS&N&)&=([WQ&-J&NQ&L%XC0!$X\RJS&NRJ X]CB).VREBOQ$JC'&=H"@N#UCHNX&=[WQ&20NS .(0W.G(;T.R) individuals and uses a variety of habitats including coasts, lagoons, harbours (where they roost or follow fishing boats), and tends to 0($F.]Q&AB=N(=([WQ0(V(WQ&K&Q&=WX CB .XQ&PN-J&NQ&>NJO$LE.($[RL#QBES.I .=[WQ&PN0U< X$QJ( B (;(Q&'0&NOEWXCB"J($Q& feed offshore. Common, but local, along coasts in winter; the coastal lagoon systems of Farwah and Benghazi are major wintering )='K"B[59]D1. &B0"&RPN .XQ&JNPN=S.J 500PQ&NFB[29]?$B&=J*N=RPN=S.J 250JZH .MX(XXQ0(](S=Q&HJ.&&PTD1. &BB areas. Apart from 250 birds in Tripoli harbour [29] and approximately 500 birds wintering in the Benghazi area [59], the present surveys @,N([31] =[WQ&CHBPNPS&< Q&.'PN$H/W]B).&;L QJ%X&=U;"XQ& NHLRKM=Q.B .PW($Q&JF.]Q&JR.#QP](S0.&; C>B"0(Q.
&).FN]& produced the first major counts for the whole of the Libyan coastline. Despite likely underestimation (because of the pelagic foraging PNPXC0LN%ZRKT8PO=I&.&;XR&.(W(Q'=MPN0(X&0N(Q&J" R@"B;WUB?SNCLR=(Y#BJO&E.RN%L.(W(QPN0(X&0N(Q&.&;L" behaviour of the species [31]), overall wintering numbers in Libya appeared much lower than in Tunisia, the wintering stronghold in B.B=MPXCPXQ&0LN%&ERHB.XUC%&Q&& G. ONR=L;F"PN8N&Q&&.%I)2N(]P&='S.XQ.PN0SN$R)."$[B.%O0LU=S.J@"FPN [109]?$B&=JPN)"=O (1965B 1949PX&HB.NH8&=[WQ&LR0D DK'&(BLR) of the average total. Three sites are considered of national importance. Seven ringing recoveries are known for Libya: five birds ringed [HA] .3.%PNB"JF.HBAB=N(=([BPN2009B 2008PX&HPN&;TNI (@.SN(Q& in former USSR (including three from the Black Sea between 1949 and 1965) were recovered in Tripoli [109], while two colour-marked birds ringed in the Axios Delta (northern Greece) in 2008 and 2009 were observed at Farwah Lagoon and Abu Kammash coast. [HA]

Mediterranean Gull 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean CHNX&B(B8&=[WQ&20NS Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 0 3 5 245 130 564 0 564 158 =U;E2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Farwah Lagoon 190 18 2 48 344 247 2 344 142 AB=N(=([B Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 1 170 232 136 0 2 0 232 90 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat al Manqub 0 11 7 120 0 7 0 120 24 'N"&&0\WH Sabkhat Julyanah 355090409018 0S.($E0\WH Tripoli harbour 0 20 1 40 4 0 0 40 11 ?$B&=J .&(R Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 0 0 25 0000254*(;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Other sites (mean >4 ind.) (4<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Coast of Darnah town 20 3 0 0 20 8 0S0.0&U;RJF.H Al Maqarin karstic lakes 4 0 18 0 18 7 LU0."&)&=([B Assabri Beach 0 0 21 0 21 7 D=B.Q&-J.I Bab al Bahr coast 5 5 5 5 =[WQ&'.BJF.H Sites not shown (n=12) sum of means : 12 (12=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 228 239 285 597 569 887 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 9 11 11 8 5 11 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 0 3 25 0000255 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Audouin’s Gull CLO MD 235 Larus audouinii 

Nicola Baccetti © PX(C.B N#(S Adult Audouin’s Gull in winter plumage (above) at Darnah, Libya, Jan. 2005. Digiscoping 2005=U.&U,.(W(Q ,0S0.0&U;RPNO$L8&PNDNXQ&@U=Q.BFQ.B@.B&20NS

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

46923 9 580 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Near Threatened (IUCN Red List); AEWA, A-1a, 3a (concentration on small number of sites); Barcelona .;LPN>P=XR) (AEWA 1a3a):Q>B8&H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F);U;'XQ&1b :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< Protocol Annex II. Non-breeding visitor to Libya, relatively local in winter, with a previously reported maximum of 72 individuals at 72;E&NCJZHHB.]Q&PN.(W]S .XQ&PN;E&NXQ&ES.I.(W(QPN@ R=(M=S&1=S.J .0SN$I=B>NPNCB=WQPS.YQ&H[$&PNB(EO&N&LRJ($O Misratah [29]. Of strictly marine habits, it often forages offshore and at night. As for other gulls, its presence on (coastal) wetlands A;E&NCC=G8&20&N&Q&LRA=( P .J($Q& .&D"=[WQ&PNE.WQ.MC< XUB0U=[WQ&).V(WQ&PNOQB8&0E0;Q.B;E&NXU .[29]0C&=RPNOO";[P&=S.J varies according to weather and time of day. This is the cause of the marked fluctuations in annual totals, both at local and national BP&JNQ&CNX]&O$L)&N&]Q&PNA.&;L"LU.WCPN/W]Q&NT& G0N(Q&LR.;L=WP"4.GJ#BB .PQB;Q& relatively large number observed was one of the main new findings of the first surveys [124]. The number of occupied sites is fairly J#QEO&NR(=L>; 1B.D=S.Q&;E&NC.'BJZHPXQ&EO&N&.;L .[124]9]R>B"> G0(](S=Q&) (Z]XQ&;F&@.P;TNI.;L=WP&.(W]S stable at ten per annum. Of a total of 23 sites where the species was found over the six winters, the top seven hosted 90% of the JPE.(&JB0%'R.'&R0XH .P$#Q&.; Q&CHNXRLR % 90DB+CPXQ&BEO&NR0 WHO$L"0X]Q&)&N&]Q&JPPNEONR 23PQ.%E".; BB .0&H average total. Six sites are of national importance, all but one (Sabkhat al Manqub) in the Gulf of Sirt. Two sectors of the Tawurgha J#QPQ.%E &.; Q&B0(%T8&2(FLR0 B&=Q&BOQB8&=WX C .M0B.C).\WH/P=RLRLU">E .('N"&&0\WH)&;L.%(N)=H3($GPNE"CEO&N& complex rank first and fourth; maxima at the whole wetland are close to the threshold for international importance (580). Small A.(%$Q@&>GPN;F&B=S.JBXQ&2"0OQ$AB=NLRJF.]Q&>NJO$L<=!XR;EBJ($O.;L .(=S.J 580)PTB0(QB;Q&0(%T8&0WXLLR/U=OEO&N& numbers were found at sites scattered all along the coastline from Farwah to Ras at Tin with a single bird at a freshwater reservoir. .;L@"LRKM=Q&O$LCHNX&'=MLR)."$F;ENC B0(Q.U &JF&N]Q&B0(S.SN(Q&0>\&LR.'$P)).FN]& .&D".'C &=OPXQ&)."$
& .0B< Q& Ring readings obtained during the surveys (all from Greek islands and Italian Ionian coast, none from the western Mediterranean PXQ&LR.'$W"0N(Q&K R@"OQ$,NTNB=(U[62].(P=CLR;"Q&J(Z]XQ&IQ

Audouin’s Gull 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean @.B&20NS Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 0 500 0 0 520 100 0 520 187 (.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat Karkurah 270 6 205 1 55 1 270 107 A0NP=P0\WH Sabkhat al Manqub 8 2 3 202 49 79 2 202 57 'N"&&0\WH Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (steel factory)* 0 0 175 0 0 114 0 175 48 (;U;
&E&R);%F"=O0\WH Sabkhat al Ghbeba 110 601011029 MW(W"Q&0\WH Sabkhat Sultan 34 0 80 6 28 1 0 80 25 @.$H0\WH Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Fairuz 000060006010 1B=(N0\WH Sabkhat al Bedin 7 34 0020349 LU;WQ&0\WH Wadi Kaam mouth 00010360366 ?. PD.&BKN Other sites C=G8&EO&N&JP Sabkhat al Kuz 6 5 13 20 0 5 0 20 8 1N#Q&0\WH Wadi al Masid 13 0 0 13 7 ;(]RD.&B Jazirat Sabratah 6666 MC&=WW(=U>E Sabkhat Millitah 0 0 0 15 0 15 4 MX($R0\WH Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat Jaruthah 0 10 01500103 MCB0.E0\WHB?&(%O0\WH Sabkhat al Nakhil 2 2 2 2 J(\&Q&0\WH Coast of Darnah town 2 2 0021 0S0.0&U;R-J.I Al Gardabiya West GMMR Reservoir 1 1 1 1 PB= Q&0(B.T="Q&@&>G Farwah Lagoon 000202021 AB=N(=([B Sabkhat al Waset 1 0 001010 CHNQ&0\WH Sabkhat ash Shuwayrib 1 0 0010 '=UNQ&0\WH Sabkhat Ras at Tin 0 1 0010 XQ&2"00\WH Sabkhat Ayn ash Shaqiqah 1 0 0 00010 M"("Q&L0\WH Sabkhat Qaryunis 1 001000010 ?SNU0.O0\WH Annual totals 344 670 272 445 663 417 DN&]Q&8N%& Sites of presence 11 959613 =(Q&;E&NCLP.R"

Tawurgha complex* 0 500 175 0 520 214 0 520 235 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Pallas’s Gull TS8E

Nicola Baccetti © PX(C.B N#(S Pallas’s Gull, adult in breeding plumage at Ghbeba, Libya, Jan. 2006. Digiscoping 2006.=U.&U.(W(Q0W(W"Q&PN+B&>XQ&@U=BFQ.B=(WP2"=Q&.NH"20NS

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

55 2 480 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: A-3a (population of 25,000 to 100,000, considered to be at risk LR(=( Q&.;L) (AEWA: A-3a)>B8&H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< due to their concentration onto a small number of sites at any stage of their annual cycle). The first records for Libya were obtained O$L>N
& .(0UN&]Q&.'C.(F(0B.JF&=RLR0$F=RD"PNEO&N&LRJ($O.;LPN.T>P=C/W]B=\$Q0T= R=WX CB 100,000OQ$ 25,000 simultaneously in January 2005 at Benghazi [59] and in the present scheme, at Sabkhat Sultan and Farwah Lagoon. In fact, the present 0(Q.
&).FN]&1XWD"EO&NQ&PN .AB=N(=([BB@.$H0\WHPNPQ.
&1ONQ&PNB[59]D1. &BPN 2005=U.&UPN;F&B1OBPN.(W(QPNJ(Z]C>B" surveys demonstrated that Pallas’s Gull is a regular and moderately widespread winter visitor to Libyan shores. This globally rare .&;L*BB.UN&HJZH0..&Q&P. Q&20N&Q&&&;XL.BBKX&RPXR=S&1=(W#Q&2"=Q&.NH"20N&Q&@" gull is recorded on an annual basis, although in small numbers, in eastern Egypt [63, 96, 105] and there are at least three records in Tunisia O$L.R.XS&=YP"@N#U. 0L#QB1XRMS*B,NTNBB;WU2(F [88]?SNCPN) (Z]C0D DLLJ"U .R=.&TB[1059663]=R<=IPN(=( W [88] where it clearly appears as a vagrant but is perhaps more regular on south-eastern shores than previously thought. With yearly <.&Q&LRPO=Q& >\&.(W(Q0.WXL&L# 0%X&&0UN&]Q&) (Z]XQ&A G8N&Q&&.%IPN0(XX$QP (WQ& was usually found at sandy beaches and coastal sabkhats, notably in the south of the Gulf of Sirt where two sites were occupied P&UB.B &20N&Q&B=( W='Q&.NH&20N&Q&LR).LN%ZRER;E&NXROQB8&0E0;Q.B .0XHJW"LR)&N&H0D DPN ONRPN;EB2(F)=H in three winters out of six. Mainly in association with Lesser Black-backed and Audouin’s Gulls, but sometimes observed alone. It PN .D1. &B>NF20&N&Q&LRC=G"8&NS8(=(WP.&;L"B0QN']B8N&Q&&((L#  MS"9E=&LRB;WUB .@.(F8&B BPNA;FB;TNIL#QB seems likely that the species could easily be overlooked among the very large gull roosts around Benghazi. Indeed, inter-annual 0("("F).N XG&.'&R=YP"20&N&Q&JO. RB0WO&=&0O.B"2[WQ&PNLU.WXQ&OQ$EE=U. 0.(W(QPN0UN&]Q&) (Z]XQ&B).N XG &@$EO&NQ& variations in records in Libya are probably due to variation in search/scan accuracy among gull roosts rather than to real differences [PDR] .=U.&U=G&B"PNJR.#Q&+B&>XQ&@U=B0 Q.WQ&.&=N8&LR=(Y#Q&;U;bJ']UIQ/ERB .8N&Q&&

Pallas’s Gull 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean =(WP2"=Q&.NH"20NS All sites EO&N&E(%E Sabkhat al Ghbeba 6 602064 0W(W"Q&0\WH Sabkhat Sultan 306010062 @.$H0\WH Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat Jaruthah 000101010 MDB0.E0\WHB?&(%O0\WH Farwah Lagoon 100000010 AB=N(=([B Sabkhat al Manqub 000100010 'N"&&0\WH Annual totals 466813 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 211312 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Common Gull RPTY(I MD 239 Larus canus 

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Adult Common Gull in winter plumage near Ravenna, Italy, Dec. 2005 2005=W%]U..(Q.U&.&(N&0'=ODNXQ&@U=Q.BD..(XL$20NS

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

12 1 10000 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-2c (Significant long-term decline); the subspecies canus is O$L=(WP5.!\S&) (AEWA: B-2c)>B8&H[$&PNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< probably the one present in Libya and Egypt [63, 96, 105], although vagrancy of henei could also be a possibility. This survey produced ;F".U"@N#U@"L# heneiEUN&Q&1XC@"LRKM=Q&O$L[105 96 63] =RB.(W(QPN;E&NX&NT canusEUN&Q&9E08&O$LB (JUNQ&C;& three records including two in a regular seaside gull roost in al Manqub former saltpans and one in the very large gull flock feeding L%TLR;F&BB0"B.]Q&'N"&&).F RPN=[WQ&-J.IO$L20&N&$QJO. RPNK'&R@.&D&.&=N"0D D0(Q.
&).FN]&> GJZH .) .%XF & on rubbish dumps of Benghazi city center. There were 12 previous records in coastal areas of Tripoli region [27, 29] but only two from 0"&0($F.]Q&HJ.&&PNHB.]Q&PNJ(Z]C 12=.&T@.P .D1. &B0&U;RCHBLR'="Q.B0R.%"Q&).W#RPNC< XU20&N&Q&LR=(WP'=H Cyrenaica [59]. This species was not specifically looked for among large gull roosts during the present survey and, as it is regular in ?.XS.B;E&NXRMS"2(FB).FN]&A G(=(W#Q&20&N&Q&JO. RB.(G8N&Q&&B;Q&PN in such a marginal position of the winter range are subject to much year-to-year variation, as it happens in the south of Italy in HJ.&&PN;E&NXR9E08&O$L8N&Q&A

Common Gull 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean D..(XL$20NS All sites EO&N&E(%E Sabkhat al Manqub 001002021 'N"&&0\WH Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 001000010 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Annual totals 002002 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 002001 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Lesser Black-backed Gull T- J%

Nicola Baccetti © PX(C.B N#(S Adult Lesser Black-backed Gulls at Sabkhat Ghbeba, Libya, Jan. 2006 2006=U.&U..(W(Q.0W(W"Q&0\WHPNFQ.B=( W='Q&.NH"20NS

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

263936 19 3800 26 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: subspecies fuscus B-(2c) (population numbering more than 100,000 .;L) (AEWA B-(2c))H[$RPN fuscusEUN&Q&B(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< but in significant long-term decline), the two subspecies graellsii and intermedius: C-1 (populations numbering more than 100,000 100,000LR=YP"(=( Q&.;L) C-1/: intermediusB graellsii@. UN&Q&B (JUNQ&C;&O$LDN& R5.!\S&ERL#QB 100,000LR=YP"(=( Q& which would benefit from international cooperation). As abundant in Libya as it is in Tunisia [88] and widespread along most of Libyan pace Malling Olsen &)PW($Q&JF.]Q&K RO$L=X&R[88]?SNCPNMC=NNP.(W(QPNMC=NB .(.'XU.%
PQB;Q&@B. XQ&LR;(!X]C@"L# B [96] [29, [96] [3829] [96] coastline (pace Malling Olsen & Larsson ). Probably also a regular migrant all across Libya, as there are a few desert records .%P . MQP](S0GONC@.#RPT..C(=([BB  &=[Q&PN0$($O) (Z]C=.&T@"2(F.(W(Q=WL.U"KX&R=E.'R. 0B . /(Larsson 38] and Lake Chad is a major stopover site [96]. As shown by 32 ringing recoveries, eight collected during the present survey and the (.NENR0D YQ&). UN&Q&JP[109 84 56]C=G"0..RLR0(O.WQ&B0(Q.
&).FN]&> G)"=O.'&R0(S.%D.'($LJ& 32)."$
&LR9T&BNT rest from other sources [56, 84, 109], all three races do occur in Libya and an unknown but apparently large proportion of the Libyan );'IPXQ&B(PS.(WQ&KH=Q&=S&) fuscusEUN&Q&OQ$P%X&C.(W(QPN0(X&(=( Q&LR(=(WP0W]S@"B;WU.RO$LL#QB0NB= R=(MB.(W(QPN wintering population seems to belong to fuscus (see pie graph below), which has undergone a severe decrease and may today E.!Q.H0NP<&EUN&Q&@"B;WUC=W#Q& &=[Q&'N&E.("U=N"PN);EBPXQ&)."$[$QE."NBB .[146 96](.;'R0LN%ZR?N(Q&=WX C;OB..F.T.!\S& be considered a threatened taxon [96, 146]. Further south in sub-Saharan Africa, the nominate subspecies seems to have, according fuscusEUN&Q&0(XCD;R@"OQ$=(C.&T0TB= &3S.X&Q&B .[92]LU=G& UN&Q&?#LO$L .XQ&PNE."B.H;B= RNT. 0.XS&=YP"EU1NCMQ to ringing recoveries, a much wider winter distribution than was previously acknowledged, unlike the other two subspecies [92]. ?.XS.B;E&NXU8N&Q&&P=XC0(X&0N(Q&@"B;WUB ..U".("U=N">.%ILR=(WP >EP U Results presented here suggest that the winter range of fuscus covers a larger part of North Africa too. Wintering birds seem to 300LR=YP"CHNX&PNA;FO$L PDB+CPXQ&B.(W(QPNEO&NR0D DO$L"@,NJ !Q.BB[112]CHNX&B(B8&=[WQ&PN;(Q&'0&NOLR'="Q.B concentrate around waste disposal sites and fishing harbours, since the species regularly exploits trawlers in the Mediterranean C"N; WUDNF .XQ&JNPN20&N&Q&LR; &)&= Q0U< XQ&B1(W%$Q@.#%PJ X]CPXQ&BEO&N& Marco Basso © NH.BNP0.R one (Zuwara). The former site, a lagoon whose ecological character is totally compromised by the waste disposal site, held 40% of Hichem Azafzaf © ;>N1"?.T 2 P%X&C@"L# .'&R(=(WP0W]S@"BD1. &B>NF(=( Q&='Q& &.N]Q&20&N&Q&LR.&;L">.!M$MS"J%X&LRB;WU&B &A .XIPN=( W='Q&.NH"20NS KM=Q.B =RPN;B= &;(FNQ&MS&/$.(W(Q<=IPNE&;ENC=YP"@N#U@"/ZUEUN&Q&&Q&L Assabri Beach 8 10 81 8 81 33 D=B.Q&-J.I Sabkhat al Ghbeba 50 45 3 9 3 50 27 MW(W"Q&0\WH Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Coast of Sirt town 0 50 0 50 25 )=H0&U;RJF.H Sabkhat Sultan 14 4 60 55336015 @.$H0\WH Sabkhat al Kuz 0 1 29 38 2 2 0 38 12 1N#Q&0\WH Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat Jaruthah 0 0 1 22 5 43 0 43 12 MDB0.E0\WHB?&(%O0\WH Sabkhat Karkurah 7 0 3 1 42 0 42 11 A0NP=P0\WH Tripoli harbour 0 25 26110256 ?$B&=J .&(R Sites not shown (n=19) sum of means: 118 (19=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 1425 1438 2779 1677 4282 4234 DN&]Q&8N%& fuscus =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L fuscus No. of sites where recorded 19 15 14 19 16 24 *Tawurgha complex 50 438 394 0 42 683 0 683 268 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Yellow-legged Gull & Caspian Gull 3P

Jaber Yahia © P[U=B.E Yellow-legged Gull, adult breeding at Ulbah island, E Libya, May 2009 Digiscoping 2009NU.R.(W(QMW$ Q&(=U>EPN+B&>XQ&@U=B$E=Q&=!W"20NS

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 3 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% 1 (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

281450 21 - - 1 2

>>> Conservation status: for both taxa: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA (both taxa): C-1 (populations numbering more than .;L) (AEWA C-1)H[$RPN.U".%T P(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :LN&$Q0U.%
&0Q.F <<< 100,000 which could benefit from international cooperation). These two species, recently separated, have to be discussed together >((%XQ&L#  MS"2(FE. R&=PB.LR.(S>EPC*UB([102a 101]0>\&O$L.($[R@ U).(S>EK("RBEH&BEU1NCB/B=NNXR8NSNT$E=Q& islands [101, 102a]) and partly coming from adjacent Mediterranean countries (only one recovery is known, of a Maltese chick found in LRMS"J%X&LRB .XQ&JNPNKX&R=S&1O.]Q&=!W8&20N&Q& ([131]?%&PNJZH>B8&A .XIPN.Q.RPNKO0-=!Q);EBC"N its first winter at Al Khoms [131]); cachinnans is a regular winter visitor, presumably from the Black Sea, outnumbering michahellis JF&N]Q&O$L>.
&NT& G ZHLN&Q& P@,N=(G8&?N'!&?&;\XH.BB .. RLN&Q&JR. C latter approach, the present surveys recorded them at about half of the sites visited each winter, with fluctuating totals. Sabkhat O$LB ..&;L8&CHNXRLR % 40PQ&NF (EON%$Q0B.&).U.!&Q&LRA$\XQ&@.#R)D1. &BLR'="Q.B(.N!&O0\WH1$#I .LU.WXR8N%Z  .XI Qanfudhah near Benghazi (and the adjacent waste disposal site) accounted for about 40% of the mean numbers. Apart from this, .;LB&;E0$($O1S.P.&;L8&@" $0S0.'=O0H=#Q&)&0;[&RPN01.&.U."BP$L0(T= Q&). %ZXQ&B B.NEBOQ$0N.T .BBIQ/LRKM=Q& and an occasional gathering on butchery remains at Karsah cliffs near Darnah, numbers were much lower and occupied sites quite LU.=NB".=N)0$($O. WQ&'=MPNO.]Q&=!W8&20N&$Q(;P+&)&;T.&B .PW($Q&P$F.]Q&CU=Q&>NJO$LE&;E(;U;L.'B;E&NX&EO&N& numerous, along the whole of the Libyan coastline. Confirmed observations of cachinnans in the west of the country were few (one 0"&RLR.S.P ZHLU.;L=WP"(20060&HPN0W(W"Q&0\WH20100&HPN0C&=WW(=U>EB2010B 2005PN3.%PNB&JF.HBAB=NPN or two individuals at Farwah and Abu Kammash coast in 2005 and 2010, Jazirat Sabratah in 2010, Sabkhat al Ghbeba in 2006); from 2 4 =!W&20N&Q&LR % 10LRJO"1&%CB.=N 3,000 - 2,000LR@.B=HJZH2(FD1. &B>NFB(.N!&OPN.'CB0/F$WCPXQ&B>.%Q&OQ$0&(XUB>Q& Zuwaytinah to the north, larger two-digit figures were recorded, peaking at Qanfudhah and around Benghazi where flocks of 2,000- =!W&20N&Q&LR(=(WP0LN%ZRL#QB0"&&AE @( XQ&HJ.& 0(&0"&&PNOQB8&0E0;Q.B);EB$E=Q& 3,000 individuals included less than 10% of michahellis, when they could be carefully scanned, the rest being cachinnans. To the 1 Nicola Baccetti © PX(C.B N#(S 2 Hichem Azafzaf © ;>N1"?.T 3 Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& 4 Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& : east of this area, both taxa are common but large groups of michahellis were found mainly in the surroundings of breeding areas: First-winter Caspian Gull (in the foreground) at Darnah, Libya, Jan. 2005. Digiscoping Adult Caspian Gull near Sabkhat Qanfudhah, Libya, Jan. 2006 First-winter Yellow-legged Gull in the Po Delta, Italy, Feb. 2008 Adult and juvenile Yellow-legged Gulls at Comacchio, Italy, Jul. 2006 ).RN$ & .0(Q.XQ&='I8&PN(=U>\&PN@( X$Q@&; U/N!&Q&HJ.&RPN$E=Q& &=!Q&20&N&Q&LREB1;EBB(;(E0N.]RLR=U.&UGX&R 2005=U.&U.(W(Q0S0.PN ((0NQ&0R;"RPN)>B8&A .XIPN<.]Q&=!W"20NS 2006=U.&U.(W(Q(.N!&O0\WHLR'="Q.BFQ.B<.]Q&=!W"20NS 2008.=U&=WN.(Q.U&NB='S.XQ.PN>B8&A .XIPN$E=Q&=!W"2NS 2006.N(QNU.(Q.U&N(P.RNPPN$E=Q&=!W"20NSLREN.UBFQ.BLU.=N Jazirat al Ulbah, the site ranking third, is actually covered in mid January by well spaced, territorial pairs of michahellis preparing to [NB] .@( XQ&KHNR=(MPN8N&Q&&<'Q(10.B0(%T")&/@N#C;O.(W(Q@*B=(C [96]O.]Q&=!W&20N&Q&(=(LKZFJ%0(Q.
& breed on the island in the following months. Current knowledge of overall cachinnans population size [96] suggests that Libya may be of outstanding significance for this species in the non-breeding season. [NB]

Yellow-legged and Caspian Gull 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean $E=Q&=!W"20NS Top sites EO&N&JN" Sabkhat Qanfudhah 1600 2600 2004 730 3610 541 541 3610 1848 A.N!&O0\WH Karsah cliffs 1340 1340 1340 1340 MH=#Q& Jazirat al Ulbah 74 180 150 74 180 135 MW$ Q&(=U>E Ayn Zayyanah 0 0 10 10 0 757 0 757 130 0S.U>Q&L Jazirat Susah 75 130 75 130 103 MHNH(=U>E Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 2 90 147 355 0 3 0 355 100 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Farwah Lagoon 27 49 35 88 293 86 27 293 96 (B=N(=([B Marsa al Murayrah 80 80 80 80 (=U=&OH=R Sabkhat at Tamimi 25 150 2 2 150 59 P%(%XQ&0\WH Coast of Darnah town 17 50 107 17 107 58 0S0.0&U;RJF.H Assabri Beach 130 0 1 0 130 44 D=B.Q&-J.I Al Maqarin karstic lakes 03060165016529 LU0."&)&=([B Sabkhat Qaminis and Sabkhat Jaruthah 0 7 9 94 1 27 0 94 23 MDB0.E0\WHB?&(%O0\WH Sabkhat al Manqub 2 5 25 88 10 2 88 26 'N"&&0\WH Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 1 6 3 70 16 13 1 70 18 =U;E&2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Sabkhat Karkurah 67 1 31 0 34 0 67 27 (0NP=P0\WH Sabkhat al Kuz 0 5 4 66 4 17 0 66 16 1N#Q&0\WH Benghazi harbours 1 50 14 1 50 22 D1. &B .&(R Tobruk harbour 40 0 0 40 20 <=WJ .&(R Sabkhat Sultan 35 10 0 24 27 14 0 35 18 @.$H0\WH Sites not shown (n=30) sum of means : 127 (30=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 2150 3302 2244 1590 4063 3532 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 23 23 15 21 12 33 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Gull-billed Tern P5EA

Wajih Bashimam © ?.R$3.BM(EB Gull-billed Tern breeding at Wadi Kaam dam, Libya, Jun. 2010 2010 .N(SNU.(W(Q?. PD.&B;]B0 R0."&&PH0NS=[WQ&;.G

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

02 0 180 < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List). AEWA: A-2 (West Europe/West Africa; numbers between 10,000 and '=M/.BB0B"'=M(=(L.&;L") (AEWA: A-2)H[$RPNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< 25,000); or A-3c (Black Sea/Eastern Africa; population numbering between 25,000 and 100,000 but showing significant long term C;&O$L.UN& R5.!\S&='CL#QB 100,000B 25,000B.("U=N"<=I /.NH8&=[WQ&(=(L.&;L" ) A-3cB" (25,000B 10,000B.("U=N" decline); it is not clear to which population Libyan birds belong; the western distribution of records suggests they are from the ;E&NC>.%XF&KM00(B= Q&(=( Q&LR.'S"OQ$=(U) (Z]X$QPB= Q&EU1NXQ&B.(W(QPN(.NEN&0N(Q&P%X&C(=(LD8.[T&B?(Q(JUNQ& western population, though some birds from the Black Sea may pass through. One of the bird species in Annex II of the Barcelona P.LEU1NCB/0."&&PH0NS=[WQ&;.G .0SN$I=B>NPNCB=BLRPS.YQ&HN=&PN0E0;&0N(Q&8&NS";F&NT ..' R.NH8&=[WQ&LR0N(Q&B B Protocol. Gull-billed Tern has a cosmopolitan but discontinuous distribution; Palearctic birds breed mainly around the Mediterranean .'C=%MPXQ&0($G&;Q&EO&N&PNB".XQ;Q&PNB[68].NH8&=[WQ&BCHNX&=[WQ&>NFOQB8&0E0;Q.B@ CPQ.%Q&/"Q&0N(JE"XRL#QB and Black Sea [68], on deltas or occasionally flooded inland sites, and winter south of the Sahara; the only breeding record for Libya O$L;U;E@L 12O$L=YL2(FI 2010N(SNU?. PD.&B;HPN@.P.(W(QPN@( X$Q;(FNQ&J(Z]XQ&B &=[Q&'N&EPXCB.(T=LA.(& was in June 2010 at Wadi Kaam Dam, where 12 active nests were found on an islet, with six nests of Black-winged Stilt (W. OQ$20.R=G&B")E(B=Q&PN.H.H"=B.L=E.'RN'N?$B&=J0"&RPN.R" .((0N&R=(M).S.(B?.R&3.BM(EB)>1. &NB 3.L"0XHER(=U>\& Bashimam, unpublished data). In the Tripoli area, it is mainly a passage migrant in spring (late March to May) and autumn (late July .=N 241MLN%ZR.RLR(;T.R 66OQ$JU.ROQ$0.I& [27] .@B=G!B BrehmeIQ/ERB[29] (=BNXP"JS&B"OQ$N(QNU='I=G&B")GU=&PNB (NU.R to early October) [29]; however, Brehme et al. [27] cite up to 66 observations of a total of 241 Gull-billed Terns near Tripoli between early G$X\CAZP0"&&ANF0$($O) (Z]C;ENC .[888763].("U=N">.%IPN E .XI0..S8N&Q&&&>U.R2(FLU=G&WO&=&LR) (Z]XQ&I$CLL as the species remains rare in winter in North Africa [63, 87, 88]. Few records around Benghazi [29, 59], and none recorded during summer (=!#Q&PNB=BNXP"BN(SNUBNU.RPN.'WHPN &=[Q&=WL(=E.'&0N(Q&B B1$ZHB[71 69 8]0U=[WQ&0>Z$QG(Q&).H&0.> G) (Z]C studies of offshore islands [8, 69, 71]; some cross-desert migrants recorded, at Sebha in May, June and October, and Kufra in August [29, ?# UPQ.XQ.B& GB .[38 37 29]?]M"PN 37, 38]. During the present surveys, only two individuals of the species were recorded in six winters, both in the extreme west, thus =0.;Q&PN1%O00N(Q&B B.(W(QLR)."$F;ENC .[88]?SNC'N&EPN 130B 43E.(T=L);E&NC=WP"0LN%ZRB .XQ&JNPN) (Z]XQ& mirroring winter records of individuals and the occasional larger group of 43 and 130 in southern Tunisia [88]. No ringing recoveries in [AH, MS] .[40]PO=Q&'N&\&OQ$1$"&C+.=WR.PB Libya; some birds ringed in Denmark and Camargue moved southeast [40]. [AH, MS]

Gull-billed Tern 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 0."&&PH0NS=[WQ&;.G All sites EO&N&E(%E Farwah Lagoon 100000010 AB=N=([B Sabkhat al Manqub 001000010 'N"&&0\WH Annual totals 101000 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 101000 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Caspian Tern V
=RMRE 251 Hydroprogne caspia 

Jaber Yahia © P[U=B.E Caspian Tern at Farwah island, Libya, May 2010 2010 NU.R .(W(Q(B=N (=U>EPN0[$BNB"

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

6211 6 95 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA, A-1c (population numbers less than 10,000 individuals); RAC/SPA LRJO&(=( Q&.;L) (AEWA: A-1c)H[$RPNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< Protocol Annex II. “Not scarce” as a passage migrant and winter visitor to Libya [29, 59]; in the current surveys present all along the ;EB[59 29].(W($QDNXI=S&1B=B.L=E.'R=WX U «0..S=(M» .RAC/SPA0W.G0U.%[B0 X%X&HJ.&&>NPNCB=WQPS.YQ&H[$&PN.NENR (.=N 10,000 coast, with most observations at north western sites (Farwah Lagoon and Abu Kammash coast). Roosts on mudflats and beaches ).[]&PN1(WU .(3.%PNB&JF.HBAB=N(=([B)0(B= Q&0(Q.%Q&EO&N&PN)&;T.&K R1S.PB0(Q.
&).FN]&> GJF.]Q&>NJO$L with other tern or gull species. Breeding has been reported at Farwah [51] but the photo captioned Caspian Tern is of a Common NB&=S.Q.'S"O$L1 TBPXQ&(0NQ&L#QB [51]AB=NPN@( CJ(Z]C;OB .20&N&Q&LR8&NS"B"C=G8&).&I=&8&NS"ER-J&NQ&B0(&(Q& Tern chick, and this species has been confused with other breeding terns (notably Lesser Crested) in Libya and Tunisia [17, 88]; some ?SNCB.(W(QPN (0ENX&0&I=&.%(H )C=G8&).&I=&@( CER8N&Q&&<'QC$G*;FB0U..(XL&0&I=G=S.J-=!Q0"("
&PNPT0[$B Caspian, perhaps immatures, stay through the summer at Farwah and surrounding sites. Annual winter totals fluctuated between 39 108B 20050&HPN 39B,B&=CDNXQ&DN&]Q&8N%& ..'B0(&LP.R8&BAB=NPNG(Q&> GO"WC0 N.U. 0B0[$BNB&0N(JB BB[88 17] in 2005 and 108 in 2009, with one site of national importance at Farwah, where 60% of the national total occurs. None of the other 0(%T Q0$T+RC=G8&EO&N&(= Q&LRD";ENU .P&JNQ&8N%&LR % 60;ENU2(FAB=NPN0(&JB0(%T"B/;F&BEONRER20090&HPN ten sites qualifies for national importance; however there is a strong tendency for the species to occur in the northwest, with fewer =(]!CL# B .0(O=Q&0($F.]Q&HJ.&&PNBCHNQ&PN0$($OEO&NRPNB. WQ&'=M>.%IPN;E&NX$Q8N&Q&&<'Q.UNOJ(R=.&TL#QB0(&JNQ& sites in the central and eastern coastal areas. This may be explained by proximity to Bahiret el Bibane and other tidal wetlands in @.#R"LR.(W(QOQ$0[$BNB&JU .(=Y#B8N&Q&&\&B;&PT&0"B@.W(WQ&(=([BLR.'B=O/W]BIQ/ southern Tunisia where this species is numerous. Caspian Terns reach Libya from breeding grounds both in the Baltic (nine ringed )."$F0D D);EB2(F).NH8&=[WQ&LRB (&;&$&NLR0(S.%DB;UN]Q&LR;F&B0%O=R-&=N0 ]C);EB2(F)H($WQ&=[BLRJPPN@( XQ& chicks recovered, one from Sweden and eight from Finland) and the Black Sea (three birds ringed as chicks recovered) [56, 109]. Of the 0 B0"0$R.#Q&0%S."Q.BK(O=X$QP#&]$T/X#R.S;R";"N&;&$&NPN1%O0PXQ&0(S.%YQ&)."$[$Q0W]&Q.BB .[10956] (-&=N1S.P.R;&L1%O00N(Q eight Finnish recoveries, the complete list of which was made available by the Helsinki ringing office, four were near Tripoli, two 23A=%L@.P;F&BL#QB>B8&K'R.LPN0 N.U.&=N"0(S.%YQ&LR0 B0"<=WJLR'="Q.B&D&BD1. &BLR'="Q.B@.&D&B?$B&=JLR'="Q.B.'&R near Benghazi and two near Tubruq; four were immatures in their first year, but one was aged 23. [AH] [AH] .0&H

Caspian Tern 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 0[$BNB" Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Farwah Lagoon 26 32 40 30 92 33 26 92 42 (B=N(=([U Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 5 4 12 6 8 22 4 22 10 =U;E2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 5 6566 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B Sabkhat al Manqub 1 0 3 15 6 5 0 15 5 'N"&&0\WH Sea off Farwah island 4444 (B=N(=U>EJF.H Ayn al Ghazalah 2 2 3232 0Q&> Q&L Jazirat Sabratah 1111 0C&=WW(=U>E Wadi Kaam mouth 020012021 ?. PD.&BKN Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 1 0010 P%(%XQ&0\WH Sabkhat al Ghbeba 0 010010 0W(W"Q&0\WH Tripoli harbour 010000010 ?$B&=J .&(R Annual totals 39 42 55 51 108 76 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 563358 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Whiskered Tern WP)5EYA

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Whiskered Terns in winter plumage at Al Labadia, Libya, Feb. 2011 2011=U&=WN.(W(Q0U..W$Q&PNDNXQ&@U=Q.B). "&X]&;.G

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

609 3 1000 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA C-1 (could benefit from international cooperation). Historically @B. XQ&LR;(!X]C@"L# B) (AEWA:C-1)H[$RPNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< known only as a regular passage visitor, observed at various Libyan coastal sites [29, 137], more recently also found “in modest «0HNXR.&;L,B».U";EB(=(G8&0SB&PNB[137 29]0(W($Q&0($F.]Q&EO&N&G$X\RPN;TNIKX&R=B.L=S&>P;=LE."B.H .(.'XU.%
PQB;Q& numbers” during winter, mainly in Cyrenaica [6, 59, 70]. The main winter range of the European breeding population lies in freshwater  &=[Q&'N&E0($G&;Q&0B< Q&A.(&).V(BPNL%#U.BB0B"PN@ CPXQ&(=( $QP](S=Q&C;& .[70 59 6]0O=BPN.WNG .XQ&JN> G inland habitats south of the Sahara, but the Mediterranean also regularly holds small wintering flocks [87, 88]. The Nile Delta which  .&YXH &B;WU.RO$L .XQ&PN; !(;LDB+CPXQ&J(&Q&.XQ.JY .[8887] .XQ&JN> G?.XS.B(=( W'&=H"DB+U.U"CHNX&=[WQ&L#QB holds several thousand wintering birds apparently represents the only important exception to this scenario [19, 63]. According to the B &=[Q&=WL) F=BMR.(OLL NJF&N]Q&O$L;E&NXU8N&Q&& GHJ.&&0( C(..U1@$ .;F&BEONROQ$.'B;=[&CB0&( Q&KZF= Q&=S(=( Q&0"("F?# C ;O8N%&PN farm and 11 in Benghazi harbour near Julyanah. Fluctuations in totals may not reflect population trends, given the small sample size, M. Smart)?SNC(=([BPNJZ]&KX&&;E&NXQ&B [88] .XQ&> G?SNCPN0$Z]&.&;L8.B0S0."R."W]R;B= &EU1NXQ&CO$L=D+UKQ and its skew to one site. The increased census coverage achieved in 2010 did not affect the known distribution pattern. Comparable .(J(&Q&.XQ.)CHNX&PN=(W#Q&0(XXQ&EONRER>.C&.NEBOQ$=(U.(W(Q<=IPN)&;T.&>P=C@$.((0N&R=(M).RN$ R H. AzafzafB figures have been reported from Tunisia during winter [88] and regular presences found at the Lake of Tunis (M. Smart and H. Azafzaf Rit0(%[RCB=CPXQ&B (P\I>.C& .Kralj. J :0&]Q&?!SLR=BNXP" 4PN)"=OB2003N(QNU 14PNKO0-=!Q)PT);EBPXQ&(;(FNQ&0"$
& unpublished data). The concentration of sightings in eastern Libya suggests a connection with the major Mediterranean winter site B(B8&=[WQ&<=IPNPXR=S.JOQ$B" &=[Q&=WL(=Z'Q.B.=N?.(OOQ$=(C;OB'N&\&PN.WRNWQ&3($\B>.%Q&PN (.(C&B=P) Kopacki (Nile Delta). The only available recovery (a chick ringed on 14 July 2003 and recaptured on 4 October of the same year: J. Kralj pers. [AH,MZ] .CHNX& comm.) links Kopacki Rit reserve (Croatia) to the Gulf of Bumbah in a north-south direction, and may refer to an individual embarking on a trans-Saharan flight or to an eastern Mediterranean wintering bird. [AH,MZ]

Whiskered Tern 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean ). "&X]&;.G Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Julyanah 75 40 63 30 41 65 30 75 52 0S.($E0\WH Other sites C=G8&EO&N& Benghazi harbours 0 11 8 0 11 6 D1. &B .&(R Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 062200062 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Sabkhat at Tamimi 0 3 0031 P%(%XQ&0\WH Sabkhat Tabilbah 1111 .W$(B.C0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 210200021 MS.U>Q&L Al Maqarin karstic lakes 2 0 0021 LU0."&)&=([B Bou Dzira 0003 0031 (=U1.NB Bumbah sewage farm 1 0011 .WRNB(0.(B Annual totals 77 53 65 48 41 74 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 262513 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Black Tern MPOWP)5EYA

Adriano De Faveri © D0NN.ND.NS.U0.& Black Tern in winter plumage (second-year bird) in the Po Delta, Italy, Jul. 2004 2004N(QNU.(Q.U$NWQ&='S.XQ.PN0"&RPN (PS.YQ&A .XIPN)DNXQ&@U=Q.B.NH8&). "&X]&;.G

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

12 1 7500 < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-2c (significant long-term decline). Overwhelmingly a passage C;&O$LDN& R5.!\S& ) (AEWA: B-2c)H[$RPNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< migrant in Libya, with irregular records in winter. As in adjacent countries, sightings mostly come from coastal areas during pre- HJ.&&PN)&;T.&K %N(0B.&>B;Q&PN>.
&NT.%P . .XQ&PN0%X&R=(M) (Z]XBB.(W(QPN(=(WP0(W$M*B=B.L=E.'R .(JUNQ& and post-breeding migration, with sparse inland data [29, 100, 137]. These passing birds move on to sub-Saharan Africa; birds breeding (=B. Q&0N(Q&A G.=ND";T.UKQB0%X&R=(MB(0..S 2010-2005LR).FN]&> G)&;T.& .0.]&&<'QPO=Q&;
&LR with Whiskered Terns near Benghazi on 6 February 2005, following strong southerly winds [59]). All our records were obtained at ,.U0'NWT; B20050&H=U&=WN 6PND1. &BLR'="Q.B). "&X]&;.GER;F&B.=NJ(Z]CL#QB).NH8&). "&X]&;.GLR 2008 two lagoons within Benghazi city (Julyanah and Al Thama-Esselawi), the Libyan stronghold of wintering Whiskered Tern. The 2007 ;.G0(XCJ" RNTB(DB ]Q& -0R.Y$Q&B0S.($E)D1. &B0&U;RJG&.C=([BLR1S.P.'($L>N
&PXQ&) (Z]XQ&JP .([59]0UNO0(BN&E bird on 9 February was in winter plumage [52] and of the birds seen on 31 January 2009 and 29 January 2010 at least the latter was O$L2010=U.&U 29B 2009=U.&U 31PN);TNIPXQ&0N(Q&B [52] .XQ&@U=B@.P 2007=U&=WN 9PN;TNIDC@U=B=(G8&@.PJO8& Tunisia, where Black Terns very occasionally occur in winter [88]. In west Africa, wintering birds typically forage in offshore marine 2.H"O$L.;[U(=( Q&.;L :0U=[WQ&A.(&PN.E0.G(..L.("U=N"'=MPN0(X&0N(Q&D< XC .[88] .XQ&JNPN.(T=L.NH8&=[WQ&;.G waters: population figures based only on coastal observations - even in areas where they are regularly made - probably represent a ;ENC .0.WXL .B=U;E0(X&(=( Q&KZ
=U;"C NHJY . 0&B.PN@ CPXQ&LR.'$W"@N#U;O.(W($Q(=B. Q&0N(Q&@"OQ$=(U [88]?SNCPNKO=RPHB0=S.JO$L0NY Q&B.(W(QLR)."$FD" bird in Tunisia [88] suggests that birds crossing Libya might originate from eastern European or Asian breeding grounds. [MZ, AH] [MZ, AH] ..(H!B"0(O=Q&

Black Tern 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean .NH8&). "&X]&;.G All sites EO&N&E(%E Sabkhat Julyanah 001001010 MS.($E0\WH Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 000020020 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Annual totals 001021 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 001011 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Sandwich Tern XLDP
R/P! 257 Sterna sandvicensis 

Nicola Baccetti © PX(C.B N#(S Sandwich Tern in winter plumage at Ayn Zayyanah, Libya, Jan. 2005. Digiscoping 2005=U.&U.(W(Q0S.U>Q&LPNDNXQ&@U=Q.B3B;S.H=[B;.G

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

17434 12 1300 < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); AEWA: B-2a ; Barcelona Protocol Annex II. Non-breeding winter visitor to >NPNCB=WQPS.YQ&H[$&PNB(AEWA: B-2a)H[$RPNB(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< Libya; Bundy [29] records up to 35 round Tripoli, Gaskell [59] mentions “modest numbers” round Benghazi; in the current surveys present >NF «0HNXR.&;L"»=P/ Gaskell [59]B?$B&=J>NF=S.J 35OQ$.WU="CJU.R Bundy [29]JZH.(W(QPN@ R=(MDNXI=S&1 .0SN$I=B all along the coast, with the main concentrations in the northwest and around Benghazi. Forms day roosts in coastal wetlands, @CB;&]Q&=[WQ&;.GJ#C .D1. &B>NFBPB= Q&>.%Q&PN0(](S0)&>P=CERJF.]Q&>NJO$L0(Q.
&).FN]&> G;EBD1. &B beaches and harbours with other gulls and terns. Feeds by diving, usually at sea. Annual totals fluctuated between 83 in 2007 and 8N%&LU.WC .4N Q&HU=JLL=[WQ&PN(..LC< XU .=[WQ&;.GB20N&Q&ER-S&N&B0($F.]Q&0WJ=Q&PT&08&B-J&NQ&PN.(RNU).LN%ZR 395 in 2010, when more than half of the national sums (50 and 203 birds, respectively) were recorded in one site, Farwah lagoon). ;F&BEONRPN (PQ&NXQ&O$L=S.J 203B 50)P&JNQ&8N%&GSLR=YP"JZH.R;&L20100&HPN 395B 20070&HPN 83BDN&]Q& The number of occupied sites fluctuated. Of a total of 19 sites where the species was found over the six winters, the top two hosted O$L")&N&H0X]Q0UNXQ&).FN]&> G8N&Q&&.%Q&PN.%T PB0(&JB0(%T"&/ ONR .PQ.%E &CHNXRLR % 21.5DB+C ONR Five sites are of potential national importance, two in the northwest (Wadi Masid and Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed east) and three near B1N#Q&0\WHD=B.Q&-J.I)D1. &BLR'="Q.B0D DB (;%F"=O0\WH<=IB;(]RD.&B)PB= Q&>.%Q&PN@.X&D&0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T" Benghazi (Assabri Beach, Sabkhat al Kuz and Sabkhat Julyanah). Four birds of this species, ringed in the 1950s as chicks at Black ?$B&=JLR'="Q.B);EB.(S&=PB"@( C)&=% X]RPN.NH8&=[WQ&PN).(&(]%&PN-&=!P1%O08N&Q&&B8&.T .XIPN species during the present surveys at Sabkhat Fairouz near Benghazi in January 2008 [70]; it had been ringed as an adult at Comacchio >;U. 2008N(QNUPN0(O;&WQ&LR'="Q.B ChioggiaPNC=G"(=R;TNIB 200720.RPN.(Q.U.B9Q.&N(P.RNP5NFPNFQ.B.=!PKO0D

Sandwich Tern 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean @CB;S.H=[B;.G Sites of national importance 0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Farwah Lagoon 5 0 50 0 28 203 0 203 48 AB=N(=([B Sabkhat al Manqub 22 40 15 71 16 60 15 71 37 'N"&&0\WH Potential sites of national importance 0$%X[R0(&JB0(%T")&/EO&NR Sabkhat Qasr Ahmed (East)* 06001040010418*(.O=I);%F"=O0\WH Wadi al Masid 25 0 0 25 13 ;(]RD.&B Assabri Beach 0 0 33 0 33 11 D=B.Q&-J.I Sabkhat al Kuz 000942904210 1N#Q&0\WH Sabkhat Julyanah 2 30 00000305 0S.($E0\WH Other sites (mean >2 ind.) (2<CHNX&)C=G&EO&NR Tripoli harbour 0 20 5 4 5 16 0 20 8 ?$B&=J .&(R Jazirat Sabratah 20 20 20 20 0C&=WW(=U>E Bab al Bahr coast 20 20 20 20 =[WQ&'.BJF.H Ayn al Ghazalah 5 3 7375 0Q&> Q&L Sabkhat al Ghbeba 10 2222104 0W(W"Q&0\WH Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 4 4444 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B Benghazi harbours 0 5 6064 D1. &B .&(R Coast of Sirt town 2 5 2 5 4 )=H0&U;RJF.H Sabkhat Fairuz 11 125010113 1B=(N0\WH Ayn Zayyanah 621900093 MS.U>Q&L Wadi Kaam mouth 10 006200103 ?. PD.&BKN Wadi Umm Kuhayl 3333 J([P?&D.&B Sites not shown (n=15) sum of means: 19 (15=.;L).'T=LKXUKQEO&NR Annual totals 101 122 83 143 200 395 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 14 13 7 12 8 19 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 06001040010418* .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Lesser Crested Tern V`MYA

Wajih Bashimam © ?.R$3.BM(EB Lesser Crested Terns on Garah island, Libya, Aug. 2006 2006?]M".(W(Q(0."Q&(=U>EPN0ENX&0!I=&

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

34 1 40 < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List). AEWA: subspecies emigrata A-1c (population numbering less than .;L) (AEWA: A-1c)H[$RPN+0;R emigrataEUN&Q&(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< 10,000); one of the bird species in Annex II of the Barcelona Protocol. This is one of the most significant species of the Libyan (=( Q&JR.P@";=L@"<&R0(W($Q&0N(Q&8&NS"KT";F&NTB .0SN$I=B>NPNCB=WQPS.YQ&H[$&PN0E0;&0N(Q&;F"(10,000LRJO"(=( Q& avifauna, since the entire known population of the Mediterranean subspecies nests on three islands in Libya, thus constituting the (=( Q&B;WC .[107 10259]. WQ&PN0 &0U=[WQ&0N($Q)&=% X]R=WP"IQE* DO$L@ CCHNX&=[WQ&PN largest breeding seabird colonies in the country [59, 102, 107]. The population appears stable: the principal colony is on Jazirat al Garah PN.EB1 1,80020070&HPN.EB1 150020060&HPN.EB1 1600)B"B0&(XUB>Q&0Q.WOA0."Q&(=U>EO$L0(](S=Q&(=% X]&E"C :(="X]R off Zuwaitina, which held c. 1,600 pairs in 2006, 1,500 in 2007, 1,800 in 2008 and 2,100 in 2009 and 2010, with smaller colonies (=U>EO$LC=G"B (.EB1 250 - 110)DB+C0S.($E0\WHPN(=U>EO$L= W"(=% X]R;ENC.%P2010B 2009PX&HPN.EB1 2100B 2008 on an islet of Sabkhat Julyanah (110 - 250 pairs) and at Jazirat al Ulbah (23 - 48 pairs), according to Hamza’s unpublished data and 1b(>%F)8N&Q&&<'Q0(V(B).H&0;B?.("Q&D0.EB[71 69 59 8]0..&LR.T=(MB(0N&R=(M).RN$ R(>%
."NB(.EB1 48 - 23)DB+CPXQ&B.W$ Q& other souces [8, 59, 69, 71]; studies of the ecology of the species are under way (Hamza, in prep.). As an extension of the present surveys, HU=JPN.'&R0 B0" :0SN$R)."$[B0N(J0(S.%YQ).RN$ RLL=!H". 20060&H<&RK(O=C3R.S=B. &]Q&PN@.&D&B=W%]U.PN@N(Q&=(HPN (one in Sierra Leone in December, two in Senegal in January and February), plus one claimed from Tripoli harbour in December 8N&Q&J(Z]C .[77]=W%]U.PN0C&=WW'=O0D DB[27]=U.&UB=W%]U.PNLU.=NB.=!Q[29]=W%NNS='IOXF?$B&=J0"&RPN0N($Q) (Z]C 2010. There are records of birds in the Tripoli area until November [29], of ones and twos in December and January [27], and of three .("U=N"'=MPN0(](S=Q&0(XXQ&HJ.&R@"FPNMS";P+U& G)&N&H0XHLR)&N&H0D DPN&;E(=( W.&;L*B near Sabratah in December [77]. The species was recorded in very small numbers in three of the six winters of the present surveys, L%T .XQ&JNPN0N(Q&AB;Q&PNJZ]RNT.%PCHNX&B(B8&=[WQ&PNO"WC0$($O.&;L"@,N confirming that, while the principal wintering area is in west Africa, small numbers stay in the Mediterranean, as recorded in other [AH, MS] .@XUB;S.H=[WQ&;.G'&=H" counties too [88, 135]. Wintering birds were usually seen in Sandwich Tern flocks. [AH, MS]

Lesser Crested Tern 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean 0ENX&0&I=& All sites EO&N&E(%E Sabkhat al Manqub 002505052 'N"&&0\WH Jazirat Sabratah 1111 0C&=WW(=U>E Farwah Lagoon 001000010 AB=N=([B Sabkhat Julyanah 000001010 0S.($E0\WH Annual totals 003507 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 002103 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Short-eared Owl BP)AV@MR 261 Asio flammeus 

Nicola Baccetti © PX(C.B N#(S Corpse of Short-eared Owl found on the edge of Farwah lagoon, Libya, Jan. 2010 2010=U.&U.(W(Q(B=N(=([B;&NF;F";&L);EB . %W0RNWQ0YE

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

02 2 - < 25 1

>>> Conservation status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); not an AEWA species. Short-eared Owl, like the harriers, is not a water (0>RJYR . %Q&0RNWQ& .AEWAH[$RPN+0;R=(M(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< bird, but a bird of prey, generally diurnal in habits, whose preferred winter habitat is wetlands (where it hunts voles and microtine ..C2(F) E .XI.'Q0$!&JS&N&PT0WJ=Q&PT&08&=WX CB.H.H"P$(Q.'J.S0F0.\&0N(Q&LR.'&#QB0(S.&0N(Q&LR1](Q9S.WQ& rodents [68]), whence its inclusion in this Atlas; no overall population figure is available. Its main distribution is Holartic (with resident .NEBER) HolarticNTP](S=Q&EU1NXQ& .;B= R=(M(=( $QP$#Q&.; Q&?$J8&&.%IPNPXXQO"WC0N(Q&B BB.(H!B Libya it is a scarce and irregular winter and passage visitor, with one February record for Sirt and one in November near Tripoli [27, ) (Z]XQ&B BB[29]D1. &BLR'="Q.B20.RPN) (Z]C0]%GB[29 27]?$B&=JLR'="Q.B=W%NNSPN;F&BB)=HPN=U&=WNPN;F&BJ(Z]C 29], five March records near Benghazi [29], and a few records (mainly March and April, twice in October) in the desert regions [29, 36, 77] JNPN.S.(F"B=S&>\&PN(=Z'Q&KHNR .&D");TNI.%P .[77 36 29]0UB&=[Q&HJ.&&PN (=BNXP"PNC=RBJU=B&B20.RPNOQB8&0E0;Q.B) Hering [27a] has recently provided a complete overview about this species in Libya, including a new record in January from the desert )."$F;ENC .[8863] .XQ&JNPN0..S=S&1BGU=&BE(B=Q&PNES.I=(M=E.'R.'&#QB=RB?SNCPN;E&NXQ&0%X&R=WX CB [87] .XQ& region (Waw al Kabir). In Algeria it is noted on both migrations and sometimes in winter [87]; in Tunisia and Egypt it is a regular but PS.YQ&=S.Q&B.(HB0PNPQ.%Q&/"Q&MWIPNE(B.H"0D D; B;EB Cape BonPNJU=B"PNKO0=S.J :?SNCLR@.X"$F;ENCL#QB.(W(QLR uncommon migrant in spring and autumn, and a scarce winter visitor [63, 88]. There are no ringing recoveries in Libya, but two from LR0X]Q&)&N&]Q&PN (1(R=S.Q.'&R(;F&B).(W(QPN=S.$QC;T.R .[88]0U;'&LR'="Q.B20.RPNPQ.XQ&G(Q&PN;EBB&;&$&NPNKO0 Tunisia: a bird ringed in April at Cape Bon was recovered three weeks later in sub-Arctic Russia, while one ringed in Finland in [MS] ..(W(QPN0..SDNXI=S&1JU8N&Q&@";P+C0(Q.
&).FN]& summer was recovered the following March near Mahdia [88]. Two observations (one of a dead bird) in the six years of the present surveys confirm that the species remains a scarce winter visitor in Libya. [MS]

Short-eared Owl 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean . %W0RNB All sites EO&N&E(%E Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 1 0 0 00010 .O0>Q&L0\WH Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 000001010=U;E&2"0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Annual totals 100001 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 100001 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L Kingfisher :A

Essam Bouras © 4&0NB"?.L Kingfisher near Temimi, Libya, Jan. 2010 2010=U.&U.(W(QP%(%XQ&LR'="Q.BI%]Q&..(W

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

1021 7 - < 25 1 2

>>> Conservation Status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); not an AEWA species. Polytypic. Scarce but locally present along the coast 0..S .8&NS8&.; XR?&E .AEWAH[$RPN+0;R=(M(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< of Tripoli and north east Libya [29]. A resident breeder in nearby Tunisia [88]. Small numbers occur regularly, mainly in autumn, between 0E0;Q.B?.XS.BM&R(=( W.&;L";ENC .[88]?SNCPNK("R@ R .[29].(W($QPO=Q&>.%Q&B?$B&=JJF.H>NJO$L.($[R.NENRM&#QB Alexandria and Salum on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt while single birds have also been recorded in the Western Desert oasis @B=X&Q&D.&BLR0(B= Q& &=[Q&).F&BPN.U";F&B=S.JJZHB?N$]Q&B0U0;&#H &B=RPNCHNX&=[WQ&JF.HO$LGU=&PNOQB8& of Wadi el Natrun, Siwa, Farafra and the Qattara depression [63]. The Kingfisher is a fairly common autumn migrant and winter visitor ).FN]&PNJZH .[130]0(Q.&0>Z$QDNXI=S&1BGU=&PN=E.'%P=(WP;FOQ$ES.II%]Q&..(W .[63](0."Q&B!\&RB(=N&=!Q&(N(H to the Maltese Islands [130]. Recorded in the present surveys from 21 different sites, mainly along the coast but also well into the 300'NW \&0F&BLR'="Q.B.!$&(=([B>.Y&J(WHO$L) &=[Q&PN.U"JZHBJF.]Q&>NJO$L.WNGBG$X\REONR 21PN0(Q.
& desert (e.g. Melfa Lake near Jaqhbub oasis, c. 300 km inland). Most sightings are of single birds and the highest number (four birds 8N%ZRLU.WC .2005=U.&U 11PNP%(%XQ&0"&RPN (C"N0N(J0 B0")1S.P.&;L8&O$L"B;F&B=S.Q1S.P)&;T.&K R .( &=[Q&JG&.K$P only) was logged in the Tamimi area on 11 January 2005. Total numbers of birds recorded varied between three from three sites in ).FN]&> G8N&Q&&N
&PXQ&3S.X&Q&B8.&O "LL(;( B1S.P0X]Q& results obtained are probably representative only of the gegraphical distribution. [JJB, JS]

Kingfisher 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean I%]Q&..(W All sites EO&N&E(%E Wadi al Qusaybat and Ain al Wahsh 4 2243 @FNQ&LB0U.W"Q&D.&B Ayn Tawurgha* 322112132 * .M0B.CL Ayn Zayyanah 212011021 MS.U>Q&L Ayn al Ghazalah 1 1 1111 0Q&> Q&L Bouhayrat al Melfa 1 1 1 1 .!$&)&=([B Wadi al Hamsah 2 0021 0]%'Q&D.&B Farwah Lagoon 200021021 AB=N=([B Sabkhat al Thama and Sabkhat Esselawi 011002021 DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH Wadi Kaam mouth 200101021 ?. PD.&BKN Al Hishah* 110010011 *0('Q& Umm Hufayn 1 0011 !F?" Bou Dzira 1100 0010 (=U1.NB Sabkhat Ayn ash Shaqiqah 0 1 1 00010 0"("Q&L0\WH Al Labadia 0 01010 0U..W$Q& Al Maqarin karstic lakes 1 0 0010 LU0."&)&=([B Sabkhat al Hammam 0 1 0 0 1 0 ?.%
&0\WH Wadi al Khalij 0 1 0010 3($&D.&B Wadi Turghut 0 1 0010 ).M=CD.&B Sabkhat Ayn az Zarqa 0 1 0 00010 .O0>Q&L0\WH Coast Abu Kammash to Ras Ajdir 000010010=U;E2&0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& Sabkhat Fairuz 000001010 1B=(N0\WH Annual totals 19 12 7 3 6 12 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 10 11 5359 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L

Tawurgha complex* 432122142 * .M0B.C).\WHE%ZR Pied Kingfisher *5RPO:A

Nicola Baccetti © PX(C.B N#(S Pied Kingfisher in the Lower Jubba, Somalia, Aug. 1981 1981?]M&>.RNQ&.BNEPNE"B &I%]Q&..(W

Mean 2005-2010 No. occupied Mean No. 1% of the National 1% (inds.) sites (total) occupied sites/year population (inds.) (inds.) 2005-2010CHNXR =S.Q&;E&NCEO&NR ;E&NCEO&NRCHNXR (=( Q&LR1% P&JNQ& 1% (=(J) (8N%ZR) 0&H/EONR=S.Q& (=(J) (=(J)

14 1 - < 25

>>> Conservation Status: Least Concern (IUCN Red List); not an AEWA species; one of ten species recently added to Barcelona PXQ&8&NS"(= Q&LR;F&B .AEWAH[$RPN+0;R=(M(IUCN0 (WQ&@NQP. Q&..b Q &=%
&0%S."Q&/]F)E&;U;'CJO" :0U.%
&0Q.F <<< Protocol Annex II. Polytypic. The nominate subspecies rudis, which is found in south west Turkey and as a rare and irregular winter =RPN[40]4=WOPNKX&R=(MB0..SDNXI=S&>PB.(P=C'=M'N&EPN;EBDNPNCB=WQPS.YQ&H[$&PN&=G+R1E0." visitor to Cyprus [40], in Egypt, the Middle East and the Afro-tropics, is a fairly common breeding resident in the Nile Delta and valley .(W(QPNE"B8&I%]Q&..(WJZ]UKQ .[63]?N(!Q&PNBJ(&Q&D.&BB.XQ.0"&RPNES.IB.%("R@ R=WX U0(S&NXH &.("U=N"BCHB8&<=Q&B and at Faiyum [63]. The Pied Kingfisher had never been recorded in Libya prior to this survey. During the winter counts of 2006 it was .%' BLL@&; WC@.X$Q&B0WJ=Q&PT&08&LRX"&RPN.WRNWQ&3($GPN1ONQ&?!SPN 20060&H .XI> G;TNIB.).FN]&A Q&LLRP!$& >\&PN/"Q&).C.WS/S&NEO$L;F&B!F?"PN@&=S.JJZH :=U.&U 27PNKP 50 the reedbed fringe at the bottom of Ayn al Ghazala. [JJB, JS]

Pied Kingfisher 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Min Max Mean E"B8&I%]Q&..(W All sites EO&N&E(%E Umm Hufayn 2 0021 !F?" Ayn al Ghazalah 0 1 0010 0Q&> Q&L Annual totals 030000 DN&]Q&8N%& No. of sites where recorded 020000 =S.Q&.'BJZ]&EO&N&.;L 0(S.&0N(Q&9]RHU=N EGA – RAC/SPA

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X 23 10 12 5 12 5 10 11 11 9 Larus melanocephalus 23 9 14 5 14 6 11 5 9 11 Larus audouinii @.B&20NS 5 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 Larus ichthyaetus =(WP2"=Q&.NH!20NS D..(XL$20NS 0(%($O &0(%T8" 0R. Q&(=NNQ& 8&NS8& &=D G(&XQ& 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 Larus canus 36 19 27 14 27 18 22 14 16 19 Larus fuscus =( W='Q&.NH"20NS (B=N(=([B DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH 0S.($E0\WH 1 51 20 32 12 32 12 20 14 22 22 Larus michahellis/cachinnans $E=Q&=!W&20NS DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH (B=N0\WH (B=N0\WH 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Gelochelidon nilotica 0."&&PH0NS=[WQ&;.G 0S.($E0\WH 0S.($E0\WH DB ]Q&0\WHB0R.Y$Q&0\WH 3 11 6 8 3 8 6 5 3 7 6 Hydroprogne caspia 0[$BNB" 0S.U>Q&L E.O=I ;%F"=O0\WH .W$B.C0\WH ( ) 4 9 3 6 1 3 1 5 2 6 2 Chlidonias hybridus ). "&X]&;.G 0('Q& =U;E2"0OQ&3.%PNB"LRJF.]Q& .M0B.CL 5 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 Chlidonias niger .NH8&). "&X]&;.G 1N#Q&0\WH 3.%PNB"0\WH 0S.U>Q&L 6 34 12 20 7 20 8 12 7 13 14 Sterna sandvicensis @CB;S.H=[B;.G E.O=I ;%F"=O0\WH 0S.U>Q&L 0('Q& ( ) 7 4 1 3 0 3 0 2 2 0 0 Sterna bengalensis 0ENX&0&I=& ;U;
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