DOCSLIB.ORG

Human–Tiger Panthera Tigris Conflict and Its Perception in Bardia National Park, Nepal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Human–Tiger Panthera Tigris Conflict and Its Perception in Bardia National Park, Nepal Human–tiger Panthera tigris conflict and its perception in Bardia National Park, Nepal B ABU R. BHATTARAI and K LAUS F ISCHER Abstract Human–wildlife conflict is a significant problem Wang & Macdonald, 2006). An increase in the human that often results in retaliatory killing of predators. Such population has resulted in increased incidence of conflict conflict is particularly pronounced between humans and between people and carnivores (Graham et al., 2005; tigers Panthera tigris because of fatal attacks by tigers on Woodroffe et al., 2005a). This often results in retaliatory humans. We investigated the incidence and perception of persecution, which is a significant threat to large carnivores human–tiger conflict in the buffer zone of Bardia National (Mishra et al., 2003; Treves & Karanth, 2003; Nyhus & Park, Nepal, by interviewing 273 local householders and Tilson, 2004). Thus, conservation measures to protect large 27 key persons (e.g. representatives of local communities, carnivores can be controversial and may lack support Park officials). Further information was compiled from from local communities (Graham et al., 2005). the Park’s archives. The annual loss of livestock attributable Large carnivores play a significant role in ecosystem to tigers was 0.26 animals per household, amounting to an functioning, with their absence inducing changes in annual loss of 2% of livestock. Livestock predation rates were predator–prey relationships and inter-specific competition particularly high in areas with low abundance of natural (Treves & Karanth, 2003). Many carnivores serve as prey. During 1994–2007 12 people were killed and a further important umbrella and flagship species, benefiting other four injured in tiger attacks. Nevertheless, local people threatened species and attracting funding for wider generally had a positive attitude towards tiger conservation conservation benefits (Linkie & Christie, 2007). However, and were willing to tolerate some loss of livestock but not large carnivores are generally highly threatened, having human casualties. This positive attitude indicates the been extirpated from many areas as a result of conflict, potential for implementation of appropriate conservation hunting for skins and use in traditional medicine (Weber measures and we propose mitigation strategies such as & Rabinowitz, 1996), prey depletion (Karanth & Stith, 1999; education, monetary compensation and monitoring of Mishra et al., 2003) and habitat loss (Weber & Rabinowitz, tigers. 1996; Kolowski & Holekamp, 2006). Previous studies on human–tiger conflict have largely Keywords Human casualties, human–wildlife conflict, focused on livestock depredation, human casualties and large carnivore, livestock depredation, Nepal, Panthera retaliation killings (Nyhus & Tilson, 2004; Muhammed tigris, retaliation, tiger et al., 2007; Gurung et al., 2008). In contrast, we investigated both the incidence of human–tiger conflict and its human dimension because effective conflict mitigation requires Introduction knowledge of the underlying human and environmental drivers (Thorn et al., 2012). Our study built on existing data uman–wildlife conflict arises when humans and on the level of resource extraction from the Park, predator– animals compete for limited resources (Graham H prey relationships and competition among predators et al., 2005; Wang & Macdonald, 2006). Major causes of (Brown, 1997; Allendorf et al., 2007; Wegge et al., 2009; conflict include crop raiding, property damage and live- Thapa & Chapman 2010; Thapa & Hubacek, 2011). Earlier stock depredation by wildlife (Gurung et al., 2008; Inskip & studies have shown that killing carnivores is not exclusively Zimmermann, 2009). Conflicts are particularly serious if motivated by livestock depredation or economic drivers they involve human casualties or if the local people are so but that factors such as perception, fear and personal, poor that any loss of livestock directly affects their quality environmental and social motivations may be even more of life. Consequently, serious conflict often arises in important in driving conflict than the damage incurred areas where large carnivores occur (Polisar et al., 2003; (Dickman, 2010; Marchini & Macdonald, 2012; Thorn et al., 2012). The human dimension is often ignored in conflict studies (Dickman, 2010) or considered only in terms of BABU R. BHATTARAI Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, general attitudes towards conservation, which has limited Kathmandu, Nepal value in designing interventions (Dickman, 2010; St John KLAUS FISCHER (Corresponding author) Zoological Institute and Museum, et al., 2010). We therefore investigated people’s attitudes University of Greifswald, J.-S. Bachstraße 11/12, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany. fi fi E-mail klaus.fi[email protected] towards a speci c target (tiger conservation) in a speci c – Received 20 August 2012. Revision requested 8 January 2013. area. We investigated the perception of human tiger Accepted 4 March 2013. First published online 13 March 2014. conflict by local people and considered gender differences, © 2014 Fauna & Flora International, Oryx, 48(4), 522–528 doi:10.1017/S0030605313000483 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.34.90, on 01 Oct 2021 at 03:07:03, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605313000483 Human–tiger conflict in Nepal 523 81°0'0"E 81°20'0"E 81°40'0"E N China 28°40'0"N Nepal Kailali India Shivapur Surkhet Thakudwara Suryapatuwa LEGEND International boundary Salyan District boundary Dhadhawar 28°20'0"N National Park Bardiya Study village development Deudakla committee Belawa Buffer zone FIG. 1 Location of study communities in the buffer zone of Bardia National Park, 0 5 10 20 Banke km Nepal. The rectangle on the inset shows the location of the main map in Nepal. cultural perspectives and the effect of education on people’s daily living (Brown, 1997; Thapa & Chapman, 2010; Thapa attitudes towards tiger conservation. & Hubacek, 2011). Subsistence agriculture is sufficient to support lifestyles in only 42% of households; the re- maining households rely on additional income. Domestic Study area animals are needed for farming and one pair of ploughing ff 425 220 The study was carried out in six villages in the buffer zone oxen or bu alo costs c. USD , which is equivalent to ’ ff of Bardia National Park, western Nepal (Fig. 1). The buffer days earnings for an unskilled man. The study area su ered zone includes 17 communities, from which we randomly heavily from political insurgency in the decade prior to the ’ chose three from an area of high prey density (Thakurbaba, study, which hindered the area s development. As a result, Shivapur Ekikrit, Suryapatuwa) and three from an area most local people are poor and do not have access to even of low prey density (Baghkhor, Deudakala, Dhadhawar), basic health and adequate sanitation facilities. The agricul- 32 8 which lie under the local government units of Thakurdwara, tural sector contributes nearly one third ( . %) of ’ 2012 Shivapur, Suryapatuwa, Bel Dhadhawar, and Deudakala, Nepal s gross domestic product (IndexMundi, a), 367 2007 55 1 respectively. The number of communities studied was which was USD per capita in , when . % of the < 1 25 2008 limited by time and resource constraints. The areas of low population had an income of USD . per day. In 25 and high prey density were defined based on the extensive % of Nepalese people were living below the national 2012 local knowledge of park rangers, game wardens and game poverty line (IndexMundi, b). scouts. The area of high prey density is characterized by fl wide alluvial oodplains and associated dynamic vegetation Methods communities, mostly floodplain grasslands and riverine forests. Stands further away from the floodplains of Karnali We used a structured questionnaire survey to obtain River are dominated by sal Shorea robusta forests. In data on perceived human–tiger conflict (Table 1). In total contrast, the area of low prey density is characterized by the 273 households (Thakurdwara, 69; Shivapur Ekikrit, 63; narrow valley of the river Babai, with early successional Suryapatuwa, 38; Belawa, 40; Deudakala, 33; Dhadhawar, 30) plant communities occurring only close to the river, and were included. All questions were closed-ended for with the drier slopes dominated by sal forests. The more ease of quantitative analyses. Interviews were conducted undulating landscape of the latter area makes it drier, with primarily with the head of the household, although other higher forest coverage, resulting in lower prey density family members often participated to formulate a collective because of a shortage of grassland. response. Interviews were conducted in participants’ The study area supports a population of c. 18 breeding homes during March–May 2009 and each interview lasted tigers (GoN, 2009) and is characterized by high human 45–60 minutes. We validated the interview data on livestock −2 population density (211 km ; GoN, 2012). Local communi- depredation and human casualties by cross-checking ties rely on subsistence agriculture but also on forest with neighbours, National Park archives and key persons, resources such as timber, firewood and fodder for their to minimize exaggeration. Key persons were official © 2014 Fauna & Flora International, Oryx, 522–528 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.34.90, on 01 Oct 2021 at 03:07:03, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 3 the Missing and Needs of Families
    . Addressing the needs of families of the Missing: A test of contemporary approaches to transitional justice Simon Robins PhD Post-war Recovery Studies University of York Post-war Reconstruction and Development Unit (PRDU), Department of Politics June 2011 Abstract This thesis aims to interrogate the current practice of transitional justice from the viewpoint of the victims of the violations that it seeks to address. The study challenges approaches to legacies of violence that are rooted solely in the human rights discourse and that emerge from national and international elites, remote from those most impacted by conflict. The needs of victims of one of the most serious and intractable violations, disappearance, are investigated in two contexts emerging from conflict, Nepal and Timor-Leste, and the impact of ongoing transitional justice process on those needs evaluated. The aim is to understand how a victim-centred transitional justice process can be constructed. Victims of conflict in both Nepal and Timor-Leste have little understanding of rights, articulating the needs, often the most basic, with which they are confronted on a daily basis. Whilst rights are the product of a discourse that claims to be global and universal, needs are necessarily local and particular, the product of culture and context. This drives the methodology of the study which is ethnographic, using qualitative research methods with families of the Missing. The research was conducted in a participatory way with Associations of Families of the Missing, with the aim of empowering victims‟ organisations, and the results published in relevant languages in both contexts with the aim of impacting policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Insecurity and Undernutrition in Nepal
    SMALL AREA ESTIMATION OF FOOD INSECURITY AND UNDERNUTRITION IN NEPAL GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL National Planning Commission Secretariat Central Bureau of Statistics SMALL AREA ESTIMATION OF FOOD INSECURITY AND UNDERNUTRITION IN NEPAL GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL National Planning Commission Secretariat Central Bureau of Statistics Acknowledgements The completion of both this and the earlier feasibility report follows extensive consultation with the National Planning Commission, Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), World Food Programme (WFP), UNICEF, World Bank, and New ERA, together with members of the Statistics and Evidence for Policy, Planning and Results (SEPPR) working group from the International Development Partners Group (IDPG) and made up of people from Asian Development Bank (ADB), Department for International Development (DFID), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), UNICEF and United States Agency for International Development (USAID), WFP, and the World Bank. WFP, UNICEF and the World Bank commissioned this research. The statistical analysis has been undertaken by Professor Stephen Haslett, Systemetrics Research Associates and Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand and Associate Prof Geoffrey Jones, Dr. Maris Isidro and Alison Sefton of the Institute of Fundamental Sciences - Statistics, Massey University, New Zealand. We gratefully acknowledge the considerable assistance provided at all stages by the Central Bureau of Statistics. Special thanks to Bikash Bista, Rudra Suwal, Dilli Raj Joshi, Devendra Karanjit, Bed Dhakal, Lok Khatri and Pushpa Raj Paudel. See Appendix E for the full list of people consulted. First published: December 2014 Design and processed by: Print Communication, 4241355 ISBN: 978-9937-3000-976 Suggested citation: Haslett, S., Jones, G., Isidro, M., and Sefton, A. (2014) Small Area Estimation of Food Insecurity and Undernutrition in Nepal, Central Bureau of Statistics, National Planning Commissions Secretariat, World Food Programme, UNICEF and World Bank, Kathmandu, Nepal, December 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Human–Tiger Panthera Tigris Conflict and Its Perception in Bardia National Park, Nepal
    Human–tiger Panthera tigris conflict and its perception in Bardia National Park, Nepal B ABU R. BHATTARAI and K LAUS F ISCHER Abstract Human–wildlife conflict is a significant problem Wang & Macdonald, 2006). An increase in the human that often results in retaliatory killing of predators. Such population has resulted in increased incidence of conflict conflict is particularly pronounced between humans and between people and carnivores (Graham et al., 2005; tigers Panthera tigris because of fatal attacks by tigers on Woodroffe et al., 2005a). This often results in retaliatory humans. We investigated the incidence and perception of persecution, which is a significant threat to large carnivores human–tiger conflict in the buffer zone of Bardia National (Mishra et al., 2003; Treves & Karanth, 2003; Nyhus & Park, Nepal, by interviewing 273 local householders and Tilson, 2004). Thus, conservation measures to protect large 27 key persons (e.g. representatives of local communities, carnivores can be controversial and may lack support Park officials). Further information was compiled from from local communities (Graham et al., 2005). the Park’s archives. The annual loss of livestock attributable Large carnivores play a significant role in ecosystem to tigers was 0.26 animals per household, amounting to an functioning, with their absence inducing changes in annual loss of 2% of livestock. Livestock predation rates were predator–prey relationships and inter-specific competition particularly high in areas with low abundance of natural (Treves & Karanth, 2003). Many carnivores serve as prey. During 1994–2007 12 people were killed and a further important umbrella and flagship species, benefiting other four injured in tiger attacks.
    [Show full text]
  • Nepal Red Cross Society National Headquarters Disaster Management Department
    Nepal Red Cross Society National Headquarters Disaster Management Department Total Affected Districts 8 Name of Districts Kailali, Kanchanpur, Bardiya, Gulmi, Dadeldhura, Salyan, Dang, Doti Type of disaster Flood and Landslides Date of Occurrence 19 September, 2008 Update no 4 Date of Update 26 September, 2008 1. General Overview Torrential rain fall starting from Sept 19 has triggered the flood and landslides in different districts of the country and has claimed a total of 40 lives, several others sustained injured and 4 went missing. According to NRCS Kailali district chapter, a total of 15 people killed alone in Kailali district and 28 went missing. At least 16,000 houses of 39 VDCs and 2 municipalities have been affected including 15,019 displaced families in Kailali District. Out of which, Tikapur Municipality, Lalbhoji, Pratappur, Naryanpur, Dhansingpur, Ramshikarjhala are most affected VDC. The displaced people are taking shelters in school, public buildings and relatives. The police, army, local people and NRCS volunteers have been mobilized for the rescue operation. Likewise, the flood and landslides have badly hit the Kanchanpur and Bardeya districts. A total of 10 dead bodies have been recovered in Kanchanpur District. The flood triggered by the Mahakali River has affected a total of 5500 houses in 2, 11,12,12,15 wards of Mahendranagar municipality. A total of 17 VDCs have been affected in Kanchanpur district. Out of which, Mahendranagar Municipality, Rampur Bilaspur, Parasan, Rautali Bichuwa, Krishnapur, Dhodhara, Dekath Bhuly and Sankarpur VDCs have been badly affected. Similarly, in Bardeya district, a total of 32 VDCs have been affected by the flood.
    [Show full text]
  • Saath-Saath Project
    Saath-Saath Project Saath-Saath Project THIRD ANNUAL REPORT August 2013 – July 2014 September 2014 0 Submitted by Saath-Saath Project Gopal Bhawan, Anamika Galli Baluwatar – 4, Kathmandu Nepal T: +977-1-4437173 F: +977-1-4417475 E: [email protected] FHI 360 Nepal USAID Cooperative Agreement # AID-367-A-11-00005 USAID/Nepal Country Assistance Objective Intermediate Result 1 & 4 1 Table of Contents List of Acronyms .................................................................................................................................................i Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 1 I. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 4 II. Program Management ........................................................................................................................... 6 III. Technical Program Elements (Program by Outputs) .............................................................................. 6 Outcome 1: Decreased HIV prevalence among selected MARPs ...................................................................... 6 Outcome 2: Increased use of Family Planning (FP) services among MARPs ................................................... 9 Outcome 3: Increased GON capacity to plan, commission and use SI ............................................................ 14 Outcome
    [Show full text]
  • BIODIVERSITY, PEOPLE and CLIMATE CHANGE Final Technical Report of the Hariyo Ban Program, First Phase
    BIODIVERSITY, PEOPLE AND CLIMATE CHANGE Final Technical Report of the Hariyo Ban Program, First Phase Volume Two Detailed Annexes HARIYO BAN PROGRAM This final technical report for Hariyo Ban Program Phase One is submitted to the United States Agency for International Development Nepal Mission by World Wildlife Fund Nepal in partnership with CARE, the Federation of Community Forest Users Nepal and the National Trust for Nature Conservation, under Cooperative Agreement Number AID-367-A-11-00003. © WWF Nepal 2017 All rights reserved Citation Please cite this report as: WWF Nepal. 2017. Biodiversity, People and Climate Change: Final Technical Report of the Hariyo Ban Program, First Phase. WWF Nepal, Hariyo Ban Program, Kathmandu, Nepal. Cover photo credit © Karine Aigner/WWF-US Disclaimer: This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of WWF and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. 7 April, 2017 Table of Contents ANNEX 5: HARIYO BAN PROGRAM WORKING AREAS ......................................................................... 1 ANNEX 6: COMMUNITY BASED ANTI-POACHING UNITS FORMED/REFORMED ................................. 4 ANNEX 7: SUPPORT FOR INTEGRATED SUB-WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLANS ........................... 11 ANNEX 8: CHARACTERISTICS OF PAYMENTS FOR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES SCHEMES PILOTED ......... 12 ANNEX 9: COMMUNITY ADAPTATION PLANS OF ACTION PREPARED .............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Human–Tiger Panthera Tigris Conflict and Its Perception in Bardia National Park, Nepal
    Human–tiger Panthera tigris conflict and its perception in Bardia National Park, Nepal B ABU R. BHATTARAI and K LAUS F ISCHER Abstract Human–wildlife conflict is a significant problem Wang & Macdonald, 2006). An increase in the human that often results in retaliatory killing of predators. Such population has resulted in increased incidence of conflict conflict is particularly pronounced between humans and between people and carnivores (Graham et al., 2005; tigers Panthera tigris because of fatal attacks by tigers on Woodroffe et al., 2005a). This often results in retaliatory humans. We investigated the incidence and perception of persecution, which is a significant threat to large carnivores human–tiger conflict in the buffer zone of Bardia National (Mishra et al., 2003; Treves & Karanth, 2003; Nyhus & Park, Nepal, by interviewing 273 local householders and Tilson, 2004). Thus, conservation measures to protect large 27 key persons (e.g. representatives of local communities, carnivores can be controversial and may lack support Park officials). Further information was compiled from from local communities (Graham et al., 2005). the Park’s archives. The annual loss of livestock attributable Large carnivores play a significant role in ecosystem to tigers was 0.26 animals per household, amounting to an functioning, with their absence inducing changes in annual loss of 2% of livestock. Livestock predation rates were predator–prey relationships and inter-specific competition particularly high in areas with low abundance of natural (Treves & Karanth, 2003). Many carnivores serve as prey. During 1994–2007 12 people were killed and a further important umbrella and flagship species, benefiting other four injured in tiger attacks.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Initiative on Out-Of-School Children
    ALL CHILDREN IN SCHOOL Global Initiative on Out-of-School Children NEPAL COUNTRY STUDY JULY 2016 Government of Nepal Ministry of Education, Singh Darbar Kathmandu, Nepal Telephone: +977 1 4200381 www.moe.gov.np United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Institute for Statistics P.O. Box 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada Telephone: +1 514 343 6880 Email: [email protected] www.uis.unesco.org United Nations Children´s Fund Nepal Country Office United Nations House Harihar Bhawan, Pulchowk Lalitpur, Nepal Telephone: +977 1 5523200 www.unicef.org.np All rights reserved © United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 2016 Cover photo: © UNICEF Nepal/2016/ NShrestha Suggested citation: Ministry of Education, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Global Initiative on Out of School Children – Nepal Country Study, July 2016, UNICEF, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2016. ALL CHILDREN IN SCHOOL Global Initiative on Out-of-School Children © UNICEF Nepal/2016/NShrestha NEPAL COUNTRY STUDY JULY 2016 Tel.: Government of Nepal MINISTRY OF EDUCATION Singha Durbar Ref. No.: Kathmandu, Nepal Foreword Nepal has made significant progress in achieving good results in school enrolment by having more children in school over the past decade, in spite of the unstable situation in the country. However, there are still many challenges related to equity when the net enrolment data are disaggregated at the district and school level, which are crucial and cannot be generalized. As per Flash Monitoring Report 2014- 15, the net enrolment rate for girls is high in primary school at 93.6%, it is 59.5% in lower secondary school, 42.5% in secondary school and only 8.1% in higher secondary school, which show that fewer girls complete the full cycle of education.
    [Show full text]
  • Terai Arc Landscape (TAL)- Nepal
    Eastern Himalayan Ecoregions Complex Global 200: Terai - Duar Savannas and Grasslands Terai Arc Landscape (TAL)- Nepal Implemented by His Majesty’s Government of Nepal/Ministry of Forests & Soil Conservation, Department of Forests, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation and WWF Nepal Program Annual Technical Progress Report July 01, 2001 – June 30, 2002 Report prepared by WWF Nepal Program GPO Box 7660,Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: +977 1 434820, Fax: +977 1 438458 Email: [email protected] July 2002 Eastern Himalayan Ecoregions Complex Global 200: Terai - Duar Savannas and Grasslands Terai Arc Landscape (TAL)- Nepal Annual Technical Progress Report July 01, 2001 – June 30, 2002 Implemented by His Majesty’s Government of Nepal/Ministry of Forests & Soil Conservation, Department of Forests, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, and WWF Nepal Program Funded by United States Agency for International Development, Directorate General International Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs- Netherlands, US Fish and Wildlife Services, Save the Tiger Fund/NFWF, AREAS, World Bank, WWF Netherlands, WWF International, WWF UK, and WWF US Report prepared by WWF Nepal Program GPO Box 7660,Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: +977 1 434820, Fax: +977 1 438458 Email: [email protected] July 2002 2 Table of Contents Page Summary sheet vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................1 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • A Baseline Survey on Community Based Newborn Care Package in Two Districts in Rural Nepal
    A Baseline Survey on Community Based Newborn Care Package in Two Districts in Rural Nepal Submitted to Saving Newborn Lives Program Save the Children USA Himalayan Country Office (HmCO) PO Box 2218 JDA Complex, Sundhara Kathmandu, Nepal By Valley Research Group (VaRG) Post Box 4112 Kathmandu, Nepal Phone 5-523477 April 2009 Acknowledgement The Ministry of Health and Population, with the support of the Saving Newborn Lives program of Save the Children USA, developed a Community Based Newborn Care Package (CB-NCP) aimed to reduce neonatal mortality rates in the country. The overall objectives of the survey were to assess the current newborn health care practices and the coverage of the newborn health services provided by the community health workers and female community health volunteers in two districts, namely Dhankuta and Bardiya. Respondents were women who had given birth in the year preceding the survey. The total sample size was 1260 women, 630 in each of the districts. Many people and institutions contributed to this report. Special mention must be made of the following: First of all, we would like to extend our sincere thanks to Save the Children USA for entrusting this study to VaRG. Our sincere gratitude goes to the following members of the Technical Working Group of the CB-NCP for their continued support and valuable input throughout the study period. Dr. Yasho Vardan Pradhan, Chief of Policy, Planning and International Cooperation Division Dr. B. K. Suvedi, Director, Family Health Division Dr. Shyam Raj Upreti, Director, Child Health Division Dr. Shambhu Sharan Tiwari, Director, Management Division Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Lower Karnali Watershed Profile: Status, Challenges and Opportunities for Improved Water Resource Management
    I Cover photo: Workers collect stones to build a retention wall on the banks of the Karnali River to prevent flooding. Every year, flooding harms lives and damages property in villages of the Lower Karnali watershed. Photo credit: USAID Paani Program/Manoj Chaudhary I LOWER KARNALI WATERSHED PROFILE: STATUS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Program Title: USAID Paani Program DAI Project Number: 1002810 Sponsoring USAID Office: USAID/Nepal IDIQ Number: AID-OAA-I-14-00014 Task Order Number: AID-367-TO-16-00001 Contractor: DAI Global LLC Date of Publication: February 8, 2019 The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. II TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLES ........................................................................................................................ V FIGURES .................................................................................................................... VII ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................ 1 1. THE LOWER KARNALI WATERSHED: NATURE, WEALTH AND POWER 12 2. NATURE..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Missing Persons in Nepal the Right to Know 1
    MISSING PERSONS IN NEPAL THE RIGHT TO KNOW 1 MISSING PERSONS IN NEPAL The right to know TER IN NA E T IO IT N M A O L C G ENEVE ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross Nepal Red Cross Society GPO Box: 21225, Meen Bhawan, Naya Baneshwor National Headquarters, Red Cross Marga, TER IN NA E T IO IT N Kathmandu, Nepal PO Box 217, Kalimati, Kathmandu , Nepal M A O L C Tel: (00977) 1 4482285 / 4492679 Tel: (00977) 1 4270650 / 4285089 G ENEVE Fax: (00977) 1 4482937 Fax: (00977) 1 4271915 E-mail: [email protected] Email: [email protected] ICRC www.icrc.org www.nrcs.org © ICRC, August 2008 All photographs: Kishor Kayastha MISSING PERSONS IN NEPAL THE RIGHT TO KNOW 3 MISSING PERSONS IN NEPAL The right to know Uncertainty about the fate of a relative is a harsh reality for countless families during an armed conflict or other situations of violence. Parents, siblings, spouses and children around the world are all desperately searching for their lost relatives. Not knowing whether their loved ones are alive or dead, families and communities are unable to put the violence of the past behind them. Their anguish continues years after peace has returned, and they are unable to move on to rehabilitation and reconciliation, either as individuals or as communities. These wounds harm the very fabric of society and undermine relationships between groups, sometimes decades after a conflict has ended. The 10-year conflict in Nepal between 1996 and 2006 brought tragedy for many families: thousands of people were killed during the conflict, and over one thousand families still have no information on the fate or whereabouts of their loved ones.
    [Show full text]