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Lower Karnali Watershed Profile: Status, Challenges and Opportunities for Improved Water Resource Management

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Lower Karnali Watershed Profile: Status, Challenges and Opportunities for Improved Water Resource Management I Cover photo: Workers collect stones to build a retention wall on the banks of the Karnali River to prevent flooding. Every year, flooding harms lives and damages property in villages of the Lower Karnali watershed. Photo credit: USAID Paani Program/Manoj Chaudhary I LOWER KARNALI WATERSHED PROFILE: STATUS, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Program Title: USAID Paani Program DAI Project Number: 1002810 Sponsoring USAID Office: USAID/Nepal IDIQ Number: AID-OAA-I-14-00014 Task Order Number: AID-367-TO-16-00001 Contractor: DAI Global LLC Date of Publication: February 8, 2019 The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. II TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLES ........................................................................................................................ V FIGURES .................................................................................................................... VII ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................ 1 1. THE LOWER KARNALI WATERSHED: NATURE, WEALTH AND POWER 12 2. NATURE........................................................................................................... 13 2.1 LOWER KARNALI WATERSHED .................................................................................... 13 2.2 WATER AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY .......................................................................... 16 2.3 LAND USE AND LAND COVER ....................................................................................... 19 2.4 BIODIVERSITY AND INVASIVE SPECIES ......................................................................... 23 2.5 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE .............................................................................................. 27 2.5.1 Rainfall ................................................................................................................................................. 27 2.5.2 Temperature ...................................................................................................................................... 29 2.6 CLIMATE RESILIENCE AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION ............................................... 30 3. WEALTH.......................................................................................................... 33 3.1 FISHING PRACTICES ..................................................................................................... 33 3.2 AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY ..................................................................................... 34 3.2.1 Soil management and fertility ......................................................................................................... 35 3.3 INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................................................ 35 3.3.1 Hydropower ...................................................................................................................................... 35 3.3.2 Gravel mining ..................................................................................................................................... 38 3.3.3 Roads ................................................................................................................................................... 40 3.3.4 Irrigation .............................................................................................................................................. 42 3.4 SOLID WASTE AND MANAGEMENT .............................................................................. 44 4. POWER ............................................................................................................ 45 4.1 ACCESS AND INCLUSION ............................................................................................. 45 4.1.1 Access to water for domestic and agricultural use .................................................................. 45 4.1.2 Access to early warning systems (EWS) and disaster risk reduction .................................. 46 4.1.3 Access and inclusion in local NRM planning ............................................................................... 46 4.2 COMMUNITY ACTION AND RESPONSE ......................................................................... 47 4.2.1 Climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction ........................................................... 47 4.2.2 Natural resource management (NRM) groups and activities ................................................. 51 III 4.3 GOVERNANCE .............................................................................................................. 51 5. PRIORITIZING THREATS IN THE WATERSHED .................................... 52 6. THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES ............................................................. 53 7. VISION AND MISSION OF THE LOWER KARNALI WATERSHED ..... 54 7.1 VISION FOR THE LOWER KARNALI WATERSHED ......................................................... 54 7.2 COMMITMENT TO CONSERVATION OF THE LOWER KARNALI WATERSHED ............... 54 8. RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................. 56 WORKS CONSULTED............................................................................................. 57 ANNEXES .................................................................................................................. 59 IV TABLES Table 1: Priority issues and impacts on aquatic biodiversity in the Lower Karnali watershed ......................... 4 Table 2: Administrative units in the Lower Karnali watershed ....................................................................... 13 Table 3: Sources of livelihood in the Lower Karnali watershed ..................................................................... 16 Table 4: River and stream discharge rates in the Lower Karnali watershed ................................................. 17 Table 5: Important water bodies in the Lower Karnali watershed .................................................................. 17 Table 6: Primary income source by type in the Lower Karnali watershed ..................................................... 33 Table 7: Major crops grown in the Lower Karnali watershed by area, tonnage, and tonnage per hectare ... 34 Table 8: Need and actual agricultural production in Lower Karnali watershed .............................................. 35 Table 9: Gravel mining sites in the Lower Karnali watershed, including amounts and type .......................... 38 Table 10: Sources of irrigation water in the Lower Karnali watershed .......................................................... 42 Table 11: Percentage of households adopting various climate adaptation practices and technologies ....... 47 Table 12: Vulnerability ratings by VDC and prepared LAPAs and CAPAs in each ....................................... 48 Table 13: Environmental issues by theme and priority in the Lower Karnali watershed ............................... 52 Table 14: Environmental threats and opportunities in the Lower Karnali watershed..................................... 53 Table 15: Action commitments and expected outcomes by theme ............................................................... 54 Table 16: Household surveys by topic and number conducted ..................................................................... 60 Table 17: Number of participants by caste/ethnicity participating in detailed research fora .......................... 60 Table 18: Land use and land cover by type, area, and percentage in the Lower Karnali watershed ............ 61 Table 19: Population by municipality, sex, and caste/ethnicity ...................................................................... 62 Table 20: Meteorological stations in the Lower Karnali watershed ............................................................... 63 Table 21: Water bodies in the Lower Karnali watershed ............................................................................... 64 Table 22: Rates of river and stream discharge at various temporal scales ................................................... 66 Table 23: Forest types in the watershed area................................................................................................ 69 Table 24: Climate hazards in the Lower Karnali watershed, related impacts, and communities affected .... 71 Table 25: Fish diversity by order, family and species in the Lower Karnali watershed ................................. 72 Table 26: Spawning, nurturing and fishing zones in the Lower Karnali watershed area ............................... 72 Table 27: Threats to key fish species in the Lower Karnali watershed .......................................................... 73 V Table 28: Full list of fish species found in the Lower Karnali watershed, including local names ................... 73 Table 29: List of mammals in the Lower Karnali watershed, including IUCN Red List Status ...................... 77 Table 33: List of reptiles in the Lower Karnali watershed .............................................................................
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